Florida Frontier Gazette Vol 1 No 4 by Florida Frontier Gazette

FLORIDA

Vol. 1 No. 4

Where old news is good news! October-December 1998

MANATEE BURNS RESIDENTS TERRORIZED

THE PEOPLE OF FLORIDA ON A TROUBLED HORIZON

Quiz 1. Can you name a fiber, native to Florida which may have been woven by our ancient people? 2. During the Federal raid in the Manatee area on Aug. 3rd and 4th, 1864, what community was burned? 3. What was the name of the overseer at the Gamble Mansion? 4. What common drug for headaches was given to the modern world by American Indians? 5. How did the early settlers decorate their Christmas tree? 6. What health problem did the boy found at Windover Pond have? 7. What are warp weights used for? 8. What were the duties of the Cantiniers? The Vivandiers? 9. Who did all the baking, cooking and other work associated with the Holidays in antebellum Florida? 10. How many homes had bathtubs a hundred years ago? 11. What were fashionable colors in 1850’s? 12. What is spelunking? Look for ANSWERS in the stories in this paper.

Give a friend a gift of the Florida FRONTIER GAZETTE

this Holiday Season Details page 15

by Hermann Trappman

Federal troops kick in the front door of Gamble Mansion. RAID ON GAMBLE PLANTATION by Hermann Trappman Report of Captain Green, U. S. Navy, com‑ manding East Gulf Blocking Squadron, regarding a series of successful expeditions from the U.S. bark James I. Davis. No. 4.] HEADQUARTERS EAST GULF BLOCKADING SQUADRON, Key West, August 8, 1864. SIR: Information has been received at these headquarters of a series of successful boat expeditions from the U. S. Bark J. I. Davis, Acting Master W. N. Griswold, commanding, on the station at Tampa Bay. The first was made on the 11th July, and resulted in the destruction of some salt works belonging to “strong secessionists” of Tampa, Messrs. Haygood and Carter. They had been employed by the rebel authorities for some time, and were fitted with pumps, vats, and 8 boilers, and produced about 150 bushels of salt per day. The second was made, on the 16th ultimo, to the factory of another strong rebel,” named McCloud, containing 4 boilers. with all the appliances, tools, etc., necessary for the business, all of which were

destroyed. Mr. Griswold confesses himself indebted to a resident of Old Tampa (Johnson) for the information on which he acted during these expeditions. The third expedition was made on the 2d, 3d and 4th August by the tender schooner Stonewall, attached to the J. L. Davis and commanded by Acting Master Henry B. Carter, the commanding officer of the Davis, with his gig’s crew of 6 men accompanying. Proceeding up the Manatee River to the town of the same name a large saw and grist mill, with its steam engine and fixtures, was completely destroyed. Learning here that about 3 Miles up the river was a sugar mill belonging to Jefferson Davis, of Richmond, the party ascended the river and found an establishment which made last year over 1,500 hogsheads of sugar, of which two‑thirds was sold to the rebel commissary department. After breaking as much of the machinery as was possible with the force at hand, loaded shell were placed in various parts of the engine and the building fired. The shell exploded and the factory was burned to the ground. These expeditions, without loss of life or limb, show a very commendable spirit on the part of officers and men. Mr. Griswold particularly commends the Continued on page 3 Raid

You are an amazingly complex story. A product of the chemistry of life, your genes pass on the information of millennia. At birth you enter a planets worth of stimulus, your environment. Then, you are part of a culture and all its difficulty and promise. The economics of your place of birth becomes a share in your potential. The attitudes of your mother and father, their work, politics, and friends, weave their way into the tapestry of your being. Added together with all your own experiences, this makes up the building blocks of who you are. It’s your personal history. Consider for a moment, that the same is true for each group you are a part of. Like you, your culture, city, state, and country has a collective life experience. Every step up that collective ladder becomes increasingly complex. Looking at the southern states before the Civil War, it’s important to remember their origins, natural environment, economy, culture, and the world they were a part of. Hold back judgment for understanding instead. After the Civil War, after the war to free slaves, the United States focused on a policy of extermination of the Native American people. European countries still believed that they were justified in taking other peoples homelands away from them. The idea of social Darwinism fit right in with elitist beliefs and was on the rise. It was the next flowering of the “might makes right” perspective, the survival of the fittest. The War Between the States was

See page 6 Troubled Horizon

INSIDE THIS ISSUE Events …page 2 Museums & Societies…page 2 Clubs... Page 3 Antebellum Florida…page 4 Confederate Cantiniers…page 5 St. Andrew’s Chapel…page 7 Cave Safari!…page 7 Reevaluating our Ancient Past…page 8 Attidudes…page 9 Holiday Potpourri…page 10 Hints on Bathing…page 11 Books Reviews…page 12- 13 Bonnets…page 14 Classified Ads…page 15 Holiday Recipes page 16

EVENTS CALENDAR 1998

October

Thru end of Nov., Bradenton, “In Search of New worlds”, New Bishop Planetarium, 201 10th St. W. Starshow traces history of a Cosmeic Mystery. Halloween starshow “Bear Tales and Other Grizzly Stories” $7.50 adults//$6 Seniors/$4 Kids 3-5. South Florida Museum, Spanish American War of 1898: Spendid Little War” (941) 746-4131. WEEKLY, Tallahassee, MISSION SAN LUIS LIVING HISTORY - Explore 17th century domestic life at the Spanish house; Mission San Luis, 2020 W. Mission Rd; Tue-Sat 10 am-2 pm; Free; 487-3711. 2-4 Indian Key, Seminole War Reenactment. Mile marker 77.5, bay side of the key at Robbie’s Marina. Contact Long Key State Park,305-664-4815; or Pat Wells, Fla. Park Service 3-4 Veterans Memorial. Civil War (PM) & Spanish American War (AM) camp. South of I- 4, 3602 Hwy 301, South of Florida State FairGrounds, beside Hillsborough River bypass canal. Contact Ron Hickox rhickox@ix.netcom.com. 4 Holiday, Cracker Fish Fry, Baker House, Antique Sale, Craft Demos, Old Time Music, U.S. Hwy 19 at 5744 Moog Road. Tickets $5.50 Adults, 12 & under $3.00. Phone (727) 849-2131. 10 Bunnell, 1st Annual Doyle Connor Rodeo. Flagler County Fairgrouds, off Hwy.1. Living history timeline. Whip Cracking contest. Contact: Larry Ellis, 407-644-3201. 10 Gainesville, ELEPHANTS! FL Museum of Natural History, UF Powel Hall. Exhibit. Full scale models of elephants and their ancestors opens. (352) 846-2000 x214. 10 Largo, Halloween Crafts for Kids at Heritage Village 10-noon. $10.00 per child. no charge for parents or grandparents. Contact Mable Wilcox 584-2236 10-11 Bradenton, 16th C. Camp Ucita Armor School at De Soto Natioal Memorial Tim Burke (941)953-7723 E-mail calderon @gte.net. 10-11 Parrish, Civil War Camp & Train Robbery, behind P.O. on 83rd St. E. Ride the Florida Gulf Coast Railroad and experience an attack by confederate soldiers. Adult $10/Child $6 (941) 776-9656. 10-11 St Augustine Colonial Arts & Crafts 10 & 24 St. Petersburg, Pier Aquarium: Critters: Knee Deep, Bay in a Bucket & Tampa Bay Estuary 11-2 Spa Beach & Education Station. 10 Hernando, Fall Pumpkin Festival Hernando Heritage Museum, 601 Museum Court, 9-4, Demos of Old Time Crafts, Music, WWII and Civil War Reeanctors, children’s Scarecrow Making contest. (352) 799-0129. 16 St. Augustine, Fort Mose Historical Society Annual Meeting, African American Community of Freedom. Contact: Kerri Hampton (904) 471-1660. 16-18 Lee County, Kiwanis/Lee County Medieval Faire, Lakes Regional Park, Jousting, Live Chess Match, Jugglers, Magicians, Mintrels, Period Food, Arts & Crafts., Fri. 10 - 6 & Sat./Sun 9 - 6 Adults $5 Kids Fri $200, other days $3 ages 6-13. (5 & under free.) Parking at Lee County Sports Complex $3. SCA Shire of Glymmerholde Contact: (941) 335-2784. 17 San Antonio, Rattlesnake Festival, 32 year old tradition with snake shows, gopher turtle races, wildlife show, arts crafts. 24 Largo, Pinellas County’s Heritage Village, 21st Annual Country Jubilee 10-5 (727) 582-2123. 17-18 St Augustine Musket School, Castillo St. Marcos, Nat. Parks- Garrison 18th C. Joe Williams (904)797-7217. 24 St Marks s. Tallahassee, San Marco’s de Apalache State Historic Site 6th Annual Point in Time. Bonnie Allen (850) 925-6216 24 St. Cloud (Osceola County) Frolic and Festival at the old cannery. Mostly program for schools; 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. Living

November is Museum Month!

history timeline. Re-enactors contact Larry Ellis, 407-644-3201. 24-25 Bradenton, FL School of the Soldier/Trooper, Hunsader Farms, Civil War. I-75, Exit 42, 10.5 miles East on SR 64, 2.5 miles south on CR 675. 31 St Petersburg. Pier Aquarium: Halloween. Noon-5 Second floor of The Pier. (727) 895-7437. 4-7 White Springs, ANNUAL RURAL FOLK LIFE DAYS - Cane grinding, syrup making, soap making, quilting and more; Stephen Foster State Folk Culture

Center, Time/Fee TBA; (850) 488-1484. 6-8 Land O’ Lakes, Flapjack Festival, free flapjack breakfast, classic car show, pageants, arts and crafts, music. Contact (813) 996-5522. 7 St. Petersburg, Bay in a Bucket, 11-2 at Spa Beach & Pier Aquarium Education Station, (727) 895-7437. 7-8 St. Petersburg, Power of the Past - Pinellas Pioneer Settlement, Antique engines and tractors, music, hay rides and tractor pulls, 3130 31st Street So. Contact (727) 866-6401 8 Dade City, Bug Jam ‘98, 10th Annual VW car show and swap meet. Admission $3 plus food donation. Pasco County Fairgrounds. (813) 996-6306. 14-15 Fort Meade, Ft. MeadeJamboree, Civil War, US 17/98 to Ft. Meade, 1 Mile East on US 98, Peace River Recreation Park , South side of US 98. 14 St. Petersburg, Surfing the Sound Waves, 11-2 at Spa Beach & Pier Aquarium Education Station, (727) 895-7437. 14 Tallahasee, Winter on the Farm Cane milling, black smithing, pony rides, candle making, weaving, quilting & more on an authentic 1880’s farm; Tallahassee Museum of History & Natural Science, 3945 Museum Dr; 9 am-5 pm; $6/Adults, $5.50/Seniors 62+, $4/Kids 5-15, Free/ Kids under 4; (850) 576-1636. 14 Wakulla Springs, Twilight Cruise & Dinner - (5:30 pm) Romantic evening cruise along scenic Wakulla River followed by dinner at historic lodge; Wakulla Springs State Park & Lodge; SR 267; 6 pm; $24/Person; Reservations; (850) 224-5950. 14-15 St. Augustine Torchlight Tour Ft.

and more; Bradley’s Country Store, N. Centerville Rd; 10 am-4 pm; Free Phone (850) 893-1647.

December

Weekly, Tallahassee, San Luis Living History - Explore 17th century domestic life at the Spanish house; Mission San Luis, 2020 W. Mission Rd; Tue-Sat 10 am-2 pm; Free; (850) 487-3711. 4-6 St. Augustine British Nightwatch. 18th C. British Colonial, Dick Coyle or Lee Bienkowski (904) 797-7682. 5 Tallahassee, Winter Festival: Celebration of Lights. Music & the Arts - Lighting of downtown, twilight parade, 5-K Jingle Bell Run, arts and crafts, food booths, live entertainment, Santa’s Enchanted Forest and more; downtown, Kleman Plaza, College Ave., Park Ave. and Adams St. Commons; 5-11 pm; Free; (Santa’s Forest Sat 5-11 pm & Sun 4-9 pm; $1, Free/Kids under 12); Free. Contact (850) 891-3866. African-American Holiday Celebration Riley House Museum, 419 E. Jefferson St; noon-2 pm; Free; (850) 681-7881 or (850)

891-3866. Luminaries in Lewis Park and Candlelight Concert- Hundreds of luminaries, bell choir, violinists, harpists and more plus antique toy exhibit and holiday decorated 1930’s home; Knott House Museum, 301 E. Park Ave; 7-10 pm; $3/Advance adults ($5/Door), $1/Kids; (850) 922-2459. 11-13 Ormond Beach The Casements, Timeline,Contact Sawgrass or Chris Gardiner (904)688-9971. 12 St. Petersburg,Christmas Jamboree Bluegrass & folk music, crafts. 3130 31st Street So. Contact(727) 866-6401. 12-13, Pinellas Park, Point Pinellas Raid, Civil War, I-275, West on Park Blvd., North on 49th St. West on 81st Ave. 12 White Springs, Christmas Festival of Lights - Decorations, music, lighting of the

park and more; Stephen Foster State Folk Culture Center, ; 5-9 pm; Toy or cannedgood donation; (850) 397-2733. 12-14 St. Augustine Union Encampment at Castillo de San Marcos, NPS Union Civil War. Chuck Dale (823)794-2507. 18 St. Augustine 18th C. Christmas Open

House Castillo San Marcos (904)794-2507 19-20 Tampa, Victorian Christmas Rendezvous at Fort Foster State Historic Site, US 301 N., 9 miles north of Fowler Ave. and 6 miles south at Zephyrhills, adjacent to Hillsborough River State Park. Seminole War Skirmishes, crafts, traders. $3 - 6 & under Free. Contact:(813)987-6771. 19 Wakulla Springs, Holiday Cruise & Dinner - Romantic evening cruise along Wakulla River followed by dinner at historic lodge plus old-fashioned caroling around the Christmas tree; Wakulla Springs State Park & Lodge, SR 267; 8 pm; $24/

Person; (850) 224-5950. 31- 2 Jan. Bushnell, Dade Battle reenactment at Dade Battlefield State Park. Second Seminole War.

January

1999

16-17 Brooksville, Civil War at Sand Hill Boy Scout Camp, 5th Cavalry Event, US Hwy 19, 2 miles East at Weeki Wachee on Hwy 50. 23 St. Petersburg, 3rd Annual Pinellas Pioneer Settlement Classic Car Show, 3130 31st Street So. Contact (727) 8666401 Last 2 Weeks location & dates TBA Alafia River Rendevous, Florida Frontiersmen Annual Pre1840’s event. See Web Site.

Please let us know about your events, etc. Vol.1 No.4 Oct. - Dec. 1998

Matanzas. Nat. Parks- Garrison 18th C.

Joe Williams (904)797-7217. 15-16 Naples, Old Florida Festival, Collier County Museum, History Time Line Contact: Dave Southall (941) 774-8476. 19-22 Zepherhills, 4th Annual Auto & Antique Fall Festival, (813) 920 7206 Admission $8.00 Adults, under 12 free. 21 Pensacola 300th Anniversary Celebration. 18th C. 21-22 Christmas, Living History at Fort Christmas (1837). East of Orlando and north of Hwy. 50; Fort Christmas Road. Contact Kent Low at 904-427-3798. 21-22 Palatka, Battle at Horse Landing, Civil War, Rodeheaver Boys’ Ranch, 9.7 miles south of Palatka on FL Hwy 19. 21 St. Petersburg, Underwater Archaeology, 11-2 at Spa Beach & Pier Aquarium Education Station, (727) 895-7437. 26-29 Sertoma Youth Ranch between Dade city and Brooksville Annual Thanksgiving Weekend Bluegrass Festival. Admission $27.00. (352) 754-3084. 27 St. Augustine Seige of1702, Castillo San Marcos, Garrison, 18th C. Spanish. 27-March, Florida’s First Families - Features Florida governors and their families; Museum of Florida History, 500 S. Bronough St; Mon-Fri 9 am-4:30 pm, Sat 10 am-4:30 pm, Sun noon-4:30 pm, Free, (850) 488-1484. 28 St. Augustine Spanish Garrison Jollification Fundraiser, Joeneda House of Art, Garrison 18th C. (904)797-7217. 28 Tallahasee, Bradley’s Fun Day - Annual event features 1920’s store, “world famous” homemade sausage and grits, cane grinding, syrup making, Model-A and wagon rides, arts and crafts, entertainment

Published Quarterly by Neily Trappman Studio 5409 21st Ave. S. • Gulfport • FL • 33707 Phone (727)321-7845 E-Mail tocobaga@gte.net

“Understanding the past gives you the freedom to plan for the future.” Writers:

Gail R. Jessee Kathleen Meskil Elizabeth Neily Matt Hetman Hermann Trappman

Illustrations/Photography: Elizabeth Neily Hermann Trappman Sponsorship/Sales Elizabeth Neily Intern Sherry Valentine Computer Service: specializing in Apple Macintosh George Watson (727) 321-7845

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Writers, artists, photographers may submit articles to us for concideration. Subject matter must be written in style appropriate for all age groups from the 4th grade into the golden years. This is not meant to be a scholarly publication but one to increase awareness of Florida’s rich and varied heritage.We want to celebrate our past, not dwell wholely on our failures.

Gamble from page 1 conduct of Acting Master Carter as highly creditable and pleasing. Respectfully, THEO. P. GREENE, Captain, Comdg. East Gulf Blockading Squadron. Hon. GIDEON WELLES, Secretary of the Navy. Imagine August on Tampa Bay in 1864. The U.S. Navy had a strangle hold on shipping along southern coasts. In the Tampa Bay area, they simply captured or destroyed every boat which they came in contact with. No skiff was safe. In the shimmering heat of the day, the only ships seen on the horizon were Union ships. Florida slipped back into its pioneer roots. Life became rudimentary and very hard. The blockader’s base was Egmont Key at the mouth of the Tampa Bay. A tiny island, it must have seemed like a desolate place. A long history of military use may have given it a sense of permanence. In the early morning, the wavelets hissed along the white sand beach. The graying dawn reflected from tiny pools captured in upturned seashells. The morning breeze would have been fresh and cool from the gulf. Sea birds, in pursuit of the first repast of the day, began to drift over the still shaded sands on their way out to sea. I imagine the men, held in slumbers recent memory, moving like shadows around the awakening camp. The morning hush was punctuated by irritated slaps. In August, the salt marsh mosquitoes would have made their presence known. Muffled conversations targeted preparations for a foray into enemy territory. The smell of wood fires suggested steaming coffee and breakfast. What was it like in the heavy wool uniforms of the time? The fine dewy sand stuck to everything. The wind from the Gulf blew it into the tents and the shacks of the enlisted men. The salt spray infused bedding, tents and clothing as well. Any exertion in the intense heat caused rivulets of sweat. Dark patches grew on backs and under the arms of the men as they loaded

the boats. The smell of tar, sweat, old waterlogged timber, and wood smoke would have been a constant. Once underway, the soldiers and sailors could concentrate on the seemingly deserted coastline. At the entrance to the Manatee River, stilt legged mangroves crawled out into the water. The strong spicy odor of rotting vegetation would have been a change to the on board smells. Sultry and murky, the unwelcoming shadows beneath the trees were the home of poisonous snakes and the tangled webs of golden orb spiders. Mangrove crabs scurried up the stilt roots and along the branches. Explosions of startled egrets sent wings beating skyward. Swarms of mosquitoes would have been drawn to the passing boats. I imagine the men’s discomfort, whiping sweat from their eyes, swatting hordes of insects, and the threat of a foe lurking in the brush. The sun was in decline by the time they reached the landing to the south of Gamble Plantation. In the west the smoke from the burning sawmill smudged the horizon and climbed the sky. The smoke drifted across the sun turning it into an angry red orb. For some unknown reason, someone in the raiding party believed that this plantation was owned by Jefferson Davis, the president of the Confederacy. As they climbed the path toward the great house the buzzing of the cicadas would have pulsed from the trees along the way. It is said, that the Union soldiers kicked the door in. The Gamble family had lost the plantation by then. The overseer, Archibald McNeal, was away. Were the soldiers greeted by the household servants? Did the field hands watch the burning of the mill, the focus of all their toil? Stories are part of the charm surrounding the Gamble Mansion. History is much more than names and dates, it’s the story. That story is made up of elements, The environment, the mood, and the viewpoint of the action. Gamble Plantation State Historic Site is located in Ellenton, 3708 Patten Ave. Phone:(941) 723-4536.

Fossil & Archaeology Clubs

AUCILLA RIVER PREHISTORY PROJECT Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fl 32611. Contact:Joe Latvis. Phone: (352) 392-1721 BONE VALLEY FOSSIL SOCIETY 2704 Dixie Rd., Lakeland, FL 33801.Contact: Mary Harris, 130 E. Johnson Ave. #205. Lake Wales, FL 33853 FLORIDA FOSSIL HUNTERS 320 W. Rich Ave., Deland, FL 32720-4128. Web Site:www.ao.net/~ffh/ffhweb/ffhweb. htm Contact:Dave Cass (407) 629-8508 FLORIDA PALEONTOLOGICAL SOCIETY, INC. Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611. Contact:Eric Taylor Email: lilnbige@lc.gulfnet.com FOSSIL CLUB OF MIAMI 12540 SW 37th Street, Miami, FL 33175. Email: Fossiltony@aol.com PALEONTOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LEE COUNTY P.O. Box 151651, Cape Coral, FL 339151651. Telephone: (941) 656-6111. Web Site: www.flmnh.ufl/org/Lee/PSLC.htm. Contact: Jerry Bond Email: fossdick@worldnet.att.net Phone: (941) 283-187 SPACE COAST FOSSIL HUNTERS 2125 N. Indian River Drive, Cocoa, FL 32922 Contact: Libby Brubaker Email:gloryb123@aol.com Phone: (407) 638-2061 TAMPA BAY FOSSIL CLUB C/O Frank Kocsis, Jr., 2913 Fairfield Ct., Palm Harbor, FL 34683. or Contact:Terry Sellari, P.O. Box 290561, Temple Terrace, FL 33687. Phone: (813) 968-6820 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF SOUTHERN FLORIDA, 2495 NW 35th Ave., Miami, FL 33142 BROWARD COUNTY ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY 481 S. Federal Highway, Dania, FL 33004 CENTRAL FLORIDA ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOCIETY, P.O. Box 261, Orlando, FL 32801-0261 CENTRAL GULF COAST ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY 7701 22nd Ave. N.

SPANISH AMERICAN WAR http://pw2.netcom.com/~rhichox/ saw1898.htm SECOND SEMINOLEWAR F.I.R.E.S. - Florida Indian Reenactment Sociery newsletter E-mail okhmpkel@ix.netcom.com www.geocities.com/yosemite/1743/ seminole.html AMERICAN CIVIL WAR www.cwc.lsu.edu/civlink.htm FLORIDA FRONTIERSMEN homel.gte.net/haddo/frontier.htm ARCHAEO/PALEO STUDIES Aucilla River Project www.flmnh.ufl.edu/natsc./vertpaleo/ arpp.htm

St. Petersburg, FL 33682 INDIAN RIVER ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOCIETY 3705 S. Tropical Terrace Merritt Island, FL 32952 KISSIMMEE VALLEY ARCHAEOLOGICAL & HISTORICAL CONSERVANCY, 13300 U.S. 98, Sebring, FL 33870 NORTHEAST FLORIDA ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOCIETY, 10274 Bear Valley Rd Jacksonville, FL 32257 PENSACOLAARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY P.O. Box 13251, Pensacola, FL 32591 ST. AUGUSTINE ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION P.O. Box 1987 St. Augustine, FL 32085 SOUTHWEST FLORIDA ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY, P.O. Box 9965 Naples, FL 33941 TIME SIFTERS ARCHAEOLOGY SOCIETY P.O. Box 2542, Sarasota, 34277 TREASURE COAST ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY P.O. BOX 2875 Stuart, FL 34995 VOLUSIA ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOCIETY P.O. Box 1881 Ormond Beach, FL 32175 FLORIDA HISTORICAL SOCIETY Historic Roesch House 1320 Highland Ave., Melbourne, FL 32935 (407) 690-0099 Email wynne@metrolink.net www.florida-soc.org

DADE BATTLE/OSCEOLA’S COMMEMORATIVE RIDE. Walk from Fort King/Ocala to Dade Battlefield. (About 38 miles/3 days.) Need volunteers to commit to the walk. Breakfast & supper provided to walkers. Mid-December event. Planning meeting at Dade Society on October 31st, 1 p.m. Contact Jerry Morris or call (813)621-5857.

Don’t miss it! PALEOFEST ‘98 A celebration of Florida Paleontology

Friday & Saturday, November 20 & 21 REGISTER SOON!!!

(352) 864-2000 ext. 204 Florida Museum of Natural History

Powell Hall, Box 112710, Gainesville, FL 32611-2710

Safety Harbor Museum of Regional History Saturday, October 10

Antique & Collectibles Show Bayshore Linear Greenway Safety Harbor Marina

Foreground a sailor talks to two marines. They include an artillery officer, in the center background. These reenactors bring the period, its flavor and style back to life.

November 7 at 7:30 pm

Sweet Chair-ity Auction with Death By Chocolate Buffet Chairs with other “chair-itable” items

at Museum $15.00

Proceeds to benefit the Museum

A Florida History and Archaeological Museum 329 Bayshore Blvd. S., Safety Harbor, FL (727)726-1668

ANTEBELLUM FLORIDA 4

HRISTMAS EVE AT PINE HILL PLANTATION

By Susan Bradford Eppes

Memory is a kindly friend, She brings us back the vanished hours, When time, the thief, would have us think, His footsteps only trod on flowers. ’Tis Christmas Eve, young hearts are gay, The windows glow with mellow light, Vines twine about the polished stair And everywhere are roses bright.

The Years before the Civil War By Elizabeth Neily

Holly boughs, with berries red, Upon the walls are seen, With tiny, shiny Yupon, like Rubies ‘mid the green. Mistletoe, with berries white, Hangs high in the grand old hall And the flame of many candles Casts a beautiful light o’er all. To linger ‘neath the mistletoe No youth nor maid would dare, For Aunt Robinson watches the young folks From a seat on the vine-wreathed stair. The double doors are open wide, Guests come crowding through the gates, Inside, the fires burn brightly In the fine old house of brass-trimmed grates. Mother’s music fills the air, Perfect in time and measure, The floors are cleared and everything Awaits the dancer’s pleasure; The boys all seek their partners When the rhythmic sounds they hear, Each couple turn with one accord And dance to the tune of “The Forked Deer.” Both “North” and “South Carolina” Are danced with Christmas glee, Then “Molly put the Kettle on And We’ll All Take Tea;” “Fisher’s Hornpipe” speeds our steps, Which makes it very handy To execute some brilliant stunts For “Yankee Doodle Dandy.” Then come quadrilles, as stately As Grandmother’s minuet; Next, like a crowd of children, We merrily dance the “Coquette.”– Tired, we stop for supper— So many good things to eat— But time is short, and most of us find We have little wings on our feet. Waltzing is not in favor here, Yet a venturesome lad and lassie Are circling around the room, To the strains of “Tallahassee.” Mother’s fingers again touch the keys, “Sir Roger de Coverly” rules the hour Young and old stand up on the floor, Moved by the music’s compelling power; For who of us all fatigue could feel When Mother played the Virginia Reel?” The dance is over—goodnights are said— Put out the lights and go to bed; ‘Tis time for Santa Claus’ reindeer sled ‘Twill soon be Christmas Morning.

Pioneer Susan Bradford Eppes’ book, Through Some Eventful Years, 1929, allows us to peek through the window of time into her home outside of Tallahassee. We share her family’s holiday fun and the disturbing circumstances that lead to the ultimate end of their way of life. This is the story of Susie Bradford, who left behind a diary which reveals her heartfelt joy and deepest fears during this country’s most tumultuous years. As a child she is steeped in the attitudes of her elders and from her words we begin to realize the complexity of plantation life. She is a warm, loving and generous child, the granddaughter of

Governor John Branch of North Carolina, yet she is ensnared by the terrible institution of slavery. She is brought up by a slave mammy, and all the household slaves are referred to as “aunt” or “uncle” creating an illusion that slaves are family. Yet, the plain fact is they are not family but merely property to be bought or sold at their owner’s whim. Because we chose to reprint Susie’s words, of course we cannot support the prevailing attitudes of these Southern Planters. We can try to understand the nature of this national sorrow and of how seemingly gentle attitudes can mask a grim perspective. However, Susie’s story does show the growing political storm that is forming in our nation that will culminate in the horror of Civil War. “In ante-bellum Florida like other parts of the ‘Old South’, the weeks before Christmas were a round of gaiety, a party somewhere every night, and dinning were equally popular.” writes Eppes. Her poem describes what those early Christmases were like. With Christmas Morning came the Christmas Tree. On this tree were gifts for everyone beneath the roof-tree of the old home; generally gifts of money value, as well as tokens of friendship and love. From her diaries we read of Susie Bradford, a child during the years leading up to the War between the States. Her words all too poignantly reveal the Southern plantation owner’s attitudes toward slaves. At age eight, the Christmas of 1854, her gift was a slave baby. She wrote: “December 22nd,—I have a Christmas present three days before Christmas. It is a baby, aunt Dinah gave it to me, she says the rabbits brought it to her and she thought right away “I’ll gie dis chile ter Susie.” Wasn’t it kind of aunt Dinah? It is a beautiful baby and of course she really wanted it for herself. Aunt Dinah says she will take care of it for me and I can always have it to play with whenever I want it. Mother says Lulu can make me a trunk full of clothes and when I want the baby to play with, we can get her and give her a bath in the blue tub, she has given me, and dress her in the clothes from the trunk. Her name is Lavinia and she is too little and soft yet to play with me. When I asked mother if the baby was really mine, just as Francis is [an earlier gift of a slave girl her same age from her grandfather], she said, “she is yours, and so are Dinah and Henry and all their children except Nellie and Bethiah, that is they will be yours some day, they are left to you, in your father’s will.” I do not

know what that means and company came in so mother could not stop to tell me.” Her diary also reveals the little girl’s struggle to understand the meaning of abolition. On June 6th, 1855 she wrote: I have found out a little more about that “Abolition crew” Fannie talked about; last night I fell asleep on the sofa in the front room at aunt Margaret’s and nobody found me and when I woke mother and uncle Daniel were talking. He said, “These abolitionists are everywhere through the South. Sooner or later they will make trouble for us. Dr. Bradford writes that those on Horse-shoe [plantation] were made to leave and will be severely dealt with if they return.” I sat up and called out,” “Oh, uncle Daniel, please tell me all about it?” Mother called Fannie to put me to bed, so I haven’t heard any more.” Then on December 20th, Susie tells her diary: “I know a little bit now. It is something Uncle Kinchen found out and told Grandpa. It is about those same Abolitionists and it must be serious, for grown up folks all look troubled. When Grandpa told what uncle Kinchen had found out, he said: “Kinchen is trustworthy and absolutely faithful. You know how often he and Amy have accompanied me to Northern cities, they have frequently been approached by Abolitionist agents, but their talk had no effect on them whatever. Since the publication of Uncle Tom’s Cabin these agents have been bolder and there have been instances where they have

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carried off Negroes, who were unwilling to leave their owners. Fearing this, I made out manumission papers for Amy and Kinchen and had them recorded at Halifax court house, for it was my intention to take them with me to Boston, which is, as you know, the very hot bed of Abolitionism. Before leaving home I gave then these papers and explained their meaning, telling them that henceforth they were as free as I myself am.” Later in the same passage she writes of how terrified she has become of the Abolitionists: “I did not sleep well. I dreamed that the Abolitionists were after me and they like the Devil as uncle Aleck describes him, with horns and cloven feet. When I told father this he said ‘That is the fruit cake you ate last night,’ Perhaps it was.” Life goes on as before at the plantation and despite the threat to their comfortable lifestyle, Christmas continues to be greeted with the enthusiastic awe of a child. Dec.22nd, 1857.— The tree is up and we are making decorations. Miss Damer [Susie’s governess] took us for a walk in the woods to select the tree and Peter and Mack, who are carpenters [slaves], brought it to the house and nailed it securely to the bottom of a large tub; this was filled with earth and planted over with the soft green moss which grows beside the stream. There are also some partridge berries planted in it. The tree is a beautifully shaped shortleaved pine. Miss Damer knows so many things to do to make it pretty. We have dozens and dozens of colored wax tapers and we have picked the prettiest pine-cones and after dampening them slightly, we rubbed them with sifted flour. We then fastened then with fine wire to the branches of the tree and, warming the end of each candle to make it stick, we put each on a pine cone for a candle-stick. When the decorations are done Miss Damer is going to shut us up while she and Sister Mag and Mother and Brother Junius put the presents on. All the kinsfolk are coming to dine here and there will be presents for everybody. We do not put the Christmas gifts for the servants on the tree, but give them Christmas morning, when they assemble in the back yard. Dec. 28th, 1857.—Oh, the fun we have had. A dance Christmas eve; the beautiful tree, with the splendid fruit it bore, the dinner which mother takes so much pride in, (she is just the best housekeeper in the world); The merry games Christmas night; the games the grown people join us in; the visiting around the family circle. Oh! it is too jolly for words. See Christmas page 5

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Continued from Page 4…Christmas On Oct. 16th, 1859 news came of John Brown’s raid on Harper’s Ferry, changing forever the genteel life of the Southern plantaion owner. Susan Eppes writes “Back and forth over the wires the dreadful news flashed, filling the South with terror and apprehension and the North with unholy joy that the first blow had been struck for Negro freedom. For the first time in the history of Pine Hill plantation, the doors of the mansion were locked when the day was done and the servants had departed to their own houses. So far not one word of this news had been passed between ourselves and the servants, and now the passing question arose shall we hurt their feelings by locking the doors and thus letting them see that we feel suspicion, or shall we put ourselves entirely at their mercy by leaving the doors unlocked? This was a momentous question and was solved in this manner: There was a barrel-bolt on the inside of every door, before we retired for the night these bolts, that is, those on the outer doors, were shot into place. Aunt Robinson had a habit of waking at daylight and she offered to unfasten the doors and keep watch until the rest of us were awake. This she did and the servants were none the wiser, but nobody in the house slept soundly that night and the excitement of the horrible news had brought to Dr. Bradford [father] another heart attack.” We leave Susie at Christmas, 1859 just after her governess, “Miss Platt was caught trying to persuade the Negroes to rise up and follow John Brown’s footsteps, put the torch to the home of every white man and murder the people wholesale, sparing none. Jordan and Adeline [slaves] had found it out and told it. I am so glad our black folks love us and are our friends. Mother says it is so near Christmas she will not try to get another governess until after the holidays. Dec. 26th, 1859.— We had a very happy Christmas; just as good as if John Brown had never stirred up so much that was terrible. The scene on the back porch was just as merry; the presents were as joyfully received, the drinks as eagerly quaffed and the good wishes, which, with the Negroes, correspond to toasts, were as heartily spoken. I do not believe it will be easy to turn our dear black folks against us though no doubt the Abolitionists will keep on trying.” Our story will continue in the next issue when Susie is allowed to sit with her father on the portico of the capital building for the signing of Florida’s Ordinance of Secession.

THE

CONFEDERATE CANTINIERES

by Gail R. Jessee Founder of Confederate Cantinieres Chapter #2405, Florida Division, UDC Beginning with very early history, women have been following their men to war in order to care for them. In the camps, women cooked meals, washed and mended clothes, nursed the sick and wounded soldiers and even fought to defend the encampments against attacks by the‑ enemy. As European countries struggled over their territorial borders, and larger armies grew in direct proportion so did the number of women that followed in the army’s wake. Military leaders were concerned about the need to control the ever increasing multitude of women followers. So in the early 1800’s when the European armies were being levied, the first official Cantinieres and Vivandieres originated within the structure of the French Army. They evolved from the vast ranks of sutleresses and canteen workers that had attached themselves to the numerous regiments.

5 When the regiment went on parade, the Cantinieres or Vivandieres had the honor of marching in formation with the troops. As most women are inclined to do, they femininized their new uniforms by adding touches of lace and ribbon trimmings. They created a variety headgear that ranged from plain kepis to bonnets, to large straw or felt hats trimmed with feathers, lace and ribbons or even zouave caps. These uniforms were quite becoming to the feminine figure with its tight‑fitted tunic trimmed with rows of brass buttons, a short full skirt over trousers or Turkish pantaloons and finished with snug‑fitting gaiters over well‑turned ankles. A company was considered fortunate indeed to possess a “Mother Courage” to carry canteens along with medical supplies to accompany the troops to the battlefield. There, between the fighting ranks, amid flying bullets and whizzing canon balls, she cautiously ventured forth upon the field of battle, administering water or spirits to the soldiers, giving such aid as was immediately possible to the seriously wounded and assisting the ambulatory wounded back to the field hospital. In 1854, CANTINIERE (one who carries a small wooden keg) officially replaced VIVANDIERE (a canteen woman or “one

During the 1994 General Convention of the United Daughters of the Confederacy, Beverly Domenenget(l), Gail Jesse, Liz Leicht and Sue Dunaway model the uniform of the Confederate Cantinere’s. The French military government’s decision to utilize women by giving them an official army status came with a “new regulation” that military leaders could use to control the number of women permitted to accompany a regiment on active service. Next followed the distinctive military uniforms in the colors of the regiments especially designed for women to wear to signify their affiliation with a specific unit.

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who sells food and drink to the troops”) to distinguish women who served at the front lines from those who worked in the canteen. When the War Between the States began in 1861, the Confederate States adopted many uniform ideas from the army of Imperial France, which was, at that time, considered to be the finest in the world. Many southern women eagerly followed the newly formed Confederate

States Army into the war. Documents from the period give irrefutable written and photographic evidence that many Southern companies, recruited Cantinieres to accompany their units on campaign. The women of the South who donned the Confederate Cantiniere’s uniform did so by reaching into their own purses for their military apparel, the small side‑arms of pistols, knives and swords they would carry, the horses they rode and even their own pay allotment. The Confederate States government had no provision for women in the military. This did not, however, dampen their ardor to serve their country. A diary from July 1861, written by a Richmond, VA lady, recalls seeing a ‘Cantiniere’ dressed in “the uniform of her regiment with Turkish pantaloons and wearing a hat with feathers as she frisked about the drawing room singing war songs.” Another written account describes a Cantiniere who accompanied the Washington Artillery of New Orleans, Louisiana. The boys affectionately called her SHE‑BEAR, because she was said “to be as true as steel and could bear the fatigue of campaign as well as any man.” The Charleston, SC artist William Aiken Walker immortalized the Cantiniere in a deck of playing cards he painted during the War Between the States. The original deck which depicts four different illustrations of Cantinieres is in the collection of Jay P. Altmayer of Mobile Alabama. Photographed documentation appears in two well known history books, one entitled EMBATTLED CONFEDERATES: An Illustrated History of Southerners at War and the other SHADOWS OF THE STORM: The Image of War 1861‑1865, as well as in the magazine MILITARY IMAGES: volume VII, Number 2. The photograph shows a ‘Cantiniere’ with the Louisiana Tigers Zouaves taken in 1861 at Pensacola, Florida, where they had been ordered to help with the defense of the city. She is dressed in she typical French‑style Cantiniere uniform and stands to the left of the troop’s formation line where she reaches for an enlisted man’s cup to pour liquid from the wooden keg‑type canteen she carries under her left arm. At the Battle of 1st Manassas, a Cantiniere was there to witness the rout of the Union Army. At the Battle of Chancellorville, it is recorded that a Cantiniere on the battlefield cradled a dying Union soldier in her arms until he passed away.•

Plant Museum

Troubled Horizon from front page wonderfully complex, and the issues which drew us toward it were amazingly varied.

Like our own time, the person on the street would have offered differing views of the building storm. Central and South Florida was scattered with a few small villages of people who shared European origin. Most of the State was still wilderness. The largest concentration of plantations, with their population of slaves, were in North Florida and along the Central Florida ridge down to about Ocala. There were a few plantations further south. Braden of Bradenton, the Gates family, as well as, Gamble Plantation used slave labor. Plantation owners made up the wealthy class. A life of privilege created a world distinct from their moderate neighbors. Cooks, carriage drivers, maids, gardeners and other household staff kept the owners of the plantation from experiencing the more mundane aspects of life. These families traveled to Tallahassee for business, parties, news and gossip. They read agricultural reports and newspapers from northern cities. They seemed to see themselves as knights of old, benevolent dictators who lived within an exacting code of conduct. They clung to a medieval world with its European origins. Horse racing and the sport of the chase offered a proper good time. “…down the valley an arch had been constructed and, suspended from it, was a small ivory ring; on the right hand was the judges’ stand, where six Judges sat in state. Far up the wooded slope on the right, hidden by the thick woods, stood the knights on their impatient steeds, reined in, awaiting the sound of the bugle and the loud voice of the Herald, as he shouts out the name of each knight. The crowd, too, is growing restless, when suddenly the clear notes of the bugle call all to attention, “The Knight of the Lone Star,” shouts the Herald, and the knight comes forth, on a milk‑white horse, clad from head to foot in gleaming white satin, with a large star blazing upon his breast. The blonde wearer is conscious that he is looking his best – no touch of anything but this dazzling whiteness except a bouquet of violets on his left lapel, his Lady’s Colors, his guerdon. Like a flash he rides down the valley, his lance poised and he bears off the ring, amid the clapping and shouting of the excited multitude. Proudly he rides down the course and draws rein before the judges’ stand, presenting the ring on the point of his lance. And so the first score is made.” Many of the women planned parties and were educated to a life of leisure. Their feminine delicacy required a nap-time in the afternoon. The upstairs back room of Gamble Mansion was allocotated to nap-time. Theirs was a life apart from the

greater population. Most towns on the peninsula grew up from Seminole War period outposts or forts. Since the easiest mode of transportation was by water,these towns maintained a link with a sea born economy. Fishing ranchos were scattered along the western coast. Anyone who owned a boat was a captain. Ships passed in and out of the tangled bayous and islands without detection. The constant problem of pirating had been mostly put to rest during the Second Seminole War, but smuggling remained. There was little need of roads. Trading posts didn’t front a road. They faced an open yard close enough to the water to be supplied by captains and visited by fishermen and sailors. Chickens scratched in the sandy yard with its hitching post and watering trough for horses. Wasps and bumble bees droned in the shade of sagging porches. Cicadas buzzed from the spreading live oaks around the shanties. Wife and mother, barefooted, wrapped in her apron, would step into the bright sunlight to spill the gray dish water over a few flowers she grew just as a reminder of a little beauty. Children in an effort to escape the tedium of everyday labor ran along the path to the waters edge, hoping to be the first to see the incoming boat. The few families who made their home in the scrub wore a path to the yard. News trickled up the sandy trail from the beach. There was little of it, and most of it was passed along by word of mouth. Some folks enjoyed company and some adjusted to this lonesome life by being withdrawn and quiet. Some folks had come to the frontier to escape debt or the law—it was their last refuge. Beyond the beach, deep in the pines, families squatted where their wagon broke down, or exhaustion left them. They took up a lifestyle closer to the Seminoles on the run, than the city folk in the North. They hunted the forests and fished the rivers. Sandy yards surrounded a shack where hounds peaked out from the shadows under the stoop. Florida was open range and so cattle and hogs wandered where ever they wanted. Gardens had to be fenced. Senses sharpened by a demanding landscape and the hunt, these early poineers had been born into the only life they knew. The frontier folks scattered throughout the peninsula were very independent people. They relied on their labor and ingenuity to stay alive. Working for someone else was a very distant wrinkle. Travelers described some of these folks as sullen and lazy. Poverty dogged the free African Americans. Their best opportunity was on the waterfront with the fishing industry. There was always food to eat and laughter to strengthen their uniqueness. Fishing ranchos were often seasonal affairs. Thrown together as a convenience of a roof against the beating sun and the rain, they satisfied the minimal demands of a wife.

House slaves seemed to have considered themselves of a higher status. The lot of the fieldhands must have been brutal. A lifetime of labor stretched before both men and women. The heat and humidity took a constant toll. There was little hope of progress. Florida’s already challenging environment was made even more hostile by stories which fed fears. African Americans, liberated by the Indians knew the fear of alligators, poisonous snakes, and lonely swamps, first hand. The stories were enlarged and embelished to keep the fear alive. After the horror of the Indian Wars, the Seminole and the Mikisoukee people hid in the everglades and the deep woods.

This new conflict between white men, concerned only white men. Along the West Coast, a few Spanish fishing communities still held on like a whisper from the colonial past. It was to these men and women that the war came and each of them viewed it from their own perspective, their own history. The people of Florida seems to have beem almost equally divided in their sympathies for union or seperation. Florida’s drama was tied to diversity. The battle lines were drawn through communities as well as famlies. It was a fury born from very personal differences.

Confederate soldiers who enlisted in the Pinellas area, then known as West Hillsborough, fought in the major campains in Tennessee and Virginia.

The Union blockade of Florida became a stranglehold on foreign supplies entering the Confederacy. From bases along the Florida coast, blockaders sank or captured boats and conducted raids on coastal villages.

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Wealthy southerns saw themselves as knights-of-old. For them the cavalry held a special attraction. Far ranging, the horse soldiers acted as the eyes and ears of the main army. George Moor often portrays General “Stonewall” Jackson.

ST. ANDREW’S CHAPEL Dunedin’s Commitment to Historic Preservation.

by Matt Hetman

from information supplied by Dunedin Historidal Society Embraced by oaks at the end of a shady San Mateo Drive, in Dunedin, most days the lovely Andrew’s Memorial Chapel would go unnoticed. But caring citizens of Dunedin saved the church from the wrecker’s ball by obtaining grants and investing hours of sweat equity. They saved the memory of our pioneer need to bring a sense hope and certainty to the tumultuous frontier. On May 31, 1868, the Reverend Joseph Brown, from Rockbridge County, Virginia, arrived by schooner at the dock at the West end of what is now Main Street. He held a service at dockside and immediately set out to establish a church. At first the parisheners met at the little log shoolhouse. In 1876 the members of the Bethesda Presbyterian Church decided to build a house of worship on land donated by B.W. Brown and Mr. Emerson just west of Jerry Lake, the presnt site of the Duneduin Cemetary. While under construction a tragedy struck a pioneer family. John G. Andrews’ son, William, was killed while riding his horse in a violent storm. The bereaved Mr. Andrew’s pledged $200.00 toward the building fund if they would name the church Andrew’s Memorial Church. Rev. Brown continued to serve the congregation at great financial sacrifice until his health failed in 1880. He moved to Texas where he soon passed away. The population of Dunedin shifted and in 1888 a new church was completed on land owned by William L. Tate at the corner of Scotland and Highland. The deed was dated January 8, 1886. This new church was named Andrew’s Memorial Church. In 1926, it was moved south on Highland Avenue, to make room for the First Presbyterian Church of Dunedin. At that time the church was renamed Andrew’s Memorial Chapel. Then in 1970 the Dunedin Historical Society learned that this church, named for a man’s loss of his son was to be destroyed. The majority of the congregation of the First Presbyterian Church felt the cost of restoration far exceeded its worth to the church. The brand new society with barely a $100 in its coffers set about to save the church. They formed a “Historic Church Committee and obtained permission to move the Chapel to city property on San Mateo Drive. Besides finding the funds to move the church the committee was faced with a monumental task of moving it. It would have to be cut in two! Before that, the stucco coating had to be taken off as well as the wire that supported it. Then the extension in the rear (the pulpit section) had to be removed. All this was done by dedicated volunteers. Money poured in from all over the nation. Finally, the mover was hired. Work was delayed for almost a week by bad weather and high winds. The big day arrived. Telephone and power lines had to be taken down along the route and then replaced—twice— as the two sections of the church were moved. This inconvenience was accepted with exceptional grace by the citizens and businessmen along the way. The chapel was moved but now what? While the two sections of the chapel stood 4 to five 5 inches apart the Society worked to raise funds to put it together. A flurry of fashion shows, dances, card parties, rummage sales, memorial donations and outright gifts helped the fund to restore the chapel.

In the meantime volunteers researched its history and prepared documentation necessary to have their lovely little chapel included on the Natinal Register of Historic Places. The building, described as a prime

Cave Safari!

Linda Sanders is the wedding consultant, for Andrew’s Memorial Chapel. She will be delighted to help you plan a romantic event. example of victorian church architecture in Florida, was granted National status on July 1972. Now eligible for a grant, the committee received matching-funds for the first phase of restoratiuon. When they finally got the go ahead, reatoration began. From a photo the pulpit area was carefully restored. Then the exterior walls were painted. For the second phase, restoration of the interior, the society decided not to apply for a second grant but to use their own resources. Through the cooperation of the Pinellas Vocational Technical Institute and volunteer help, repairs was completed. Beams, made from heart-of-pine, were trimmed with hand carving. There was a single exception. The gentleman who was carving one of the beams died before he could complete it, so it was left plain in his memory. Andrew’s Memorial Chapel was dedicated as a National Historic Building on October 9, 1982. It stands as a monument not just for a boy who died so many years ago but for a community who pulled together to see that it’s Tiffany-type stained glass window would shine down on future generations. The chapel today is used by the Dunedin Historical Society for romantic weddings, an occasional jazz concert, and other community and private events.•

With . . . Ia. . .coo. . .chee. With lacoo. . .chee . With lacoochee ! I had finally learned to pronounce that ancient Indian word I was sure meant “he who falls down in caves”. Little did I know that part of my job as Director of Education at Great Explorations Museum would entail my having to squeeze through a maze of subterranean tunnels. Tunnels that began to form between 60 and 40 million years ago as limestone was being deposited in the sea that once covered the state of Florida. I had joined my knowledgeable staff guides, Larry Venson and Jason Holley, for a crash course in spelunking (cave exploring for those non‑spelunkers among us). One of the interesting aspects of my job is to evaluate educational programs at our museum. What better way than to jump right in. The all‑day trip began early one November morning. My guides and I met up at the museum; loaded our supplies; and headed for Pinellas Park Middle School. We were scheduled to pick‑up a group of 52 sixth graders and their chaperones. On our arrival, we were greeted by a very enthusiastic bunch of children ready to explore. We had a two‑hour bus trip ahead of us though. We were heading north just past Brooksville The time flew by as Larry explained the safety procedures and what we should expect to find on our arrival to the state forest and the caves. A video presentation followed on the formation of caves and sinkholes. The children and adults were then given a “Knowledge Assessment” (A TEST!!‑‑but a fun one). Lunch followed as we continued the drive to the park. I listened as the children quizzed each other, Larry, Jason, and myself on the caves “Are there any bears?”, asked one wide‑eyed boy “No, but we may be lucky and see bats,” Larry returned. I thought he was joking. The bus pulled to a stop in a nondescript area. You would have missed it had you not known where to look thanks to our guides Everyone was issued a safety helmet (low ceilings you know) ant safety was stressed again. We walked into the forest (no car traffic allowed) and split into two groups. We were told we would be exploring two areas. One was called the “Peace Cave” because o a “groovy” peace sign drawn near its entrance and the other was a series of sink holes (the remainders of caves after their ceilings fall in).

I followed Larry’s group as he led them to the Peace Cave I was given the honor of going down first. It had been many years since I was in a cave (Mammoth in Kentucky). Mammoth was slightly different. It had lights and you could walk standing up for the most part. Not so in this cave‑‑you had to crouch and crawl while maneuvering your flashlight around. I noticed as my light struck the ceiling something was moving! I froze. It was a tiny brown bat. We assisted the group members down one by one into the cave and then Larry began the tour. He pointed out “soda straw” stalactite formations dropping from the ceiling. Everyone was amazed to learn they form at the rate of only one‑inch every one hundred years! Next a little fun as we tried to make our way through a section of the cave I dubbed the “fat man squeeze”. A very tight crawl space that led between two chambers of the cave. The sink holes were our next stop. With a quick lesson in rappelling from Larry we were on our way down a deep embankment and discovering bacon stalagmite formations on what was left of the ceiling of this one‑time cave. A few bones of animals who had the misfortune not to see the opening in the ground or couldn’t climb out could be seen in several places on the floor of the sink hole. Also a lesson, not only in geological, but natural history as well, I thought to myself. After a quick walk back to the bus and clean‑up, we were on our way. I listened once again as the children shared their adventure stories with one another and then...silence. The children napped as we finished our drive back.•

How to get there: About 1-1/2 hour drive from St. Petersburg, go north on I-275 to Brooksville Exit 61. Left onto Cortez Road (98 and 50). Follow SR 98 north through the city to SR481 - right to Lecanto, Fina Station on corner. After about five miles, take a right onto Stage Coach Trail. One mile to Trail 13 on left which puts you into the Withlacoochee State Forest. As the trails are very sandy, it is not recommemded for low slung vehicles. Take a left on to Trail 22 and drive until you see cement posts. Park, then hike on to cave sights about 200 yards along. Take lunch and water, as there are no fountains or snack bars for miles. Pack your camera, lots of film and, oh yes, a compass - just in case you wonder too far off the main trails.

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DUNEDIN HISTORICAL SOCIETY Andrews Memorial Chapel c. 1888 National Register of Historical Places An early Florida Victorian Church available for Weddings, Concerts and Tours

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1890’s Vintage Baseball Games at Otten Field, Dunedin Special exhibit till October 31, Dunedin Baseball History Andrew’s Memorial Chapel: Sunday, Oct. 25, 3-5 pm Jazz Concert $10.00 Dec. 17 & 18 Charles Dickens’ “A Christmas Carol” Tickets Available Museum Hours: Tuesday - Saturday 10 am - 4 pm For information call (727) 736-1176

Our images of ancient people paint them less intelligent and more sav-

age than we are. Evidence from the Windover Site offers a very different view. The boy being carried in the illustration above, was born with spina bifida, a condition which leaves the nerves along the spine without the bony protection of the backbone. He may never have been able to walk. And yet, he lived until he was 14 years old.

REEVALUATING OUR ANCIENT PAST

by Hermann Trappman

The story of the Windover Archaeological Site came into my awareness like a clap of thunder. Three things riveted my attention and changed my perspective. The first was fabric, second is an older woman with healed multiple fractures, and third, the story of a fourteen year old boy with spina bifida. This evidence opens up worlds of possibility. He is an eight thousand year old message of love, sent directly to you. Imagine a small tribe of people living in a stingy landscape, dusty and unrelenting. It was a changing world. Glaciations were in major retreat. Oceans were surging back. Everyday patterns of life were menacing. Palmetto scrubb, extending to the horizon, was broken by islands of trees. Fresh drinking water was a premium. The people probably migrated seasonally through a circuit of distant camps to procure game. As the plants and animals they relied upon at one place became scarce, the people moved on. The health problems and the weaving seem to suggest that they weren’t constantly on the move, but stayed at a site for extended periods. I imagine her struggling in a small domed hut. Darkness. The night grudgingly retreating around the dim glow of a small burning pine taper. Like trembling sparks of fire, the perspiration on her face and chest scattered tiny reflections. The people waited in inky shadows. Loving hands stroked her forehead. “Push.” a woman whispered behind the faint golden halo. “Push.” In a while there was a shaky cry. “It’s a boy.” The people smiled from the darkness. He could become a new hunter, a new protector. He looked so normal, but the bones of his lower back lay open, exposing his spine. That wonderful neural network that could send him running along game trails was exposed. He may never have walked. From the evidence, it seems that his legs withered with time. Diminished circulation may have led to infection in his feet. In the end, he had lost one foot and part of a leg. Someone had to bathe the infection away. Someone had to treat the infection with local herbs. The boy with spina bifida had to be carried from camp to camp. Love shouts from his remains. Love shouts across all those thousands of years to shock our sensibilities and our image of ancient people. He should chase away our modern notions of “survival of the fittest.” He died when he was around 14 years old. The woman with the multiple fractures

leaves us wondering. Was she caught by a raiding party? Call it just a hunch or a feeling, but I don’t think that it’s the evidance of an absuve husband. I keep coming back to her healing, to a family which cared, to the medicines which cleaned her wounds and reduced the pain. Our European culture was given the secret of asprin from the Native Americans. Asprin comes from the bark and roots of the black willow. Our local coastal willow contains some of the same pain relieving medicine. Did they know how to use it back then? The Windover people laid a mat beneath the body of their dead. The body was clothed in beautifully woven fabric. The burial was below the water level of a peat bog. Stakes, driven into the fabric, held the body down. It was an environment which carefully preserved these messages from the past. The weaving should make us reevaluate many of the artifacts left in sites all over the state. The fabric strongly indicates the use of a loom. We may wish to reconsider our interpretation of many artifacts and their importance.

Interconnected like a web, an artifact is supported by available resources and their harvest, a plan of use, the correct tools to turn raw materials into a usable stage, and the technique to manufacture the product. Thread for weaving may have come from a number of local plants. Bear grass, a member of the yucca family, has strong, fine, pliable fiber. We do have a long fiber native cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Although a bit brittle, I find palmetto and cabbage palm can offer rough pliable thread, especially if it’s been treated. The fiber has to be spun into thread. Spinning requires tools to make it easy. Some native people spin by catching the fiber between the palm of their hand and their thigh. Or, we might be overlooking the tool which the ancestors used to spin. If palm is being used, then a sharp pinlike tool makes separating palm fiber less demanding. A loom of the simplist design requires wooden heddle sticks to seperate the elements of the weave. A stick to wrap the fiber for the weft needs to be carved as well as a broad, flat, smooth stick used for beating the weave together. If the sticks are the slightest bit rough they will catch the threads and pull out the fibers. There is a variety of sticks and slats in the Key Marco collection which look a lot like tools Native American women still use to weave. Used by Mayan women to push the thread down against the rest of the fabric, there is a bone tool we usually identify as a hair pin.

With passing time and new needs, surely the tools would have become more sophisticated. Later looms may have used weights to hold the warp taunt. Those puzzling shell plummets, or columella pendants could easily be used as warp weights. An archaeologist with the Florida Museum of Natural History, William Marquardt re-evaluated shell scrapers and came up with the net gauge. Although it may seem of small consequence, standardized net gauges were the first real indicator of an industry which might go beyond purely local need. His research demonstrated that the same standards seem to have been used from the Keys to the Panhandle. Our ancestral people were a circumCaribbean people. To the west lay the Mayan and Aztec. To the north were the Mississippi mound building cultures. To the south was Cuba and a string of stepping stone islands which led to South America. All the evidence points to our people as being a mound building sophisticated culture with much more to offer than arrow points and the tools of war. Our people were a story as rich as Homers Iliad and Odyssey. Trade invested their own local ideas with new concepts from afar. We can re-evaluate the evidence from ancient Florida and bring these wonderful people back to life, or we can leave them as an indistinct shadow, a people without form and substance. Their story reaches out to us. Do we reach back to them to give them a future they deserve—a part of our heritage?

A few of the tools used by Navaho weavers. These photographs, taken by anthropologists, were supplied by Phylis Morrison from her book SPIDERS GAMES. Copyright © 1979 by the University of Washington Press. Reprinted by permission of the University of Washington Press.

Wolf’s Heart Lodge Loom weights or Warp-weights Heddle Sticks This ancient style of loom is called a warp-weighted loom and would have been familiar to Penelope, the wife of Odysseus in Homer’s epicThe Odyssey. Because the Eurpoean conquerors didn’t write about woven fabric in their descriptions of Florida, it has been assumed that our native people didn’t weave. Recent evidance suggests we need to rethink this notion.

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Columella pendants Carefully carved and smoothed, the use of these artifacts remains unknown.

A Horse Conch, showing the central column.

Florida archaeological sites in which wood has been preserved, offer a variety of slabs, sticks, and odd shapes. We have usually wondered, “To what kind of weapon they belong?” (Above) Navaho weaving tools, from Spiders Games by Phyllis Morrison.

These columella pendants were carved from the thick central column of a seashell. Use of these pendants has been a puzzle. The fine line separating the cap from the body of the pendant can be very shallow and it has been argued, too shallow to be used as a net weight. Talking to someone who recently replicated one, it was noted that even using modern tools the pendants are time-consuming and difficult to make. Were they warp weights?

ATTITUDES by Hermann Trappman

“We want guns,” they shouted! “We want to kill something, kill, kill, kill,” they chanted. The sound of the surrounding forest was drowned by the crash of their voices. Behind the chorus of boys, the girls stood in groups trying to talk. In fact, there were a few girls mixed in with the boys, shouting too. “OK, OK,” I held up the sign for quiet. “You guys settle down. Sit!” I pointed to the benches. It was the second grade thing. I reminded myself that it was only a phase. In another year the hitting, shoving, awkward aggressiveness would disappear into a more caring children. “It’s a knife,” one of the kids shouted. “It’s a spear point,” yelled another . We were looking at the tools of the Ancient Americans who once lived in what we now call St. Petersburg. Artifact after artifact was identified as a weapon. The most innocent objects turned into tools of violence. It was a pattern that I was becoming very familiar with. Usually male children shouted out answers. Usually they crowded out the girls. Hammers turned into clubs. Chisels, made out of the inside column from a whelk, turned into knives to stab with. It was easy. Everything had one purpose— -verything was used for killing. It is only a phase. However, phases can be very painful. I reflected on the social phase we are still in the process of passing through. In our social phase, women have been the property of men. Only recently were they allowed the right to vote. People who did not look like, act like, and talk like the proper dominant European culture were discriminated against. It wasn’t only the African Americans, it was the Native Americans, Irish, Polish, Jewish, and Oriental immigrants who were discriminated against. We were like a Nation of very

large, willful second graders, willing to shout everyone else down to get our own way. We even rationalized it by the survival of the fittest. As I considered it, the interpretation of artifacts had come under the spell of that phase. Men identified them. They were the things of men. Men developed the images of the ancient Native Americans. Based on the mistaken impressions of the first Europeans to contact our people, this view became the handy dandy scientific interpretation. All the things that the dominant European culture was uninterested in, disappeared. They focused on the excuse to kill, change, and educate the native people. “Savage, ignorant, and backward,” the Indians lost this land to a superior race. The survival of the fittest. It all justified taking the land and its resources away from the people living here. I love‘em. They are rough and tumble, but they are our future. Their eager eyes are bright and clear. They come in all the colors of our races. They are our children. “What were the ancient people like?,” I ask. “They were dumb,” came the resounding answer. “How ever did we get here,” I wonder out loud? “How many of you guys are going to drive a car when you grow up?” I ask. The hands shot up. “How many of you know how to build a car?” Not one hand. “Are you dumb?” They sit there, wide eyed. “Raccoons aren’t dumb,” I point out. “Dogs aren’t dumb. How did people, living in a very exciting and dangerous world, get dumb? How did they make it this far?” I look at each pair of eyes. “All creatures are smart. All people are smart. It just depends how you look at them.” ‘It just depends on how you look at them,’ I thought. De we need to re-evaluate the story told by the artifacts and offer our children a more generous view? Summer Camp 1998

Bone pins are a very common artifact in Florida. Above and to the right are bone pins which are still being used by modern Mayans as weaving tools. Above: A drawing made from a photograph in the book Living Maya, photographs by Jeffery J. Foxx, Harry N. Abrams, Inc., Publishers, New York. To the right: Bone tool for picking up patterns. These are traditionally decorated with the Quetzal bird, from Spiders’ Games by Phylis Morrison.

Visit the Windover Web Site to learn more www.nbbd.com/gobo/history/windover

A book about the

EXTINCT INDIANS

of western Florida and the

MYSTERIOUS MOUNDS they left behind

“…informative and entertaining…” —Florida Anthropological Society

by I. Mac Perry

“…a glimpse into a world that has been virtually lost to us.” —St. Petersburg Times

“…a comprehensive and handsomely illustrated guide…” —Florida Historical Quarterly

Available from independent booksellers throughout Florida Call us for a free catalog! Great Outdoors Publishing 813-525-6609

HOLIDAY RECEIPES FOR POTPOURRI by Kathleen Meskil

At one point in history, if a home was to have a pleasant fragrance, it was the responsibility of the lassy of the house to create, in her stillroom, a mixture of petals and spices to refresh the air. In the sixteenth century, this was generally done by way of a “rotten pot”, a method of using fresh, partially dried petals, spices, salt, and letting all decompose in a container while constantly replenishing the petals and pouring off the moisture extruded from the mix. These days, we do our mixing in our kitchen or hobby room, and a much easier and neater way is to make a dry-type potpourri, which, in addition to adding a wonderful fragrance to our home, have the added benefit of the beauty of dried flowers, spices, and leaves. The following is a recipe for one of my favorite potpourris, using a fragrance I put together by mixing dilute forms of essential oils of Frankincense and Myrrh, pure Sweet Orange Oil, and a synthetic version of ambergris oil. It contains many naturally scented ingredients, as well as a large quantity of gum resins, and makes for a long lasting potpourri, one which should go several months without needing to “refresh” it with more fragrance oil, which you do by pouring the potpourri into a plastic bag or covered container, adding a bit of fragrance oil, and allowing it a day or two for the oils to become absorbed. Then you can once again display your treasure! GOLD FRANKINCENSE & MYRRH POTPOURRI

3 C Cedar Tips, broken into 3” pieces 1-1/2 C Curly Pods, Gold ( or other gold pod or cone) 3/4 C Pearly Everlasting ( or other smally white flower clusters) 3/4 C Hemlock Cones, or other small cones 1/2 C Angel Wings, Cream 3 Tbls Frankincense Tears 3 Tbls Myrrh Gum Tears Mix these ingredients gently in a covered container or large plastic bag. The place on top: 2 C oak moss, whole, cut into small clumps 1 Tbls Orris Root, cut 1-1/2 drams (3/8 oz.) Fragrance Oil - Gold Frankincence & Myrrh (or other fragrance to your liking) Pour the oil carefully over the moss and orris, being careful to avoid pouring oil directly on any plastic, as fragrance can often pit plastic and add an off odor to your potpourri. Allow this mix to “set-up” 3-4

days, then toss gently to mix, re-seal, and age for 3-4 weeks, tossing gently every day or two to distribute the fragrance. This recipe yields about 8-1/2 cups of richly-fragranced potpourri. As with other Ginger Tree recipes, it can be cut down or increased as needed. You can dry your own Cedar tips by cutting cedar into desired lengths, then laying them flat on a screen out of direct light for a week or two, turning gently every day or so. A fan blowing over the tops of the tips helps even more! They will brown over time, but should stay pretty for 6-8 months if kept out of the light. One nice addition is pine needles - any variety will dry in the same manner as cedar, but sand pine is particularly nice - smells like tangerines! If you use your own harvested oak moss, be sure to place it in a doubled plastic bag, tightly sealed, in your freezer for at least 10 days to get rid of unwanted pests! Following is a quick spice-and-citrus simmering mix we like to simmer in a pot of water on the woodstove in winter, or in the simmer pot any time.

ENCAMPMENT ‘99 23-25 JULY 1999

Vive le passé! Long Live the Past!

For three wonderous days in July 1999, visitors from around the world will gather at the Fortress of Louisbourg. ENCAMPMENT’99 wiss bring together over 1200 living history enthusiasts from across North America. Soldiers, sutlers, musicians, artisans, ladies and gentlemen -- all in 18th C. attire -- will bring unrivalled pagentry to the Fortress of Louisboug. Battlefield re-enactments, music and dance, crafy demonstrations and special ceremonies will mark the 250th anniversary of Frances’s return to Louisburg in 1749. For details contact: Fortress of Louisbourg NHS, Box 160, Louisbourg, Nova Scotia, Canada, BOA 1M0 Phone: (902) 733-2280 Fax: (9023) 733-2362 E-mailanne_marie_coutinho@pch.gc.ca. Website:http//fortress.uccb.ns.ca.

COUNTRY WOODSTOVE SIMMER

Mix together 2 parts Cinnamon Chips or broken Cinnamon Sticks 1 part whole Allspice 1 part Cinnamon Bark ( optional, but adds a wonderful sweet-spicy fragrance!) 1 part Whole Cloves 1 part Dried Lemon Peel shreds 1 part Dried Orange Peel shreds 1/2 part Whole Coriander. Stir to mix, and simmer 1-2 tablespoons in water. Don’t boil dry. You can re-use these spices for several simmers. Also can be used as a “mulling spice” in cider or hot chocolate! Cinnamon Bark is a Ceylon-type soft cinnamon (in fact, true cinnamon - what we use on our toast is Cassia!) with a sweeter scent than regular cinnamon. You can dry your own citrus peel by paring the outer peel of the fruit into thin strips with a sharp knife or vegetable peeler, cutting into desired lengths, and placing on a baking sheet under a heat lamp till dry - usually about 5 days. Again, a fan is a great help! If using a dehydrator, please set on 95-100 degrees to preserve color and fragrance. The very most important part of fragrance crafting is to enjoy yourself! It’s an art - there are few fast and hard rules. Start out in small batches and use good quality ingredients and perhaps you’ll put together the best thing you’ve ever seen!•

CUSTOMIZED HISTORIC TOURS & EVENTS SPECIALIZING IN HERITAGE ITINERARIES

(813) 247-6692 320 E. 8th Ave. Ste. 3 • Ybor City

Parlez vous francais? We’ll if not you will just have to experience the joie de vivre of this event in English. But from reports of past participants this was one of the best re-enactments they had ever attended. The Fortress was rebuilt from the ground up using actual maps of the period and archeological surveys. It is located out on a rocky spit of land separated from the modern town of Louisbourg so that when you go through the gate you will beleive you have actually steppedback in time. For re-enactors it is a magical moment when the tourist have gone and the evening is spent in a genuine 17th-18th Century village. Musicians break out their fiddles, spoons and accordians and feet begin to tap to the old time tunes. If you are a re-enactor interested in attending this event you must pre-register with the fort. We at the Frontier Gazette do not want to miss this event. This is Elizabeth’s native home and she can help you make arrangements. If you are interested in join us please call (727) 321-7845. or E-mail tocobaga@gte.net.

Heritage Village

South Florida Musem

HINTS ON BATHING

p p

Discover Gulfport

“Gateway to the Gulf” in South Pinellas County

GULFPORT HISTORICAL

Just around the corner. Pre-owned paperbacks and more…

SOCIETY

The Bath, is something which we pretty much all take for granted these days in our homes but it was only ahundred years ago that only one in seven U.S. homes has a bathtub; showers were even rarer. It fact in Europe for many generations bathing was considered with much suspect.. By the mid-nineteenth century bathing was regaining support but not without concern. The following article appeared in the 1857 edition of Godey’s Lady Book, which offered fashionable American ladies the latest in European style. “It ought never to be forgotten that everything depends upon the general power of the individual, the state of the system, especially of the skin, at the moment of immersion, and the season of the year. As to the immersion of infants and young children, it is clear that water of a higher temperature than what feels cool to the hand of the nurse should be used, particularly in winter, when the power of regaining a proper degree of heat is necessarily

less. The attempt to harden children by exposure to too great a degree of cold is of the most injurious nature; it either produces acute diseases of the lungs, which are then very sensible to external impressions, or disease of the digestive organs, leading to disease of the mesenteric glands, scrofula, water in the brain, of, if they survive a few years, to early consumption. Delicate and feeble persons of all ages require a higher temperature of the bath, and a shorter stay in it than others. If the reaction does not speedily take place, means must be employed to ensure its so doing, or the use of the cold bath must be abandoned. Though in most cases moderate exercise is advantageous before bathing, unless the person has an opportunity of springing out of bed into the bath he should never think of undressing and going into the water when fatigued, or when the skin is covered with perspiration. It is a good rule to wet the head before taking a plunge. For a person in good health, early in the morning is the best time to bathe.•

PALMETTO BRAIDING & WEAVING

Decide on the size of your project by experimenting with a folded paper to get width and length and shape and width of the lap. Cut and open out the pattern flat. Yardage is determined by multiplying the length of the open pattern by the number of lengths of braid required to cover the surface of the pattern, allowing, of course,

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on Beach Blvd.

EVERY 1ST FRIDAY GALLERY WALK 6:00 pm - 9:30 pm

Passages into yesterday - Gateway to the future. For More Information Call

BACKFIN (bak’fin) n.1. the elusive jumbo lump of crabmeat found behind the rea swimfin of the blue crab and in our crabcakes.

SEWING

Choose a heavy duty cotton thread in the same shade as your project. If the sewing is done by hand, the thread should be doubled and waxed. Pin two lengths of braid together, lapping the edges 1/4 inch or less, placing pins at intervals of two inches or less and at a right angle to the edges of braid. Try to insert the pins between the strands of palmetto which make up the braids, in order to avoid damage. Fasten the end of the thread securely and slip the point of the needle between the strands on the edge of the upper length of braid, down into and through the edge of the lower length of braid. Take a stitch and come back to the top, through both braids, bringing the point of the needle through between strands. Insert the needle back See page 12 …Braids

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A carry-all bag made from palm fronds. for the minimum lap of edges. FASTENING ENDS AND CUTTING LENGTHS OF BRAID Measure off a length of braid, allowing a half inch at each end for seaming. Stitch across the braid and back or sew across the braid with short back stitches to fasten the ends securely. Repeat stitching or sewing about one half inch beyond the first stitching. Cut midway between the stitching. This fastens the ends securely and prevents them from raveling. The entire yardage may be sewed for cutting in this manner. Be sure all braid edges are trimmed the same way. to make it easier to determine the right and wrong sides.

321-7741

Menu Features: Fillet Mignon Oscar with Asparagus & Bernaise Sauce Proscuitto spinach with Fontina Cheese & Linguine with Portobello Mushroom Marinara

HOURS M-TH 11am to 9pm Fri & Sat. 11am to 11pm

THE SEWING OF BRAIDS

PURSE OR UNDERARM BAG

(727) 347-8732 Fax 347-8732*57 E-mail JanBookLady@webtv.net

Hours 10:30 - 5:30 Tues. - Sat.

HOURS (Closed Tuesdays) Mon - Sat 11AM - 10 PM Sun. 11 AM - 9 PM

Continued from last issue of FG

NOTE: Always moisten braid. Never try to work dry braid. Take care not to have too wet. Best plan; wet it lightly, then wrap in a heavy towel or cloth for several hours before working. Know-how in sewing together braids is acquired by practice. Make enough yardage of the basic braids to provide practice both for braiding and for sewing. Stitching can be done by machine, lapping the edges of the braid and using a long stitch, or by hand, using invisible stitching at least on the right side through lapped edges of slightly moistened braid. Lacing or running a soft, strong twine, tape, is another way to fasten braids together securely. Run the lacer through every other check in alternate edges of the braids to be fastened together. Pulled taut, the lacer does not show. Plain-edge braids may be lapped with one edge over the other either from the right or left. A band is placed in the middle of the pattern and the lapping made to follow its edge, to the right on one side and to the left on the other. Alternate bands may be lapped over alternate underbands. This is a particularly good method for fishtail braids, for braids with fancy edges, and for narrow underbands which may join together bands of another size either of braid width or strand width. For beginners a flat project such as an envelope purse or a book cover is the easiest method.

Museum Hours Monday - Friday 2:00 - 4:00 Saturday 10- 12

Traditional Hand Prepared Cuban Favorites Including: Chicken Picata • Picadillo-Palomilla Steak • Roast Pork Chicken & Yellow Rice • Cuban Sandwiches • Shrimp Ajillo Shrimp Boracho • Grilled and Fried Fish • Black Beans and Rice Salads And Many Freshly Prepared Desserts

All Entrees Include White Rice, Black Beans, Plantains & Cuban Bread

Catering/Private Parties Beer/Wine/ Sangria/Liquor Se Habla Espanol Totally Smoke free inside Upstairs Dining in our locally sponsored Art Gallery

TRANSPORTATION NEEDED? WE WILL TRANSPORT YOU TO THE MALL, DOCTORS, SHOPPING, AIRPORTS, ST. PETERSBURG, CLEARWATER, SPORTING EVENTS, OR JUST ABOUT ANYWHERE ELSE YOU NEED TO GO!

RENT-A-RIDE

of Pinellas County, Inc.

(727) 341-2117

www.rentahand.com 1135 Pasadena Ave. S., #160 • South Pasadena, FL 33707

Braids…Continued from page 11 between the same strands and slip it along in the folded edge of the upper braid for a stitch and back through both edges to the underside. This method gives a firmly stitched seam with invisible outer stitches and a long, firm understitch. As most of the products fashioned of braids are lined, the long understitches do not show. Get into the habit of pulling the thread tight. This gives a firm fabric and greatly improves the appearance of the finished product. MACHINE STITCHING Lap and pin lengths of braid together as for hand sewing. Adjust the stitch to about 1/8 inch and loosen tension slightly. Stitch close to top edge. Should pinning not hold edges true, baste before stitching. In both hand sewing and machine stitching, measure frequently by the pattern

12 to hold a true straight edge and full size. When the braid covers the pattern, press it under a slightly damp cloth with a mild iron. Trim to square up ends if necessary. LINING Cut the lining, which should be of a closely woven, fairly heavy, cotton material with seams on all edges. Fold in the side edges to fit the purse, and baste. Sew the right sides of purse and lining together at the inner top edge of the purse, fastening ends securely. Turn lining and purse-end seam inside. Baste and press with a mild iron. Pull the end of the lining, and baste it to the edge of the flat, making it a scant 3/8 inch shorter than the braid fabric. This will give a snug-fitting lining. Blind-stitch the side edges of the lining to the sides of the purse.•

October 17-18 1998

CRAFTART ‘98 FESTIVAL Historic Plant Park, Tampa

Celebrating the quality and diversity of fine crafts produced by 125 artist. Wood, fiber, metal, paper, glass and mixed media.

(and all her friends)

“A Unique Gift Boutique”

Contemporary craft art 501 Central downtowm St. Pete Mon-Sat 10-5 821-73921

Country • Victorian Southwest Gifts Florals • Dolls Jewelry • Ceramics 220 1st Avenue No. St. Petersburg. FL 33701 (727) 821-4184

STELLAR SATURDAY NIGHTS! ✩✩✩

7701 22nd Ave N., St. Petersburg (727) 384-0027

Halloween Fun Night!

October 31, 6 - 9PM Free storytelling and free treats. Also, Hallow’s Eve Sky Show ($1) Halloween Laser Show ($2)

Dali Museum

October 24, 8 - 11PM Free telescope veiwing of Jupiter in Opposition Also, KIDS’ LASER SHOW at 8 PM (2$) “DARK SIDE OF THE MOON” Laser Show at 9PM ($4) November 21, 7 - 10PM Free telescope viewing & Laser shows December 12, 7 - 10PM Also HOLIDAY LASER SHOW ($2)

BOOK REVIEWS Odet Philippe:

Peninsular Pioneer by J. Allison DeFoor II Safety Harbor Museum of Regional History Pub., 1997 ISBN 0-965395-0-2

DeFoor’s biography investigates the mystery that surrounds this enigmatic character of one of Tampa Bay’s early settlers. A tomb stone at Philippe Park in Safety Harbor is inscribed as Dr. Odet Philippi born Lyons, France 1785-1869, Head sur‑ geon in Napoleon’s army. DeFoor claims “inaccuracies of date, status, even his last name is misspelled, this gravestone reflects the myth of Odet Phillips as it developed in Tampa Bay in the first half of the twentieth century. DeFoor explores archives, court records and early writers about Florida to trace Phillipe’s origins and follows his trail from Charleston, S.C. to New River and Key West until he appears in Ft. Brooke (Tampa) in 1837. This book gives you a wild and woolly insight into what Florida was like during its territorial days, when soldiers were wresting the land from the Seminoles and free black settlers to turn over to questionable opportunist like Phillipe. Nevertheless, Phillipe did acquire substantial land holdings by 1842 which he had placed in a trust. It listed him as having… “four houses (including one which was his actual dwelling at Ft. Brook), numerous slaves, cattle, hogs, and hunting dogs, as well as a wagon and his and his plantation at St. Helena [Safety Harbor]. According to the document, he also operated a billiard hall, ten-pin alley and oyster shop. Phillipe also engaged in cigar-making.” The book is a good reference for those wanting to learn more about the activities of settlers during Florida’s formative years.

“Come to My Sunland”

Letters of Julia Daniels Mosely from the Florida Frontier1882-1886 Edited by Julia Winifred Mosely & Betty Powers Crislip

University Press of Florida, 1998 ISBN 0-8130-1605-3

This collection of letters written by a woman who moved to Florida in the 1880s reveals the struggle that frontier women faced. Cultured, refined Julia Daniels Mosely learned to adjust to the austere and isolated existence of backwoods Florida. She turned her “neglected corner in the Garden of Eden”, near present day Brandon, into a refuge from the wilderness. Mosely came to love Florida’s exotic environs, where she, “could look up fifty feet and see air plants growing on the branches of great oaks and hundreds of ferns nodding… in the sunlight and gray moss moving through the trees like mist.” Mosely steps beyond the despair that many people feel when faced with survival in a hostile place and uses her artistic flair to design and decorate her home,The Nest. “Our table is always lovely with its white linen and quaint old china, so delicate and lovely, and never without flowers. This morning it was water lilies and their pure white petals and melting

hearts of gold made the table entrancing. There is one pale blue flower that fades in the noonday sun that we often have at breakfast. Its leaf is a mere film in texture but nothing could be prettier.” Through Julia’s eyes you meet Cracker settlers, cattle runners and opportunist. Her doctor is a flamboyant Russian expatriate. Her husband is a design engineer for the Elgin watch company. Her attitude toward child-care is both fun and indulgent. She creates imaginary ogres who force her to complete household drudgery on time, or its “off with her head.” Her letters to her husband and friend, Eliza Slade capture her reverence for this place she has come to call home. “ The air is like paradise—so soft— so sweet—so satisfying. Out in the sun it is hot but in the shade with a breeze it is always pleasant. And above you hangs a sky or such heavenly blue. The nights are beyond words. Often a midnight the sky is a clear, deep blue and the moon is in full splendor. The stars look yellow on a blue dome. White clouds float lazily over our heads and often the mocking birds waken and pour forth some glad songs. You lie still and listen. The loveliness of the night seems to have hushed the world. The woods are full of birds. No bird in a cage ever sang as they do.” Today in parks away from urban life you may experience some of the Florida that Julia Daniels Mosely described. You have only to “lie still and listen.”

FLORIDA’S INDIANS from Ancient Tines to the Present by Jerald T. Milanich, University Press of Florida, ISBN 0-8130-1599-5 Florida’s Indians from Ancient Times to Present is written for the well read enthusiast. In the book’s beginning, Milanich develops a feel for the excitement of field reasearch and discovery. “What makes an avocational archaeologist? By day, Mary, a native of Florida, is a radiation therapist and CPR instructor in Gainesville and a student majoring in anthropology at Santa Fe Community college. But during weekends, vacations, and evenings she does all those things archaeologists do: reads professional journals, participates in field investigations, co-manages the field office, works to raise funding for research, and undertakes public education initiatives. Most recently she has written articles for the Aucilla River Times, the Florida Museum of Natural History’s Aucilla River Prehistory Project (ARPP) newsletter, on “Understanding Radiocarbon Dating” and “Water Moccasins and the ARPR “ The latter recounts close encounters experienced by ARPP personnel and what to do if bitten. About her participation in the project, Mary writes: ‘Why do I return season after season, spending my vacations freezing in October or fighting off swarms of bugs in May? Many of my friends say this is a sickness‑digging through dirt and river sludge looking for some old bones and artifacts, living in “primitive” camping conditions out in the middle of nowhere, keeping company with a bunch of scuba divers and science Continued…page 13

Florida Indians from page 12 cowboys. Hopelessly afflicted with the same sickness, we all . . rise before the dawn, shiver and shudder as we step into those cold wet suits, and work hard until dusk, exhausted and starving. At the Aucilla, like the Eagles’ “Hotel California,” “You can check out any time you like, but you can never leave.” … As we toil together in search of man and mastodon… we share more than a common interest in an exciting scientific expedition. We share enthusiasm, dedication, and the intensity for a great quest.... The interaction of various professional scientists, avocational volunteers, students, and financial and political supporters all have their place of importance in the success of this project. …Newcomers as well as veterans are actively involved in teaching and learning… This initiates motivation and interaction and… promotes much enthusiasm and gratification. (Aucilla River Times 9 [1996] p. 15)” Florida’s Indians then turns toward the evidence of our first people. For me the book shifted into real enthusiasm with the descriptions of the northern cultures, particularly the farmers. We are use to change, many modern people demand it, but change before the industrial revolution came very slowly. The coming of the first people is a guestimate based on very limited evidence. Cultural change spanned many thousands of years. Archaeology offers rather broad glimpses. Processes are often left sketchy. Florida’s Indians wets our curiosity and stimulates thought. “First, however, it is worth examining some of the other agricultural cultures of northern Florida to see why they, like their St. Johns neighbors, never became intensive agriculturists as the Fort Walton people did. The earliest farmers in Florida probably were not Florida Indians at all. At about A.D. 6oo, a new group of Indians began to move into north‑central Florida, the region where wetlands were home to the Cades Pond Weeden Island culture. These new Indians, who have been given the name Alachua culture because most of their villages have been found in that county, apparently were people from the river valleys of southern Georgia, most Likely people of the Ocmulgee culture who lived along the river of the same name. Ocmulgee pottery is similar to that of the early Alachua people, and it is thought that Georgia Indians migrated southward down the valleys leading to the Suwannee River and then into north‑central Florida. Because north Florida was home to the McKeithen Weeden Island culture, the Ocmulgee people bypassed that region, opting instead to settle west of the Suwannee River in Levy County and to the east in Alachua County Lands suitable for agriculture were available especially in Alachua County because the Cades Pond people were not using these lands—as we saw, their villages were clustered around the extensive wetlands from Paynes Prairie east into neighboring counties. Alachua villages, on the other hand, were founded in the oak‑magnolia hardwood forests that characterize the Middle Florida Hammock Belt, a zone of many sources of water and loamy, fertile soils excellent for agriculture north‑south through Alachua County and into Suwannnee, Columbia, and Hamilton Counties. Were the Alachua people corn growers when they entered Florida? This is uncertain, but the places they selected for their villages would seem to, suggest that they were. And within several hundred years it was common for Alachua potters to roughen the sur-

faces of their ceramic bowls with dried corn cobs before firing the ware. When the first Europeans invaded Alachua lands in the sixteenth century, they found the Potano Indians living there, farmers whose ancestors were those Georgia Indians who had moved into the area nearly a millennium earlier. The Potano were one of the many Timucuan Indian groups who lived across northern Florida east of the Aucilla River, including, as we saw, in the northern portion of the St. Johns region. Not only do Alachua site locations contrast sharply with those of the Cades Pond culture; Alachua artifacts and even the array of animals the people ate are different. With agricultural produce providing a portion I of their diet) the Alachua people relied less on wetland animals for food, although they did fish and hunt, tipping their arrows with distinctive, small stone points. With agricultural success came larger populations and the need to found new villages. As the number of villages grew the amount of territory expanded, and Alachua people filled the region, from the Santa Fe River in the north southward to Belleview in Marion County, the southern extent of the most fertile portion of the Hammock Belt. Expansion to the cast also took place, and there must have been conflicts between the Alachua and the Cades Pond people. Soon after the earlier Alachua villages were founded, the Cades Pond culture disappeared, perhaps a casualty of the agricultural revolution. Budding off of new Alachua villages resulted in site clustering. Archaeological surveys have identified a number of such clusters, each of which probably retained its own political identity. A series of forest trails connected the clusters; some of these trails are still used today, as paved roads. Site clusters were once found west of Orange Lake, north of Levy Lake, on the north‑central side of Paynes Prairie on the northwest side of Paynes Prairie, west of Newnans Lake, near the town of Rochelle, near Moon Lake in west Gainesville, near the Devil’s Millhopper, near the town of Alachua and in the Robinson Sinks locality in northwest Alachua County. The distribution of these clusters correlates with the fertile soils of the Hammock Belt. Each of these site clusters was a small chiefdom, similar to those of the Mississippian societies but not exhibiting the full range of traits that characterized those societies. just as was true of the St. Johns chiefdoms Alachua populations were much smaller and their relative agricultural…”

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CURSE OF THE BLACK LEGEND: THE EXPLORATIONS OF NARVAÉZ AND DESOTO Opening November 6 After plundering the Incas, Spanish conquistadors journeyed to La Florida and encountered the native people. Both civilizations would be changed by this collision of cultures. Encount Florida’s lost civilization in story and artifacts at the

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all ages, Noon - 2 pm at the Pier Aquarium, second floor. 7TH & 24TH BAY IN A BUCKET - fun for all ages. Colect and examine the seawater of Tampa Bay. Learn how to test for salinity and pH Also get a microscopic view of all the itsy-bitsy critters of Tampa Bay. 11 am to 2 pm at Spa Beacy & the Pier Aquarium Education Station. 14TH SURFING THE SOUD WAVES - Come feel the waves and see the ocean. Experience what sound looks, feels and sounds like both in air and in water 11 am to 2 pm at the Pier Aquarium, 2nd floor. 21TH UNDERWATER ARCHAEOLOGY - Join the Pier Aquarium and the St Petersburg Museum of History for an afernoon of funand ed afternoon of fun and educational activities 11 am to 2 pm at Spa Beach and the Education Station. 800 Second Avenue Northeast, St Petersburg,

For anyone looking for a good survey of the Native Peoples of Florida this is an excellent overview. The only improvement would have been the inclusion of an index. FLORIDA INDIANS AND THE INVASION from EUROPE

by Jerald T. Milanich, University Press of Florida, 1995 ISBN0-8130-1360-7 A very good introductory read aimed at general readers. This is the story of the native people of Florida and the impact which the European invasion had on them. Florida Indians and the Invasion From Europe, targets a wide sweep of events. page The book with field archaeoloSee 15…begins Review

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A well bred lady of the mid 19th Century would not think of being seen without her cap for it was a sign of modesty and status. By the late 1859’s day caps had been reduced in size. By 1866 dress caps as those shown below gained popularity but their days were numbered.. By the 1880s only elderly ladies wore caps. Bonnets were another form of head gear made popular in the 19th C. By midcentury bonnets framed the face and were trimmed with artificial flowers, lace and ribbons. There were bonnets and caps for all occasions as displayed in Godey’s Ladies Magazine. Fig. 1 was designed to be worn at breakfast or as an invalid’s cap. It is made of gathered French muslin and trimmed with a double frill of lace in front. Ribbons and laceare looped at the ear. The ties are also of ribbon. Delicate rose, blue or lavender were popular colors.

A middle-aged lady might wear a tulle dress cap, Fig. 2., decorated with loops of rich ribbon, crape leaves and a cluster of full blown blush roses. Under the caption “Bonnets, etc. in New York” a correspondent for the Boston Tran‑ script describes the fashions of the period. “ Within the past week an invoice of bonnets has arrived from Paris and on Sunday the congregations of the fashionable churches looked like beds of lilies and roses. The latest style is really very beautiful, or as the ladies say ‘sweet.’ The one that I have been most pleased with is a perfect flower. the material is white figured muslin, delicately trimmed with ribbons and roses, in form like the cup of a morning florie. If the humming birds and honeybees don’t light upon it on Broadway, I shall think they show a great want of taste.”

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Each generation, it seems, wants to redress,the passing of the fashions of their youth. Florence Fashionhunter writes in Reminiscences of Bonnets -No. VII., Godey’s Ladies Book 1857.“In my days bonnets were bonnets, and not little dress-caps, ous quivering situation, in a pinned very precarito the twist of the hair. They are not pinned? Oh, you needn’t tell me! There is nothing but pinning that can induce them to remain in place. When I was a girl, things were different; then the bonnets rested on a secure foundation. Fashion? Well, suppose little bonnets are the fashion; is that any reason why a large red face, round as a full moon, should be set out’ by a tiny gauze bonnet about the proper size for Titania. Oh, don’t talk to me! If you really want to see what I think is a respectable proper bonnet for a lady, hand me the yellow bandbox at the end of my closet-shelf. There that bonnet was made from the highest fashionable authority, Godey’s Lady’s Book for January, 1834•

The two bonnets below were height Parisian fashionable in the 1850’s. Like today Paris, was the fashionable center of Europe and every American lady tried her best to be fashionable.

Are universally acknowledged, by all ladies throughout the length and breadth of the land, to be the most perfect and agreeable EVER INVENTED. They are not EQUALLED for for Elegance, Lightness, Durability, Comfort, and Economy. They will not BEND or BREAK like the Single Spring Skirts,but will PRESERVE their PERFECT and BEAUTIFUL SHAPE more than twice as long as and Single Spring Skirt that EVER HAS OR CAN BE MADE. This invention consists of DUPLEX (or two) ELLIPTIC STEEL SPRINGS, ingenueously BRAIDED TIGHTLY together, EDGE TO EDGE, making the TOUGHEST and most FLEXIBLE, ELASTIC, and DURABLE SPRING ever used. The WONDERFUL FLEXIBILITY and great COMFORT and PLEASURE to any lady wearing the DUPLEX ELLIPTIC SKIRT will be experienced particularly in all crowded Assemblies, Operas, Carriages, Railroad Cars, Church Pews, Arm Chairs, for Promenade and House Dress, as the SKIRT can be Folded, when in used, to occupy a small space as easily as a Silk or Muslin Dress. For Children, Misses, and Young Ladies, they are superior to all others. They are unquestionably the LIGHTEST, most, DESIRABLE, COMFORTABLE, AND ECONOMICAL SKIRT ever made.

For Sale in all first-class Stores where FIRST-CLASS SKIRTS are sold, throughout the United States and elsewhere. AT WHOLESALE by the sole owners of Patent and exclusive Manufacturers.

WESTS, BRADLEY, & CARY,

Warehouse and Office, 97 Chambers and 79 & 81 Reade Streets, New York. This advertisement in The Atlantic Monthly, Nov. 1866, was typical of the mid-1800’s sales pitches. Fashions were anything but comfortable and anything that would help them maneuver these cumbersome gowns must have been welcome.•

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Review…from page 13 gies window on the past and moves into a description of their perspective of Florida’s ancient people. Milanich covers the development of our recent notion of invasion.

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There are three points of view. One is that of the Spaniards. A sisteenth-century learned Spaniard would probably argue that exploration and colonization of Florida was certainly not an invasion, a hostile ingress, a frontier violation, or even an assailment. The entradas of Juan Ponce de Leon, Panfilo de Narvaez, Hernando de Soto, and Pedro Menendez de Aviles were military and settlement initiatives duly sanctioned in writing by their respective sovereigns. They also were legal under international law. As part of the treaty of tordesillas between Spain and Portugal, negotiated by Pope Alexander VI in 1493 and finalized in 1494, Spain was given the right… The second point of view is that of the native people of Florida, but they are at a distinct disadvantage in this argument because the written accounts of the time were penned by Spaniards and Frenchmen, not by American Indians. We do not have firsthand documents reflecting the native point of view. However, some contemporary observers did record what are said to be translations of native speeches or interpretations. Whether totally accurate or not, such records do provide insight into how the Spaniards thought the native people perceived them. One such secondhand oration, directed at the de Soto expedition by a native chief who had witnessed or heard about the depredations of the Narvaez expedition was recounted by a chronicler of the expedition “I have long since learned who you castilians are. . . through others of you who came years ago to my land; and I already know very well what your customs and behavior are like. To me you are processional vagabonds who wander from place to place gaining your livelihood by robbing, sacking and murdering people who give you no offense. “ We can also try to reconstruct the native view by examining the behavior of the Florida Indians toward the de Soto expedition. The continued occurrence of skirmishes and attack, against that army leads… The third view is that of the scholar, supposedly dispassionate and aloof from politics and representing truth and science. But in reality cholars are also products of their time, reflections of their own learning and their interaction with the world around them..

Getting into the descriptions of the expeditions, Jerald Milaniche’s style flows easily and maintains interest. Once finished, Florida Indians and the Invasion from Europe, will hold a place on your book shelf as an important reference.

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F3/4RUIT CAKE lb. raw salt pork fat chopped very fine.

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DRESSING A MBROSIA 6 apples

6 oranges 1 fresh chopped pineapple 1 cup shredded coconut 1 cup pecans 1 cup raisins Crisp lettuce leaves Peel, core and remove seeds from apples and oranges. Cut fruit into small chunks. Mix all ingredients well, pour on wine dressing and chill. Arrange over lettuce leaves. Serves 8-10

WINE DRESSING

Mix 1 cup sugar 2/3 cup sherry, and 4 T. Madeira.

GLAZED BABY CARROTS

2 lb.. carrots 1 tsp. salt. 3 T. butter 3 T. prepared mustard 1/4 cup brown sugar 1/4 chopped parsley Cook carrots till tender. Drain. Cook remaining ingredients in a small saucepan until syrup. Pour over the carrots and garnish chopped parsley. Serves 8-10.

SWEET POTATO PUDDING

3 grated sweet potatoes 1 large can evaporated milk 2 beaten eggs

1 tsp. vanilla Sugar and salt to taste. 2 T. corn meal Sprinkle in a little nutmeg and dot with butter on top. Bake at 350° for 1 hour.

BAKED COCONUT PUDDING Beat three eggs and 1/2 cup of sugar

until light Add 1 cup milk, 1 tsp. vanilla and 2 cups chopped coconut. Stir until mixed. Bake in a 350° oven for 30 minutes. Serve hot or cold with whipped cream. Place a maraschino cherry on top for color.

PERSIMMON PUDDING

1-1/2 c. persimmon pulp 1-1/2 cups sugar 1-1/2 cups buttermilk 1-1/4 cups flour 1/2 T. butter Rub persimmons through a colander. Then stir all ingredients together. Grease baking pan with butter. Bake at about 350°. When a knife blade comes out of the pudding clean, it is done.

5 T. milk. Boil 4 minutes, stir until cold.

Add 1 pint of boiling water, 1 cup sugar 2 cups molasses 2 teaspoons cloves 1 teaspoon cinnamon 1 teaspoon nutmeg 2 teaspoon of baking powder 1-1/2 lb. of raisins Add citron and currants if liked, Add enough flour to make a stiff batter Bake very slowly for 1 hour or longer if necessary. Be careful not to burn. This will make three loaves and will keep well.

G INGER BREAD MEN 2 cups molasses

1 cup lard 1 T. ginger 1 T. baking powder dissolved with a drop of water Add flour to roll out. Roll very thin on floured board. Cut with cookie cutters and place on baking sheet. Add raisins for eyes and a walnut or pecan half for the mouth. Put into 350o oven until brown.

Christmas Eve at Pine Hill Plantation - 1850’s

On Southern plantations during the years preceding the Civil War, the great chefs and kitchen help were slaves. Never the less, the sumptuous banquets that they prepared were some of the best cooking to be had. You can almost smell the mouth watering aromas wafting from the kitchen in this passage from Negro of the Old South written by Susan Bradford Eppes of Tallahassee. “Christmas Eve was a time of great excitement; for weeks preparations had been going on; great loaves of fruitcake had been made and iced. The cake boxes were filled with little heart shaped cakes, jumbles, sweet wafers, and such like dainties; large cakes of various kinds sat most temptingly on the pantry shelves, but on Christmas Eve the finishing touches were given. Early in the morning the big fat turkeys were dressed, jelly was made, apple compote showed up golden brown in cut-glass bowls, cranberries glowed like rubies in the tall glasses, coconut puddings, mince pies, lemon tarts, etc. took up the space left by the cakes on the shelves; and we children, watching the good work go on, knew that on the morrow pickle and preserve jars would yield up their treasures, syllabub and salad would be added, with stands of fruit and a great bowl of eggnog to finish up the day.”

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