Uses
action in the present taking place once, never or several times facts actions taking place one after another action set by a timetable or schedule Examples : A: He speaks. N: He does not speak. Q: Does he speak? Signal words always, every …, never, normally, often, seldom, sometimes, usually if sentences type I (If Italk, …)
Uses action taking place in the moment of speaking action taking place only for a limited period of time action arranged for the future Examples A: He is speaking. N: He is not speaking. Q: Is he speaking? Signal words at the moment, just, just now, Listen!, Look!, now, right now
Uses action in the past taking place once, never or several times actions taking place one after another action taking place in the middle of another action Examples A: He spoke. N: He did not speak. Q: Did he speak? Signal words yesterday, 2 minutes ago, in 1990, the other day, last Friday if sentence type II (If Italked, …)
Uses action going on at a certain time in the past actions taking place at the same time action in the past that is interrupted by another action Examples A: He was speaking. N: He was not speaking. Q: Was he speaking? Signal words when, while, as long as
Uses
putting emphasis on the result action that is still going on action that stopped recently finished action that has an influence on the present action that has taken place once, never or several times before the moment of speaking Examples
He has spoken. N: He has not spoken. Q: Has he spoken? Signal words already, ever, just, never, not yet, so far, till now, up to now
Uses putting emphasis on the course or duration (not the result) action that recently stopped or is still going on finished action that influenced the present Examples A: He has been speaking. N: He has not been speaking. Q: Has he been speaking? Signal words all day, for 4 years, since 1993, how long?, the whole week
Uses • action taking place before a certain time in the past • sometimes interchangeable with past perfect progressive • putting emphasis only on the fact (not the duration) Examples A: He had spoken. N: He had not spoken. Q: Had he spoken?
Signal words already, just, never, not yet, once, until that day if sentence type III (If I had talked, …)
Uses ď ą action taking place before a certain time in the past sometimes interchangeable with past perfect simple ď ą putting emphasis on the duration or course of an action Examples A: He had been speaking. N: He had not been speaking. Q: Had he been speaking? Signal words for, since, the whole day, all day
Uses • action in the future that cannot be influenced • spontaneous decision assumption with regard to the future Examples A: He will speak. N: He will not speak. Q: Will he speak? Signal words
in a year, next …, tomorrow If-Satz Typ I (If you ask her, she will help you.) assumption: I think, probably, perhaps
Uses
ď ą decision made for the future ď ą conclusion with regard to the future Examples A: He is going to speak. N: He is not going to speak. Q: Is he going to speak? Signal words in one year, next week, tomorrow
Uses • action that will be finished at a certain time in the future Examples A: He will have spoken. N: He will not have spoken. Q: Will he have spoken? Signal words by Monday, in a week
Uses action taking place before a certain time in the future putting emphasis on the course of an action Examples A: He will have been speaking. N: He will not have been speaking. Q: Will he have been speaking? Signal words
for …, the last couple of hours, all day long
Here is a list of the modal verbs in english
can
could
may
might
will
would
must
shall
should
ought to
First, they can be used when we want to say how sure we are that something happened / is happening / will happen. We often call these 'modals of deduction' or 'speculation' or 'certainty' or 'probability'. For example: It's snowing, so it must be very cold outside. I don't know where John is. He could have missed the train. This bill can't be right. £200 for two cups of coffee!
We use 'can' and 'could' to talk about a skill or ability. For example: She can speak six languages. My grandfather could play golf very well. I can't drive.
We can use verbs such as 'must' or 'should' to say when something is necessary or unnecessary, or to give advice. For example:
Children must do their homework. We have to wear a uniform at work. You should stop smoking.
We can use verbs such as 'can', 'could' and 'may' to ask for and give permission. We also use modal verbs to say something is not allowed. For example: Could I leave early today, please? You may not use the car tonight. Can we swim in the lake?
We can use 'will' and 'would' to talk about habits or things we usually do, or did in the past. For example:
ď ą When I lived in Italy, we would often eat in the restaurant next to my flat. ď ą John will always be late!