The Challenges of Future to the Social Sciences—Conference Program

THE CHALLENGES OF FUTURE TO THE SOCIAL SCIENCES INTERNATIONAL PHD CONFERENCE 25 September 2018, 9:00-18:00

Eötvös Loránd University, Faculty of Social Sciences, 1/A Pázmány Péter sétány, Budapest, H-1117 The conference is organized by the Doctoral School of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences and the Doctoral School of Political Science, Faculty of Law, Eötvös Loránd University (Budapest, Hungary).

The Children & Youth section is organized together with the Children and Youth Capabilities Thematic Group of the Human Development and Capability Association.

The event is funded by the EU-funded Hungarian grant EFOP-3.6.3.-VEKOP-16-2017-00007.

European Social Fund INVESTING IN YOUR FUTURE

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SECTION 1: ECONOMY

PROGRAM 9:00-11:30

Chair: Carmelo Pierpaolo Parello, Department of Economics and Law, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy

LECTURES IN PARALLEL SECTIONS

SECTION 1: ECONOMY (Faculty Board Room, Room Nr 0.100C)

SECTION 2: CHILDREN & YOUTH (Teachers’ Club’, Room Nr 2.139)

SECTION 3: POLITICAL SCIENCE (Room Nr 4.51) CHAIR: MÁTÉ SZABÓ

CHAIR: CARMELO PIERPAOLO PARELLO

CHAIR: RAFFAELE CIULA

1. Farming in a risk economy: the everyday life of the agrarian society in rural India SECTION 4: IDENTITIESMEMORIES (check the Room Nr online) CHAIR: GYÖRGY CSEPELI

11.30-12.00 COFFEE BREAK (FACULTY BOARD ROOM, ROOM NR 0.100C) 12.00-13.00 KEYNOTE SPEECH: FROM STATE SOCIALISM TO POST-COMMUNIST CAPITALISM: CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES BY IVÁN SZELÉNYI, PROFESSOR EMERITUS OF SOCIOLOGY, YALE UNIVERSITY, USA (FACULTY BOARD ROOM, ROOM NR 0.100C) IVÁN SZELÉNYI WILL PRESENT HIS FOREWORD TO A NEW VOLUME OF HIS SELECTED ESSAYS FROM THE LAST 50 YEARS. “HOW MUCH COHERENCE CAN ONE EXPECT FROM THE WORKS OF A SOCIAL SCIENTIST IN THIS FAST CHANGING WORLD? IS THERE ANY COHERENCE TO THESE 14 PAPERS? I HAVE TO LEAVE THE JUDGEMENT TO THE READERS, BUT MY BEST SELF-DEFENSE IS THAT IN ALL OF THESE PAPERS AND IN ALL OF MY WORK I HAD A COMMITMENT TO CRITICAL SOCIAL SCIENCE. 13:00-14:00 BUFFET LUNCH (FACULTY BOARD ROOM, ROOM NR 0.100C) 14.00-15.00 KEYNOTE SPEECH: EXPLAINING THE GENDER GAP IN EMPLOYMENT IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE BY ÉVA FODOR, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF GENDER STUDIES AND PRO-RECTOR FOR SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES, CENTRAL EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY, BUDAPEST HUNGARY (FACULTY BOARD ROOM, ROOM NR 0.100C) MEN’S ADVANTAGE IN EMPLOYMENT VARIES ACROSS COUNTRIES, IN SOME SOCIETIES THERE IS LITTLE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE RATE OF MEN’S AND WOMEN’S EMPLOYMENT, IN OTHERS, QUITE A LARGE GAP EXISTS. WHAT MAKES CERTAIN COUNTRIES MORE GENDER EQUAL IN THIS VITALLY IMPORTANT DIMENSION? I EVALUATE THE IMPACT OF DIFFERENT DIMENSIONS OF NEO-LIBERALLY MINDED “ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT” ON GENDER INEQUALITY AS WELL AS THE POTENTIAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE LABOR MARKET, OF SOCIAL POLICY PROVISIONS AND CULTURAL TRADITIONS.

Shibsankar Jena, PhD student, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India; Assistant Professor in Sociology at Dr. Harisingh Gour University, Madhya Pradesh, India The super-ego personality of traditional moral economy has been colonized by the ‘id’ personality of market economy under the slogan of modernization and development. The unbounded exploitation of natural resources and the anxiety for the market based consumerism behavior in the name of progressive civilization has produced the condition of risk society in which poverty and inequality are now counted within the serious challenges and threats of climate change. In this sense, the local economic behavior in contemporary society is overburdened not only by the struggle for production, but also by the need to mitigate the several risks for production.

On this background, this working paper is trying to explore the various risk factors, conditions and situations that persist within the rural agrarian society of contemporary time. Here, ‘risk economy’ is conceptualized as various risks produced through the crisis of traditional socially-based economic behavior, not only as a challenge to the present condition but also towards the future-based aspirant needs. In this sense, ‘risk economy’ refers to a situation consisting sociological, psychological and economic aspects of everyday life.

In order to understand the existing nature of ‘risk economy’ in various scenes of micro-level socio-economic everyday life of contemporary society, this paper is based on twenty case studies including both small and big farming households. The collection of data follows the qualitative techniques such as informal interviews, discussions and collection of local narratives. The exploration of the various risk factors within the rural agrarian economy will help us to understand the changing local economic behavior where risk management for production plays a dominant role in the process of production.

Key Words: moral economy and capitalism, personality and economic behavior, risk society and risk economy, climate change and development discourse

2. Institutional, social and personal conditions for the appearance of agricultural innovations in Covasna County Tünde Judit Kovács, PhD student, Human Sciences Doctorate Course, Sociology and Social Politics Programme, University of Debrecen, Hungary

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We can worthy say that the 21st century the century of innovations. New technologies and developments are emerging everyday in every one of the existing sectors and agriculture is no exception.

There are significant differences between the countries of the European Union regarding innovations in agriculture. In my research, I examine the institutional, social and personal conditions of the emergence of innovative agricultural practices in Covasna County, which is located in the central region of Romania.

The new agricultural practices that I have studied are innovative in the terms of the region. Over the past two decades in the Covasna Counties agriculture started to emerge activities that go beyond the existing practice of agriculture. In the county we can distinguish three types of agricultural activity forms. The self-sustaining family farming model involves a small-scale agricultural activity. In the course of the household farming food is produced and consumed by the family and only the surplus is sold, but the sale is unpredictable and is left to chance.

The other model is the farm-based, ten-acre farm management, characterized by high mechanical engineering and organized sales in large batches. Leaders of the farms mentioned as “big farmer” in the countryside cultivates local traditional crops such as wheat, maize (corn), rape or potatoes.

From the point of view of livestock farming, a large number of indigenous cow and sheep varieties characterize this form of farming.

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15.00- 15.15 15.15- 18.00

BREAK LECTURES IN PARALLEL SECTIONS

SECTION 5: SOCIAL JUSTICE (Faculty Board Room, Room Nr 0.100C)

SECTION 6: METHODOLOGY (‘Teachers’ Club’, Room Nr 2.139)

CHAIR: ANTAL ÖRKÉNY

CHAIR: ANDREW HINDE

SECTION 7: POLICIES (Room Nr 4.51) CHAIR: KRISZTINA ARATÓ

SECTION 8: GENDER (check the Room Nr online) CHAIR: ÁGNES KÖVÉR-VAN TIL

The third type of farming is made up by the innovative practices. These farms appear spot-like, randomly in the area and grow crops or breed different species that were not typical of the region so far.

Cultivation of plants such as lavender, osier, sandthorn, in the case of livestock farming, species bred abroad or typical for other regions, such as chinchillas, dwarf rabbit, and gray cattle, have begun to emerge in settlements.

My experience regarding interviews shows that there are limitations on the spread of innovations, especially in terms of social inclusion. I examine the possibilities of introducing novel farming practices through interviews and case studies, and I would like to know if these farmers can move from the group of innovators to the early adopters group based on Rogers’ innovation theory.

Key Words: agriculture, innovation, young farmers, agricultural innovators

3. Critical success factors influencing the adoption of e-commerce among SMEs in developing countries: evidence from Ghana Frederick Pobee, PhD student, Faculty of Business and Economics, University of Pécs, Hungary Companies and organizations have to attract and retain customers so that they can survive. Electronic commerce (e-commerce) is regarded as an appropriate strategy for marketing, selling and integrating online services which can play a significant role in identifying, obtaining and maintaining customers. E-commerce optimizes and enhances the relationship and communications between the organization, producers, distributors and customers. However, it should be noted that success in e-commerce depends upon determining effective factors in e-commerce. The aim of this study is to investigate those factors that influence SMEs in developing countries in adopting e-commerce. This study is motivated by the fact that the adoption of e-commerce by SMEs, especially in developing countries, is still very far behind the adoption by large companies. Yet to be able to survive in the new economic era, which is the information era; businesses, including SMEs, are forced to adopt e-commerce. Non-adopters will be left behind by the adopters. In addition, studies regarding e-commerce adoption by SMEs are rarely found. Therefore, the results of this study provide a timely understanding of e-commerce adoption by SMEs in developing countries. The model adopted for this study is the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (ATAUT). The variables in this model are; performance expectancy (PE); effort expectancy (EE); social influence (SI); facilitating conditions (FC); behavioral intention (BI) and actual use behavior. The criterion variable here is actual use behavior.

Based on a purposive sampling survey of 204 Ghanaian SMEs, it was found that performance expectancy (PE), effort expectancy (EE), social influence (SI) and facilitating conditions (FC) are the critical factors influencing the adoption of e-commerce by Ghanaian SMEs. This study may have a managerial implication as organisations that are technologically oriented can adopt the critical success factors at the strategic level to draw policies to facilitate the adoption of e-commerce.

Key Words: E-commerce, performance expectancy, behavioral intention, social influence, facilitating conditions

4. Are there multiple pathways to corruption? A qualitative comparative analysis of corruption in Central Eastern Europe Prince Aian G. Villanueva, PhD student, Doctoral School of Political Science, Corvinus University of Budapest, Hungary Does civil society (CS) matter in the control of corruption among states? What explains the success or failure, or strength or weakness of civil society as an anticorruption actor in Central Eastern European (CEE) states? Are there causal configurations or “recipes” for control of corruption in the region?

These are the questions the paper ventures into.

The countries in the region are a paradigmatic case for the current study. While democratization has spread across CEE after the fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of the Soviet Union, challenges to democratic consolidation or improvement of the quality of democracy remain. Democratic holdouts -4-

and backsliding transpire even after accession to the European Union. As Arugay (2014) noted, “in states where democracy remains an unfinished business, it becomes an open question and therefore subject to empirical investigation whether civil society is a categorical democratizing agent positively contributing to the quality of democratic rule” (p.17). Extending this to the issue of control of corruption as an agenda of good governance and thus of the improvement of quality of democracy in the region, the role of civil society in these contexts and its examination thus matters.

Informed by the literature on democratization, institutionalism and civil society-corruption nexus, the paper is an attempt to describe the conditions through which civil society (CS) affects control of corruption in Central Eastern Europe. The paper argues that the presence of three conditions, namely repressive governments, highly institutionalized civil society, and free media determine corruption in states in CEE. Through fuzzy-sets Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) of secondary data that come from a variety of sources, the paper looks at the sufficiency and necessity of the above conditions for the outcome (high corruption). Results point to multiple pathways to corruption in the region.

Key Words: corruption, civil society, fuzzy-sets qualitative comparative analysis, institutionalism, Central Eastern Europe

SECTION 2: CHILDREN & YOUTH

Chair: Raffaele Ciula, representative of the Children and Youth Capabilities Thematic Group of the Human Development and Capability Association; PhD student, Department of Economics and Law, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; PhD student at the European PhD in Socio-Economic and Statistical Studies

1. Narratives of young adults raised in the child protection system Noémi Benedek, PhD student, Doctoral School of Human Sciences, Doctoral Program of Sociology and Social Policy, University of Debrecen, Hungary Young adults leaving the child protection system form one of the most vulnerable social groups.

They are at higher risk when it comes to under-schooling, unemployment, financial problems, mental illness, homelessness and delinquency. However there can be identified a group of young adults raised in the child protection system, who, despite the risks and disadvantages, can be characterized by positive adaptation and favorable developmental outcomes. This is the group of resilient people.

Being raised in the child protection system is a special life challenge that an average child does not have to cope with. The negative effects resulting from this have already been proven by many studies, therefore in the center of my research are the young adults who survived relative unharmed, the question being the factors that contributed to this.

The purpose of my doctoral research is to uncover the resilience narratives of these young adults, especially how they interpret, frame and relate to the story of their lives in a way, that this becomes a source of positive identity. During the lecture I would like to present the results of interviews I took with young adults from the child protection system.

Key Words: resilience, child protection system, young adults

2. The inequality of parental time: the role of socioeconomic status Kitti Kutrovátz, PhD student, Doctoral School of Sociology, Corvinus University of Budapest, Hungary This study investigates the diverse patterns of parental time according to the family’s socioeconomic status in order to explore one neglected aspects of inequalities between children. The current discourse about parenting underlines that the cultural views of parenting are dominated by the quality of parent-child relationships, and time has become one of the most important components of that relationship. Moreover, the significant impact of parental time on children’s -5-

cognitive and social outcomes and wellbeing is well documented in the literature. However, the public and academic debate focus on young children and do not consider teenagers. Besides, the social position might influence the amount and characteristics of parental time. Often, parents at the bottom end do not have the knowledge and resources to live up the cultural expectations of modern parenting. Consequently, this paper focuses on parental time perceptions of parents and their teenage children.

We intend to integrate the perspective of children in the debate of family dynamics. Furthermore, we aim to explore the role of socioeconomic status in defining the amount and the nature of time parents and children spend together. This study analyses quantitative data of a representative parent-child linked survey that consists data of subjective estimations, preferences and evaluation of parental time. Therefore it enables to grasp some qualitative aspects of time and to explore the role of socioeconomic status. We argue that investigating the perceptions of family members from this perspectives broadens the debate on parental time and might contribute to comprehend its complexity. Furthermore, exploring the effects of socioeconomic factors enables to reveal the diverse patterns of parenting. In conclusion, this paper, by examining parental time, sheds some light on how parenting might raise inequalities through the different attitudes and practices in shared activities with children. with children.

ly informed. Given the uncertain regulatory environment, the importance of the prevention and the overview of the procedure, the Ombudsman initiated a comprehensive investigation into the handling of the child abduction cases and I was responsible for the report-making (formulating the questions, summarizing the answers, proposing the conclusions). In the course of the investigation, questions were related principally to the following: statistical data, hearing of the child, cooperation, professional protocol, procedure, cross-border mediation, training, risk factors. The investigation strongly focuses on the violation of the principle of the best interests of the child in the current legal situation.

From January 2018 to June 2018 I analysed the case law on child abduction that has been decided by the court in Hungary. In child abduction cases, the court orders the return or the non-return of the child in an accelerated, non-contentious proceeding. My case law analysis includes the final orders from January 2005 to December 2017. I used the probability sampling method during my research. I analysed if and how the judges apply the concept of the best interests of the child in judicial proceedings, whether the court discusses the concept explicitly, implicitly or not at all.

My research also focuses on the practice of the hearing of the child and its content during the procedure.

With my presentation I would like to share the main findings of the comprehensive investigation and the results of the court monitoring.

Key Words: parental time, subjective perceptions, social inequality, researching children Key Words: ombudsman, children’s rights, parental child abduction, case law

3. Development of children’s rights movement and the European independent children’s rights institutions in a comparative perspective Ágnes Lux, PhD candidate, Doctoral School of Political Science, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary The aim of my research is to find answers to the far-reaching questions of children’s rights in a multidisciplinary approach, with the aim of presenting the historical background of recognition of children’s rights and the child as a socially-protected value after conceptual distinctions related to the child and children’s rights. I analyze the development of the international child rights movement and way to adopt legally binding instruments, but also the independent human rights institutions’ (IHRIs) tasks to protect children’s rights. The research thesis accepts the following two concepts: (1) because of the vulnerability of the child as a legal entity, children’s rights constitute a special area and (2) the relevant legal relations can be interpreted only in a specific triad (child/ parent or caretaker/state) which justifies the active engagement of the state. My main hypothesis and the central and narrow subject of the research is that children need an active/positive state engagement for protection and enforcement of their rights, and for the efficient protection of children’s rights an independent institution for the rights of the child is needed: an independent ombudsman for children. In the social subsystem, the constitutional protection of children’s rights can be determined along three main expectations (functions): (1) effective enforcement and protection of rights, (2) facilitating child participation, (3) and through involvement in international monitoring mechanisms: better implementation of international law. In order to receive qualitative results, I compared the above mentioned 3 functions of IHRIs in six European countries (Hungary, Latvia, Norway, Ireland, Greece and the Netherlands).

Key Words: children, children’s rights, ombudsman, human rights

4. The Parental child abduction cases from the perspective of the ombudsman and the court

5. ’Socialist’ behavioural patterns among the youth in Hungary: the heritage of the Kádár era in the political behaviour and attitudes of the Hungarian youth Viktor Papházi, PhD student, Doctoral School of Political Science, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary In the Hungarian political science literature it is a well-known fact that the socialist Kádár era has had a significant and long-term impact on the political culture in Hungary. However, a question can still be raised whether this ’socialist heritage’ applies to today’s young generation as well, which was born in the last decade of the socialist system or just after the democratic transition. Are these forms of political behaviour and political attitudes – political passivity, distrust towards political institutions, the lack of interest in politics etc. – parts of a real-existing heritage of the Kádár era, or only signs of a general tendency of a constantly growing political passivity and distrust in politics that can also be registered in advanced western democracies? In other words: if there are some political cultural patterns similar to ’socialist’ ones among the Hungarian youth, can their socialist origin be verified?

The aim of this study is to try to demonstrate that some of the political behavioural patterns of young people in Hungary can be a part of a ’socialist heritage’ among the members of this social group. In order to verify this statement, regression models will be set in search of a significant connection between these ’socialist-like’ behavioural patterns or attitudes and the judgement of young people on the Kádár era compared to today’s democratic political system. Two databases will be used to carry out the analyses – both fit in the row of regular youth researches accomplished every fourth year in Hungary. Results show that some of the patterns are in a causal relation with the preference for the socialist era, which raises the probability that these political cultural elements can be a part of a real socialist heritage among the Hungarian youth.

Key Words: political culture, heritage of the Kádár era, judgements on the Kádár era, Hungarian youth, political socialisation

Fanni Murányi, PhD student, Doctoral School of Law, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary In the past few years, the growing number of complaints concerning parental child abduction cases submitted to the Hungarian Ombudsman indicates that the staff members of the competent authorities are under-qualified and the parents concerned, living or working abroad, are poor-6-

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SECTION 3: POLITICAL SCIENCE

Chair: Máté Szabó, head of the Doctoral School of Political Science, Faculty of Law, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary

1. Schmittian geopolitics and the spatial turn of the social sciences Győző Derekas, PhD student, Doctoral School of Political Science, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary The lecture explores the possibility of a dialogue between two theoretical positions in the field of geopolitics, distinct in approach yet similar in their ambition to provide a conceptual framework more closely related to the concepts of political and social sciences than the topo/geographically deterministic approach of classical geopolitics. The first position is represented by the theoretical framework present in Carl Shmitt’s post-Weimar era writings describing the interconnectedness between spatial orientation [ortung] and structural order [ordnung] in interstate politics. The position rose to relative prominence during the last decade, but is predominantly interpreted within a strict IR framework, disconnected from the geopolitical subfield. The second position is the approach of critical geopolitics that appeared in the late 1970’s in connection with the linguistic and spatial turn of social sciences, that -based on post-Marxist and constructivist political theory- aimed at uncovering the asymmetrical power dynamics present in the political organization of space, most clearly expressed through the concepts of classical geopolitics.

The lecture presents the theoretical inventions of the Schmittian approach, based on which Schmitt appears as an early interpretator of the structural interconnectedness between geography and the political, formulating a proto-critical concept of geopolitics. The lecture then proceeds to point out three major nodes of understanding, each represented by the theoretical findings of a key figure in the critical literature -John Agnew on the social construction of space, Yves Lacoste on geopolitics as a strategic form of statecraft, and Simon Dalby on the production of identity in the geopolitical discourse– those serve as contested yet shared areas of dialogue between Schmittian and contemporary critical understandings of geopolitics. The lecture concludes that the Schmittian conceptual framework, grounded in realist political theory while also emphasizing the narrative-representational nature of the political organization of space could serve as a conceptual bridge for the much needed dialogue between the classical and the critical understandings of geopolitics..

cy of the government. In their speeches, prime ministers determine the main lines and purposes of the government work, which can be incorporated to the political arena for a long term by regulating them in laws and decrees.

We investigated our hypotheses by using three datasets of Hungarian Comparative Agendas Project, called „Executive Speeches (1990-2015)”, „Decrees (1990-2015)” and „Laws (1990-2015)”.

In our analysis we selected some policy issues – based on the mean values of the policy topics in executivw speeches – to examine the relations between the policy content of parliamentary speeches, laws and decrees. According to our results, we found correlations between the tendencies of the investigated indicators. Emphased policy issues of the speeches can generate the increase of the number of laws and decrees in the examined policy areas. The effects of parliamentary speeches are confirmed by analysing the time component as well. During the investigated period, the main changes of the policy topics have occured first in the speeches, followed by shifts of decrees and laws. Based on our results, the policy content of parliamentary speeches has significant effects on the number of decrees and laws in Hungary.

Key Words: prime minister, parliamentary speeches, agenda setting, executive agenda, public policy

3. The transformation of Standing Orders Renáta Rontó, PhD student, Doctoral School of Political Science, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary

After post regime changes on the democratic political arena the structure became more opened.

Policy areas became develop in a similar line.

This paper examines the role of prime ministers’ parliamentary speeches in shaping the legislative processes in Hungary. According to our hypotheses, the changes of the policy content of parliamentary speeches have significant effects on the quantity of laws and decrees as well.

In our current research, we investigate the relations between the Hungarian executive parliamentary speeches, laws and decrees. The constantly expanding frames of laws provides a great opportunity for the government to shape the regulations of the policy areas by the main executive interests.

The Hungarian political arena provides an ideal ground for our analysis. After the regime change, the strengthened role of the government has highlighted the importance of the dynamics of executive agenda. However, the investigation of parliamentary speeches is not enough to examine the efficien-

The first parliament session in the current House of Parliament in Hungary was held on 8th June, 1886. In my research study I wish to explore how the standing orders, which are responsible for the usual working of the sessions, transformed since the first responsible government until contemporary times. I would like to form a clear definition, and expand on the importance and the duty of the standing orders, as well as the declared rules that have formed rights and obligations for both the governing and the opposition parties during the legislation. The standing orders are considered to be the inner constitution of the parliamentary law, which is mainly defined - by Kun Barabási - as “the written and unwritten laws and regulations that can lead the inner life, the work and procedures of any legislative authority.”

According to Parliamentary Standing Orders written by Kun Barabási, the following topics belong to the parliamentary law: election law, the legislative method of the houses, the inner organisation and its function, its relation to each other, to the society and to the other state institution. Moreover, it can include the legal status of the representatives, the parliamentary privilege or immunity and inconsistency rules. Parliamentary law identifies the place of the parliament in the power structure of which greatest influence force is politics. According to its duty it is responsible for the effective work of the Parliament for ensuring the minority guarantees, for the enforcement of the majority, beside the permanent order and discipline. Standing Orders were not established in the conventional sense in 1848, but they proceeded based on the established precedents and practice. Bertalan Szemere published the first Standing Orders as a ministerial decree, and it became a base of the procedure that was formed by the Standing Orders decision-making committee at the third representative parliament, and which was accepted by the public. (Pesti Sándor: Az újkori magyar parlament. (The modern Hungarian Parliament) Osiris kiadó 2002.)

During my session, I would like to explore the most important legal bases, the formation of the standing orders. In addition, I wish to explain the latest changes and the new regulations that were formed in 2014 in order to strengthen the committees and to establish a “professional working parliament”. .

Key Words: politics, parliament, history, Standing Orders, Hungary

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Key Words: classical and critical geopolitics, spatiality in social sciences, Carl Schmitt

2. Changes of the executive agenda of Hungary: experiences from a transition country Zsanett Pokornyi, PhD student, Doctoral School of Political Science, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary

4. Are the radical right-wing parties Europe’s new conqueror? Investigating the nature of the radical right-wing parties and the causes of their success on the continent, with a particular regard to AfD, FPÖ and NF Dávid Miskó, PhD student, Doctoral School of Political Science, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary Nowadays, the success of the radical right-wing parties across Europe could be witnessed. If we take a look at the French presidental election, or the electoral succes of the Austrian Freedom Party, or the entry of the party AfD as a radical right-wing party into the legislature, they seem to maintain the scene described above. The voice of the radical right-wing parties is getting more and more stronger. We see a strengthening of a phenomenon, which I guess, can be capable of changing and shaping the face of the European politics (or even the world), and of the liberal democracies thought to be carved in stone so far in the post-war era. This phenomenon unfolding before us is really worth for attention.

In my presentation, I try to give a better understanding to this phenomenon by introducing some scholars’ work like Cas Mudde’s, Pippa Norris’s, Herbert Kitschel’s and so on. Through their research do I wish to describe their features and what exactly we face, and to present what reasons might have helped these parties succeed. I state that they do not belong to the nacism past and are not againts the democratic institutions, but their informal behaviour sometimes can give reasons to doubt.

After the theoretical description, I wish to place three parties (AfD, National Front, Freedom Party of Austria) in this framework to provide evidence to the characteristic of these parties’ nature. Not only do I intend to describe them, but I also try to find the answers to questions like what past they have, how they relate to the democratic arrangements and the market, how they create the ’Us-them’ dichotomy and what foreign policy they prefer by building upon their party programmes and statements of the party members. In the end, I wish to draw some conclusion.

Key Words: populism, anti-immigrants, xenophobia, nation, people, postindustrial values

SECTION 4: IDENTITIES-MEMORIES

Chair: György Csepeli, director of the Interdisciplinary Social Research Doctoral Program, Doctoral School of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary

1. Socially alive but biologically dead: the sociocultural attitude toward death and bereavement related to war and defense in Israel

population. This work is part of the ongoing research with relation to the Israeli defense sector and the civilians of Israel.

The aim of this current research is to analyze this unique phenomenon of bereavement management in Israel. Understanding of past perceptions will be researched in addition to the social, cultural, institutional and political constraints which have created the need for management of this unique type of bereavement. In addition, the intervention and the change that will come about as a result of the intervention will be analyzed.

Key Words: sociocultural aspects of bereavement related to war, Israeli defense system, bereavement management policy

2. Commemorative practices of the 1944 massacres in Vojvodina Emese Kővágó, PhD student, Doctoral School of Sociology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary During the last three decades the collective memory of the massacres of local Hungarians carried out by Tito’s military administration in 1944 Vojvodina transformed into cultural from communicative in the circle of local Hungarians. Given that societal forces behind the memory-construction were effective, the collective memory of the event serves as a basis for rites in present. In fall 2017, through the method of participant observation I examined local rites that attempt to preserve the collective memory of the 1944 massacres, which also serve as a basis for creation and re-formation of local cultural meanings and values. Moreover, by observing and analysing the characteristics of the examined rites my aim was to detect the societal forces that influence the formation of local meanings and shape the frames of processing the past. Through the observed rites, as I concluded - which I wish to present at the conference and willing to re-consider based on the received critics – the collective memory of the event is energized through and forms the past by “nationality”. However, as observed, an explicit common “border-line” has been developed through local inter-ethnic interactions, an attitude that regulates commemorative practices, structures public narratives as neutral as possible, and aims to serve local peacefulness. These features, however, lead us to the question whether the controlled memory of the event locking itself into a rigid and formal “tricolour-ness” is able to serve reconciliation in a society that lacks relevant fundamental societal discourses and past-processing exercises in general, where the majority of the local population hesitates to participate in the commemorative exercises and where young local inhabitants are in an ambiguous relationship with the memory of 1944 massacres but identify present local conflicts as being ethnicity based.

Key Words: massacres in 1944, Hungarians of Vojvodina, commemorations, collective memory as representation, interethnic relations

Tali Dressler-Porat, PhD Candidate in Sociology studies, Haifa University, Israel

3. Understanding life along the border: culture and identity among the Bangladeshi migrants (With specific reference to Darjeeling District, India)

Societies which experience war and death as part of human life can add an important aspect to the understanding and meaning of personal loss. Death related to the Israeli Defense System is not only a personal occurrence but in Israel is also a socially collective experience. In the State of Israel, security related death has a specific name defined socially as “Shchol”. One who dies an army – security death joins a family of mourners known as “Shchol”. Bereavement has diverse meanings within the social realm. The meaning has diversified throughout different periods of the existence of the State of Israel. In addition, various social pressure groups and social organizations have given different meanings to the concept.

The ongoing diversities regarding the meaning of bereavement have existed in Israel for a lengthy period of time. However, in recent years, a new perception of bereavement has emerged. This new perception claims that bereavement has not been treated effectively and must now be managed differently than it was in the past. The management of bereavement includes the formation of standard practices, both formal and informal, within the Israeli Defense System which aims to treat the needs and the legal claims of the bereaved as well as attending to the voice of the civilian

Vandana Kumari, PhD Research Scholar of the Centre for the Study of Social System, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India

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The political factor is one of the factors which characterize migration as not only the movement of people from one territory to another territory, but also it has deep sociological character of pain, nostalgia and the collective memory in relation to the cultural perception the native land. The Bangladeshi migrants those who lives in the Siliguri Town and its surrounding area of Darjeeling District of West Bengal (India) is one of the major example who suffers this character of migration in their everyday life. Their life world is full of memory, pain and the nostalgia associates with their Kinship feelings, emotional past in relation the culture, identity and societal practices of their native land of other side of the boarder. This is a border which produces many narratives through poem and stories which reveals their anxiety for their native land.

In this context, this paper tries explore the sociological meaning of Border in the context of cultural behavior, ritual performance and collective understanding of life beyond the border. The ethno-

graphic approach is used to understand a festival of happiness-Painfulness fair (Hasna-Rona Mela) to explore the sociological meaning of life beyond the border. This Hasna-Rona Mela is a cultural practice among the Bangladeshi migrants’ lives in Siliguri Town of India which takes place once in a year. This festival reveals the character of anxiety to meet their kin group lives other side of the border, exchange of money and other form of materials which characterizes their collective living beyond the geographical division and their sharing of collective past which reflects their every day pain of living without their primary kin.

Key Words: collective consciousness, identity, ethnography, memory and nostalgia

4. The “new” contemporary Buddhism Szeréna Vajkovszki, PhD student, Doctoral School of Sociology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary In a globalized world with blurred boundaries of continents and countries, it is essential to understand Buddhism and its impact on society being both a minority, in Europe, and majority, in Asia, group within the population.

One of the fundamental teachings of Buddhism is impermanence, also called Anicca or Anitya which affirms that everything is temporal. This is to say that conditioned existence and its objects and phenomena whether material or mental are subject of a continuous change of condition. Buddhism itself demonstrates the truth of this fundamental doctrine with its unceasing transformation and adaptation. Meeting various changing cultural social and political circumstances Buddhism continuously has transformed during its journey from India to other countries and continents over the past 2600 years. Successfully spreading through Asia it has met several ancient cultures such as Chinese, Japanese and Tibetan among many others that may have appeared challenging at their time. One of the consequences of this voyage, through which it had successfully assimilated and adapted different new cultural environments, is a diverse variety of schools with numerous philosophical and practical guidelines. After acquiring a variety of philosophical traditions and religious practices Buddhism is now emerging in the industrialized nations of the West. According to James Coleman a professor of sociology of religion ‘this Buddhism is fundamentally different from anything that has gone before, yet, in the best tradition of Buddhist logic, it remains at its core completely unchanged from the moment of Siddhartha Gautama’s great realization under the Bodhi tree.’

Buddhism has undergone important transformations in its migration to the west. Obviously Buddhism and its forms, as other religions as well, has been a subject of change affected by cultural social and economic environments that is has to be adapted. Hence if one would like to understand the basic characteristics, the process of growth and the development of the “new Buddhism” it is absolutely necessary to comprehend the socio-economic contextual frames as well. Alike these influential circumstances there were several other factors worth to be examined. From the moment of the very first meeting of one of the oldest religion with western societies until now the interaction ended up in a completely new form of Buddhism that has its own specific characteristics, and that has a growing number of adherents both in America and Europe.

5. Changing values in the modernizing Egyptian society: snapshots from the movie ‘Yacoubian Building’ Márta Wollner, PhD student, Doctoral School of Sociology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary The goal of the presentation is to introduce a relevant aspect of Postmodern Egypt: the change of core values. Based on the theory of social values some aspects and conflicts are to be discovered, which currently represent the Arab societies, focusing on the challenges of modernization and the contradiction between traditional and modern values.

The value crisis will be investigated by displaying snapshots from an art film: five stories, five aspects.

The art film is the ‘Yacoubian Building’, directed by Marwan Hammed, based on a novel with the same title by Alaa Al-Aswany, an Egyptian journalist, co-founder and activist of the Kifaya Movement. Kifaya - 12 -

is the name of the Egyptian Movement for Change, which has had a major role in the Arab Spring. By telling the story of the five life events the major issues and contradictions are being introduced.

The film was being chosen for presentation for two reasons: the novel had substantial impact on triggering the Arab Spring, and is a critical summary of the social conflicts of the postmodern Egypt.

These aspects could work as windows to introduce a real contemporary Arab society, to realize its conflicts and values, which have defined its history for 200 years, and has a new focus in the 21st century, with new and rapid challenges.

In my whole PhD research I long to focus on the values of an authentic Arab society which has been influenced by Western civilization, but has its own Islamic origins, and functions as a donor country in the global migration trends mainly towards Europe.

Key Words: modern Egypt, value risis, nepotism, corruption, modernization crisis, decadency, sexual abuse, women’s rights, social taboos, Islamism

6. Representation of poverty in fashion Petra Egri, PhD student, Doctoral School of Literary Studies, University of Pécs, Hungary Fashion Studies are emerged in the last decade. Fashion researchers Anthony Sullivan, Adam Geczy, Vicki Karaminas and Elizabeth Wilson try to present the fashion system from a critical perspective of capitalism and at the same time emphasizing the class distinction and ephemerality. One of the Instagram movements called Fashion Revolution has got a project called “Who made my clothes” which tries to struggle with clothes wasting of fashion system and to respond to the underpaid workers in the global fashion industry and to encourage people, as active global citizens, to make enable changes.

The Instagram initiation organizes free live lectures in order to disseminate knowledge about these topics. With the purpose of practising influence on people effectively, using real stories from the fashion industry. At the same time, it is perceptible that fashion shows and lots of fashion designers try to deal with this problem. 2017 London Fashion Week was also reflecting for poverty. Bay Garnett fashion stylist created a catwalk called “Fashion Fighting Poverty” from Oxfam donated clothes. This has proven that the versatility of preloved fashion can make a statement in the high fashion world. It is not a novelty that fashion designers have reflected and thematised poverty and inequality. In 1997 ”Bellmer la Poupée” fashion show of Alexander McQueen also dealt with that problems. Fashion designer McQueen created this collection to reflect poverty and inequality in order to provoke his luxury audience and clients despite that the high fashion system works rather in another way. From the perspective of Performance Studies it is also notable how his fashion show created a special theatrical atmosphere and space to represent poverty. The presentation is focussed on representation methods and processes of poverty and inequality in fashion determined by the capitalism.

Key Words: fashion, capitalism, poverty, inequality

SECTION 5: SOCIAL JUSTICE

Chair: Antal Örkény, head of the Doctoral School of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary

1. Predicting welfare chauvinism among the ethnic majority population in Western Europe and post-communist countries: the role of social and political trust Julia Pletneva, PhD student, Department of Sociology, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia Previous studies have found that native population across European countries hold strong opinion about who is entitled to the system of welfare solidarity and who is not (Crepaz and Damron, 2009).

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Although typically welfare chauvinism was discussed in relation to European Union and third country nationals, now discourse has expanded to refugees, who tend to choose countries with generous welfare provision system. Concern over welfare migration has influenced policy across many European countries. Researches have studied impact of different factors such as globalization and socio-economics status on welfare chauvinism (Mewes & Mau, 2013). However, almost all studies have focused on Western European context. Due to the different historical roots there are clear discrepancy in the governmental programmes and the social situation between traditional Western welfare states and post-communist welfare states. Various studies have demonstrated that, in general, the post-communist countries are characterized with considerably lower level of trust and level of social programmes in comparison with the Western countries. Studies have shown that both social and political trust can be associated with the attitudes towards migrants, however trust has not been studied as an independent variable in order to explain welfare chauvinism. Using cross-national data from the European Social Survey Round 8 the present study makes an original contribution by examining the impact of the social and political trust on welfare chauvinism among ethnic majority population in Western Europe and post-communist countries. In addition, it aims to investigate to what extent does the ethnic majority in post-Soviet countries and Western Europe countries vary in its level of trust and support for welfare chauvinism.

Key Words: welfare chauvinism, welfare state, trust, migrants

2. Recent changes in the criminal justice system; Penal Populism in Hungary?

Tamás György, PhD student, Doctoral School of Sociology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary The Hungarian government has, inter alia, passed a new Penal Code after 2010, and introduced several new legal institutions, alongside the systematic dismantling of the existing infrastructure of the system, and radical policy changes.

I will briefly present what is happening and try to investigate the possible outcomes of the measures applied by the government from 2010 to the present day.

I think it is very important to collect, understand, interpret and publish these changes, because most of them – with the exception of the very popular ones – are not communicated to the public, or only in an overly simplified form, while their effects can be devastating on our society in the long-run (and sadly, being almost undetectable in the beginning).

The mentioned changes can be observed in every area of the criminal justice system. The probation service, the court system, the prison system, the child protection system, the different processes of the criminal prosecution are all heavily affected, and the list could be continued indefinitely.

It is an old cliché, that children are our future, but it is hard to argue with it. As I have discovered, young offenders – and underprivileged children in general – suffer much more from these provisions.

I plan to show you how and why.

Based on the findings above, the most important purpose of my presentation would be to discuss with the audience, what kind of future is waiting for our society and home country, if our most vulnerable children – and adults as well – will stay under the influence of the complex and always changing system I will try to describe.

and to illustrate multiple and diverse perspectives of self-identity among Muslim women. Qualitative methods, participant observations, and interviews are our main source of empirical information. Conceptually, we do consider identity as a discursive accomplishment shaped by a complex of various sorts of orientation, schemes and social prescriptions that a person relies on during her / his daily life. These schemes and prescriptions originate mostly from the surrounding social world including family, culture, linguistic group, religion, ethnic, national community. This paper will present multiple cases studies based on the data received via participant observations and narrative and qualitative interviews conducted with Muslim women who live in Budapest. The researcher applied an inductive approach and the initial field research have suggested that Muslim women of Budapest, including also Hungarian convert women, demonstrate different attributions and depictions about their self-identity as women, Muslim and immigrant depending on their background, past and present experiences with their own group and with outer group/s. These case studies indicate that the ethnic, gender and religious identity of these women and the meaning they attribute to their role within Muslim community and within Hungarian community influence what they consider as a conflict, discrimination, and oppression and how they evaluate and handle these conflicts, bigotry, and oppression they face.

In sum, on the bases of the conducted interviews, the multiple cases among women members of the Muslim community of Budapest will be deeply analyzed through their discourses and the paper will make meaning from these discourses and tries to uncover what they really tell us. This presentation will analyze their cases through their discourses related to the inter-group and out-group conflicts. The research will discuss that being empowered or oppressed, free or slave, integrated or marginalized and these sort of attributions to individuals do not completely make meaning without understanding their perception of self and their discourses behind these self-perception and it will be argued that the one that is considered as empowered may turn out the oppressed one or the one considered as marginalized by out group may turn out to be the most integrated ones or vice versa depending on the individual and different self and group perception.

Key Words: Muslim, women, immigration, Islam, in and out group conflict

4. Second generation Muslim students’ identity dilemma, their integration and school achievement in the context of Hungary Ilyas Aytar, PhD student, Doctoral School of Sociology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary

The paper is part of a wider project the main interest of which is to examine the women members of the Muslim community of Budapest in and through their discourse by focusing on their self and group identities. The paper aims to analyze their discourses of being women, immigrant and Muslim

My study is an ongoing research related to social sciences and education. It focuses on the second-generation students, especially the Muslim ones, in Hungary. It searches for answers about how those children identify themselves. The other significant part of my study is about their integration to the society and their school achievement. There is limited data about the migrant children in Hungary, furthermore, it is rare to find data in English. According to the website of the Hungarian government (kormany.hu); there are around 15,500 foreign children and students from kindergarten to high school in 2017. And according to the data from Central Statistical Office (ksh.hu); in 2016/2017 curriculum year, there are 1 579 138 students in Hungary.

As a teacher in practice, I have seen two types of migrant students in the last three years. The first group consists the ones who are aware of the European, Hungarian culture. They try to be a part of the society. They speak the local language-Hungarian and they are good at their education. On the other hand, there the ones who are against integration, and they are decisive to protect their inherited religious and cultural identity. They see their relation with the society as forced and temporary.

Some of them claim that somebody, even some teachers exclude them because of their inherited identity-migrant background. Contrarily, in some cases, children appreciate and emulate the Hungarian identity. They compare themselves with their Hungarian peers for the freedom and parents’ treatment, and they think that their Hungarian peers are luckier than them. On the other hand, some think that protecting their own identity is better compare to Hungarian peers. They sometimes emulate to describe themselves as Hungarian, sometimes they identify themselves as non-Hungarian.

I will conduct mixed methods but mainly qualitative methods. I will make face to face interviews. I will ask them open ended questions. My plan is to interview with 50 students. Plus, I will contact with

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Key Words: Penal Populism, justice system, underprivileged children, young offenders, probation service

3. Discourses of being Muslim, immigrant and woman in the Hungarian context.

Muslim women: empowered or oppressed Esra Aytar, PhD student, Doctoral School of Sociology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary

100 more students to make surveys. Thus, I may contact with more samples and gather more data about the topic. I will observe the foreign children and students in the context of a couple of schools in Hungary.

Key Words: migration and integration, migrant children and students, second generation, identity, school achievement

5. Immigrant share, economic differences and charitable giving to refugees Zbignev Gricevic, PhD student at the European PhD in Socio-Economic and Statistical Studies from the Department of Social Sciences/Berlin Graduate School of Social Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany Germany has experienced a large influx of forced migrants recently. How residents of a country where one-fifth of the population has migration background and wealth inequality is high and ethnically patterned responded to this collective action problem? This paper investigates if being different from one’s neighbors ethnically and economically influenced charitable giving to refugees?

It is well-documented that people are more likely to act pro-socially with their in-group than outgroup members. Long-lasting research stream in sociology suggests that being exposed to ethnic and economic out-groups will make one’s social identity more salient. As refugees might be perceived as immigrants, we expect that exposure to immigrants will reduce the likelihood of supporting refugee-related charities. In addition, as refugees are likely perceived as economically deprived, we conjecture that this negative association will be stronger in economically deprived residential settings. Finally, we investigate if this negative statistical association is a function of economic distance as well.

Most of the previous observational studies addressing these questions, use rather rough measures of out-group exposure, such as immigrant share in a very large geographical area (e.g. U.S. State, German Federal State). However, It’s likely that these measures are hiding ethnic and economic cleavages experienced by individuals. We overcome this issue by combining individual level data from the German Socio-Economic Panel with neighborhood level indicators of immigrant share and economic well-being. We find that charitable giving to refugees among natives decreases in increasing immigrant share, but only in economically deprived residential settings. Moreover, this negative association is driven by respondents who are economically well-off. This finding is robust to various model specifications and remains statistically significant after controlling for plethora of possible confounders.

Key Words: social identity theory, ethnic diversity, economic inequality, charitable giving, refugees

6. Segregation ‒ integration. How secondary school students of Miskolc think about the residents of the „Numbered Streets?”

Anikó Kenéz, PhD candidate, Doctoral School of Sociology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary; PhD student at the European PhD in Socio-Economic and Statistical Studies In order to „fight crime” the city of Miskolc accepted a new public security regulation in May 2014.

According to this regulation, people who live in „slums” can receive up to 2 million forints if they leave their social housing and buy new property outside the city. This regulation also concerned the so-called „Numbered Streets.” These are the streets where Roma minority lives, generally in big and very poor families.

Meanwhile, the Equal Treatment Authority declared that the city of Miskolc negatively discriminated these citizens so the city was obligated to pay a penalty and create a detailed resettlement plan.

Nevertheless, the eviction process is still going on. Many people had to leave their homes and entire families had to move to apartments, which were unaffordable for them or were in much worse condition than their previous homes on the „Numbered Streets.”

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With a small documentary-group, we have been conducting video interviews in this neighbourhood since 2014. In these interviews the residents ‒ mainly Roma people ‒ who live in the „Numbered Streets” explained us how they encounter prejudice in their everyday lives and discrimination in the labour market. In order to explore how majority of the city think about these residents, I have conducted a survey among students of three secondary schools of Miskolc and analyzed the data from the theory of social representations approach.

Key Words: prejudice, social representations, points of view, social distance

SECTION 6: METHODOLOGY

Chair: Andrew Hinde, Department of Social Statistics and Demography, University of Southampton, UK

1. A methodological aspect of the “cultural turn” in the social sciences: resolving conflicting requirements of sample selection in entrepreneurship research Gabriella Richman, PhD candidate, Doctoral School of Sociology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary The shift from “economism” to “culturalism” claims the importance of cultural determinants in social, political, economic and psychological approaches to society. The last two decades brought up some new practical aspects for contextual and conceptual consideration in Social Sciences in general, also called for reevaluation of entrepreneurship research directions and methods.

The qualitative vs quantitative discussion is ongoing however the acceptance of enterprise population heterogeneity favours qualitative research methods for interpretation and explanation of entrepreneurship as a social phenomenon. Ironically, heterogeneity is one the most often used arguments in favour of qualitative entrepreneurship research design, at the same time, a factor that makes sample selection so difficult for future integration and incorporation.

To broaden the epistemology of entrepreneurship, context and interdisciplinary perspective ought to become fundamental elements. The re-evaluation of methodological choices, the reconsideration of criteria, and requirements for sample selection and the redefinition of the unit of analysis in qualitative entrepreneurship research seem to be unavoidable. The research question tends to be based on a selection of social theories rather than exclusively on one theory taking into account that qualitative research samples are usually small.

By broadening the interpretation of entrepreneurship and moving beyond the single perspective tradition of entrepreneurship research now entrepreneurship can be considered as an interaction. One of the major real life problem is that the enterprise and its role in society is constantly changing. Also the enterprise as a system is changing in size and influence and the researcher has to find the right balance between the criteria for sample selection and the consideration of other ethical aspects.

The goal of this study is to offer a systematic overview of methodological aspects by locating the conflicting areas and collecting practical considerations in qualitative micro enterprise research. The study aims to select influencing cultural determinants in preparation for sample selection as reference points, to acknowledge practical contextual implications, epistemological barriers, and to indicate future research directions promoting the comparative perspective.

Key Words: “cultural turn”, entrepreneurship research, qualitative research design, sample selection, comparative perspective

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2. New directions of empirical sociology. The role of mixed-mode surveys in election studies

4. Differential analysis of views of Indian students and Teachers towards ICT in higher education using F-test

Ádám Stefkovics, PhD student, Doctoral School of Sociology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary

Chaman Verma, Computer Science PhD student, Department of Media and Educational Informatics, Faculty of Informatics, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary

The paper aims to assess the potential of mixed-mode surveys in Hungary when investigating political attitudes. How does using multiple modes of data collection in one survey affect the different kinds of error sources? Does it provide more accurate responses or lower costs?

Traditional methods of empirical sociology (e.g. surveys) have been criticized by many in the last decade. Nevertheless, despite that the research environment is changing (decreasing response rates) and new technologies appearing, surveys are still an important tool for social scientists. Although the challenges have encouraged methodologists to renew their traditional methods and seek for innovation. One of their answers were the use of multiple modes of data collection in one design. Mixed-mode surveys are popular because they have the potential to improve response rates, decrease other error sources or lower costs. Two mixed-mode designs have been tested in March 2018, just before the Hungarian parliamentary elections. One was a sequential design, where the main data collection was face-to-face and the non-respondents have been offered an online or phone interview option in order to improve response rates. The other design was a concurrent, CATI-CAWI survey, where people under 55 were sampled from an online access panel, while people over 55 answered via phone interviews. A benchmark single mode phone survey was also available. On the one hand, the results show that by offering alternative modes for the nonrespondents, response rates can only be improved to a very limited extent. On the other hand, unexpectedly, the CATI-CAWI survey had far the best data quality. The results suggest that a well-designed mixedmode survey can provide significant benefits and researchers should not avoid experimenting with non-probability based surveys neither.

The lecture, based on the paper written by Chaman Verma, Zoltán Illés and Veronika Stoffová, explores the views of Indian stakeholders (Students and Faculties) of higher education. The survey was conducted by researchers during academic year 2015-2016 from six Indian universities in two states named Haryana and Punjab. Total 904 samples were collected from bachelor and master level education in universities. Out of 904, the count of student’s samples was 560 and teacher’s samples was 344. To differential analysis of stakeholder’s views towards ICT, we tested scatteredness in responses of students and faculties towards ICT in Indian higher education using F-test at 5% significant level. We considered 35 independent variables belongs to ICT awareness (Availability, Usability, Problem, Solution, Opportunity) and one dependent variable Residence state. The degree of freedom (DF) for Punjab-Haryana student is 282-278 and for Punjab-Haryana faculty is 184-160. Applying F-test at 5% confidence level, calculated F-value (CF) is compared with observed (OF) for find significant difference in the variances of students and faculties for their state. The observed F-value (OF) for Punjab-Haryana student and Punjab-Haryana faculty is 1.22 and 1.28 respectively.

For both of states we found that there is scatteredness in responses of faculties and students against 20 independent variables and no scatteredness is found in responses of 15 independent variables. Hence, these 15 independent variables are making no major impacts on both faculties and students for their views towards ICT. Therefore, we conclude that there is a significant difference between variance of student and faculties for their residence state.

Key Words: methodology, survey, mixed-mode survey, data collection, election studies

Key Words: degree of freedom, faculty, residence state, student, scatteredness

3. Capturing correlations between historical developments and societal cultural exhibits of today Éva Számely, PhD student, Doctoral School of Sociology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary Geert Hofstede defines culture as the common mental programming that distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from another. The most fundamental element of culture, according to him, is values, which are passed on from generations to generations relatively unchanged.

Hofstede together with his team have conducted a comprehensive research on how values in the workplace are influenced by national culture. As a result of it the so called “Six cultural dimension theory” has been developed based on an analysis over 100.000 respondents over 70 countries in the world. The theory claims that the actual value scores of the six dimensions give us the opportunity to measure and thus better comprehend the differences and similarities of national cultures.

At the same time, Hungarian historian Jenő Szűcs argues that the altering historic developments – rooted as far back as the Middle Ages i.e. the dismantling of the Holy Roman Empire – paved the way to the emergence of three well distinguishable cultural regions in Europe that can still be identified.

These regions have developed their certain “structures” providing limitations and possibilities to the answers to our present day social challenges.

In this presentation I will try to investigate whether the values, as defined in the Hofstede model, in the individual countries across Europe correspond with the pattern of the Europe’s historical regions as identified by Jenő Szűcs. I will try to show, to what extent the historical internal borders of Europe can be recognised on the contemporary cultural map that can be drawn from the rich value data collected by Hofstede’s team.

With this presentation, I seek to contribute to the debate on path dependency confirming its existence reflected in individual values and attitudes highlighting the complexity of the relationship between social structures and individual preferences.

SECTION 7: POLICIES

Chair: Krisztina Arató, associate professor and deputy director at the Institute of Political Science, Faculty of Law, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary

1. Public policy theories and Eurosceptic parties in the Netherlands Tibor Hargitai, PhD candidate, International Relations Multidisciplinary Doctoral School, Corvinus University of Budapest, Hungary Euroscepticism is a field that has gained a fair amount of attention in recent years, however the study of the effects of Euroscepticism on policy is underreseached. Given the scarce elaborations of the role of Eurosceptic parties on the EU policies of member states, the literature of the policy process can be a good starting point to understand the role of Euroscepticism on the EU policy process. The aim of the study is to review mainstream theories of the policy process and view them in light of Eurosceptic parties’ influence over the policy process, specifically the domestic EU decision making process in the Netherlands. As an illustration, the theories will be applied to the migration policy of the Netherlands in the context of the EU. Understanding the influence of Eurosceptic parties on EU policies is in the early phases of its academic development, and the case at hand illustrates that some of the theories of the policy process are better than others at showing signs of policy change as a consequence of the activities of Eurosceptic parties. The Narrative Policy Framework is the richest in offering observable manifestations of change.

Key Words: Euroscepticism, public policy theories, policy change, European Union, domestic level

Key Words: Hofstede, national cultures, values, path dependency, Europe - 18 -

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2. The Age of the Fish. Methods and procedures used in the research of the language of the Third Reich Benigna Havasi, PhD student, Doctoral School of Political Science, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary The Age of the Fish, also known as Youth Without God, is a novel about identity, integrity and the freedom of speech and thought, written by Ödön von Horváth. In the novel he describes how young people devoted themselves to an extremis ideology and became radicalized during the Third Reich.

Various fields of scientific study – such as linguistics, history, sociology, and literary theory – treated the phenomenon of propaganda or the language of National Socialism as a research topic.

Moreover, a huge number of symbols and metaphors present in the novel found their way into the academic discourse, in part accouting for the popularity of the research field among social scientists. The lecture presents the dominant set of scientific procedures most commonly used in the field to analyze and methodize historical sources and linguistic-conceptual elements, such as ideologized words and political slogans.

Lastly, the lecture aims to provide answers to the following core research questions of the field: Can we talk about a unitary field of research despite the multitude of approaches and methodologies? And if not, how can we correct and complement the theoretical and methodological blind spots of ongoing research in order to enable a more holistic understanding of the field.

First of all the lecture gives a brief outline of the academic literatures development. After that it submits the 4 main methodology of the research field: lexicography, stylistics/rhetoric, discourse analysis, and lastly ideological criticism. Third, the lecture aims to present the problem of choosing the relevant historical sources; which means the problem of using materials taken from nazy publicity and ignoring the sources of informal life. As conclusion the lecture highlights the most problematical areas of the research field: the deficiency of a unitary methodology, the great majority of lexicographical studies and researches, the deficiency of contender theories regarding the definition and pourpose of the term “language of the Third Reich”, etc. Lastly the lectures aims to provide answers these problems through presenting a potentional methodological frame, which tries to sum up of the outcome foregoing researches but gives a new direction of analyzing the relation between politics and language as well.

Key Words: political language, political communication, language rule, Nazi language, National Socialism

3. Investigating the public image of single mothers outside liberal welfare regimes – a case study of Hungary Boglárka Herke, PhD student, Doctoral School of Sociology, Corvinus University of Budapest, Hungary Single mothers’ welfare deservingness is a quite frequent topic in liberal welfare regimes due to the negative public image of the target group, while there is less knowledge about the topic in other welfare contexts. Hungary serves a good field to expand the research as it does not fit any of the three typical welfare regime types. Furthermore, the investigation is supported by the Hungarian government’s family mainstreaming policy, which implicitly discriminates one-parent households (mostly headed by women), despite the high rate of poverty or social exclusion of the target group. Under these circumstances, public opinion has an important role, as attitudes could legitimate welfare policies.

Welfare attitudes are usually formed by many factors, such as the institutional design of the welfare system, the public image or the deservingness perceptions of the group. In the presentation, I will describe the Hungarian public image of single mothers based on answers to open-ended survey questions. (Data collection was supported by the grant K 120070 of NKFIH.).

I will examine further the associations regarding how those reflect on the five acknowledged criteria of perceived deservingness (control, attitude, reciprocity, identity, need) (van Oorschot 2000). A great part of the answers reflects on the ‘need’ criterion, as respondents believe that - 20 -

single mothers have a very hard task, and they need help. It shows that the Hungarian public perceives lone mothers in a more positive way compared to liberal welfare regimes, where single mothers usually believed to be lazy, and cheaters who exploit the welfare system. Additional survey questions aimed to explore the knowledge of the respondents on single mothers’ high poverty risk. The results show, that the majority of the respondents connect poverty to single motherhood, which is an important indicator, as it also underlines that single mothers seem deserving regarding their neediness.

Key Words: single motherhood, public image, deservingness perceptions, family policy, welfare regimes

4. Independence movements in relation to the European Union Géza Tokár, PhD student, Doctoral School of Political Science, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary The purpose of the study is to compare three independece-related movements and their interest-based strategies applied within the European Union, such as the Catalan, Scottish and Northern Italian initiatives. The ambitions and goals of the movements are related to enhancing regional and territorial competences, in more radical cases the activities are directed to separation. These movements could be classified as interest-based movements, thus they are behaving as classical interest and lobby groups by connecting and uniting political parties, NGO’s and local movements on the basis of a common topic. The process tracing method was applied to identify the various strategies applied in Brussels and expectations directed to the European officials and institutions. As a result we can say that the three initiatives are applying fundamentally different strategies. While Catalonia is connecting the political elite, lower regional units, social movements and cultural organizations, Scotland is relying mostly on the political representation and the Scottish National Party. Furthermore, the Northern Italian „independence” movement radically differs from the previous two cases, the goals of the local activists are not necessarily independence-based, rather serving internal political ambiions and goals. In addition, the European Union is unable to meet the expectations of the activists in the field of human rights and institutions, however providing limited benefits in the area of networking.

Key Words: European Union, national movements, territorial movements, assertion of interests

SECTION 8: GENDER

Chair: Ágnes Kövér-Van Til, associate professor, director of the Gender Studies Masters Program, Faculty of Social Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary

1. Banking on gender diversity: A statistical analysis of the determinants of diversity in banks’ boardrooms Giulia Porino, PhD student at the European PhD in Socio-Economic and Statistical Studies from the Department of Economics and Law, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy This work examines the determinants of gender diversity in banks’ boardrooms. This question is important not least because recent studies show that board diversity in banking is linked to improved internal controls, better quality decisions, and even increased firm financial performance. Since the financial crisis, diversity in the boardroom has even been explored as a means for strengthening risk management and mitigating market instability. Gender diversity in banks’ boardrooms is explained in terms of the unique relationship banks have with risk. Seeking to increase their risk profile, banks’ board members are best served by board consensus, something that is, in turn, facilitated by greater board homogeneity. Facing pressure in the post-crisis period to increase the number of female members on boards, banks seek homogeneity in other ways, - 21 -

namely in terms of the background characteristics of board members. Hence, the argument is that there is a strong correlation between the homogeneity of board members’ background characteristics (e.g., education and geographical provenance) and the number of female board members.

This, however, is unique to banks. Using a novel dataset, the analysis compares banks boards to a stratified random sample of firms operating in other sectors. Statistical analyses reveal support for the main argument of this Chapter, showing significant differences between banks and firms in other sectors. While board homogeneity drives board diversity for banks, it has the opposite effect for other sectors.

Key Words: banks, board of directors, gender, diversity

2. The correlation between Protestant or Catholic religion and gender equality in Europe Klára Tatár-Kiss, PhD student, Doctoral School of Sociology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary

based inequalities- class; caste, religion etc. became resilient and hindered political participation or political representation of women at local level. The presence of such intersecting forms of inequalities in rural local governance, makes India an interesting case study for the examination of how despite these constraints EWRs were successfully able to negotiate and remake ‘political space’ for themselves within everyday life situations. Drawing upon the ethnographic fieldwork based accounts of the lives of EWRs in 120 villages of the four districts in the western Indian state of Gujarat, this article presents the synthesis of key findings across the four study districts on impact of gender based intersecting inequalities in the everyday lives of EWRs. The results suggest that the participation of women in rural local bodies varies widely and various social, attitudinal and structural barriers shape this in a distinct way. Though, the quota (reservation) system have proved to be an effective means for political participation/ representation of women, intersections of class, caste and religion affects women’s ability to participate effectively in grass root democracy. Moreover, there is a need for robust and meaningful capacity and perspective building programmes which enables EWRs to maximize their potential and provides them an opportunity for political empowerment.

Key Words: gender, Gujarat, India, political participation, inequalities

Weber’s “The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism”, has the central question of exploring how protestant ethics influenced the “spirit” of capitalism. In my research the main objectives are to explore how the protestant religion can influence gender equality, while applying the methodology of comparative analysis. The catholic cluster consists of Austria, France, Italy, Spain and Portugal - among these countries the gender gap the highest. Denmark, Finland, United Kingdom, Norwegian and Sweden represent the protestant cluster – including the Nordic countries, which consistently stand out in the World Economic Forum’s annual Global Gender Gap Report.

In terms of the employment of women the research covers the period from 1990 to year to date and concludes that in the early years the employment of women was significantly lower in the catholic countries; however the rapid growth of employment led to the current, close to parity status quo. Closing the employment gap is a multi-faceted phenomena and the protestant religion in itself does not appear to be the only driver. Probably, the Treaty of Maastricht (1992), in which a high level of employment equality between men and women were mandated, has an impact on the figures. Exploring the education attainment all countries has already achieved the gender equality, meaning that religion does not seem to be a differentiating factor. The political empowerment indicates a major gap between the protestant and the catholic clusters. The ratio of women in the parliament and in ministerial roles shows that the protestant countries are close to achieving gender equality while the catholic countries lag behind. Interestingly, the outcome of the research well correlates with Esping Andersen’s typology of welfare capitalism in a way that the protestant countries feature the social democratic regime, while the catholic cluster the conservative regime. .

Key Words: religion, women, leadership, political presence, gender gap

3. Demystifying ‘gender’ and intersecting ‘inequalities’ in local governance: the case of rural local bodies in Gujarat, India Sunny Wadhwaniya, Doctoral scholar at School of Doctoral Research and Innovation, GLS University, Ahmedabad, India Following the 1992 passage of the 73th Constitutional Amendment, India has formalized the presence of women in grass root democracy in rural India through the policy of ‘gender quotas’ (reservations). The act empowers elected women representatives (EWRs) to become part of political process as one third of village government head positions are reserved for women. As a result, subsequent to the enactment of the act more then million women in rural areas of India officially took the political responsibilities of allocating state sponsored welfare programmes, rural development schemes along with adjudicating daily village social issues. However, in spite of such large scale of implementation of the act, with the passage of time, gender and other forms of identity - 22 -

4. Determinants of financial disagreements between spouses in Russia: gender dimension Polina Zhidkova, PhD student and lecturer, Department of Economic Sociology, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia Many researchers highlighted the financial arguments between spouses as the key predictor of family disruption and divorce. However, the question of what are the determinants of the financial disagreements emergence remains as a blank spot in a vast body of research devoted to marital conflicts and financial management. This study is an attempt to fill this gap and answer questions about what may lead to their occurrence. Literature review showed that the grounds for power construction in a household affect the occurrence of a financial conflict. One more crucial aspect is the division of labor between partners, which, according to a number of studies, is a key factor of the spouses’ marital dissatisfaction (especially for women) and, as a result, of the emergence of a large number of conflicts. Thus at the theoretical level, it was suggested that there are 5 aspects influencing financial disagreements: financial management in the family, the distribution of power and household responsibilities, the contribution of the spouses to the family budget, their employment and the financial difficulties in the family.

The empirical study was based on the Survey of Consumer Finance data of the 2013 Russian wave (the sample included 2430 families) and three methods of analysis (classification trees, logistic regression and log-linear analysis). The data shows that the main determinants of frequent disagreements about money in families are gendered: in order to decrease financial arguments frequency husband has to be a tightwad and to have traditionalist attitudes. Women in turn contribute to financial disagreements decrease if they have the same level of satisfaction with making financial decisions in comparison with a man. The formal indicators of family life such as possession of resources and income ratio seem to have no influence on family conflicts about money.

Key Words: financial disagreements in marriage, gender differences, spendthrifts and tightwads, attitudes towards labor, determinants of disagreements frequency

IMPRESSUM: Design: Büki Flora, Ninetynine°C Graphic Design Studio | Published by ELTE Faculty of Social Sciences

The conference is organized by the Doctoral School of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences and the Doctoral School of Political Science, Faculty of Law, Eรถtvรถs Lorรกnd University (Budapest, Hungary). The Children & Youth section is organized together with the Children and Youth Capabilities Thematic Group of the Human Development and Capability Association.

The event is funded by the EU-funded Hungarian grant EFOP-3.6.3.-VEKOP-16-2017-00007.

European Social Fund INVESTING IN YOUR FUTURE

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