Abstract I Formlessness and encryption [informal settlements] 3 II Approaching the informal [a community in Brazil] 9 III
Redefining materials [primer exercise]
13
Acknowledgments IV Bridging to the informal -[project intent]
I offer my regards to all those who supported me in any respect so far during this project.
V Production, consumption and control [cycles of performance] 31
I am heartily thankful to my supervisor, Armelle Tardiveau, whose encouragement, guidance and support from the initial level has enabled me to develop an understanding of the subject and pursue this design thesis. Elina Spanoude
29
VI Christiania - Copenhagen [urban settlement] 35 VII Tactical formlessness [alternative social cartography] VIII IX
Symbiotic powerhouse [design scheme]
Redefining a power house [design explorations] 69
References
45 66
Abstract
Informal settlements create alternative cartographies within the urban context. What forms the starting point of my thesis is the manipulation of shared spaces within autonomous settlements that are essentially undefined by their form. I have explored how these spaces are flexibly appropriated and the spatial complexities arising. From the perspective of the architect, I have been intrigued by how architectural design sometimes learns from the qualities of informal entities, translating them into formal and planned architecture. Meanwhile, authorities and policies have always strived to legalize and formalize them. The interrelation between the two, informal and formal, and the exchange of spatial richness is what has driven my project framework. This project aims to develop a scheme for the Freetown of Christiania, through which it can remain to exist, and gain recognition from its surrounding urban context.
1 2
Formlessness and encryption
Often regarded as extensions of the house, facilitating day-to day activities, public spaces in informal settlements are largely undefined in terms of their form. The absence of infrastructure, the irregular street widths and the uneven surfaces initially create an impression of the disused and the unvalued. The first focus in my design thesis has been the decoding of the shared areas within informal communities.
3
4
photo courtesy: Elina Spanoude
5
6
INTERTWINED
Morphological behaviours - Is there an hidden richness in the bare soil? There is an element of encryption in these formless open spaces, associated with notions of flexible space, free movement, appropriation by people and a sense of temporariness in occupation. Shifts in their character occur throughout the day, the month or the year, sometimes to welcome wider participation and other times limiting its audience.
OBSTRUCTED
IN CONTROL
FLEXIBLE
7
8
Squatter settlements in urban contexts: What interests me about informal settlements are the connotations associated with ‘cities within cities’, a phrase, which suggests two worlds and powerful barriers distinguishing the exit from one and entrance to the other. City ... + City The occupation of Paraisopolis, the largest squatter settlement in Sao Paulo, is shown over a period of forty years. It became important for me to comprehend how the incredibly central location and immense size can be excluded from what the urban realm image is framed with.
Approaching the informal
My interest in informal settlements was triggered during my participation in a collaborative workshop with architects, planners, active representative authorities and inhabitants of an informal settlement, el Paraiso, in Salvador, Brazil. To engage with inhabitants, we employed participatory design methods, as a means to develop housing typologies for a small settlement. Our team, being research orientated rather than action targeted, acted as a mediator between the community and authoritative institutions and local architects involved in consolidating favelas.
9
10
11 12
We developed toolkits of our methodology of approach and reports of our results for the particular settlement. With ten different housing typologies, based on aspirations of their ideal home as confessed by the inhabitants, reflection and discussion with them was essential to determine whether our understanding corresponded to their true aspirations. I learnt how to approach informal territories, fuel as an architect, in order to engage with the people of a community. My experience in a squatter settlement is where my thesis methodology on ‘approach to’ as well as ‘learning from’ these environments stems from.
13
14
oc-cu-py 1 reside or have one’s place of business in (a building) • fill or take up (a space or time) • be situated in or at (a place or position in a system or hierarchy) • hold (a position or job) 2 fill or preoccupy (the mind or thoughts) • keep (someone) busy and active 3 take control of (a place, esp. a country) by military conquest or settlement • enter, take control of, and stay in (a building) illegally and often forcibly, esp. as a form of protest
The word occupy, in English, has at least three definitions, two of which apply to the process of claiming and using space. One definition refers to the simple act of being in a place, while another is tied to our legal framework and the concepts of land ownership, tenure, and squatting.1
s q -u a t- t i n g occupation and transformation of land and buildings that are unused or underused. 2
The urban population living in squatter settlements is currently one billion, a number projected to rise to two billion by 2050.3
The world map shows the motive of informal settlements across the globe, and the names that have been associated with them.
global global
North South
battle for h o u s i n g r i g h t s and s t r a t e g i e s of s u r v i v a l ideological struggles and the desire for a l t e r n a t i v e ways of l i v i n g
squatted social centre, free cultural spaces political centres, ubran homesteading, event, campaign project, movement, freetown geçekondu, mutirão, shanty town favelas, shacks, barrios ,popular settlements, slum, katchi abadi
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Redefining materials
?
Function
a socialising place a place to carry out meetings a place to encourage market activity
Material
nylon banners and bags are the most common materials available in the squatter settlements in Brazil weatherproof, easily applied, cheap
16
Method
DIY construction: Easily stretched on scrap timber pieces, wrapped around and nailed onto wood.
Within the course of a primer exercise I focused on material redefinition and re-usage, in three distinct phases, for primarily making shelter, as an act of urgency. Then with a DIY mindset I constructed material components and modular structures, giving new purpose to material. And as a third phase, I tested its translation to a formalized framework to create home comforts and atmospheric qualities.
1 / 3 - spontaneous and informal occupation Phase one aimed at giving purpose to an undefined open space with no claimed value, as a rapid operation. This acted as a means of becoming familiar with a site context and, as an act of urgency, giving purpose to an undervalued space.
17
18
2 / 3 - material exploration and reinterpretation Material exploration to give a new use: expired banners and unused plastic bags were transformed into a new object, a component. Strips were cut from the unusable bag and, following a pattern, stitched together. Hexagonal pockets acquired rigidity and volume, properties that the previous form of the bag did not have.
19
Variations and parameters were introduced for further material exploration with another component suggesting atmospheric conditions in multiple ways. Denser areas gain more rigidity but also introduced levels of privacy and permeability.
20
21
22 FL series - focused light - fixed panel
FLf
Receptors:
of sunlight & artificial light of adequate ventilation of rainwater collection
FL series - focused light - collabsible
FLc
Barriers:
of noise pollution of uncomfortable climatic conditions for privacy = visibility and sound of smoke and humidity kept in space
PPw - Partition pocket wall PPw
Qualities:
Acoustic Environment Light Conditions
PPg - Partition pockets garden
Visibility & Privacy Thermal Conditions
PPg
Connections with nature W3 series - wool warm wall - fixed panel
W3f
3 / 3 - translation to the fabrication process From the hands-on experience to the fabrication process: In this part I looked at the conventional domestic environment and established the spatial qualities satisfied by buildings elements. Linking the first intention of giving purpose to an undefined space, I challenged the fact the spaces in a house are well defined, perhaps in an inflexible manner. The phase aimed at translating the language of the spontaneously made component into the domestic environment in a formalized framework. The result was a catalogue of the different components as a response to the spatial requirements of the domestic spaces.
W3 series - wool warm wall - collapsible W3c
BS - buffer space BS
carry-your-home catalogue 2011
23
What are the components made of ? The design philosophy lies in giving new purpose to materials that are either non-recyclable or materials which although they may be recyclable the process is proven to be costly and with not enough material left afterwards to produce something new
FL series - focused light - fixed panel
FLf W3 series - wool warm wall - collapsible
W3c
One example draws attention to the light conditions and acoustic control desirable in a reading space, resulting with two components, made from non-recyclable materials. Another example looks at a playing area for kids. The components have soft surfaces to form a protected space, with a portable character.
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25
The three-phased exercise was twofold in its implication on my thesis. In a more metaphoric manner, the translation from the spontaneous making of space either in response to necessity or as an urgent act, to a formalized framework. The last part questioned whether we get lost in translation as professionals from the informal to the formal and planned design. I associated the primer with the informal settlement within the wider and formal urban context of the formal and started questioning how can there be a spatial scheme to act as a means of exchange between the two environments.
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An aspect of transferability is evident in the project of Morrinho: The London Favela, which raised awareness about the character of the areas of Brixton and Stockwell and the aspirations of the people living in these areas, through a collaborative process of making a spatial intervention at Southbank Centre, in London.4 Also adaptable building systems have been influenced by the notions of adaptation and expansion, inherent in squatter settlements of the Global South. The Industrial Favela is one example by the office Vandkunsten, winning a prize in the competition Adaptable Futures.5 The half-house project in Iquique, Chile by the practice Elemental and architect Alejandro Aravena demonstrates a much-admired role of the architect-facilitator, by developing new modes of social sustainability and affordability. The philosophy behind it is based upon showing an understanding of the flexibility and freedom that the residents of the particular squatter settlement are accustomed to and also responding to the limitations of low subsidized support being sufficient to build half a house for each of the hundred families of the community and within the existing plot of land. In an effort to consolidate their homes, Elemental designed the basic structure, kitchen and bathroom of homes, delivering the housing development at an incomplete phase, allowing the inhabitants to occupy and use and continue building their homes, while maintaining the strong sense of the neighbourhood that was there before their intervention.
V 29
? ?
30
?
? Can autonomous settlements and spontaneous appropriation of environments inform design when considering public spaces consumption in the cities we live today? Bridging to the informal through an exchange of spatial qualities forms an interrelationship with the squatter settlements, that could potentially solve social and political issues attached to them.
V 31
32
collecting cycles re-purposing
farming cycles
performance and art cycles
craftmanship cycles
El Paraiso - Brazil material stacks Can Masdeu - Spain learning building techniques El Paraiso - Brazil emergency shed construction Freetown Christiania cultural summer festival
I analysed how reshape, reorganize re-materialize take place in the shared spaces to serve best the individual and the community. I categorized them in different cycles of performance, that derive upon production and consumption and control public space. I have most importanly observed that the way these areas are manipulated shows environmentally sustainable behaviours.
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34
Global North
rural
temporary
political
limited
Centri Sociali Can Masdeu
Christiania
el P a r a i s o Park Fiction K77 Can Masdeu Centri Sociali
Park
Fiction
Marinaleda
K77
Can Masdeu
Can Masdeu
Vila Decans K77
Marinaleda Park
Fiction
Christiania
Vila Decans
location
proximity to centre
scale (relative to city)
objectives/ principles
status
Christiania Park
Fiction
K77
Choosing an informal settlement: Understanding the motive behind various informal settlements, the context they are located in and their permanence, I was looking for a relatively large settlement in an urban context. The table shows where the freetown of Christiania lies in.
Paraisopolis
el P a r a i s o
Can Masdeu
Christiania el P a r a i s o
Paraisopolis Paraisopolis
Christiania
Global South
urban context
expansive
shelter necessity
permanent
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36
Denmark
Copenhagen
Central Copenhagen
Christianshavn freetown of Christiania
Christiania - Copenhagen My project is situated in context and within the perimeter of the Freetown of Christiania, a 40 year-old squat, in the centre of Copenhagen. In an area of 85 hectares, in the northern section, Christiania is located within the boundaries of the neighborhood of Christianshavn, an area populated with a mix of businesses, artists and famllies with kids. The settled community covers half of the area’s rampart, once part of city’s old coastal defense and land fortifications.
V I 37
38
From Christianshavn to Freetown Christiania, what changes?
V I 39
40
early 1970s The acute housing shortage of affordable housing in conjunction with a vast area being vacated by the Danish army encouraged a group of people to squat and found the Freetown of Christiania.6 From squatting to Freetown the motives that have kept its existence have changed over the forty years, although negative connotations associated with the unlawful and the unauthorized have stigmatized the area. the first action - 26 September 1971
Christiania flag
Primarily, the squatters envisaged the place to be a safe living environment for children.
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42
The building fabric of the settlement consists of a mix of the former BĂĽdsmandsstrĂŚde Barracks and self built dwellings, with a dramatic change from urban to rural character and varied density levels.
building fabric prior 1971 1971-2012 entry points
Experimental building activity is practiced, based on consensus democracy and financial autonomy. Some army barracks were converted into workshops and integrated in a public area while new constructions range from self-built houses and converted workmen’s wagons.
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44
Over its forty years of existence, Christiania has gone through three periods, each characterised by a particular area of focus and character. 1972-1979 - A social alternative 1979-2002 - An alternative culture Since 2004 - Environmental Christiania Status upheavals 1973 - Christiania is given an official temporary status of a ‘social experiment’ 1989 - Legalisation by a broad parliamentary majority for the collective use of the area - ‘ Christiania Act’ 2004 - 2008 -Changes to the Act by liberal-conservative government,which Christiania refuses to accept. 2011 - Christiania loses the case against the Danish state. The decision taken by the Supreme Court of Denmark in February 2011 has enforced a new situation whereby Christianites have to buy the land they occupy. 7
Tactical Formlessness
Whereas for some the commune is considered a bastion of irreverence, the actions of people confess otherwise. They have their own rules of functioning and this reflects in the way activities happening, that is to say that spaces do not form in an unplanned and chaotic manner but rather as a result of consensus democracy and maintained by actions of self-led initiative. Apart from saving the existing buildings from complete dereliction, people have cultivated habits of conservation, recycling and reuse of materials and objects, traces of which are found in their shared spaces. Without formally declaring the purpose of space articulation, most public areas initially give you the sense of an ambiguous identity.
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46
V II 47
48
N o r d d y s s on
Bjøreekloen
Den B la Ka r a m e l
N o r d o m r å d e t
Mælkebøtten
Psyak Mælkevejen Prærien
M i d t d y s s en
Old rampart preserved naturally
Løve huset
F a b r i k s o m r å d e t Tinghuset
Fredens Ark Syddyssen
character + area divisions Fortifications Residential ‘Christiania Town’
Some areas, physically surrounded by the canal have been occupied, maintaining a rural character to a great extent. In contrast, Christiania Town has an very urban fabric, being the most mixed-use part of the settlement, with small businesses, workshops, cafes and some residential occupancy.
Self-organisation The settlement has organised itself in fourteen neighbouhoods, totaling 850 residents. Separate area meetings and a general meeting take place regularly in order to discuss progress and development.
V II 49
50 Women’s blacksmith Rampart
E1 F W4
W2
F
Green Hall W1
Main entrance
F
F
F R F
GH
Fredens Ark
F
W3
E2
F
F pedestrian access at the rampart’s lowest level
Daginstitution Blikfang (nursery) Anna Wulffs Børnehave Christianshavns (kindergarten) Gymnasium Green Hall
buildings materials DIY shop
towards Christiania: Christianshavn Gymnasium side entrance facing kindregarten on the left and Fredens Ark building on the right
‘Nemoland’
-cafe / kitchens
Carpenters’ Reuse Station/ Recycling facility with 19 different factions
public trace pedestrian flow Area’s Commercial Character : E O GH R F W
Big Events [ Cultural / Sports ] Other Community Services Green Hall Reuse / Recycling centre Restaurants / Cafes Workshops
Fredens Eng
sports/major outdoor events
‘Opera’
music venue, restaurant, childrens theater, Jazz club, wood workshop
Building Office
Christiania Town
Green Agenda
V II 51
Christiania is renowned for its progressive green agenda while being the oldest squat, marked principally by the 1991 Green Plan, (‘Den grønne plan’) .As a counter version of the local plan for the future of the area, it targeted on preservation of the fortifications and of the natural habitat, becoming a car-free zone, as well as adopting alternative energy generation. With the installation of solar panels, wind turbines, rainwater collection and compost toilets, the area has become independent by municipal services to a great extent. In 2006 Christiania was given the Initiative Award of the Society for the Beautification of Copenhagen.
52
Recycle points have been positioned in around thirty different locations since then, now with a high level of recycling activity.
Many self-built structures have off-grid system using reed bed waster and some have green roofs.
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54
The Bottom Conference
The Climate Change summit took place in the same neighbourhood in 2009, and while ended in widespread disappointment when heads of states failed to reach agreement, another meeting was taking place in Christiania.8 The Bottom Conference invited and hosted many associations and community representatives in Christiania, during which the matter was approached from a different angle, placing the responsibility from the politician to each individual. This meeting raised its popularity even more.
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E N C O U N T E R S
C H R I S T I A N I A
personal information
the encounter
revealed during encounter
sex
time spent with
method in which nationality of interaction community
occupation
age group
carpenter
Adult (A) Middleage (M) Senior(S)
when did I place of meet them? encounter
15
Thursday 15.12.11 09:00
tour guide & craftswoman
S
1h 30
Saturday 17.12.11 15:00
blacksmith
M
5
Tuesday 20.12.11 15:00
A
5
Monday 20.12.11 15:40
SHARED SPACE
SHARED SPACE
SHARED SPACE
DK
?
?
?
Wednesday SHARED 22.02.12 SPACE 09:20
DK COPENHAGEN
rubbish collector/ admin
A
30
Wednesday 22.02.12 08:50
RANDOM
FR
S
1h 30
Sunday 18.12.11 18:30
RANDOM COPENHAGEN
IT
M
15
Monday 20.02.12 14:00
archivist
S
5
artist
A
1h 30
Tuesday 20.12.11 10:30
exhibition manager
S
1h 30
Sunday 18.12.11 18:30
RANDOM
carpenter
A
2
Monday 20.12.11 09:30
?
?/also works economy office
M
15
Monday 20.12.11 16:00
SHARED SPACE
DK
tour guide
S
1h 30
Monday 19.12.11 15:00
SHARED SPACE
DK
A
20
Wednesday 22.12.11 11:30
S
5
Saturday 17.12.11 08:30
30years
? ?
Saturday 17.12.11 15:30
DK
DK
mushrooms
COPENHAGEN
SHARED SPACE
!
SE
A
1h 45
something important
33years
rubbish collector
chef + cafe owner
Through informal conversation, I aimed at uncovering the individual or collective significance of public spaces and decode spatial qualities within the settlement. In addition, these social encounters also gave answers about ethnography, employability, habits and skills. From questions and personal observations this methodology brought to the surface the elements particular to Christiania and the people using the area, whether they live in or out of the perimeter of the settlement. These elements translated into values and cycles that helped me formed the framework of the scheme that could potentially be designed for this settlement.
I N
28years
DK DK
RANDOM
US
?
DK
V II 57
58
Women blacsmiths established workshops in converted military barracks. They started developing their skills since the community’s need for new pipes for all the builings they occupied. There are 30 recycling points across Christiania Carpenters are employed outside Christiania too.
Salvaged material is used for workshops and for crafts. It’s an urban recycling operation. Around 90% Stacks and piles of items lying in open spaces represent materials for reuse.
collecting collecting cycles cycles re-purposing re-purposing
hall is also refarming farming cycles cycles the Machine performance performance craftmanship cycles cycles sponsible for all waste fromcraftmanship and and art art cycles cycles demolitions within the area. the soil is contaminated from military industry times but is planned to be cleaned organically using mushrooms. Christiania shares are being sold to the public since September 2011. Many people use bikes for carrying materials and biowood to homes
The skilled population, waste and recycling as a serious matter and the car-free mentality are assets encapsulated in the fabric of this settlement. In forming the essence of my scheme in Christiania, these are the elements that I pursue in brining in through the making of the project as well as through its performance.
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Waste collection
1 KM RensningsanlĂŚg Lynetten [waste incinerator]
start
reuse station collection route
From my meeting with the people responsible for the collection of rubbish, I learnt about the handling processes, when I joined their typical route. Through property taxes that pay Christiania for handling the waste, combustible waste is collected and delivered to the MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) incinerator, whereas all recycled waste is stored to the reuse station.
Reuse Station
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In 2002, Christiania started its own recycling facility, funded by the community’s common fund. The recycling center was created in cooperation with I/S Amagerforbrænding (Danish waste managegement) and approved by Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
1_Newspapers, magazines, etc. 2_ Cardboard and cardboard 3_ Waste for combustion large and small combustible 4_Problematic waste 5_ Construction waste recycling bricks, concrete 6_Tires with or without rims 7_Electronics, all live from vacuum cleaners to coffee machines 8_Monitors, video, TV and IT 9_Iron and metal 10_Refrigerators and freezers 11_Garden waste 12_Glass and bottles 13_Light bulbs and fluorescent tubes 14_Oil, chemicals, batteries 15_Rechargeable batteries 16_Accumulators 17_Rigid PVC for recycling, gutters, moldings etc. 18_landfill for Soft PVC 19_Windows and windscreens
With 19 factions at the moment, where everything is accepted besides organic waste, the reuse station is a focal recycling centre for the whole of Christianshavn. Located in a car-free zone, all users access the site with bicycle carts or pushcarts. The way the space is articulated, being an open unbound space next to the most commercial street of the area allows free movement, and encourages its widespread use. In Copenhagen, it has proven to be problematic for neighborhoods to accept a recycling center as a neighbour where as it is interesting to see that Christiania’s recycling, located in the middle of the urban environment, works well.
V II 63
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Social mapping of the informal +
water is gathered on the roof and used for groundskeeping, toilets and gardens
Green Agenda
people’s skills
1991: the ‘Green plan’ 2009: the ‘Climate bottom meeting’
reuse station
recycling movement
2011: Ownership changes: a future challenge
1971-2012: Environmental sustainability values are encapsulated in the alternatively formed public spaces within Christiania. This has informed the framework of my project. The idea of producing energy locally has been rooted in the spirit since more than two decades now.
2012: a Pyrolysis Powerhouse
windmills and solar panels 61 shares have been invested in regional windmill energy
Green Hall
30 kWh a month @13.4 mph (6.0 m/s)
waste collection [domestic waste]
a public space [educational]
energy supply [urban scale]
heritage land [preservation]
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This project aligns itself with the current pressures Christiania’s formalisation is subjected to. From my engagement with this settlement I have extracted the aspirations of its people, their skills and driving mentalities. The need for local energy production to its full capacity could also become the means to communicate postively the freetown’s spirit to the formal institutions and gain legitimization. Powerplants contain controlled operations associated with planned authoritative identity. The project looks at how can the spatial language of powerplant architecture be questioned. By extroverting the process of waste to energy production, the project adopts an educative character, realized within informal learning environments.
processes
e
n t e r
> ia C hristian
>
>
form
users
flexibility + appropriation
+
runner, event participant, cyclist, passer-by
a free space
+
V III 67 The wider context
There has been an increasing activity in developing power stations. The ideas of integration in urban neighbourhoods, in smaller scale and with a local character have been expressed, as biofuels, carbon emissions and landfill have become urgent matters in city development. Meanwhile there are negative connotations associated with waste incinerators, conventionally isolated from living environments. The project aspired to be transferable to other urban contexts with Christiania’s powerhouse becoming an exemplar and a response to these issues.9
The AmagerforbrÌndingen Waste to Energy Plant by Bjarke Ingels Group was the winning scheme for one of Copenhagen’s energy to waste plant, envisaging the idea of waste incineration centre being also a ski resort. 10
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70
Fredens Eng
BĂĽdsmandsstrĂŚde
Princessagade
Being at the border of Christiania and outside, the Fredens Eng is a site of complex hidden meanings and opportunities. Occasionally used for outdoor sports and cutltural events, it faces Fredens Ark, a residential building with a few communitiy facilities. It is also surrounded by the rampart, so far preserved naturally as a pathway to access the canal. The site becomes very prominent also as a passing route towards commercial areas from the eastern edge. Fredens Ark building
Fredens Eng site
Rampart
Canal
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72
access approach
fence removed new entrance
existing path
Rampart Allotment Learning route
a public environment
educative/ ‘classroom cafe’ allotments for growing towards the rampart
The scheme unfolds itself on the site, firstly by creating a trinary route to climb up the change in level. Access to the rampart; access to a higher level where an the educational spaces will be developed; access to a spaced dedicated to allotments. When considering landscape intervention I have been influenced by the work of George Descombes and his minimal interventions as acts of 11 reconciliation, relevant to the heritage site.
IX 73
process: energy generation
74
The process of energy generation will be spatially realised with a series of spaces located beneath the learning spaces. This creates opportunities of overlapping envelopes , with the mindset of involving the public in the processes of collection and sorting of waste. Within the scheme the existing Reuse Station will be integrated by relocating it on this site ,for the complete process happening in the powerhouse.
transfer Reuse Station waste accumulation from nearby schools and from Christiania;
tipping hall shredder bunker
economiser’s hall boiler hall
Pyrolysis plant process: total of 12000 t/a can provide 850 homes with electricity (0.5 - 1 MWe output). environmental sustainability principles
following predominant wind direction sun exposure for allotments heat recovery to provide heating to most habitable areas
Pyrolysis no combustion fuel
Incineration heat
oxygen fuel
Pyrolysis or Gasification is the chemical decomposition of organic materials by heating them in the absence of oxygen or any other reagents, except steam. Distinguished from the process of incineration, spatially requiring smaller 12 areas.
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76
p r o t plan + section
e c t e d
The scheme will embrace ideas of appropriating what is available and nonrecyclable to becoming the skin of the building. The facade of the Can Cube in Shanghai relates to my approach with an exposed steel frame structure and a facade performance using the cans in their original condition.13 This brings me back to the primer exercise and my experimentation of material acquiring new characteristics in terms of rigidity, permeability, acoustic control. It will be adopted for an environmentally sustainable performance of the symbiotic powerhouse.
highly protected processes public more experiences the effect
permeable activities - public’s most contribution
public as the observer of processes
conceptual ideas powerhouse redefinitions, extroverting the operations carried out and extending the processes to the open public space
References
A complete album of my experiences and studies from my visits to Christiania will be handed in on completion of the design project.
1 From Occupation to Squatting?[online], Available at:http://favelissues. com/2011/12/01/from-occupation-to-squatting/ 2 From Occupation to Squatting? [online], Available at: http://favelissues. com/2011/12/01/from-occupation-to-squatting/ 3 Responsive slums: participatory methods and bio-climatic design in Nairobi, Kenya. [online], Available at: http://www.architecture.com/EducationAndCareers/PrizesScholarshipsandBursaries/RIBAResearchTrusts/2010recipie nts/MatthewFrench.aspx 4 Industrial Favela. [online], Available at:http://www.vandkunsten.com/uk/ News 5 London Favela: Morrinho Project [online], Available at: http://riotimesonline.com/brazil-news/rio-entertainment/london-favela-the-morrinho-project/ 6 Space for urban alternatives? Christiania 1971-2011 [online], Available at: http://gupea.ub.gu.se/handle/2077/26558 7 Space for urban alternatives? Christiania 1971-2011 [online], Available at: http://gupea.ub.gu.se/handle/2077/26558 8 Getting to the Bottom of Things: Copenhagen’s Underground Climate Conference. [online], Available at:http://blogs.worldwatch.org/transformingcultures/getting-to-the-bottom-of-things-copenhagens-underground-climateconference/ 9 Station to station: the new power generation. [online], Available at: http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/architecture/station-to-station-the-new-power-generation-2043646.html 10 BIG wins the International Competition to design a new Waste-to-Energy plan [online], Available at: http://www.archdaily.com/107183/big-wins-theinternational-competition-to-design-a-new-waste-to-energy-plan/ 11 Rasor Mitchell, Well-times: Site works of Georges Descombes [online], Available at: http://www.mrld.net/pdfs/descombes.pdf 12 First power Limited. [online], Available at: http://www.firstpowerlimited. eu/ 13 Can Cuba Shanghai. [online], Available at: http://www.archdaily. com/85278/can-cube-archi-union-architects-inc/can-wall/