Career/Business

from New York Amsterdam News Issue May 19, 2022. Racism Kills.

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To get your copies of these books, go to www.amazon. com/author/reginaj

I was astonished! Fresh and bold with impeccable scholarship and an insider’s feel for poetry and literature, Regina Jennings has woven together the political and spiritual dynamics of Africa America’s deep rivers of thought and expression. History is here, alive and continuing to unfold rooted in that original African template. Jennings is luminous, truly a griot for our troubling but still hopeful times. Dr. Edward Bruce Bynum, author of DarkLight Consciousness and The African Unconscious Regina Jennings posits the notion that the continuum of latent information passes on through the quantum field, which is “omnipresent….,air invisible and packed with vibration.” Those vibrations comprise the conscious, audacious, defiant purposeful, revolutionary content she considers a direct metaphysical communiqué from our African ancestors. Thank you, Dr. Jennings Michelle StrongFields, M.D., STEM/Educator, K-12 Regina Jennings astounded me as I read through her manuscript because I never realized how deeply my recitation of “Uncle Sammy Called Me Fulla Lucifer” so many years ago affected her. One of the earliest Sisters in my organization, this adventurous teenager was a runaway from Philadelphia and now an author that everyone should read. Bobby G. Seale, co-founder of the Black Panther Party, author of Seize the Time and A Lonely Rage Regina Jennings is a professor of African/African American Studies, who living inside of Bobby Seale and Huey Newton’s vision, started Black Studies at a college where she was the only Black female faculty member. She has written at least twenty-five academic articles and her books include, Midnight Morning Musings: Poems of an American African, Race, Rage and Roses and Malcolm X and the Poetics of Haki Madhubuti. She can be reached at dr.reginaj@gmail.com.

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POETRY AND THE BLACK PANTHER PARTY: FROM ANCESTRAL MEMORY, MORPHOGENETIC FIELDS TO HIP HOP. REGINA JENNINGS

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WWW.AMSTERDAMNEWS.COM THE NEW BLACK VIEW

Welcome, Attorney General Loretta Lynch By HERB BOYD

Special to the AmNews

U.S. Attorney General Loretta Lynch had hardly finished being sworn in Monday as the first AfricanAmerican woman to hold the position when the outrage and violence in Baltimore after Freddie Gray’s death in police custody became an immediate flashpoint.

In effect, she has to hit the ground running with a situation that is becoming all too customary in America. Lynch’s first statement upon taking office was her promise that the Justice Department will continue the investigation of Gray’s death and send two top officials to Baltimore to help calm the city and stop the rioting. “As our investigative process continues, I strongly urge every member of the Baltimore community to adhere to the principles of nonviolence,” Lynch said in a statement Monday evening. “In the days ahead, I intend to work with leaders throughout Baltimore to ensure that we can protect the security and civil rights of all residents. And I will bring the full resources of the Department of Justice to bear in protecting those under threat, inves-

By NAYABA ARINDE

Amsterdam News Editor

And CYRIL JOSH BARKER

Amsterdam News Staff

And SALIM ADOFO

Special to the AmNews The killing of another Black male by police left Baltimore burning Monday, April 27, 2015. It is calmer now, with curfews, multiple arrests and a simmering anger replacing the unbridled outrage that followed the funeral of Freddie Gray. The irony is not lost on social observers that the volatile response to a death in police custody occurred just two days before the 13th anniversary of the 1992 civil unrest ignited by the vicious videotaped police beating of Rodney King in Los Angeles. Several thousand people have come out into the streets of Baltimore protesting the killing of 25-year-old Freddie Gray over the past few days. Police arrested Gray April 12, without resistance or incident, and he died from injuries suffered while in custody. His family said that his voice box was crushed, 80 percent of his spine was severed and his neck was snapped. Gray eventually slipped into a coma and died April 19. At a press conference this week, Deputy Police Commissioner Jerry Rodriguez said, “When Mr. Gray was put in that van, he could talk and he was upset. … When he was taken out of that van, he could not talk and he could not breathe.”

See LYNCH on page 6

National Black United front (Salim Adofo photo)

See BALTIMORE on page 34 WWW.AMSTERDAMNEWS.COM THE NEW BLACK VIEW

Was Jimmy Breslin tipped off about Malcolm X’s assassination 50 years ago?

By MILTON ALLIMADI and

COLIN BENJAMIN

Special to the AmNews Was the NYPD involved or did they merely know about the impending murder of

Malcolm X and allow it to happen 50 years ago? Were some reporters, including famed scribe Jimmy Breslin, tipped off that something was about to go down? The official story has been that Malcolm X was killed

Feb. 21, 1965, at the Audubon Ballroom in Harlem because of a feud between him and his former allies in the

Nation of Islam. Malcolm had a falling out with NOI leader and his former spiritual guide

Elijah Muhammad, who he’d

We Need Stronger Rent Laws, Not Developer Giveaways Urban Agenda by David R. Jones, President and CEO of the Community Service Society of New York - See page 5

accused of fathering several children with teenage secretaries. The popular narrative was that Malcolm was killed by Muhammad loyalists after he was expelled from the NOI.

But many people, especially in the Black community, never believed that version of events as being the complete story. While there had been a clear rift between Malcolm and Muhammad, it was also a period when the FBI was conducting its Counter Intelligence Program, initially targeting suspected communists but later expanding it to disrupt groups such as the Black Panthers and other Black nationalist organizations.

Indeed, records revealed after Malcolm’s death show that the FBI had been actively monitoring him, as Malcolm’s files, available on the FBI’s website, confirm. Therefore, it isn’t beyond reason that the FBI, under the maniacal J. Edgar Hoover, could have played a role in the assassination by either fomenting, participating or at least turning a blind eye and allowing it to happen.

Could it be that the NYPD also came to know from the FBI, or from its own investigations, that Malcolm would be killed by opponents on that fateful February date? Could it be that the NYPD and the FBI worked together to allow Malcolm to be killed by not warning him or by not

See MALCOLM on page 6 Sharpton the newsmaker By HERB BOYD

Special to the AmNews

It may be a great disservice to mention the Rev. Al Sharpton and Rudy Giuliani in the same article, but they are two public figures with a long affair with the media—one longing for it to go away and the other courting it for coverage.

This week they are both back in the news—again. Rumors are afloat that Sharpton’s “PoliticsNation” on MSNBC may be put on a weekend schedule. Other hosts on the network are also, as they say in the business world, scheduled for reassignment, including

Vol. 106 No. 16 | April 16 - April 22, 2015 THE NEW BLACK VIEW

By HERB BOYD

Special to the AmNews About a minute and half into her online announcement of her presidential bid last Sunday, Hillary Clinton said, “Everyday Americans need a champion. I want to be that champion so you can do more than just get by, so you can get ahead and stay ahead. Because when families are strong, America is strong.” Interestingly, April 12, 154 years ago, the Civil War began, and Clinton has begun her campaign to turn things around, although with an arsenal of words, at least for the moment. Community bids Dr. Ben farewell By AUTODIDACT 17 Special to the AmNews The announcement, which From New Two days of ceremonies at Harlem’s Abyssinian Baptist Church last week allowed associates, comrades, family and friends of acclaimed Kemeta-physician Dr. Yosef A.A. ben-Jochannan the opportunity to pay their final respects before he was interred at Ferncliff Ceme-tery Friday afternoon. “It’s an honor to be here and celebrate this great life that has been amongst us for 97 years,” remarked colleague Dr. Leonard Jeffries, beginning Thursday evening’s wake, the capacity crowd erupting in applause, chants and drumming. “We have to be aware that Dr. Ben has made his transition and he’s expecting us to continue his great legacy that he shared with us.” One of Jochannan’s daughter’s exhorted, “I challenge you to go home and continue the See BEN continued on page 34 York to DC, folk set off on #March2Justice By SAMANTHA M. COLTON Special to the Am News Monday kicked off Justice League NYC’s first March2Justice. Participants started their walk on Staten Island and will continue for nine days until they arrive in Washington, D.C. Along the way, they plan on engaging in rallies and mobilizations before they meet with legislators to demand congressional intervention on the national crisis of police brutality. According to the organization, they are “inspired and moved by young people and others across the country that continue to keep this movement alive in the name of justice. We now want to see action from the powers that be, and it's time we take the movement t them.” The march will cover five states, with movements planned in cities such as Trenton, Philadelphia, Baltimore and D.C., where the final rally will take place on Capitol Hill. The group then plans ALL EYES ON SHARPTON Joy Reid, Ronan Farrow, Ed Schultz, Chris Hayes and Lawrence O’Donnell. It sounds as if MSNBC is cleaning house and dissatisfied with its leftist orientation. And if we can believe Erica Snipes, Eric Garner’s daughter, Sharpton “is only in it for the money,” as she said to a right-wing mischief maker recording her comments on a concealed camera. She later recanted, indicating that Sharpton and the National Action Network had paid for her father’s funeral. Later, in a statement to NAN, she clarified her position on the matter. “It is unfortunate that the New York (Bill Moore photo) See SHARPTON on page 6 (Photo courtesy of Wikipedia Commons)

12 • March 26 - April 1, 2015 MTA, take a hike When a fare hike by the MTA went into effect Sunday, the moans from straphangers, particularly those who have been struggling even to pay $2.50 per ride, were louder than the brakes of an A train coming to a halt—that is, if you were lucky to have one arriving at your station on schedule.“I realize it and we all realize that service … is not where we need it to be and not necessarily meeting our customers’ expectations,” said Carmen Bianco, president of New York City Transit. This is an understatement of the highest order, and while confession is good for the soul, it brings little relief to the working poor, who will be the most impacted by the increase as they are by the often inadeHILLARY’S IN! quate service.Ask any of the regular daily 6 million commuters on the city’s subway system and you will hear a litany of complaints—the most common one being the intermina-

See HILLARY on page 6

(Karl Crutchfield photo)

See MARCH on page 6

ble delays. According to the latest reports from the MTA, through January there was an average of more than 43,000 delays a month. Even more distressing—and it’s the second most common complaint—the trains are so jammed with passengers that you have to wedge your

Opinion

way in. Luckily, these riders are not on the rapid transit system in Japan, where they have “oshiyas,” or pushers, whose are responsible for making sure passengers are all the way into the car.These problems are compounded during periods of inclement weather. Again, MTA authorities have promised to address such issues and to speed up the time needed to restore schedules after a malfunction. Unfortunately, the remedies are not coming as fast as the fare hikes, and we sympathize with customers who want to know if the increase in fares will improve services in the century-old system. To be at the mercy of the 4, 5 and 6 lines even after rush hour is to have the experience of a sardine. The ordeal is doubly challenging for the elderly—who, by the way, are only experiencing a 10 cent hike in their fare, up to $1.35 a ride, which isn’t welcomed when you’re on a fixed income—and the disabled, who can rarely expect an ounce of common courtesy from weary workers. It’s been estimated that more than $30 billion is needed to upgrade the subway system. Passengers expecting any of that money to trickle down from Albany have a longer wait than the arrival of any weekend train. When it comes to transportation in the state, Gov. Andrew Cuomo appears to be far more interested in those in cars and on their way to LaGuardia, evidenced by his proposed AirTrain expansion and plan to spruce up the Tappan Zee Bridge.So my dear straphangers, grin and bear it, dig a little deeper into your depleted pockets for that extra quarter or two and hope the next fare hike is as slow and distant as the next train.

Elinor R. Tatum: Publisher and Editor in Chief Member Kristin Fayne-Mulroy: Managing Editor Alliance for Audited Media Nayaba Arinde: Editor Penda Howell: Vice President, Sales, Advertising Wilbert A. Tatum (1984-2009): Chairman of the Board, CEO and Publisher Emeritus

EDITORIAL The savage inequality of education must end By ASSEMBLYMAN MICHAEL BLAKE The current education debate in Albany has been elevated because of the need to pass a New York state budget by March 31. Education advocates on both sides are tall on ideology, but we are all falling short on cooperation and remembering that this is about the children. The dialogue is fascinating, ranging from school funding to teacher performance, tenure, evaluation, public versus charter and private versus parochial. All of these considerations are necessary and timely to improve the academic, social, mental and physical setting for young people. But the tone has become incredibly divisive. Advocates on all sides of the discourse say that we are “at war.” Actually, we are not, so let’s leave that terminology to those who serve us honorably in uniform. I understand that we are all passionate on how about improve the lives of our children and give them paths to success. But this conversation is unproductive if it’s an “either or” consideration rather than a “both and” where we acknowledge that each side has legitimate points on how to transform our educational system for the better and determine a path forward. We are sometimes invoking terms and images of savagery rather than pursuing constructive compromise. This is not the first time that I have heard the word savage used to describe education. In “Savage Inequalities: Children in America’s Schools,” Jonathon Kozol described my elementary school, P.S. 79, in that way. Given the challenges that my great principal, James Carter, had to endure to empower our minds and hearts, it saddens me that instead of being described as scholarly, we were described as “savage.” In large part, that framing was not because of my future, but because of my ZIP code. I grew up in the Bronx. I lived a block away from school, where I passed the corner bodega on one side and bought my slice of pizza on another. Deep down, I knew that our schools didn’t have what we needed, because of inadequate funding.In 1993, that financial disparity reality came to greater light when the Campaign for Fiscal Equity was established and later led to the landmark victory in C.F.E. v. State of New York, where the coalition successfully argued that the city’s school finance system was woefully underfunded and denied its students their constitutional right of a sound basic education. That decision addressed the chronic shortfalls for New York City schools, but its logic carried to upstate’s mix of poor urban districts and high-tax, low-wealth small town and rural districts. The remedy for curing that finding of unconstitutionality was robust funding under a more equitable formula called Foundation Aid, which attacked unfairness, regardless of a school’s region, racial or income mix, by dividing allocations by district student enrollment and assessing student need and local ability to pay. Sadly, Foundation Aid was fully funded only in the 2007-2008 fiscal year. The Great Recession knocked that full funding off the tracks, and the inequities re-emerged to the point of approximately $4.9 billion CFE money still owed to public schools in our neediest areas. This inequality hits close to home, as my Assembly district is owed a staggering $76 million in CFE money—more than any Assembly district in New York City. Imagine what that funding could do for our kids? Smaller classroom sizes, more teachers, school supplies, books, building repairs, etc.You compare this intolerable reality with the equal gut blow of 10 of the 178 “failing” (I prefer struggling) schools are in my district alone. It’s beyond unjust and inhumane. The conditions we are putting our students, teachers, adminSee EDUCATION on page 32 12 • March 19 - March 25, 2015

THE NEW YORK AMSTERDAM NEWS No more excuses, confirm Loretta Lynch

Several days after impressing a Senate panel, Loretta Lynch appeared to be a shoo-in to succeed Eric Holder Jr. as U.S. attorney general. But leave it to the mischievous, meanspirited Republicans to rain on her parade. At least, we hope, only temporarily.Just when she seemed to be a lock for the post, particularly with such prominent Republicans as Orrin Hatch of Utah, Jeff Flake of Arizona, Lindsey Graham of South Carolina and Susan Collins of Maine promising to confirm her, there is a snag. So what’s the problem? The problem is Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell and his reluctance to call a vote because of a human-trafficking bill that includes a provision that would establish a fund for victims from fines paid by those convicted of trafficking crimes. These funds, as the Democrats proposed, could be used for abortions, and therein lies the rub.It’s simply amazing that bills can get past a committee then hit that implacable wall called Republican repugnance. The story here is that Republicans apparently don’t mind gathering funds from predators fined for sex trafficking crimes, but this money can’t be used by the victims to pay for abortions. Republicans contend that such use of the money would compromise the Hyde Amendment, which, except for rape, forbids use of tax dollars for abortions. What has this got to do with Lynch’s confirmation or the price of rice in China? This boondoggle is very similar to the impasse over Homeland Security funding that included an immigration attachment. We were pleased to see the Republicans capitulate on that measure and allow the Department of Homeland Security funding to go forward while tossing immigration into limbo.

That had as much to do with undermining the president’s executive authority as anything else, and we would be naive to believe that the same shenanigans are not at play in Lynch’s confirmation. Sen. Chuck Schumer is right on point when he noted that the Senate “can walk and chew gum at the same time,” but this becomes a difficult process when considering any action put forth by President Barack Obama.

Opinion

In 1984, the Senate took a year to confirm President Ronald Reagan’s nominee, Edwin Meese, for attorney general, but that delay was based on Meese’s messy business practices. And if some Republicans have their way, Lynch will be tarred with the same brush, given the alleged dealings she had with drug lords and money launderers. All of this is hogwash. Lynch’s problem is that she is a strong Black woman who happens to agree with many of the policies of the outgoing attorney general and the ongoing president. Yes, the Senate may be able to walk and chew gum at the same time, but we all suffer when the gum is stuck to their shoes and they are politically immobilized. Two things are clearly immutable—Lynch’s race and her politics. So get over it! No more excuses. Confirm Loretta Lynch!

Elinor R. Tatum: Publisher Letter to the congressional leadership March 13, 2015

Hon. Mitch McConnell Majority Leader United States Senate Washington, D.C. 20510

Hon. Harry Reid Minority Leader United States Senate Washington, D.C. 20510

Dear Mr. Leaders: I write this letter to express support for the nomination of Loretta Lynch to become the attorney general of the United States Department of Justice. As the attorney general for the state of New York, I am confident that

(Photo courtesy of Douglas Palmer—Flickr) EDITORIAL

Mitch McConnell commitment to public service and strong management skills, make her well-suited to serve Harry Reid in this position.Our nation requires a capable and effective advocate such as Loretta Lynch to head its chief law enforcement agency. For these reasons, I urge the Senate to 12 • April 23 - April 29, 2015 THE NEW YORK AMSTERDAM NEWS

Opinion Stuck in the middle of a deadly dilemma

By ELINOR TATUM Publisher and Editor-in-Chief

Over the past several months, a lot of attention has been focused on killer cops. Every other day, we seem to witness a case of police brutality that ends in murder. Although it is not a new phenomenon, it is one that is reaching epidemic proportions—a deeply troubling epidemic. But as we shout

“Black Lives Matter!” in protest, we have lost sight of the other battle against violence in our communities.

Although there is no comparison, and some may say that if you restart the battle to stop Black-on-Black crime, then we lose focus on the police and their tactics that are killing us. So where does that leave us? Unfortunately, it leaves us

Elinor R. Tatum: Publisher and Editor in Chief Kristin Fayne-Mulroy: Managing Editor Nayaba Arinde: Editor Penda Howell: Vice President, Sales, Advertising Wilbert A. Tatum (1984-2009): Chairman of the Board, CEO and Publisher Emeritus Alliance for Audited Media Member Smart crook versus crooked cop By SAINT SOLOMON During the turbulent 1980s and early 1990s, when murder, mayhem and drugs plagued the inner cities, scores of self-made gangsters vied for control of certain neighborhoods. In Brooklyn, Fort Greene and Lafayette Gardens were atop the list that harbored some of the most infamous characters. While Killer Ben and 50 Cent found infamy in Fort Greene, Lafayette Gardens was dubbed “Bush Gardens” because of the way Derrick “Bush” Hamilton, along with his brother J.R., were rumored to have controlled a large percent of the illicit activities in that particular neighborhood.Almost simultaneously, Brooklyn North Homicide Squad developed a roving 40-man task force to quell Brooklyn’s murder epidemic. Of all the detectives, Louis Scarcella was most famous for solving murders. In 1983, Hamilton was jailed for an assortment of violent crimes, such as manslaughter, weapon possession and robbery. During his time in an Elmira prison, Hamilton, a self-taught jailhouse lawyer, helped other convicted killers receive time cuts and reversals. He, too, was back in Lafayette Gardens in less than a decade. In 1987, 50 Cent was immortalized when Julio “Wemo” Acevedo gunned him down in a dusky hallway located in Albany projects. Acevedo was subsequently arrested, convicted and shipped to an upstate prison.In 1991, a Brooklyn man named Nathaniel Cash was murdered. Hamilton’s name came up in the investigation. Scarcella didn’t have the patience and wherewithal for justice. He believed that he was above the law. He arrested Hamilton post haste. After a lengthy trial, Hamilton was once again convicted and sentenced to decades of confinement. Hamilton wasn’t worried. This wasn’t his first rodeo. In fact, he and fellow Brooklynite Acevedo ended up in the same prison. After exchanging penitentiary pleasantries, Hamilton told Acevedo that he knew of some legal discrepancies in his case and vowed to free him. True to his word, Hamilton had Acevedo back on the street before the turn of the century. In 2000, while Hamilton was still in jail, his brother J.R. was murdered inside of his seafood restaurant. According to a federal indictment, Damion “World” Hardy, another Lafayette Garden resident, was responsible for ordering that particular hit. Word on the street was Hamilton, while incarcerated, had convinced a paroled lackey to kill Hardy. Although he sustained a head wound, Hardy survived the shooting. Coincidentally, Scarcella also lost a brother, Michael, a cop who committed suicide as he depressingly witnessed his brother’s tainted career unravel and capsize. In 2011, Hamilton’s legal prowess, coupled with Scarcella’s faulty and shoddy police work secured his premature release from prison. In 2013, Acevedo plows through a crowded Brooklyn street while driving drunk and crashes into a taxi, causing the untimely deaths of an Hasidic couple and their newborn baby. been fully exonerated of murder and has a $100 mil in the middle—in two wars that must be fought simultaneously and swiftly. In effect,

this is not an either/or dilemma, but a problem that requires a both/and solution. To be sure, fighting wars on two fronts is hard enough, but it gets even harder when we need one of the so-called enemies as an ally.Police-community relations have had their ups and downs. Whereas a segment of the population has never trusted the police, a great many did and wanted to cooperate with them to strengthen their neighborhoods. But as time has gone by, a shift has occurred—a shift in trust that is now so apparent that the police cannot do their jobs effectively because there is no cooperation, not even from the victims.

the community. They walked the streets and knew every one’s name. They knew the good kids from the bad and helped the little old ladies cross the street with their shopping. They were there when times were good and when times were bad. But most important ly, they were there in the street, not inside a patrol car cruising the neighborhood and never EDITORIAL This situation is madness, and it shows how deep the rifts have become. Any trust that once existed is now completely eroded. Youngsters on the street used to know the beat cop, and the beat cop knew them. The police were a positive fixture in the community and they were a part of the community, not apart from meeting a neighbor. The problem of Black-onBlack crime still exists at dis turbing levels, and to combat it, we need the police. But at the same time, we are distrust ful of the police, so we don’t co operate with them. We are left in a dire situation, a quandary exacerbated by the wanton vi olence of the police. We have killing on both sides, and we are stuck in the middle. quickly to at least one of these wars, because to fight them both at the same time will just mean more of us will die. We are caught on the horns of a continually fatal dilemma.

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Vol. 106 No. 4 | January 22 - January 28, 2015 THE NEW BLACK VIEW ©2015 The Amsterdam News | $1.00 New York City Obama’s audacity of hope By HERB BOYD Special to the AmNews If the usual rhetorical flair and occasional lyrical resonance were missing from President Barack Obama’s State of the Union address Tuesday, it did abound with a number of audacious proposals for the Republicans to chew on and mull over before they soundly reject them.In this address, there were no quotes or references to past presidents— no Lincoln, FDR, LBJ, JFK, not even Reagan. In this time when Dr. Martin

OBAMA’S TIME

Mayor Dinkins delivers keynote at MLK luncheon By DEMETRIA IRWIN Special to the AmNews The Black Agency Executives organization recently held its 38th annual Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Luncheon. Aptly hosted by NBC4’s Pat Battle, the event at the Hilton New York in Midtown was well attended. The Honorable David Dinkins, New York’s first and so far only Black mayor, was the keynote speaker. While reflecting on the legacy of King, Dinkins shared the following bit of wisdom: “It’s important to recand gun violence, which was heavily stressed at his previous State of the Union address.Of course, Black Americans heard little that directly related to them, though many of his proposals inevitably will affect them, if the proposals ever see the light of day. His words may not have had that poetic arch he can invest in a speech, but the numbers leaped from the page—a page he said it was time to turn. “Six years ago, nearly 180,000 Ameri-

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Vol. 106 No. 11 | March 12 - March 18, 2015 ©2015 The Amsterdam News | $1.00 New York City President greets 103-year-old civil rights legend Amelia Boynton Robinson with Rep. Terri Sewell (Photo courtesy of www.whitehouse.gov)

Many rivers and bridges to cross By HERB BOYD

Special to the AmNews

As President Barack Obama prepared to lead marchers across the

AND STILL WE MARCH Such actions of police misconduct Special to the AmNews may not be sanctioned or as blatant as in the past, but they are no less deadly As President Barack Obama pre- and we need look no further than the pared to lead marchers across the homeless man shot and killed by a

The Obama family joins hands as it begins the march with the foot soldiers across the Edmund Pettus Bridge. (Offi cial White House Photo by Lawrence Jackson) HAVE A LETTER TO THE EDITOR?

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NEW YORK AMSTERDAM NEWS Front pages of the New York Amsterdam News following Bloody Sunday in 1965 2340 Frederick Douglass Boulevard New York, New York 10027 OR E-MAIL TO: INFO@AMSTERDAMNEWS.COM