Institute of Heavens - Design Realization Report by Elias Bey

Institute of Heavens Tirstrup Lufthavn, Aarhus Denmark

Design Realisation Report 2017 Studio 3A Elias Bey CJ Lim, Eva Rosborg Aagaard Simon Dickens

Foreword

* Final Result: 3 big drawings of the design intervention

5-7

combination of analogue techniques with digital layering (double elephant size 1016x678)

Building Form, Systems Planning and Context 1.1

Introduction 1.1.1 Textual Rapprochement 1.1.2 Context with collages and drawings 1.1.3 Predesign and work leading up to the design * Zoom in on three analogue 3D collages that led to the initial design

1.2

Planning 1.2.1 1.2.2

1.3

15 16

General Arrangement Strategy 1.3.1 1.3.2 1.3.3

Master Plan, current airport Master Plan, new airport footprint

9 10 11 12-14

General Arrangement A) Fire Safety Strategy Staff placement, restrooms and storage spaces

17 18-19 20

Building Construction: Structure, Construction and Detailing 2.1

Overall constructional airport design decisions 2.1.1 2.1.2 2.1.3 2.1.4 2.1.5 2.1.6

2.2

27 28 29 30

A2 A2 A2 A2

Aristoteles, Brief Concept Aristoteles Envelope & Constructional Detailing

31 32-33

Plato: Construction and Detailing 2.4.1 2.4.3

2.5

Plan Level 0 Plan Level 1 Plan Level 2 Sections

Aristoteles: Construction and Detailing 2.3.1 2.3.2

2.4

22 a. 22 b. 23 A2 24 25 26

Plans and section 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.2.4

2.3

Existing Construction Added construction of refurbishment New Airport: volumetric assembly of building components Existing and New Construction: structural plans Added Construction of Refurbishment: wall construction Added Construction of Refurbishment: the new columns

Plato Brief Concept Plato, Envelope & Constructional Detailing

34 35-36

Logical Reasoning: Construction and Detailing 2.5.1 2.5.2 2.5.3

Logic, Brief Concept Logic, Envelope & Constructional Detailing Logic, Structure

37 38-42 43-44

2.6 Construction Sequence 2.6.1 2.6.2 2.6.3

Construction Seqeunce: old structure and new grid Construction Seqeunce: slabs, walls and the three interventions get prepared Construction Seqeunce: finishing the three interventions and reintroduce all airport functions

45 46 47

Building Perfomance: Environmental Strategy 3.1

Introduction

3.2

OriĂŤntation

3.3

Implementation

49 50

3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 3.3.4 3.4 3.4.1 3.4.2 3.5

Natural Resources: sunlight, rainwater,vegetation and wind Natural Resources: rain water drainage Natural Resources: vegetation Reusing Heat, smart aquifer heat exchange Spatial Conditions and Temperature Ranges Spatial Conditions: floor heating Floor Heating: study of hypothesis Wall Construction: construction desipation resistance

51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58

3.6 3.6.1 3.6.2 3.6.3 3.7 3.7.1 3.7.2 3.8 3.8.1

Aristoteles, Conceptual Introduction: heating, lighting and ventilation Aristoteles: heating and ventilation Aristoteles, dealing with natural lighting Aristoteles, using wind to generate energy Plato, Conceptual Introduction: heating, lighting and ventilation Plato: heating and ventilation Plato: dealing with natural lighting Logical Reasoning, Conceptual Introduction: heating, lighting and ventilation Logical Reasoning: heating, lighting and ventilation

59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67

Builing delivery : Stakeholders

Apendix : pre-design, models

4.1 4.2

5.2 5.1 5.3

Stakeholders and Sponsors A letter to the Parliament

Model Two: proportional representation Model One: determining tectonics Design Sketches and construction scetches *please contact Elias Bey

69 70

72 73 *not included

Institute of Heavens

A top view of the new airport, on a typical foggy day in Denmark. Institute of Heavens is a refrubishment and renewal of the current aiport of Aarhus in Denmark also known as Tirstrup Lufthavn.

DR, Design Realisation Report 2017 Elias L. Bey sustainability, studio 3A

tutored by CJ Lim, Eva Rosborg Aagaard, Simon Dickens, Matthew Wells and Marcus Krauss

overview image + project information 3

Institute of Heavens This project was produced during an exchange programme as a student in Arkitektskolen in Aarhus (AAA). This project deals with the framework ‘Relocation: The making of Utopia’ provided by the profound discourse Prof. Dr CJ Lim. The design studio focused on sustainability and refurbishment by bringing locations and buildings with a severe lack of future resilience back to contemporary standards and strengthen the link between the intervention and the city in the future. Under the guidance of Bartlett School of Architecture engineers, Simon Dickens and Mathew Wells, the project tries to implement contemporary building techniques and regulations to envision a local impermanent utopia. The following DR-report (design realisation report) brings things to the people which are outside of the conformist approach of architecture which is driven by those exact building codes and appliance of regulations. This Report was part of the eventual jury and the basis of the discussion during later design improvements. It was part of an urban exhibition led by AAA called ‘Rising Architecture’ to celebrate the fact Aarhus was World Cultural Capital city of 2017. The final result was displayed on banners and posters in bus stops and in pavilions in Parks in Aarhus and Copenhagen during the summer of 2017 to revise the city of tomorrow. The refurbishment and renewal of the current airport of Aarhus tries to elaborate the following: As all technological advances have contributed positively to our society’s growth and development, there should be an overwhelming reliance and a sense of disconnection with ‘the self’. By a process of physical and visual reconnection to regain a sense of believing in greater things in a hyper data-driven world. The airport, situated between heaven and ground is a good place to intensify this feeling. By trying to get rid of the sluggish procedures correlated with travelling via plane, the journey starts by commemorating all achievements connected to human exploration. Without any aesthetic value but rather the appliance of intrinsic values, this place enables all passersby to connect and literary transcend on a higher level. Utilizing material storytelling and a playful approach towards spatial configurations as design tools, the transfer or sharing of knowledge allows us to build tangible emotional connections. This design questions how multiple disrupting entities bring new life to the current airport as we know it. Currently, the airport has turned into a source of uncertainty. It is an undesirable place presenting a negative image on the economy and reputation of a city that works really hard to be present in Denmark, Europe and beyond. This project tries to find ways in which the old-fashioned existing structural rhythm can be intensified whilst new interventions symbolically enlarge the contrast between the old and the new, overthrowing the conventional functionality of this architectural generic typology.

Foreword 4

5 ARISTOTELES, ENTRANCE HALL A welcoming gp place full of information and knowledge g

6 PLATO, ATRIUM The beating heart of the airport, place to meet up, gather and say go goodbye

1. 2. 3. 4.

Rock-wool filament covered with zinc slab, mounted to load bearing window frames holding glass panels 450x450 cm (14-3-33-4; 1,1 W/m2K).

HGB 100x120 mm S550 bracing profile holding the open socket and turn buckle with a load bearing tensile steel structure in place. Steel cables and rods (20 mm), stainless steel pylons (30mm x 200/400/900 mm).

Automatically opening ventilation “lammella’s” open when comfort temperatures get exceeded by interior greenhouse effect. Prefabricated system box (13200x600x200 mm)

HGB 100x120 mm S550 bracing profile covered by glued aluminium slab. Underneath HGB steel profile 100x60x15mm with stainless steel bolt fixed overlapping glazing junction.

IPE 650x300x40 mm S355 EN 10083-2006 load bearing beam with on site welded steel covering slab 14000x650x15mm S550 Class C.

Tensioned sun screen 1300x1300 cm: white dense double layered circular yarn HPDE with 70% shading rate and UV resistant.

IPE 650x350x20 mm S550 class A, EN 10083-2006 vertical load bearing steel column covered with steel slabs 13500x350x20 mm.

Three by two times 450x450 cm glass panels (14-3-33-4; 1,1 W/m2K) for each facade.

On site bolt fixed HEB 650x650x40 mm S300 Class A, EN 10083-2006 load bearing top steel beam of the Vierendeel construction, further used throughout the whole maintenance construction.

HGB 650x350x40 mm S500 Class A, EN 10083-2006 load bearing steel 10. column vertical load bearing elements of the Vierendeel construction over the full length of the Vierendeel frame.

10.

7 LOGICAL REASONING, MAINTENANCE FACILITY A place to celebrate aviation

1. Building Form, Systems Planning and Context

Institute of Heavens

1.1 Introduction

1.1.1 Textual Rapprochement building form, context and system planning

Abstract of analysis: Pascal, the protagonist, is influenced by his own unavoidable personal past. He just so happens to be born in a very poor environment and can’t help to look at the world from a very narrow perspective, a view from a traumatised being. Only when he finally sees through the mistakes he made it is already too late. As he wanders into this uncertain void made by his own missteps he suddenly feels the need to write old friends about what his incentive aspirations for a better society are. It is only a short fragment in the prologue of the book that gives certain critique about the balance between order and disorder in our living environment that learned me how to look at ‘law in order’ in a very bright way but then, at the same time the writer overturns this concept two phrases later. Utopia = ‘Divinity’ Will be supervised by a godlike omniscient figure who assures that he, by the environment ‘he made’, repels all bad things people in chaotic settings like Utopia can come up with. The divine is being used as an instrument to conflict the ideas of those who think that the created order in a utopian system can easily be tackled. The orderly environment learns those people the power of ease, rhythm and peace in a lively and sunny setting. Relocation = ‘ Curiosity and Immagination’ Those who wander around, work, travel and explore should have a hub that communicates the heavenly experience.To let them believe in greater endeavours, let them experience, feel and see stories they can bring to others while going to new horizons. This ‘hub’ should be a homage to everything we link with the celestial. By making spaces that refer to all the great things humans made to get closer to heaven, the divine. How can multiple disrupting entities bring new life to the current airport as we know it? Is there a way in which the old-fashioned and existing structural rhythm of the airport can be intensified as new interventions symbolically enlarge the contrast between old and new and overthrow the conventional functionality of this architectural typology?

Selected paragraph in ‘The family of Pascal Duarte’ Cela, Camilo José “Montaigne described ‘the order’ as a sad and gloomy virtue. Probably Montaigne confused this virtue with her mask, her outer appearance; which is common for orderly people, by those who don’t equate order to rhythm, but peace, and those, because they do not distinguish the demonic and the divine, end up mistaking roots for leaves. I believe ‘the order’ is cheerful, lively and sunny; and what’s sad, dead and dull is usually – in a deceitful and very emphatic manner - named order, whilst in reality it is nothing more than a void. The firmament is the prime example of order. While common ‘law and order’ is in most cases nothing but a tacit chaos forced to take over the bright colours of the order, although ultimately no one gets fooled by it.

references for the nterior mood and feeling of the project

enable transition

generate grand maginficance

give sensation

create setting

Corbusier, Saint Peter church (Église Saint Pierre) in Firminy, France.

Baukuh Architects, ‘ Hatlehol Church’ (2009)

Wiliam Turner, ‘Ship in a storm’ (1826)

Joseph Mallord, ‘Rome, the collonade of St Peter’s’ (1795)

building form, context and system planning 9

1.1.2 Context with collages and drawings building form, context and system planning

Selection of concept drawings. From the original six stated programmatic narrative functions, four were selected and mere elements of these depictions were used in the later design process. (from left to right) Edens leisure society: A glimpse of pure beauty trough eye-catching elements of nature’s creations

Material alchemy: Increasing curiosity for science hystory. Infinite Insight: stargazing galaxies to look and stay looking, explore and discuss what you see Cabinet of curiosities. combines the ‘fine arts department’ together with the ‘literary department’

Relocation = ‘ Curiosity and Immagination’ A homage to existing tools that brought humans closer to heaven. The first two collages produced during the ‘narative workshop’(left): A superposition of the pristine early approach to creating order versus the contemporary approach towards creating peace and order. A deeper look at the inner workings of a spatial translation of the narrative and many, many collages later, this collage (right) collects all knowledge of my research on looking for the perfect spaces and tools to depict the heavenly programme. Although all technological advances have contributed positively to our society’s growth and development, there should be an overwhelming reliance and a sense of disconnection with the ‘self’. By a process of reconnection to regain a sense of normality in a hyper date driven world. Without any aesthetic value but rather an intrinsic value that enables all passersby to connect on a deeper level. Utilising material storytelling as a tool in the transfer or sharing of knowledge to allow us to build tangible, emotional connections.

building form, context and system planning 10

1.1.3 Predesign and work leading up to the design building form, context and system planning

Plato: What we see can be beautiful because â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;theyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; bring back memories. The knowledge we get from things around us versus the knowledge of things how they really are. The Idea-world: the things we pick up via our soul, come from the world that is perfect.

A painting in this world as real knowledge states it: is the idea of a painting we acknowledge being beautiful because it is connected with the idea of beauty.

Aristoteles: knowledge comes to us via multiple observations.

Knowledge comes from inside us, we decide what beauty is.

one of many early planological approauches to locating the three enteties and what should happen in them

Aristoteles, Plato and Logical Reasoning (from left to right.) Three programmatic collages. Aristoteles being welcome, giving information based on what you can see and directly interact with. Plato placed in the centre of the building, as a place to think, rest and dream. Logical Reasoning directly next to the aircraft. Bringing the impressions travellers got in the previous two domes, to a newer level of understanding.

building form, context and system planning 11

PLATO

ARISTOTELES

Logical Reasoning

1.2 Planning

1.2.1 Master Plan, current airport building form, context and system planning

FOREST The Airport as a whole has a pretty good aircraft circulation system. There is lots of space for private small planes and a lot of facilities to place them in such as hangers. Other maintenance AIRFIELD/GRASS facilities are scattered around the plot and the overall connectivity between them seems to work. The focus of this project takes a closer look at the actual airport building. HANGER MAINTENANCE FACILITIES AIRPORT BUILDING TERTIARY BUILDINGS

As we zoom in, we see that the airport building stands alone but consist of a multitude of different attached functional volumes. Maintenance facilities are placed on the left and right side of the airport building. On the left side, big hangers for private planes and maintenance work can be found and on the right side tertiary buildings related to the airport.

building form, context and system planning 15

1.2.2 Master Plan, new airport footprint building form, context and system planning

The current airport is ‘planologically’ very complex for a building this size. It has some nice features such as a patio and a quite spacious entrance but overall it is a small disaster. Narrow pathways lead travellers to the airfield where they go outside to enter or exit the building. Office spaces and aitraffic control are placed on the second level. The exit is small and not very welcoming for arriving travelers. Retail is placed in the midle of the building and is badly connected in the circulation plan as a whole.

An early and rough estimation of the new airport footprint. is determined by offsetting the building plot lines of the current airport. To make a wider programmatic variety I the new building, I decided to include some of the functions in buildings adjacent to the airport. These buildings are maintenance facitlities. Current occupancy rate is determined by the ‘European public building norm’ (NBN occupancy 10m2/pp/h) Around 150 people at the entrance and 140 people at the gate. In 2016 : - 194 000 passengers within country - 158 000 passengers ouside of Denmark 70 m

- 30 000 Charter flights *cargo not included

200 m

= roughly 360 000 flight annually = roughly 928 people/day or 4 to 6 flight/day. The new airport has a daily occupancy rate of 1500-1700 people.

In total this will bring the total amount of flight around 700 000 a year. This number can rise easily in the future as the new facilities will be Perfectly equipped to handle a daily amount of 8 to 10 flights.

building form, context and system planning 16

1.3 General Arrangement Strategy

1.3.1 General Arrangement building form, context and system planning

Peter

Peter is running late. Letâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s help him catch his flight and show him the way to the gate so he can have his meeting in Paris. exit

Aristoteles departure hall

check in

Plato atrium/waiting area

wc luggage dispatch

retail landside

Logical Reasoning maintainance facility luggage reclaim

IMMIGRATION

security

retail airside

immigration

LEVEL 0

staff offices air traffic control beverage gate 1

food terminal departure

gate 2

arrival pathway

LEVEL 1

The general arrangement is designed with a possible clarity in mind. That means a defined enclosure of different compartments, a natural flow in one direction towards the destination and a literal view of the next destination from every standpoint. No blind walls or interfering spaces like the current airport.

LEVEL 1

1/200

Logical Reasoning admiring airplanes food

beverage terminal departure gate 3

LEVEL 2

building form, context and system planning 17

1.3.2 A) Fire Safety Strategy building form, context and system planning

S’ = S - S’’ S = 4510 m2 S’ = 0 m2 S’’ = 4510 m2

S’ = S - S’’ S = 865 m2 S’ = 0 m2 S’’ = 865 m2

Amount of users Amount of users Np = Nr + S’/3 Np = Nr + S’/3 Np = 1503 Np = 285,3

18 m 45m 35 m

20m

18 m

S’ = S - S’’ S = 638 m2 S’ = 0 m2 S’’ = m2

LEVEL 0

S’ = S - S’’ S = 1540 m2 S’ = 0 m2 S’’ = 1540m2

Amount of users Amount of users Np = Nr + S’/3 Np = Nr + S’/3 Np = 212 Np = 513

S’ = S - S’’ S = 1441 m2 S’ = 0 m2 S’’ = 1441 m2

Amount of users Np = Nr + S’/3 Np = 480

35 m

S’ = S - S’’ S = 1552m2 S’ = 0 m2 S’’ = 1552 m2

Amount of users Np = Nr + S’/3 Np = 517

40m 20 m

LEVEL 1

The terminal is physically one space. Compartment 1. on level one and compartment 2. on level two are a split level and treated as two different evacuation compartments.

S’ = S - S’’ S = 1528 m2 S’ = 0 m2 S’’ = 1528 m2

Amount of users Np = Nr + S’/3 Np = 509

LEVEL 1

1/200

+45m

LEVEL 2 general remarks regarding mid rise buildings 1.1 The building is divided in to several compartments. (see previous page) All floors have their own compartment, starting from level 0 up the roof. 1.2 Compartments can’t be bigger then 3000 m2. 1.3 The height of each floor corresponds to the height of every compartment. 1.4 The walls and floors between compartments should have an El60 value. All doors connecting the compartments are concrete slabs with steel support with a minimum value of El60. 1.5 The walls of the kitchen require a resistance which is longer then 1h. The doors to the kitchen have an Rf 1/2h value. The kitchen must have: Self-closing doors El30 - Walls El 60 and a Minimum surface 2m2 1.6 Compartment calculation formula S = area of the compartment in m2 S” = area of the compartment in which the total amount of users can be exactly defined in m2 S’ = S-S”

S’ = S - S’’ S = 1456 m2 S’ = 0 m2 S’’ = 1456 m2

Amount of users Np = Nr + S’/3 Np = 485

The maximum evacuation distance of 45 m is violated. A second exit should be considered. Compartment 2. needs special regulations as the risk of fire is grater, the occupancy rate formula is therefore not applicable. Fire safety stairs/ladders must be added to construction.

evactuation 2.1 Evacuationroutes that have an occupation between 50 and 500 people should have 2 exits. 2.2 The exits must nd themselves in opposite areas of the compartment. 2.3 The compartments that are not on the evacuationlevel, should be connected to this level by using stairs 2.4 maxium length of escape routes: Because there’s only dayoccupation in this school: - max 30m from the evacuation route (articulted route connecting the stairs) - max 45m from the nearest stairway or exit. - max 80m from the acces of the second exit. 2.8 nP = nr + S’/10 (private) nP = nr + S’/3 (public)

* source for all information above: EPA, Environmental Protection Agency, section mid-rise buildings (>25m). EU-certified fire regulations.

building form, context and system planning 18

1.3.2 B) Fire Safety Strategy building form, context and system planning

There should be a width of at least 4m to let the fire truck pass safely.

3. STAIRS 3.1

Construction rules of staircases - they should have at least 2 self-closing doors of El30 - the walls should be El120 - the min. area should be 2m2 - they should be ventilated - at the top of each staircase there should be an opening of at least 1m2 with a manual system you can open it to the open air - staircases should not cotain non-firesafety related items

3.2

- stairs have a fire stability of R60 or are designed the same way as a concrete slab of R60 - the stairs have massive risers - they have railings at both sides to reduce the risk of falling. - the riser of the stairs can not exceed 18 cm - the tread should be minimal 20 cm - the inclenation should not exceed 37° (75%) - the doors should not restrict the value of the useful width

fire safety signalisation and devices 6.1

Construction rules of stairs

180 cm

The distance between a highrise building and a neighbour building should be 8m

6.2 The building is constantly accessible by vehicles. Vehicles should have an accesspoint and standing place. - it can be the public road - it can be a special access road starting from the public road - min. width 4m Mainshaft Secondary - min. turning circle 11m inside, 15m outside - min. height 4m shaft - max. inclination 6% - the premisis can carry up to 13 ton (even though it’s bending) - can carry 3 vehicles of 15t - de facade ends itself between 4 & 10m from the public road

opening in direction of flight!

180 cm

2 risers + 1 tread = 2 x 17.3 + 1 x 23 = 57 cm (must be between 57 - 63 cm) Mainshaft

Secondary shaft 2 risers + 1 tread

800x300x300 cm

INTEGRATION fire safety signalisation and devices HAVN 5.5 Firehoses and hydrants 2016-2017 The amount of devices is de ned by the risk of redanger.

r = 160 cm Nicolas

When the are is smaller then 500 m2, it is not obligated to have one. In every other case the amount is de ned by: - the water reaches every point in the compartment. - compartments bigger then 50 m2 should have at least 1. Signalisation.

De Paepe Frank Alonso Van Oorschot Tommy Feliu Elias Bey

5.6 signalisation For every flooor, there should be a number which communicates at what floor you are. This should be available in stairwells and elevators.

safety ladder

emergency exit

fire hose

= 2 x 17.34.+FIRESAFETY 1 x 23 = 57 cm & ACCESSIBILITY

GROUP 18

exit

extinguisher

STAIRS (must be between 57 - 63 cm)

turning circle is the same as the width of the staicas in total.

fire safety routes and stair 3.2

Construction rules of stairs

- stairs have a re stability of R60 or are designed the same way as a concrete slab of R60 - the stairs have massive risers - they have railings at both sides to reduce the risk of falling. - the riser of the stairs can not exceed 18 cm - the tread should be minimal 20 cm - the inclenation should not exceed 37° (75%) - the doors should not restrict the value of the useful width

* source for all information above: EPA, Environmental Protection Agency, section: mid-rise buildings (>25m). EU-certified fire regulations.

building form, context and system planning 19

1.3.2 1.3.3Staff Staffplacement, placement,restrooms restroomsand andstorage storagespaces spaces building form, context and system planning building form, context and system planning

maximimum maximimum amount amountof oftoilets toilets for foraprox aprox1500 1500 users usersdaily daily WC: WC:750/15 750/15 ==50 50

WC: WC:750/25 750/25 ==30 30 URI: URI:705/15 705/15 tertiary tertiarycompacompanies nies

check checkinindesks desks 7x 7x

==50 50 *note, these amounts are not directly t applicable. Whenand planes depart an total = 45 WC’s 15 urinoirs average of 300 people are present each time. Toilets are implemented with this smaller occupation rate in mind.

flight flightbooking booking 4x 4x kitchen kitchen 8x 8x general generalcommunicating communicatingpathway pathway

total = 45 WC’s and 15 urinoirs

security securitystaff staff 6x 6x

security securitystaff staff 3x 3x

LEVEL LEVEL 00

air airtraffic trafficcontrol controland andoffices offices 25x 25x

beverage beveragebar bar 2x 2x

flight flightattendant attendant 2x 2x

general food pathway bar generalcommunicating communicating food pathway bar 2x 2x

flight flightattendant attendant 2x 2x

LEVEL LEVEL 11

AA rough rough estimation estimation of of the the maximum maximum occupancy occupancy of of daily dailystaff staffmembers membersisisaround around70 70people, people,needed neededto to run runthe theairport airportas asmore moretravelers travellersdecide decidetotostart starttheir their trips tripsfrom fromhere. here.The Thebuilding buildingisisdesigned designed with withthese these standards standardsin inmind, mind,although althoughthis thisnumber numberwill willprobably probably never neverbe bereached. reached.

food foodbar bar 2x 2x

beverage beveragebar bar 2x 2x

flight flightattendant attendant 2x 2x

LEVEL LEVEL 22

for all above ARAB, ‘labor safety and healt at work, regarding airpords’. EU** source source for all information: above information: ARAB, ‘labor safety and healt atcertified work,regulations. regarding

building form, context and system planning building form, context and system planning 20

2. Building Construction: structure, construction and detailing

Institute of Heavens

2.1 Overall constructional airport design decisions

2.1.1 Existing Construction building construction

old airport construction

columns and beams

50 x50 cm

As the beams and columns follow a strict and welldimensioned grid, the new constructions will simply follow the same dimensions. Keeping in mind some simple ‘rules of thumb’.

900 cm 50 x50 cm

Concrete floor carrying two ways= l/32 = 21 cm 570 cm 800 cm

columns vertical load: l<8m = l/25 = 32 cm columns multiple levels: l<4m = l/8 = 50 cm

400 cm

ongoing beams pre-tensioned: l/20= 45cm Conclusion: by refurbishing the old structure, building cost and demolition waste is reduced. *source for all above information: ‘Jellema, Chapter 9 load bearing constructions’ EU-certified regulations 2016: (bending normal stress: NB l/300 (mm)

50 x40cm

2.1.2 Added construction of refurbishment

Lots of the structural beams continue their load from the columns towards the facade walls, where a reinforced concrete wall spreads the loads and stiffens the construction. The structure carries all concrete floor slabs.

RI DE SI -

IDE

S NT

-F

Columns and beams of the existing structure follow a strict grid that will be continued at the same dimensions with the same material, but the concrete will be cleaner.

F LE DE SI

In grey is the footprint of the old building. The plot boundary will be enlarged making the total surface 4000 m2 bigger.

exploded axonometric view: the old structure with attached new structure on the same grid.

A closer look at the structural plan and detailing on the next few pages.

building construction 22

23 1

gate 3

gate 2

LOGICAL REASONING: poly-carbonate facade

LOGICAL REASONING: Boeing 757 800 47m x 36m x 15m

LOGICAL REASONING: Vierendeel load bearing structure

LOGICAL REASONING: connecttion beams

LOGICAL REASONING: facade carrying structure

LOGICAL REASONING: glass facades

floor LEVEL 2

food & beverages

viewing platform

N 20

A closer view at the tectonics and assembly of volumes. The airport and its inner workings together with three interventions; Plato, Aristoteles and Logical Reasoning respectivly.

Exploded Axonometric View:

floor LEVEL 0

ARISTOTELES: entrance and benches

ARISTOTELES: entrance overhang

gate 1

ARISTOTELES: glass facade

PLATO: load bearing structure

ARISTOTELES: copper cladded roof

PLATO: roof

PLATO : ventilation shafts

ARISTOTELES: wind catcher

ARISTOTELES: glass roof

beams and columns

load bearing grid

departure hall facades left side

departure hall facades right side

green roof departure hall

floor LEVEL 1

office spaces air traffic control

green roof office spaces

terminal facades

terminal roof structure

green roof terminal

2.1.3 New Airport: volumetric assembly of building components

4800

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2.1.4 Existing and New Construction: structural plans

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= cantilever

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570

500

570

570 570

570

850

12 570

570

900

11 570

570 570 570 570 570 850

850

10 570

570

850

500

850

5650

500

930

900

5650

900

1500

4300 900

900

900 900

850 850

1300 1300

1300

09 570

570

10750

570

650

850

550

570

400

= old columns

1120

650

570

400

570

= new columns

570

300

570

= old airport footprint

1500

4300

*note: structure carrying level 1 & 2, departure- and maintainance hall (left side), structure carrying roofs of level 1 & 2 (right side) look up to see the structure work, not down.

building construction 24

2.1.5 Added Construction of Refurbishment: wall construction building construction

detail of a regular wall construction of the new airport enlargement

scale: 1/20

vegetation engireered soil, 10 cm

PE-foil

moisture retention layer additional aggregate

wall cover, hard stone gravel irrigation border

aeration layer EPDM

celular concrete 30x20cm

insulation PU 2X7cm

reinforced concrete beam 50x50 vapour control layer PE- foil extruded aluminum placeholder 80x40 mm

reinforced rebar jointing: wall/beam vertical section

reinforced rebar jointing: wall/beam horzontal section

stainless steel bend plate

superior rebar jointing

load bearing concrete wall construction 25cm

inferior rebar ring jointing

stone cladding tiles B3 (gray basalt) 600x600

plasterboard RF 2X12 mm Fire Proof IE 30

25 hydrofil cord

A proper rebar reinforcement needs to be considered as the load bearing walls are completely made out of concrete. Due to a big span of 15 m in the departure hall and a span of 17 m in the terminal, reinforcement of the jointing between two constructional elements is necessary to reduce the bending moment and bring to load down safely whilst been detailed cleanly.

reinforced rebar jointing: wall/floor vertical section

dranaige

concrete foundation â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;soleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; -110cm

15cm EPS No cold-bridging occurs when the insulating detour is more than 1.5 m between exterior and interior. Heat escapes via the shortest route, horizontally trough the wall horizontally or trough the floor vertically.

A regular wall construction is taken to show all material and constructional considerations of the airport refurbishment. This construction typology is seen in almost 70% of the building and is, therefore, t mentioning.

building construction 25

2.1.6 Added Construction of Refurbishment: the new columns building construction

scale: 1/20

scale: 1/100 50

cross section of column construction: rebar jointing floor/column/floor

mesh + negatives of the beam superior armature inferior armature horizontal anchor 25 cm 2Ø8 of connection

50 cm

conrete beam

2Ø8 bars

joint of concrete concentrated brackets 50 cm

armature colmun

brackets

column

50 cm 45 cm example: old stripped concrete column‘Scarpa’ Elia Nedskew.

axe column

scale: 1/20

brackets

45 cm

compact base of gravel and stones punching armature: cross disposition first layer of concrete

horizontal anchor

rebar armature Ø 12

long attachment

B-400-S

25 cm

35 cm

As seen above, in a disposition scheme of the reinforced rebar column jointing, the column is placed centrally on to the braces of the beam grid to ensure an absolute smooth ongoing concrete surface without dislocations. This is in order to let the beholder see very clearly the difference between the old and new structure. By any means, no extra paint or ‘onlay’ is added, only bear and smooth-gray concrete columns in a fixed grid are placed on top of the concrete floor reaching for the concrete ceiling. This will make this space feel balanced.

*source for all above information: Jellema, Chapter 9 load bearing constructions’ EU-certified regulations 2016: ( lateral bending normal stress: NB l/300 (mm)

building construction 26

Aristoteles

Plato

Logical Reasoning

DD’ 004

CC’ 003

AA’ 001

BB’ 002

AA’ 001

DD’ 004

CC’ 003

BB’ 002

2.2.1 Plan Level 0

SCALE: 1/400

CC’ 003

DD’ 004

BB’ 002

2.2.2 Plan Level 1

Aristoteles

Plato

Logical Reasoning

CC’ 003

DD’ 004

AA’ 001

BB’ 002

AA’ 001

SCALE: 1/400

Aristoteles

Plato

Logical Reasoning

DD’ 004

CC’ 003

AA’ 001

BB’ 002

AA’ 001

DD’ 004

CC’ 003

BB’ 002

2.2.3 Plan Level 2

SCALE: 1/400

2.2.4 Sections Section AA’ 1

SCALE: 1/200

Section BB’ 1

SCALE: 1/300

Section CC’ 1

Section DD’ 1

SCALE: 1/300

2.3 Aristoteles: Construction and Detailing

2.3.1 Aristoteles, Brief Concept building construction

Upon arrival ‘Aristoteles’ seems majestic and elegant. Curved shiny bent copper cladding surrounds the entire ceiling of this dome. Its volume breaks trough the wall of the departure hall. This hall is all about the acknowledgement of the things we see in front of us. Flight and check-in information circles around planets spin continuously as the wind rotates them playfully. A giant clockface is projected on the ground and in the middle, a white surface brings live imagery of the surrounding area as people rotate a small dome on the roof of this hall. The white circle in the middle has the size of the moon compared to the diameter of the earth which is the diameter of Aristoteles in total.

Referring to one of the biggest landmarks in Aarhus, Aristotle’s will have interior and exterior copper cladding.

building construction 31

2.3.2 Aristoteles A) Envelope & Constructional Detailing building construction

scale: 1/10

glass placeholder detail aluminium glass place holder 60x50 mm (bolted) stainless steel HGB 60x100x5 mm

double glass window 800x800 mm (14-3-33-4) 1,1 W/m2K

transition detail, copper roof and glass facade exterior copper bend cladding curved waterproof OSB board 60x300x25

scale: 1/20

rockwool insulation 2x80mm needed for R34 deal wooden battens 25x30 mm zinc gutter 100x100mm zinc cover slab stainless steel attachment U-profile 5x5mm stainless steel HGB 100x250mm C35 primary steel colum (see details ‘ARISTOTELES chapter 3’

double glass window 800x800 mm (14-3-33-4) 1,1 W/m2K

stainless steel painted HGB 350x20mm C35

transition detail, glass facade and roof construction

scale: 1/20

PUR thermal insulating connection piece celular stone 400x200m

see detailing greenroof ‘chapter 3 invironmental strategy’ insulation 2x7 mm PUR vapour control layer on site reinforced concrete steel deck profile 80x120mm

IPE 55 Ssupport beam class C, EN 10083-2006 with welded cover slab 30mm

building construction 32

2.3.2 Aristoteles B) Envelope & Constructional Detailing building construction

scale: 1/50

The camera obscura is the crown of Aristoteles, it allows people to see what they normally wouldnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t see. On a height of 27 m, this dome rotates and reflects incoming light to the ground in the in the entrance hall. A lens enlarges the view and shines light on a liquid silver mirror that is not adjustable. By pulling a cord, a cog mounted to the wheelbase of the rotating dome you can adjust the view. So you can see a plane depart, a rabbit on the airstrip or maybe even the biggest landmarks in Aarhus City. In order to let the camera obscura work, the glass roof on top of Aristoteles and 60% of the glass facade is tinted.

scale: 1/20

scale: 1/10

roof construction and copper cladding facade window fram ext. alumimium 60x80 mm steelcovering piece 50x30 mm steel ringbeam 400x150 mm, class C EN 10083 steel HEB ringbeam 600x400x30 mm S50 class C welded steel mounting piece for cable tensioning

HEB steel connection column 300x300x30 S50 OSB mounting board 600x2500x25mm OSB mounting board 600x2500x25mm exterior copper bend cladding interior copper bend cladding camera obscura: connection detail deal water resist wooden battens 25x30 mm vapour control layer

multiplex covering plate XPS mounted insulation ring wind proof nylon brush

steel ringbeam 600x400 mm, class C EN 10083

turning wheel allows the dometo turn.

wooden circular placeholder

building construction 33

2.4 Plato: Construction and Detailing

2.4.1 Plato A) Brief Concept building construction

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Platoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; is, in essence, the beating hart of the new airport. An atrium, an open space to wander around and sit or lay down. A place to rest and wait, a welcoming chance to calm down for a moment and think about those you will soon meet again. Cut out of the concrete slabs an asymmetric cupola rises. Bringing the look of those in the hall up, admiring broken down sunlight beams striking the ground. You can see those you were waiting for on the other side of the windows arriving and travellers who depart in the terminal are treated with a spectacular view of the majestic beauty of a colourful mosaic on the

building construction 34

2.4.1 Plato B) Brief Concept building construction

“For he who would proceed aright... should begin in youth to visit beautiful forms... out of that he should create fair thoughts, and soon he will of himself perceive that the beauty of one form is akin to the beauty of another, and that beauty in every form is one and the same.” -Plato What we see can be beautiful because ‘they’ bring back memories. The knowledge we get from things around us versus the knowledge of things how they really are. The Idea-world: the things we pick up via our soul, come from the world that is perfect. A painting in this world as real knowledge states it: is the idea of a painting we acknowledge being beautiful because it is connected with the idea of beauty. At first, the beholder does not see why the tiles are coloured. He or she knows the ties are part of a bigger whole, a painting maybe, but it is just not visible yet. Only from above, on the platforms of the terminal hall, a big mosaic painting reveals its beauty, seen from a distance, a new perspective.

building construction 35

2.4.2 Plato, Envelope & Constructional Detailing building construction

scale: 1/20

Plato roof construction , glass panel connection aluminum sheet punched cladding water resist PE-foil curved OSB boards 80x200x25 rockwool insulation 2x80 mm needed for R34 zinc covering slab glas inox mounting piece steel welded ringbeam HGB 250x250x20 mm S550 multiplex woodenmounting board 400 mm wide plaster board RF 2x12 mm IE60 vapour control layer

scale: 1/20

terminal roof construction , glass panel glass panels (more about the glass panels in Chapter 3 celular foam insulating connection piece burned EPDM water proof roofing water restist PE-foil OSB board 550x200x25 mm

steel L-Profile 200x200 S50 an case profile mounting beam 550x80 mm steel deck construction 250 mm and profile 80x120mm

building construction 36

2.5 Logical Reasoning: Construction and Detailing

2.5.1 Logic, Brief Concept building construction

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Logical Reasoningâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; is a place to celebrate human flight to the heavens. Here people who wander or wait for their plane to depart admire the technical wonders of aircraft technology. A view of all angles of the plane is provided as spectators walk on the pathways suspended over the aircraft. This maintenance facility is directly connected to the terminal with a wide glass door. On top, nine big and brightly lighten boxes embrace the aircraft gently and provide symmetry and order to the whole.

first coinstruction detail sketch The whole construction of Logical reasoning rests on four points. Big three by three-meter pillars suspend two long bolted or welded Vierendeel frames of 48m in length. Two other cantilevered Vierendeel frames are bolted on to the primary structure. This system allows the aircraft to park or ride in and out without needing to sacrifice more structural anchor points to the ground. The dimensions of this frame are bases on both structural capabilities and the length and width of a large two motor aeroplane. Pathways or the frames are 3x3m and suspended to a height of 8m. The glass boxes on top are 22 mm high from the ground up. This is the total height of the back fin of a Boeing 787.

building construction 37

2.5.2 Logic A) Envelope & Constructional Detailing building construction

scale: 1/20

roof construction detail connection wall cover, hard stone PE-foil celular concrete 30x20cm

insulation PUR 2X7cm

reinforced concrete beam 50x50

stone cladding tiles B3 (gray basalt) 600x600 PE- foil

stainless steel bend plate

exterior wall connection load bearing concrete wall construction 25cm vapour control layer

extruded aluminum placeholder 80x40 mm

plasterboard RF 2X12 mm Fire Proof IE 30

IPE 400x250x20 mm S350 EN 10083-2006 deal wooden beam 300x150 mm terminal and â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Logicâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;, warm vs cold construction connection multiplex mounting board 300x25 mm zinc gutter 200x100 mm vapour control layer PUR insulation connection piece 30 mm

HEB 650x650x40 mm S530 class A, EN 10083-2006

HGB 650x350x40 mm S550 class A, EN 10083-2006

PUR insulation 2x80mm needed for R38

OSB vapour proof board 600x300x25 mm

load bearing concrete wall construction 25cm

building construction 38

2.5.2 Logic B) Envelope & Constructional Detailing building construction

scale: 1/20

‘Logic’ and terminal, warm vs cold construction connection flexible jointing 20 mm celular concrete 200x100 mm OSB vapour proof board 1000x600x25 mm insulation PUR 1x 60, 2x 4 mm

HEB 650x650x40 mm S350 class A, EN 10083-2006 extruded aluminium window frame triple glass window 8000x200 mm (14-3-33-4-3-14) 1,1 W/m2K counteracting bending moment IPE steel stiffener 800x35x40 mm S550 EN 10083-2006

steel lateral conteracting buckling HEB profile

HEB 650x650x40 mm S550 class A, EN 10083-2006

stainless steel butress 550x550x60 mm placed in a casette of shrink resistant mortar

crystallizedconcrete toplayer 40 mm

reinforced concrete slab 65 cm

celular concrete 200x150 mm

concrete foundation ‘sole’ -110 cm (frost restistance)

building construction 39

2.5.2 Logic C) Envelope & Constructional Detailing building construction

scale: 1/20 PUR insulation 2x80 mm needed for R38

PUR insulation 2x80 mm needed for R38

PUR insulation connection piece 30 mm double glass window 7000x800 mm (14-3-33-4) 1,1 W/m2K

burned EPDM roofing muliplex cover board 25 mm

pathway, primary Vierendeel structure section HEB 650x650x40 mm S300 class A, EN 10083-2006 welded steel covering slab 650x14000x15mm C50 class C

HGB 650x350x40 mm S50 class A, EN 10083-2006

zinc gutter 100x100 mm GHB steel profile 100x60x15 mm S355

galvanized steel handle bar of the railing 60x30mm galvanized steel suporting rod 60x30 mm

steel support L-profile 80x80x15mm class A S350 galvanized steel walking grate 2 x (1500x1000x30 mm)

building construction 40

2.5.2 Logic D) Envelope & Constructional Detailing building construction

scale: 1/20

connection polycarbonate facade and glass facade box right side double glass window 7000x800 mm (14-3-33-4) 1,1 W/m2K zinc gutter 300x100 mm miltiplex cover 350x2000x25 mm PUR insulation 30 mm needed for thermal connection extruded aluminium window frame 3 double chambre polycarbonate panel 8000x2000x60mm

HEB 650x650x40 mm S550 class A, EN 10083-2006

HGB 650x350x40 mm S550 class A, EN 10083-2006

scale: 1/20

foundation detail HEB 650x650x40 mm S550 class A, EN 10083-2006 3 double chambre polycarbonate panel 8000x2000x60mm

extruded aluminium window frame

PUR insulation 2x40 mm needed for R38 galvanized steel cover slab with PE-foil underneath drainage foundation concrete bricks 2 x (150x200x400 mm) celular concrete 100x300cm

Logical Reasoning is generally an unheated space, an air tight facade and completely insulating facade is hereby not needed. Though, a close connection of all building compartments is needed to ensure that all detailing is working the right way and no heating or water leaks occur in critical places. A closer look at how the climate is regulated can be seen in chapter 3. With the implementation of a regulated heat system on demand, during winter times this construction can be heated locally if needed.

building construction 41

2.5.2 Logic E) Envelope & Constructional Detailing building construction

scale: 1/10

bolt fixed glazing junction

stainless steel cable

‘Logic’ box eave detail glass roof and glass facade zinc cover slab rockwool filling foundation concrete bricks 2 x (150x200x400 mm) GHB-bracing profile 100x120 mm mounting L-profile 150x100 mm welded steel mounting piece for cable tensioning

automatically opening ventilating lammella’s

GHB-bracing profile 100x120 mm aluminium stiffening box with glued aluminium covering slab steel rod for interior screen (a deeper look in chapter 3, ‘Logical Reasoning’ ) PE - foil

IPE 650x300x40 mm S355 EN 10083-2006 welded steel covering slab 650x14000x15mm S355 class C

HGB 650x350x20 mm S550 class A, EN 10083-2006

building construction 42

2.5.3 Logic, Structure A) building construction

Vierendeel frame, sketches and calculations

A vierendeel structure is the only load bearing construction that is able to span over 48 m on two points of support without losing any form of functionality. The beam, placed on top of two pillars is not only a load bearing structure, it also is a pathway for spectators to look at the plane parked under neath. The whole structure operates at a height of 8m, so a Boeing 757-800 (biggest plane possible) can be placed in the hanger.

P= pulling forces, transfer the bending moment over to the second pilar (T.) T= tension forces, transfer the bending moment over to the foundation T

bending moment

building construction 43

2.5.3 Logic: Structure B) building construction

Profiles used: HEB profile beams 650x350x30mm columns 650x300x30 mm

HE 650 B:

Tf= 35 cm Tw= 16 cm Ă&#x2DC; = M 27

pmax= 198 mm Al =2,407 m2/m Ag = 10,77 m2/m

top view

transition slab #>20mm

* EU-certified regulations 2016: (bending normal stress: NB l/300 (mm)

bending moment of this construction is max l/198mm, so it is secure and safe to walk on!

elevation

welding

nuts and bolts

angular support 140x140x20 bolted on site

e = 30 mm

top view

elevation

top view

elevation

transition slab #>20mm welding

nuts and bolts

angular support 140x140x20 bolted on site

e = 30 mm

transition slab #>20mm

nuts and bolts

welding angular support 140x140x20 bolted on site

e = 30 mm

*source for all above information: Jellema and Archelor Mittal, EU-certified regulations 2016: ( lateral and vertical bending normal stress: NB l/300 (mm)

building construction 44

2.6 Construction Sequence

2.6.1 Construction Seqeunce: old structure and new grid building construction

phase one: demolition existing airport and determining new plot

All attachments of the old building get demolished to make the new envelope as coherent as possible. A new outline of the plot gets determined and all necessary foundation for the new structure get cast. All rebars, disposition braces and steel placeholders get placed sol the new structure can be attached. The airport does not lose its functionality yet. All building functions are still covered by the existing roof and are enclosed with temporary interior walls.

phase two: further breakdown existing structure and attachment primary new structure.

On the fixed grid of steel braces, the new column and beam structure get cast. The aim is to make the transition between old and new structure as smooth as possible. The airport loses his functionality almost completely as the available covered spaces shrinks. Tents are placed on the outside of the building with their land- and airside functions in them. Exterior load bearing walls of the facade get casted and steel braces to carry the columns and beams for level 2 are prepared and placed. For 30 days big construction works are set aside to harden

*note, the rhythm of this construction sequence digram is determined by the startup and finishing of all wet construction elements involving the casting of concrete

building construction 45

2.6.2 Construction Seqeunce: slabs, walls and the three interventions get prepared building construction

phase three: casting of new concrete slabs and walls enclosing the old struc-

Concrete reinforced slabs get cast on top of the new building and along side the told old slabs. Large surfaces are still uncovered but the interior temporary walls are now replaced with permanent interior walls as portions of the airport functionality are placed within the building again. Columns and beams to carry the primary roof structure and exterior load bearing walls are cast. All braces and foundations are ready to start with the construction of Plato, Aristoteles and Logica Reasoning too. For another 30 days, big construction works are set aside to harden the concrete.

fase four: casting primary structure on level 1 & 2 and primary structure of Aristoteles & logic

The primary roof structure is placed on top of the hardened slabs on level 2. The ramp of the atrium Plato is made by digging the ground out and casting a new concrete lop-sided floor. The primary steel structure of Logic gets delivered in small parts and is bolted and welded on site. The primary load-bearing steel columns of Aristoteles get delivered and placed. On site, the steel ring beams get welded together and bolted on to Aristotelesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; primary structure.

building construction 46

2.6.3 Construction Seqeunce: finishing the three interventions and reintroduce all airport functions building construction

phase five: adding the primary structure of Plato, the secondary structure of logic and airport gates

The roof slabs get casted on top of the primary roof structure and all attatched volumes of terminal get finished. For another 30 days all big construction works are set aside to harden the concrete after which the construction of the envolope gets enrolled. The windows are placed and all interior finishing gets started. The airport functions get beack inside while still being airtight by the temporary interior walls where the construction can not be wind and water tight. The secundary structure of Logic gets delivered and bolted on site. The primary structure of Plato gets delivered and attached to the new concrete slabs and walls. The large cilendrical profiles get delivered and welded to the top ring beam on site.

fase 6: adding envelope of Aristoteles, Plato and Logic

The roof slabs get cast on top of the primary roof structure and all attached volumes of terminal get finished. For another 30 days, all big construction works are set aside to harden the concrete after which the construction of the envelope gets enrolled. The windows are placed and all interior finishing gets started. The airport functions get back inside while still being airtight by the temporary interior walls where the construction can not be wind and water tight. The secondary structure of Logic gets delivered and bolted on site. The primary structure of Plato gets delivered and attached to the new concrete slabs and walls. The large cylindrical profiles get delivered and welded to the top ring beam on site.

building construction 47

3 Building Perfomance: Environmental Strategy

Institute of Heavens

3. Building Perfomance:

Environmental Strategy

3.1 Introduction performance strategy

the existing building afters striping it down 1.

2. 3.

Currently, people walk from the aircraft towards the entrance. Buffer zones are needed to keep the heat in at places where people enter the building.

In the entire airport, a floor-to-ceiling height of 3,8m is used. The low ceilings make the spaces cramped when lots of people are in it. The daylight factor is too low since the spaces are too deep. The existing grid, columns and beams can be reused to reduce the new building cost and construction waste of the demolition.

This is The only bright space in the existing airport. Overall, lots of artificial light is needed to make the interior more attractive. Note the grills, all spaces are currently mechanically ventilated and heated with air.

The existing pathway to board the planes will be removed, it is too narrow unheated and feels draughty. Not an ideal place to wait when 200 people wait in line to board.

Outline/ footprint of the new building. The new building will respect the outer limits of the current plot and will use a more continuous and efficient envelope.

Staff rooms, offices, storage rooms will be removed. Offices will all remove to the second floor (existing volume, see plan level 2 ). Staff rooms will be moved to the core of the building and storage rooms will go to the basement. The envelope will become more simple and the programme will be centralised which makes the whole building easier to heat up and maintain.

1. Current airport entrance on the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;airsideâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;.

2. Boarding area, poeple are waiting in line to take their flight.

3. Check in area, a more welcoming space in the existing airport.

Although the airports as it is in its current state is only 15 years old, the existing building has lots of things to improve concerning renewable energy. Currently, a wide array of artificial or mechanical systems is used to ensure the interior climate- and comfort control. Too much-dimmed lighting and an inefficient way of heating and ventilation is applied. It is with this perspective that the refurbishment should aim for a maximal use of the present natural resources in the neighbourhood and really try to make use of the available space. Since the new building will be 30% larger, the demand will inevitably be higher. In order for this to work. A deeper look into the orientation and use of most forthcoming climate conditions leads the design into being more parametrically designed.

performance strategy 49

3.2 Orientation performance strategy

orientation diagram

angle at noon, summer 58°

angle at noon, spring/autumn 34°

W general wind direction

angle at noon, winter 10°

S Sun path diagram Denmark Jutland 56° Latitude

The environmental strategy of this design is based upon a use of mainly natural resources to provide in the delivery of energy. Used resources are sun light, the wind for heating and ventilation and water supply from rooftop rain drainage.

Wind pose direction (%) Prevailing wind WSW

June 21 May 21/July 21 April 21/ Aug 21 90° 80° 70° 60° 50° 40° 30° 20° 10°

March 21/Sept 21 Feb 21/Oct 21 Jan 21/ Nov 21 Dec 21

How this information is used is is desicrebed in the next few pages.

performance strategy 50

3.3.1 Natural Resources: sunlight, rainwater,vegetation and wind performance strategy

Incoming sunlight will have a large impact on the interior quality of the airport. Next, to openings in the front facade (airside) along the whole length of the terminal, the three interventions Plato, Aristotle and Logical Reasoning, will play a crucial role in letting natural sunlight enter the building. Note that incoming sun from the Southside, as displayed above, also means that there will be a lot of internal heat gain: direction incoming sun (E/y.) surface (m2) total

1000 W/m2

700 W/m2

300 W/m2

2124 m2

856 m2

1553 m2

2124 kW

599. 2 kW

465,9 kW

N. 0 W/m2

As the refurbishment of the old airport is mainly built on the existing structure, the vast majority of the building will have a flat roof. The flat roof is ideal to collect rainwater. The water that drains will be collected into a collector and send to a rainwater tank where is will serve multiple water utilities. The surplus water that is flooding from the rainwater tank will drain to a WADI with reed beds where it helps the groundwater level in good condition. All residual water is filtered in the beds will serve a second life as being used in the building utilities when water demand is high. Only after this, in a case of a flood, the water in the WADI will go to the sewage system.

1948 m2 0 kW T. = 3189 kW/y

All rainwater supplying roof surfaces will be covered with plants. The green roof serves multiple purposes. Its mass due to the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;inertia-effectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; will keep the building at a more constant temperature during summer and winter. More mass keeps the whole roof structure cool in summer time and warms in the summer time. The green roof will also serve as a buffer for all water that falls from the roof and will pre-filter the draining water. A green roof has a buffer volume of 35 l/m2.

A Strong wind of 13 m/s from the South-West can occur in the region of Jutland during 5% of the year. A not too gentle breeze of 6 m/s is very common. In an open place such as an airfield, the building needs to make sure it can take full advantage of this local climate condition. For ventilation, the natural current will ensure a negative pressure on the North side of the building and is perfectly suitable for using natural ventilation extraction.

A closer look into the use of natural resources on the next few pages.

performance strategy 51

3.3.2 Natural Resources: rain water drainage performance strategy

supplying roof surface

GREEN ROOF = buffer volume of 35 l/m suply area can be cut by half : 6821 m2 / 2 = 3410,5 m2 Rainwater tank can never be more empty then 5% of the time it is used. This, to prevent bacteria. But whit the high daily demand and a very large supplying surface, a maximum vacancy of 2 % are required. Water overflow should always be considered, this to maintain the groundwater reserves.

Only the flat surfaces will provide the supplying rainwater drainage system. These surfaces can be covered with a ‘green roof’ and is easily be maintained.

Infiltration systems are needed for supplying surfaces larger than 250 m2

Total supplying roof surface = 6821 m2

Surface Filter coefficient greenroof 90 % Orientation South-West Consumption ( amount of devises X # People) # people Roofcovering coefficient 95% Inclinage 0%

= 3410,5 m2 = 0,9 = 1,25 = 98 = 1500 max daily = 0,95 =0

A pressure of 3 Bar on the supply line is needed when the water is demanded at 10m height. The pump to ensure this to happen consumes roughly 0,6 kWh/m3 supplied water.

Supplying surface reduction factor: 3410,5 X 1,25 X 0,95 X 0,90 = 3644.9 m2 Consumption: ((98 X 1500)/ 3644,9)X100 = 4033 l/day/ 100m2 supplying surface Storage (with a maximum tank vacancy of 5%): (2X3644,9)/100 = 72 m3 or 72 000 m2 An underground storage tank of 70 000 litre will be needed to fulfill the need. 70000 l water tank, hight = 270 cm, length = 1400 cm, placed in the basement.

water drainage mechanism rainwater collector

D = flow rate DU = connection value discharge

toilet uri

4033l/day/100m2

D = 9l/min DU= 0,5l/s

drained water from the roof goes to the rainwater storage tank

WADI with reed beds, filters the water.

sink

X 22

D = 6l/min DU= 0,5l/s

shower

Sewage street system: all fludding water drains here

X 45 X 15

supply for 73 l/m with flow speed of 2m/s Ø = 0,4 dm

D = 12l/min DU= 0,5l/s

kitchen equip.

overflow water goes to WADI to prevent undermining

D = 9l/min DU= 0,8l/s

kitchen sink filtered water pumped bach to storage tank when shortage

70 000 l rainwater tank

Total demand flow rate Dmax =798 l/m =

D = 12l/min DU= 0,8l/s ΣD √n -1

= 73,1 l/m

performance strategy 52

3.3.3 Natural Resources: vegetation performance strategy

applied roof surface Total applied roof surface = 6821 m2

Benefits for the owner: - Expand roof life time up 3 times. - Reduce winter heating costs - Improve public relations - storm water management tool

Only the flat surfaces will have vegetation on them. As these surfaces are covering 80% of the heated envelope.

Detail

Benefits for the community :

sientific name

- Reduce smog and improve air quality - Reduce noise - Reduce energy demand - Provide top view green spaces - Reduce surrounding heat effect

common name

plant hight

bloom time

color

sun exposere

winter resistance

1. Aster Ericoides

Heath Aster

30 cm

July-October

white

full sun part shade

-6° C, frost resistant

2. Geranium Macumtum

Wild Geranium

30 cm

April-June

pink

full sun full shade

-4° C, frost resistanc

Benefits for the environment :

3. Junecacea

Mock Rush

40 cm

february-April

gold brown

full shade

-15° C, frost resistanc

4. Liatris Cylindracea

Cylindric Star

20 cm

July-October

purple

half sun to part shade

-2° C, frost resistanc

5. Viala Pedatifida

Bearded Violet

15 cm

April-july

purple

full sun to part shade

-5° C, frost resistance

- Prevent sewer overflow - Reduce carbon monoxide impact - Neutralise acid rain effect - Provide habitat for wildlife

6. Eranthis

Winter Aconite

10 cm

Januari-july

yellow

half sun to part shade

-5° C, frost resistance

*Roof Vegitation,* non invasive plants region Denmark

detail green roof vegetation PE-foil

engireered soil, 10 cm wall cover, hard stone

1. Heath Atser

moisture retention layer

2. Wild Geranium

additional aggregate

gravel irrigation border

aeration layer EPDM

3. Mock Rush

4. Cylindric Blazing Star

5. Bearded Violet

6. Winter Aconite

insulation PUR 2X7cm insulation PU 2X7cm

vapour control layer

5. 6.

stainless steel bend plate IPE, 55 cm x 20 cm, S355 glued anchor

Birds and Bees: after all, the aim for selecting a round year blooming vegetation is to ensure the biodiversity during all seasons.

load bearing concrete wall construction

scale 1/20

performance strategy 53

3.3.4 Reusing Heat, smart aquifer heat exchange performance strategy

geothermal heat pump

the heat pump will get its warm water from a drill pipe -170 m deep.

the heat pump will get its cold water from a drill pipe -105 m deep.

- Building cost each drill hole + installation 20 000€ or 148,800 D kr. Total cost = 45 000€ or 334 800 D kr.The payback period for replacing the old central heating system compered to electric costs is 8 years and heating costs is 5 years. Still, this is highly variable with the current energy prices and yearly climate differences. An additional time span of 20% of the total may be considered. - The groundwater in the wells is so deep that it contains its warmth during the year until it gets pumped up again. Per 10m descend, ground temperature rises to 1°C. - The whole system is built out of more eco-friendly PE (polyethene) which has a lifespan of 250 years and is biodegradable since it is made out of natural components. PVC should never be used because it is proven to be harmfull and highly toxic when heated or burned. -The total volume of groundwater that is stored and recovered in a year generally varies between 10 000 m3 and 150 000 m3 per well. - The same system can be used to cool the building in summer as used to warm the building in summer.

during summer

cold consumption floor cooling if needed

during winter

warm consumption

cold consumption floor cooling if needed

floor heating, cealing heating

warm consumption floor heating, cealing heating

40 °C

20 °C

8 °C

plate heat exchanger

cold water will be pumped up

8 °C

heat pump: cooling decompressing the 32 °C water with a freon gas will make the temperature of the water decline to 18°C.

+ plate heat exchanger

warm water will drain back in the warm well

cold water will drain back in the cold well

cold well

warm well

cold well

-105 m 8°C

-170 m 18°C

-105 m 8°C

heat pump: heating compressing the 18°C water with a freon gas will make the temperature of the water rise to 40°C.

8 °C

18 °C

warm water will be pumped up

warm well

-170 m 18°C

performance strategy 54

3.4 Spatial Conditions and Temperature Ranges performance strategy

conditions to be met trough performance of building components spatial fuction

reasons for special climate control This space is made for airplane maintainance and is used for people visiting it. The depot is partially unheated during the vast majority of the year and naturally ventilated. The construction is disconnected from the envelope of the airport building.

Logic

required LUX general

500- 750 LUX provided daylight

required tempreature general

19°C demanded winter time delivery of 12°C on annual base

other requirements

high ventilation flow rate due to kerosene fumes

As a welcoming space at the entrance this place needs to be comfortingfor every person to be in . This is the place where people wait for flight information and be in to say goodbye to relatives and friends. High interior quality climate conditions are required. 100 LUX provided daylight

Aristoteles

As a welcoming space at the entrance, this place needs to be comforting for every person to be in. This is the place where people wait for flight information and be in to say goodbye to relatives and friends. High interior quality climate conditions are required. Plato

18° - 22° C all year

500 LUX provided daylight

18° - 22° C all year

100 LUX provided daylight 300 LUX art. lighting

18° - 20° all year

300 LUX art. lighting

17° - 19° all year

300 LUX provided daylight 300 LUX art lighting

17° - 21° only well conditioned temperatures at gate

low lighting levels to let the ‘camara obscura’ work (see Aristoteles chapter 2)

Travellers might wait for longer periods of time as their luggage is being despatched. This space needs to be comforting for all occupants. luggage reclaim

Waiting lines can be long as more than 150 people are awaiting to be checked for immigration and luggage control before they get to the terminal. Interior quality control needs to be considered in every season as peoples clothing changes heavily security

terminal

The clothing index is different during all seasons. To reduce energy consumption, only at the gate where people are waiting to board the plane interior quality control are higher. Travellers are usually travelling with clothes and in the movement before coming to the gate so in the rest of the terminal normal temperature control is applied.

*note these are variable mininmum requiremments. More specific demand might be applied. Typical interior comfort requirements in a public building:

20° to 23° C 300 LUX

The climate design of the airport is based on the special requirements of all individual parts of the building as the programme is very diverse. Secondly, the aim for this design is to reduce the over all energy demand. This is established by approaching the concept of comfort differently. Knowing that this public building has a lot of people on the move who have thicker clothing carrying with them, the overall interior climate comfort is reduced by several degrees, while still being within the temperature comfort zone. (next page)

* source for all information above: Julia Raish, CDC ‘thermal comfort: designing for people’.

performance strategy 55

3.4.1 Spatial Conditions: floor heating performance strategy

temperature scheme of individual compartments, level 1,2 and 3

A floor heating hypothesis

> 22°C

20°C

19°C

17°C

LEVEL 2

< 15 °C

unheated

Floor heating: increased comfort in places to sit down or rest.

peak performance areas can be kept cooler as people ar on the move.

LEVEL 1

area’s where hardly any people come are only heated by the surounded areas

FLOOR HEATING

how floor heating operates T.in = 50°C T.out = 40°C

50-40 = 45 -21°C 2 = 24°C radiation

GROUNDFLOOR

A closer look and study of the hypothesis on the next few page.

* source for all information above: DKC, ‘Danish Energy Requirements BR15, handbook 2015’

performance strategy 56

3.4.2 Floor Heating: study of hypothesis performance strategy

facts

FLOOR HEATING MESUREMENTS

The ideal temperature for a floor is 24°C, and the supply temperature is 50°C which implies that the room temperature can be reduced by 1°- 2° C compared to other systems. Relative humidity is 10% higher by using floor heating.

if the whole building was equipped with floor heating for a maximum comfort temperature of 22° C heat deliverance

Self-regulating effect: when the room temperature rises due to solar exposure, people etc., the floor radiates less heat.

Qs 12 x (T.floor - T int)

Every 40m2, an expansion joint is placed to prevent the floor from cracking. On the perimeter of every heated floor part, another expansion joint is placed so a cold and warm floor doesn’t touch.

total floor surface all heated temperature

Supplying water temperature is never more than 50°C, normally 70°C. This reduces energy costs.

= 12840 m2

FLOOR HEATING

CENTRAL HEATING

how floor heating operates

temperature demand

= 22 °C

Heat loss total

how floor heating operates

T.in = 70°C

T.in = 50°C VS

T.out = 50°C

= 600 000 Watt

70-50 = 60 -21°C 2 = 39°C radiation

600000 = 46 W/m2 loss heated surface 12840

T.out = 40°C

50-40 = 45 -21°C 2 = 24°C radiation

Qs = 12 x (24°C - 22°) = 24°C 24°C /46 W/m2 = 0,52 or 52% efficiency rate radiation system

if the building was only locally equipped with floor heating for a maximum comfort temperature of 22° C - 20°C heat deliverance

room thermostat 18,7° C

Qs 12 x (T.floor - T int) hot/ cold well

total floor surface all heated temperature

=5909 m2 all surfaces in heat pump

circulation pump

electronic controllers

heat exchanger

temperature demand

= 20 °C

Heat loss total

= 300 000 Watt

detail of floor package with integrated ‘dry’ floor heating system polished concrete toplayer, 2 cm

300000 = 50,7 W/m2 loss heated surface 5909

cement mix stabilization layer,6 cm

Qs = 12 x (24°C - 20°) = 48°C 48°C /50 W/m2 = 0,94 or 94% efficiency rate

Conclusion: heating the whole building surface delivers lower temperatures to the floor and has less heat loss per m2, but heating locally is more energy efficient as you cut the demanding heated surface by half.

PE- foil, moist protection layer insulation, 2x 7cm PUR vapour control layer load bearing floor reinforced concrete, 20 cm

> 22°C

20°C

19°C

17°C

< 15 °C

scale 1/20

unheated

* source for all information above: DKC, ‘Danish Energy Requirements BR15, handbook 2015’

performance strategy 57

3.5 Wall Construction: construction desipation resistance performance strategy

wall construction

resistance value ( λ in W/m.K)

used material

thickness ( d in mm)

plasterboard

24 mm

1,16

concerte

250 mm

2,13

plasterboard RF 2X12 mm Fire Proof IE 30 reinforced concrete wall 250 mm OSB wood board 20 mm

2 X 20 mm

0,35

insulation PUR

150 mm

0,026 mm

stone cladding B3

40 mm

4,34 mm

OSB board

vapour control layer insulation 2x7 cm PUR

PE coated water resitant OSB board 20 mm

insulating resistance of this wall construction: R = Rc =

extruded aluminium carrier frame 50x60 mm

(m2K/W)

= (0,024/ 1,16)+(0,25/ 2,13)+(0,04/0,35)+(0,15/0,026)+(0,04/4,34)

stone cladding tiles B3 (gray basalt) 600x600

= 6,03 m2K/W direction of heat dessipation coëff.

R tot = Rsi + Rc + Rsi

int. Rsi 0,13

ext. Rse 0,04

= (0,13 + 6,03 + 0,04) = 6,2 m2K/W

extruded aluminum placeholder 80x40 mm

Due to the thick load bearing concrete wall, this construction has a higher thermal resistance value than usual ( around 4 m2K/W). Concerning insulation thickness: updated requirements DKC, BR15 (2015, Denmark) Since 2015 a minimum of 15 cm insulation in public buildings is required: Study: meet the danish requirements of building energy performance? HOORAY! IT DOES!

4 6 2

2,4

(cm)

56,4

heat flow trough the construction U-value or heat desipation value of the construction: U=

1 R tot

(W/m2K)

= 1/ 6,2 = 0,16 W/m2K q = U (Ti - Te) = 0,16 x (20°)-(-8°)) = 4,48 W/m2K

average exterior temp. in Denmark in winter or summer are respectivly 15,7°C summerand -8°Cwinter

R = 6,2 m2K/W temperature gradient

A (surface wall total )= 565 m2 Time span h = 10 hours afternoon and evening Delta T= 28°C Q = A x h x (Delta T / R) = 565 x 10 x (28/ 6,2) = 25516 Wh

Heat flow chart: material

resistance

plaster

20°C

concrete

19°C

osb

15°C

insulation

13°C

stone

-5°C

ext.

T ext. 20 °C

int. dew point

T ext. -8°C

* source for all information above: DKC, ‘Danish Energy Requirements BR15, handbook 2015’

performance strategy 58

3.6 Aristoteles, Conceptual Introduction: heating, lighting and ventilation performance strategy

general concept cross section

The entrance of the airport or â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Aristotelesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;, will be heated by cold air tunnelling trough a convector system which gets its warmth from the heat pump connected with the stored ground water. Strong cross winds can power a giant wheel to spin and generate energy that is directly used to produce dimmed lighting in the enterance. Ventilation of the whole west side of the building will happen trough the natural stacki effect of hot air. Thanks to its hight, this construction brings hot air to the top where it meets negative presure by South-West cross winds. In summer hot air escapes the building whilst in winter time, the hot air goâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s back to the ground via ducts and gets tunneled to a heat exchanger. The South facing facade is covered with PV solar panels to generate electricity and at the same time, create shading for the interior when ths sun strikes hardest.

concept sketches

electricity by solar power on south facing facade

heating by solar gain on the floor

ventaltion by negative airflow on building top

electricity by windpowered rotation of elements

heating by natural air flow trough convectors

performance strategy 59

3.6.1 Aristoteles : heating and ventilation performance strategy

scale 1/50

Each window opens up 30 cm in summer mode.

negative pressure

positieve pressure

Hot air gets extracted in these grills in winter mode. 3.

Warm extracted air gets back to heat exchanger which then feeds the convectors again. Ă&#x2DC; 23 cm x 12 times Total extraction = 3000 m3/h at 8 m/s, flow rate of 3,6 m3/h/pp.

primary structural beam 25x50x5cm

The generated heat gets evenly distributed around the centre of the room to ensure that pre-heated air mixes with the air in the room. 2. 700 250

winter mode

Cedar wooden bench allong the whole perimeter. 75 x 60 cm

duct covered with insulation 1a.

ventilator

scale 1/50

15 cm high, prevents water draining in

Cold air gets pulled into the bench grill due to underpresure of the ventilator. 2.

scale 1/200

Cold air flows trough the convector and are pre heated up to 17Â°C. together with the floor heating, the warm air makes sure the comfort temperature gets reached.

performance strategy Convector is heated by the heat exchanger. Temperature = 28Â°C.

1b.

performance strategy 60

3.6.2 Aristoteles , dealing with natural lighting performance strategy

dealing with southern solar exposure

integrated window PV-panels

shadow study and chronological overlap

Two kinds of glass panels are classed with solar panels to provide shadow on the south facing facade. One type 80x80 cm, another 110x80 cm. These generate electricity. The thermal solar gains need to be handled with, this solution is beneficial in two ways, deliver power and shade.

spring solstice 7:00 am

spring solstice 11:00 am *Unifit PV-panels Germany.

800

spring solstice 18:30 pm

800

spring solstice 14:30 pm

800

110

Why only do a measurement during spring? During winter times the sun at 10Â° is too low to effect the centre and in summer the sun at 58Â° is high enough to be covered by the copper classed cap (roof) of the construction. In the intermediate seasons incoming sun can not strike the centre where the camera obscura projection panel is located. Added sun shading is required.

* following shadow study scapes are made with 3D model rendering tools.

performance strategy 61

3.6.3 Aristoteles, using wind to generate energy performance strategy

dealing with southern solar exposure wind power: big elements

Instead of placing heavy suporting comlums in this spinning wheel, curved flanges catch the wind and make the weel spin

wind power: small elements

In the hub, at the base of the axle a smal dynamo is mounted to collect the rotational energy.

upscaled planetarium Every planet rotates around his own axis generating small amounts of electricity. The sum of all planets spinning should provide enough energy to make a self-depleted system. One that delivers power to the batteries who supply led-lighting at night. When the planets light up and spin around.

Franklin Mint Celestial Orery Planetarium

performance strategy 62

3.7 Plato, Conceptual Introduction: heating, lighting and ventilation performance strategy

general concept cross section

The centre dome or Plato will be heated by cold air tunnelling trough a convector system on the wall or windows which will get there heath from the heat pump connected with the stored ground water. Ventilation in this building compartment will happen trough the natural stacking effect of hot air. Thanks to its hight, this construction brings hot air to the top where it meets negative pressure by South-West cross winds. In summer hot air escapes the building whilst in winter time, the hot air goesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s back to the ground via ducts and gets tunnelled to a heat exchanger. The South facing roof and a big part of the East facing roof are covered with PV solar panels that collect energy. At the same time, they create shading for the interior when the sun strikes hardest.

concept sketches

electricity by solar power on south facing facade

heating by solar gains on the floor

ventaltion by negative airflow on building top

electricity powered by PV-panels

heating by natural air flow trough convectors

performance strategy 63

3.7.1 Plato: heating and ventilation performance strategy

Warm polluted air gets extracted in these grills in winter mode. A flat rectangular duct covered with insulation puls the air out and brings it back in a circular duct to the basement where the heat

winter mode: scale 1/50

On the north facing side of the wind carrier shaft, there is a matte glass window with math glass to let in cool defused light in.

negative pressure

positieve pressure

The covered top window opens up 30 cm in summer mode.

summer mode: scale 1/50

ventilo convector 1. 1a.

mounted ventilator

The heat (in 40Â°C - out 35Â°C) going trough the convector is generated by the heat pump which gets its warmth from the underground

convector

scale 1/50

A pivoting plywood board covered with a PE skin shifts from summer some to winter mode. A small ventilator blows cool air in on hot summer days. During winter, cold air passes trough a convector and heats up to 17Â° C.

The goal with these systems is to ventilate the building naturally all year round. Each built in convector can provide enough fresh air for 125 people per hour. surface(heated / 10(public)= amount of people = 800 people x IDA (27m3/h) = 800x27= 21 600 m3/h

performance strategy 64

3.7.2 Plato: dealing with natural lighting

1000

performance strategy

Energy goes to the batteries and gets stored during day time so it can provide energy when LED night lighting in the dome turns on. Surplus energy runs back to the net to counter clock the total energy consumption of the building. 900

The concept of providing shading and collecting energy at the same time is very attractive. However, the implementation of this system can be done very poorly. It is important to make sure this concept improves the architectural concept and is not just placed loosely. * source: the Umbroza, Freshhome USA.

With the solar exposure study in mind, the PV- panels are spread unevenly on the places where the sun strikes hardest and where the shadow is certainly needed.

annual sunhours exposure diagram:

2214 h 1697h

77 %

1181 h

53 %

664 h

30 %

1900h bright sunshine hours/year in Denmark

Given the fact that sunlight exposure on south facing roof tops delivers almost 90 kWh/ m2 per year and East the total South facing surfaces amounts to 160m2 it is worthed making a study on how many sun hours the West and East facing facade of ‘Plato’ are annually exposed to. On a measurement of 2214 bright hours a year, only 203 hours have a potency above 90%. Lowering the efficiency of the solar gain exposure to around 68% we can still harvest a lot of the sun exposure on the East roof top facade as well.

South facing facade: 160x0,77 = 123m2 x 90 kWh/m2 =110,7 Wp/year East facing facade: 666x0,68= 452m2 X 60 kWh m2 = 273 Wp/year N * amount of cladded surface with PV-panels

The sun hours study proves that a system to block out the incoming sun on the floor in the interior can work. Incoming sun on the floor disturbs the efficiency of the floor heating system, as heat is no longer evenly distributed. That the sun shading can also provide electricity is only beneficial.

South

70 %

West

50%

East

30%

North

* following solar exposure study is made with SolidGreen ‘Sunhours V2.08’.

performance strategy 65

3.8 Logical Reasoning, Conceptual Introduction: heating, lighting and ventilation performance strategy

general concept cross section

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Logical Reasoningâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; is a space to reflect. It is structurally and constructively detached from the heated envelope and has a different interior climate. As this compartment has a completely different programme from the rest of the building and is more exposed to the natural elements due to large transparent facades and a less airtight envelope, a different kind climate control is working here. Only centralized heating is working on specific places and there is a larger airflow as there are more openings to compensate for the large amount of solar exposure gains. The South facing facades have a sunscreen behind the glass facade to block the incoming sun. Built up heat gets excavated by the natural stacking effect present in the volumes. In summer the front facade (airside) is opened to let in fresh air. In wintertime, the facade closes up so it can be heated by the heating ceilings more easily if needed.

concept sketches heating by solar gains on the floor

ventialtion by negative airflow on building top heating by the flowing air heated from green house effect.

performance strategy 66

3.8 Logical Reasoning: heating, lighting and ventilation performance strategy

heating during winter

Hot water ceiling heating panels radiate heat. No heat is felt in the air, there is only radiation on exposed surfaces and skin.

T opex. = 0,5xT air+0,5xT rad = (0,5x30°C)+(0,5X10°C) = 20 °C Reduction of 10% on heat los due to the high air flow rate in this compartment. = 18°C on average (still within comfort range) T rad. = 90°C hight = 8 m

With this sytem, water from the aquifer can still be used to reduse energy waste 90°C 40 °C heat pump

heat pump

90°C T rad. = 20°C hight = 2,1 m

80°C 12°C

heat exchange

18°C geothermal heat exchange

heat ceiling element cold and hot water storage well

heat extraction system

negative pressure

sun blocking shield white dens double layered circular yarn HPDE 70% shading rate UV resistant. positieve pressure

As this construction is completely transparent, lots of sun strikes the surfaces. to prevent the sun to strike to hard during summer, all facades on the South side are covered with a sun shield on the inside. This tensioned transparent textile veil blocks the sun almost completely and allows only indirect light to enter the maintenance workspace.

The structural concept of this maintenance hall is to keep the exterior facades as glassy, shiny and clean as possible. Though placing the sun shield on the inside of the construction is not ideal. The heat build up is much more present and to prevent any radiation heat behind this veil, it covers the complete surface. Heated air can flow upwards and escape on the top where it is extracted by negative wind pressure.

The aluminium extruded extraction vent can open and close automatically with pneumatic pumps. Temperature is measured close to the ground (1,5m) and on the top of the construction (22 m). As soon as the measured temperature raises above the comfort level, the vents open an extract the air. Due to toxic fumes from liquids in the air plane, by safety regulations, it is permitted that the highest air flow rate is applicable. occupancy rate= A/10 =2304 m2/10 = 230 persons max. IDA 4 = 54 m3h/person = 54 m3 x 230 = 12 420 m3/h extracted

performance strategy 67

4. Builing delivery : Stakeholders & sponsors

Institute of Heavens

4.1 Stakeholders and Sponsors building delivery

Possible Sposors of ‘Instistute of Heavens’ Primarily, the stakeholders in this project will be the city of Aarhus and the aviation museum of Denmark in Aalborg. As The redevelopment of Aarhus with ‘Aarhus 2017, culture capital of Europe’ is trending at this very moment, the city tries its best to build up their image by building big buildings. Needless to say, the current airport clearly isn’t on the list of buildings in the (re)development. The upscaling of the city and ongoing appearance of building infrastructure is a good thing, and tourists come, next to travelling by train or bus, primarily by plane to Aarhus. Therefore the city of Aarhus should be the primary investor in this project. As a portal to its largely new and blooming city. The close display of functioning aircraft or it mechanics and the celebration of the aeroplane as an invention that brought the masses closer to heaven is a fantastic thing. Kids and their dads or hobbyists love it. Common aviation museums do exist and display great aircraft’s but none of them has functioning passenger aeroplanes to show. The museum or multiple aviation museums in Denmark can be the sponsor of the maintenance hall with a possible collaboration of general commercial airlines such as the ones flying from or to Aarhus at the moment.

AVIATION MUSEUM DENMARK AALBORG

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4.2 A letter to the Parliament building delivery

Friday 28 April 2017 KirkegĂĽrdsvej 10E, 4st. 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark

Sir Ole Birk Olesen Ministry of Transport, Building and Housing Frederiksholms Kanal 27 F 1220 Copenhagen K Dear Sir Birk Olesen,

Concerning the interconnection of the rural landscape and the growing city of Aarhus. As a young, passionate and foreign architecture student I write you to express my concerns about a subject I am currently investigating on. A developing project named the â&#x20AC;&#x153;Institute of heavensâ&#x20AC;? can be viewed as an exercise in countering the ongoing problematics of relocating and re-inventing the Aarhus airport (Tirstrup Lufthaven). Currently, the airport has turned into a source of uncertainty, an undesirable place presenting a negative image on the economy and reputation of a city that works really hard to be present in Denmark, Europe and beyond. As the airport should be a hub for all connections with this city and the rest of the world, it is currently mightily underused whilst it should prove that Aarhus is indeed more than just a name on the map. Therefore I think it is in the interest of Aarhus as a city to invest in this project in the near future. To reinsure that Aarhus is part of a bigger picture. As an airport is seen as a largely private property I would love to see it being part of a larger discussion. One that tries to encounter how we look at an airport as being a public space that is owned by its stakeholders where Aarhus city should be one of. Hope to hear your perspective on this matter. Yours sincerely,

Elias Bey

delivery 70

5. Apendix : pre-design, models

Institute of Heavens

5.1 Model One: determining tectonics models

models 72

5.2 Model Two: proportional representation models

models 73