Uncertain Living by Emad Lajevardi

- Final Design Studio 2019/2020 -

AH 2019 - AFFORDABLE HOUSING DOMESTICTY RELOADED

Form, Uses, Spaces, Practices and Policy for Contemporary Dwelling

UNCERTAIN LIVING I.MIGRATION Filippo Albertini Emad Lajevardi Cosku Ulusoy Konstantinos Venis

Professors: Massimo Bricocoli, Gennaro Postiglione, Stefania Sabatinelli. In collaboration with the Research Team “ForDwell-DASTU Dipartimento d’Eccellenza”: Gaia Caramellino, Stefano Guidarini, Fabio Lepratto, Simona Pierini, Roberto Rizzi; and with AIUC School scholars: Barbara Brollo, Antonio Carvalho, Lorenzo Consalez, Elena Fontanella, Francesca Gotti, Marco Jacomella, Massimiliano Nastri, Ingrid Paoletti; in coopertion with Double Degree programme TU Graz prof. Andreas Lichtbau.

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION 7 |

Uncertain Living

SECTION 1

Landscapes of Conflict, Territorial Patterns and Global Flows 12 |

Exodus Without a Promised Land

18 |

Negotiating the Ephemeral

Temporary versus Permanent question 24 |

Borderscapes and Ephemeral Settlements

Architecture, Space and Conflict 44 |

Reading Manual

SECTION 2

From the Desert to the Sea Refugees of the Anthropocene 54 |

Massive Loss of Habitat and the Refugees of the Anthropocene

72 |

From the Desert to the Sea; A Critical Narrative

Narratives of the brutally displaced 78 |

The Refugee City

Zaatari Refugee Settlement, Jordan 104|

Lampedusa: The Door to Europe

A journey to the continental borders of the Mediterranean Sea

CONTENTS

132|

Limbo City: Ephemeral Border Settlements

Refugee camps of Idomeni and Moria in Greece 154|

The Arrival City

The case of the former airport of Tempelhof in Berlin

SECTION 3

Notes 181|

Catalogue of Emergency Shelters

257|

Bibliography

UNCERTAIN LIVING

Housing for those who are not wealthy is increasingly treated as a scarce resource to be rationed out to the deserving. The basic infrastructure of living, healthcare, food, a minimum income-is under sustained assault more generally as the European financial downturn is used to deliver swinging cuts to minimal support and provisions. Architectural form and its political representation and materialization of boundaries and borders articulate spaces of inhabitation from a domestic to a global scale. The global context of bordering and frontiering can be understood as an articulated topography embodying violence by dehumanizing and criminalizing migrants. Borders and courtrooms are two of the main criminalization infrastructures. Migrants are confined in low quality houses and to the lowest level of the housing market. They dwell in degraded private apartments and, sometimes, in subsidized social houses.

Pierpaolo Mudu , Sutapa Chattopadhyay, Migration, Squatting and Radical Autonomy, 2016 The book is exploring how the intersections among migrants and radical squattersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; movements have evolved over past decades. The complexity and importance of squatting practices are analyzed from a bottom-up perspective, to demonstrate how the spaces of squatting can be transformed by migrants.

Squatting and migration together offers an opportunity to explore ways in which we can fight against the positioning of migrants and citizens as competitors Levels of poverty are increasing all over Europe and not only for asylum seekers. How will the hundrends of thousands of people who are in housing lists or going to food banks to see that newcomer refugees are being helped instead of them? We should void competition between marginalized and impoverished groups, we should make the arguement that better services for migrants must mean better services for everybody. In Europe, Social Centers are spaces, usually originated in the squatting of an abandoned place, where people experiment with non-institutional action and association through self management. These spacesof political solidarity as well as productive conflicts and debates, this is the basis for deeply political connections linking the local and global and offering the opportunity for the production of new subjectivities and types of relations. In order to approach and investigate the relation of architectural design and human flows and infrastructure our methodology is developed into four different levels, that we could. First, we try to establish a critical and theoretical framework of investigation. Secondly, we create maps trying to understand the routes and the geopolitical parameters and particularities of each case. Next, we go through a typological approach of the refugee and the refugee settlement regarding the design response but also their organization into settlements, but also other informal spaces that emerge during the migrantâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s trip. Finally we communicate our documentation, mapping and critical reflection in a form of comic narrative

LANDSCAPE OF CONFLICTS, TERRITORIAL PATTERNS AND GLOBAL FLOWS

GLOBAL CONFLICTS

MIGRATION DROUGHT HURRICANE FLOODING CONFLICTS GLACIAR MELTING 10

EXODUS WITHOUT A PROMISED LAND Bet Avadim - House of Bondage From the Book of Exodus “ ... I have surely seen the affliction of my people that are in Egypt, and have heard their cry by reason of their taskmasters, for I know their pains .... And I am come down to deliver them out of the hands of the Egyptians and to bring them up out of that land unto a good land and a large, unto a land flowing with milk and honey ... “£71 The Book of Exodus in Hebrew, in the Torah, is called Shemot (Names), because it begins with the words: Veele Shemot bene Israel abaima mi Mitsrayima ... Now these are the names of the sons of Israel who came into Egyptt21 - each man with his household entered the foreign country to escape drought and famine and to find bread and work which will be transformed from a subsistence place to Bet Avadim “ (House of Bondage). The Age of the Refugees Human beings don’t wander in the void but on earth, on the ever-changing, seismic and always hard ground of history. The search for the material conditions of life, each time at different historical circumstances, determines past and new population movements, along with the suspended status of the contemporary refugee. In all migrations one can recognize what Spinoza called conatus, the impetus and effort of every being in suo esse perseverare , to persevere its existence. It’s the potential (potentia) to exist, and therefore its own active substance, ipsius rei actualem essentiaml9 l . No prohibition can erase it, no boundary can annihilate it. Large irrigrations in pre-capitalist conditions and communities were of a different nature and had different dynamics from those of Modern Times. Let us not forget that at the beginning of bourgeois modernity, the discovery of the so-called “New” - for Europeans - “World” and its’ colonization was accompanied not only by the deportation and extermination of indigenous populations, but also by the forced deportation of the Jews from t’le Iberian Peninsula in Europe itself. The traditional soc1et1es and economies were destroyed and looted. Entire regions and “postcolonial” states, particularly in Africa, experienced what Alain Badiou named “zonage’’, the split into zones, which are the prey of gangs and mercenaries of large multinational companies. Asia, the Middle East and North Africa experienced direct imperialist military operations (Afghanistan, Iraq, Libya), but also incited religious civil wars and “proxy wars” (Syria), especially to halt the revolutionary wave that gave birth to the overthrow of dictatorships in Tunisia and Egypt and was named Arab Spring. The appearance of the ultra-reactionary “Daesh” or “Islamic State” in 2014-15, a “monster of Frankenstein” that is turning against its creators, and its march into Iraq and Syria, made clear the dismal failure of the American and European imperialist strategy in the area. Even more: not only the strategy of the past fifteen years has failed starting with Bush’s notorious terrorist “war on terror” - but the entire imperialist world order in the region has collapsed, along with the borders, as they were artificially imposed one hundred years ago, in 1916, with the Anglo-French agreement of Sykes-Picot, with no new order in the short or medium term to be formed or enforced. This is the driving force of the qualitative leap, the gigantic dimension of the refugee wave in 2015, actually its conversion to an unstoppable tsunamiWe are not dealing with yet another wave of refugees, a repeat of past experiences of the 20th century, as for example with the “sans papiers” in 1990s France, or those whom the far right 1n Greece calls “illegal migrants’’.

Exodus without a Promised Land

Europe: At the Intersection of Eastern and Southern Flows Europe has emerged as the destination of a broad range of new refugee flows. The Mediterranean has long been and continues to be a key route for long-established migrant and refugee flows. Here I only focus on a set of new flows that took off in 2014 and need to be distinguished from the ongoing older flows of, mostly, migrants. The Mediterranean, especially on its eastern side, is now the site where refugees, smugglers, and the European Union (E.U.) each deploy their own specific logics and together have produced a massive multifaceted crisis. One facet was the sudden surge in the numbers of refugees in late 2014, a possibility not foreseen by the pertinent E.U. authorities given that the wars they were escaping had been going on for several years. A second one was that the crisis became a business opportunity for smugglers that would expand over the ensuing year to reach an estimated $2 billion in income by mid-2015, which is now estimated to have grown to $5 billion.30 One feeder was that the smugglers benefitted from keeping the flows going, persuading their potential clients/victims, that everything would be fine once they reached Europe. A third was the major crisis in Italy and, especially, Greece, two countries already burdened by their struggling economies, with Greece the destination for over a million refuge-seekers by early 2016 who had to be sheltered, fed, and processed. And yet, the facts on the ground in Syria, Iraq, Afghanistan, Somalia, Eritrea, and others, were all familiar. If anything, the surprise should have been that the surge in refugees did not happen sooner. The UNHCR, among others had been recording the escalating numbers of the internally displaced and of refugees. The conflicts in Iraq, Afghanistan and Syria were not going to end anytime soon. Nor will those in Somalia or in South Sudan, each with their specific character. The brutality of these conflicts, with their full disregard for international humanitarian law, indicated that sooner or later people would start fleeing the violence. For three decades Afghanistan has produced the greatest number of refugees, according to the UNHCR: It has 2.7 million refugees under UNHCRâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s mandate. According to UNHCR, 7.7 million Syrians had left the country by September 2015, but those numbers keep growing.34 Iraq has 3.4 million recognised refugees. Its situation deteriorated further when much territory, including its second city, Mosul, was conquered by Isis, adding to the disastrous effects and religious divisions that became extreme with the westâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s invasion of the country in 2003. The humanitarian crisis is escalating and spreading. According to Human Rights Watch, over the last two years about 25 million people were driven from their homes, including almost 12 million Syrians, 4.2 million Iraqis, 3.6 million Afghans, 2.2 million Somalis, and almost half a million Eritreans. Further, UNHCR has found that there are also far more unaccompanied children in the recent flows into Europe than were expected. To these flows we need to add the half million waiting in northern Libya, at any given time in the last two years, for ships to take them across the Mediterranean. The number of global refugee reached 80 million by early 2016. This is the largest ever since the humanitarian system was put into place. Left out of this count are many of the internally displaced and the growing number of undeclared or not yet counted refugees; this might be the case with some of those crossing the Mediterranean.

PEOPLE OF CONCERN REFUGEES 20650562 ASYLUM SEEKERS IDP

3503284 41425217

STATELESS 2820348 PERSONS

10000000 5000000 1000000 0

UNHCR DATA

74.49 mil

Global mapping of people of concern based on data issued by UNHCR.

FLOWS OF MIGRATION

The number of international migrants reaches 272 million, continuing an upward trend in all world regions, says UN

UN DATA

300 mil

NEGOTIATING THE EPHEMERAL

Transient Population and Urban spaces

Displaced Population, Shelter terminology

Fragile Population and Transitional Housing

Post-Fordism is characterized by dynamism of social processes which is reflected in the use of space. Temporary uses are only an example of a broader tendency of particular interest to one that includes the “appropriation” of urban spaces as well as the spatiotemporal dynamism of services. Where students tend to study abroad and workers are often in transit or work at home, they no longer have a fixed place of work in an office but various working opinions in a differentiated environment.

The International Federation of Red Cross uses the terms ‘emergency shelter’, ‘temporary shelters’, ‘transitional shelters’, ‘progressive shelters’ and ‘core shelters’. The differences between these categories are the length of stay, permanency of the location, durability and expected lifespan of the shelter. Emergency shelters are usually provided in the immediate aftermath of a disaster. Temporary shelters or ‘Transitional’ shelters, commonly referred to as ‘T-shelters’, are generally designed to be relocated and re-used, whilst progressive shelters and core shelters are built with the aim of becoming part of permanent solutions. Differentiations on the basis of stages in post-disaster respons: emergency shelter, temporary shelter, temporary housing and permanent housing. The distinction between shelter and housing was based on Johnson’s definition of ‘temporary housing’ as a unit that allows the resumption of everyday activities rather than simply ‘sheltering.

Transitional housing refers to a supportive yet temporary type of accommodation that is meant to bridge the gap from homelessness to permanent housing by offering structure, supervision, support (for addictions and mental health, for instance), life skills, and in some cases, education and training. Transitional housing is conceptualized as an intermediate step between emergency crisis shelter and permanent housing. It is meant to provide a safe, supportive environment where residents can overcome trauma, begin to address the issues that led to homelessness or kept them homeless, and begin to rebuild their support network. Transitional housing, as an approach, has long been seen as part of the housing continuum for people who are homeless, and in particular for sub-populations such as youth. However, in recent years it has become somewhat controversial, particularly in light of the success of Housing First models, which do not require ‘readiness’ for a transition. The temporary social residence (TSR) in milano and Housing first model (HF) in belgium are examples of transitional housing programme in europe.

Permanent ownership is increasingly being replaced by various schemes. These developments are reinforced by opportunities for mobile communication and site-related information, by locative media and social networks. The potentials of this augmented urbanism stimulate and indeed generate completely new urban practices.

Transient Population

Displaced Population

Fragile Population

Job

Natural Disaster

Class Struggle Homelessness

Study

Global Conflict

Under Healthcare

Working away from home

Studying away from home

Emergency Shelter

Temporary Shelter

Temporary Housing

Permanent Housing

NEGOTIATING THE EPHEMERAL

Temporary (Re)Uses Countless city authorities in Europe and North America that are given with the task of revitalisation and re-development of urban areas, first and foremost lack the resources and most importantly the power and control to implement comprehensive master plans. Temporary uses flourish both in thein-between spaces where there is flexibility in the rigours of the property market and in areas where multi-use is possible. Some uses are planned and formal; some are informal, unintended, impulsive or even unlawful. Some occur when a city is shrinking, some when it is growing. Some uses last for a weekend, some are seasonal while others may last for a longer period of time. Some are acts of political insolence, while some are government interventions. Aree intervallo is an idiomatic expression which aims to combine the spatial and morphological aspect of spaces with the temporariness concept. in fact, space and time are the key elements of any interpretations. these lost spaces could be unmanaged, unprogramed or abandoned places which defined as a void in urban fabric. The main question is how can temporariness become an opportunity for the regeneration of aree intervallo? There are three broad analytical categories to understand temporary reuse: The first category, culture and counterculture, refers to the creative uses of space made by a new temporary user of undermanaged spaces by occupying and transforming it into personal atelier or studio. This emerging practice is changing the perception and the use of some derelict and vacant spaces, in terms of regeneration. Some public policies are contributing to increase these urban, social and financial opportunities, because supporting arts and culture is supporting local economic and social redevelopment; the case of La Chapelle-Stalingard in paris is an example of collaboration between public administration and creative milieu. The second category refers to activism and community uses. This kind of temporary uses is often promoted by associations, groups of citizens and local organizations in order to reuse empty urban spaces in order to fulfill people requirements and to compensate the lack of public services.

These practices provide a catalyst for neighbourhood and community development, stimulate social interaction and create income opportunities and economic development. Within the third category, disorder and unrest, squatting plays a key role. Squatting is a paradigmatic case of temporary reuse which the original purpose of this illegal and informal practice is bringing an empty space or building back into beneficial use. This use consists in an illegal occupation, a parasitical exploitation of a void. another kind of protest and unrest uses in aree intervallo are activities related to political actions. These practices aim to overthrow a condition and subvert a plannesd use. For example, occupation against an urban renewal project.

Technical Temporariness PLM Each building element has a specific life time. Invariably wearing out installation equipment, carpentry or floor finishing requires an appropriate replacement in time after a few or dozen years. Most often only the building construction remains durable, however if new functions are not introduced, and hence adequate technical equipment, it becomes as well a problem impeding the rapid exchange of functions. In the 21st century architecture, the technology has a decisive influence on the shape, therefore durability of architectural and construction solutions is dictated by the current state of applied technical solutions. Obsolescence is the most common cause of changes in the building, reaching it means the end of the technical life time disused building is aging much faster than used. It can therefore be concluded that moral stability is a prerequisite for existence. Thanks to economic and technological development architecture temporality, temporariness in architecture and temporary architecture is increasingly being appreciated, used and applied. Temporariness is no longer the unwanted child, and has brought revival to modern architecture. In industry, product lifecycle management (called product lifecycle management PLM) is a natural part of the market play. This assumption means that the cycle phase, in which is the product, determines the technology, design, and investments.

Such requirements are reported more frequently in relation to architecture, and architects are increasingly forced to respond, developing new solutions. Temporary architecture requires a proper project and temporary materials tailored to the objectives.

Culture and Counterculture

Activism and community use

Activism Politial action

Protest and unrest Squatting

Temporariness Span Work

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Temporarinessâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; is a tricky impression to pin down. The term denotes a finite period of time with a defined beginning and end. The basic problem with temporary action is that it can only be accurately identified in retrospection. The effect of temporary uses on the development of a certain location can be different. They are divided into typologies and explained below;

Temporary uses Typologies Time

Use/Activity

Stand in: 12

Where temporary users do not have a lasting effect on the location, but only uses the vacant space for the time available.

Time

Impulse:

Use/Activity

The users trigger the future development of the site by establishing innovative programmatic synergies at the site.

Study

Time 12

Consolidation: Temporary users establish themselves at a location and in due course of time they are transformed to a permanent use. Use/Activity

Coexistence: In certain sites, the temporary use continues to exist minimally even after the introduction of a permanent program on the site. 12

Time

Parasite:

Displaced

Temporary use is developed depending on the existing uses taking advantage of the potential co-operation and availability of space.

Use/Activity

Time

Subversion: 12

Homeless

Temporary users interrupt a functionally existent site by squatting as a political action. Even though for a limited period, this changes the circumstances of the space. An example is the housing in a university or factory. Pioneer:

The temporary users collectively appropriate a fresh land, establishing a mode of settlement, which might turn into a permanent one.

Use/Activity

Time

Use/Activity

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Jeremy Németh, Joern Langhorst, Rethinking urban transformation, 2013 2. Michael Martin, The Role and Function of Temporary Use in Urban Regener ation, 2017 3. Flavia De Girolamo, Time and Regeneration: Temporary Reuse in lost spaces, Sapienza Università di Roma, 2013 4. Coralie Buxant, The Challenge of Implementing the Housing First Model Federal Public Planning Service Social Integration, 2016 5. Udayasuriyan Aparan , Bottom-up Urbanism in temporary Urban spaces Ecole polytechnique de l’université Francois, 2016 6. Panu Lehtovuori, Sampo Ruoppila, Temporary uses as means of experimental Urban planning Estonian Academy of Arts, 2012 7. Haydn, Florian and Robert Temel , Temporary Urban Spaces, 2006 8. Quentin Stevens, , Temporary use of Urban spaces: How Are they understo od as ‘Creative’ International Journal of Architecture Research, 2018 9. Jakub Heciak, Architecture and it’s predetermined Temporariness, 2014 10. D. Albadra, D. Coley and J. Hard Toward healthy housing for displaced The Journal of Architecture, 2018

BORDER CONDITIONS Rural Area

CATALONIA

Urban Area Possible Conflict Zone

Disputed Boundary Militarized Zone Buffer Zone

U.S.A/CANADA

U.S.A/MEXICO

CHILE/ ARGENTINA

GIBRALTAR/ SPAIN/ MAROCCO

LUXEMBOURG

BERLIN WALL

LIBERLAND

Land locked state

Historic boundary

Autonomous state

INSTANBUL

GREAT WALL OF CHINA

PHILIPPINES/ CHINA

SINGAPORE/CHINA

VATICAN/ITALY

SUEZ CANAL

PALESTINE / ISRAIL

CYPRUS / NICOSIA

BORDERSCAPES AND EPHEMERAL SETTLEMENTS Conflict, Space and Architecture Architecture is essentially about framing spaces. How design materializes who is going to be served from architecture and who is not? Architectural instruments can be detourned and applied as border instruments, walls being the easiest example (former Berlin, Israeli, Ceuta, California/Mexico, Cyprus…). How do we design for those who were brutally displaced from their homes? When is a house a home? What is the essence of social integration? Social integration is not necessarily achieved when mixing different social and cultural groups or when one’s identity is supposed to be assimilated with someone’s else, or when are forced to share the same places. But instead when everyone has the same rights to access resources of any kind. How architects serve people when they design, innovative detention and reception centers and innovative refugee camps? Refugee camps represent the ruins of our modern world, a political failure and a crime against humanity. They should never have existed. To inhabit a refugee camp means to inhabit ruins, to live in a space whose origin lies in forced displacement. At the same time, the present proliferation of the “camp form” has eroded the very notion of citizenship and cannot be ignored. Camps are established with the intention of being demolished. They are meant to have no history and no future; they are meant to be forgotten. The history of refugee camps is constantly erased, dismissed by states, humanitarian organizations, international agencies and even by refugee communities themselves in fear that any acknowledgement of the present undermines their right of return. The only history that is recognized within refugee communities is one of violence, suffering, and humiliation. How then do we understand the life and culture that people build in camps, despite suffering and marginalization? Sometimes sociologists and philosophers have a better understanding of space than architects. We would like to quote the seven points of Zygmunt Bauman about boundaries, an analysis by Zygmunt Bauman to analysis the concept of boundaries.

1. Boundaries are drawn to create differences: differences between one place and the rest of space, between one stretch of time and the rest of time, between one category of human creatures and the rest of humanity ... By creating differences, probabilities are manipulated, certain events become more likely to happen, while others become less probable, perhaps even impossible. When such diversified probabilities are tied to chosen places, timespans and categories of people, the world is simplified, amenable to comprehension and to sensible (effective, purposeful) action. From now on, not everything may happen, not all behaviour is permitted. some kinds of conduct should be expected rather than any other moves. And so we know where we are, what to expect, what to do. Each boundary provides (or at least is hoped/believed to provide) some shelter from the unexpectable and unpredictable: from such conditions

New Cities and Migration | Bologna The socio-spatial transformation of the everyday urban environment due to the migrations movements has been debated under an interdisciplinary approach. In general terms the workshop aimed to address questions related to cities and regions that are resilient to change (climatic, social, cultural), and to discuss new forms of residential patterns and urban life, with the purpose of jointly developing global visions regarding future cities in transformation. Also in the investigations is debated migration as key contributor to sustainable development.

as would frighten us, paralyse and disable, were it not for the signs indicating on which side of the border we, and other things within sight and reach, are located. The more visible the borders and the clearer the border signs are, the more “orderly” is the space and time within which we move. Borders offer confidence. They allow us to know how to move, where and when. They enable us to act with selfassurance.

Zygmunt Bauman developes 7 points on the concept of boundary. Otherness and the role of social and cultural boundaries have been prominent in social theory, sociology and cultural studies. In this context, an analysis of Bauman’s work is important because it raises pertinent questions pertaining to the nature of social and cultural boundaries and the nature of boundary construction under modernity. The metaphors of inside and outside and the idea of the boundary are significant in Bauman’s critique of modernity’s search for a meta-order and in his examination of strangerhood.

2. To play that role, to impose order upon chaos, to make the world comprehensible and liveable, borders must be marked. There are fences or hedges around your home and other people’s homes. There are names stuck to the entry gates or doors that in turn signify the opposition between insiders and outsiders, residents and guests. Ignoring those signs, disobeying the change of rules they warn about. would amount to trespassing and could lead to events you would rather avoid: to frightening events which you cannot predict, let alone control. On the other hand, obedience to the instructions which those signs explicitly spel out or imply, and the change in the patterns of behaviour at the moment you cross the boundary, creates (recreates, reinforces, manifests) the order which the boundary was intended to conjure up, service and preserve. Order means: right things in the right places and at the right time. It is the boundary that determines what things and in which place are “right”, what things and where are “out of place” or “at the wrong time”. Bathroom things need to be kept away from the kitchen, bedroom things away from the dining room, outdoorthings away from indoor ones. Things out of place are dirt.As dirt, they need to be swept out, removed, destroyed or transferred elsewhere, where they “belong” if, of course, there is such a place to which they belong (such a place does not always exist, as all stateless refugees or homeless vagabonds would testify). That removal of undesirables is what we call “cleaning”. What we mean by cleaning is the restoration of order. “Cleanliness” stands for order. 3. Boundaries divide space; but they are not barriers pure and simple. They are also interfaces between the places they separate. As such, they are subject to contradictory pressures and therefore potential foci of conflicts and sites of tension. There are few if any walls without gates or doors. Walls are, in principle, passable though, the guards on each side of the wall act, as a rule, at crosspurposes, each trying to make the osmosis the permeability and penetrability of the boundary asymmetrical. The asymmetry is complete or nearly complete in the case of prisons, detention camps and ghettos or “ghettoized areas” (with Gaza and the West Bank providing the most spectacular current examples). where only one set of guards controls the passage; but the notorious “no go areas” in the cities (dubbed “mean streets’ or “rough districts”) come, or tend to come, close to that extreme pattern, juxtaposing the “we won’t go in” attitude of the outsiders with the “we can’t get out” condition of the insiders.

4. Boundaries divide space; but they are not barriers pure and simple. They are also interfaces between the places they separate. As such, they are subject to contradictory pressures and therefore potential foci of conflicts and sites of tension. There are few if any walls without gates or doors. Walls are, in princi27

The Morocco-Spain border

Mexico-USA border

Thickness of Moroccan (Africa)- Spanish (Europe) border

Mexican-USA border wall proposals

ple, passable though, the guards on each side of the wall act, as a rule, at crosspurposes, each trying to make the osmosis the permeability and penetrability of the boundary asymmetrical. The asymmetry is complete or nearly complete in the case of prisons, detention camps and ghettos or “ghettoized areas” (with Gaza and the West Bank providing the most spectacular current examples). where only one set of guards controls the passage; but the notorious “no go areas” in the cities (dubbed “mean streets’ or “rough districts”) come, or tend to come, close to that extreme pattern, juxtaposing the “we won’t go in” attitude of the outsiders with the “we can’t get out” condition of the insiders. 4. Boundaries are drawn to create and maintain a spatial order: to gather some people and things in certain places and keep other people away from those spaces. The “no entry” warnings in public buildings are always stuck on only one side of the doors: t11ey set apart people coming from one side of the door (clients, patients, petitioners outsiders) from those on the other side (officers, wardens, managers insiders). Guards at the entry to shopping malls, restaurants, administrative buildings, “gated communities’’, theatres or states let in some people and turn away others by checking the tickets, passes, passports and other documents entitling them to enter, or by scanning their appearance for hints and clues concerning their capacities and intentions and the likelihood that when allowed inside they would meet the requirements and expectations that bona fide “insiders” are required and assumed to fulfil. Each model of spatial order divides humans into “desirables” and “undesirables”. Each boundary is meant to prevent the two categories from mixing in one space. Boundaries fulfil that task by monitoring and ontrolling human traffic differentiating the rights of passage, length of permitted stay, entitlements to settlement. 5. Drawing and protecting boundaries are the principal activities aimed at the gaining and preservation of security; their principal collateral casualty is freedom of movement. With that freedom fast becoming the main stratifying factor and the criterion by which the individual and/or categorial positions in social hierarchy are measured, the right of passage (more exactly, the right to ignore the boundary) becomes one of the most hotly contested, and indeed classbound, issues; whereas the capacity to defy and bypass the prohibition of passage turns into one of the main weapons of dissent and resistance against the extant hierarchy of power. Such pressures result in a striking paradox: on our rapidly globalizing planet, diminishing effectiveness of borders (their growing porousness, coupled with the falling defensive value of space distance) coincides with a rapid rise in the significance that tends to be assigned to them. In the world of global interdependence, free movement of capital and information highways, the exorbitant sums of money spent by national governments on fortifying checkpoints and elaborating controls of human traffic do little or nothing much to stem or even slow down the shrinking of the dividing/separating/arresting powers of borders.

6. Away from the official attention and intense governmental interference, cast in a sort of mediatic semi shade, borders of a different kind, “grassroot” and unmarked borders, currently multiply. They are side effects of the increasingly diasporic nature of urban cohabitation (the proportion of urban dwellers in the world population passed the 50% line two years ago). Fredrik Barth,

the eminent Norwegian anthropologist, noted that borders do not tend to be drawn because of striking differences between neighbouring populations, but that otherwise unnoticeable, minor and relatively irrelevant or largely imaginary features of neighbours tend to be promoted to the rank of “striking” because the boundaries that have already been drawn yearn for justification and emotive reinforcement. We can however add that those unmarked “grassroot borders”, built from the avoidance of commerce, commensality and connubium rather than with concrete and barbed wire, perform a double function: alongside the function of separation, prompted by fear of the unknown and the desire for security, there is, let’s recall, the role/destiny of an “interface”: encounter, interaction, exchange, and in the end a fusion of cognitive horizons and daily practices. It is here, at this “microsocial” level, that different traditions, beliefs, cultural inspirations and lifestyles, which governmentally supervised and administered borders at the “macrosocial” level struggle with mixed success to keep apart, meet at close quarters and face to face, share daily life and inevitably enter into dialogue peaceful and benevolent or antagonistic and stormy, but always leading towards de-estrangement, mutual familiarization, and potentially to mutual understanding, respect and solidarity.

7. The complex task of working out the conditions of agreeable and mutually beneficial cohabitation of different forms of life has been, like so many other globally produced problems. dumped on (principally urban) localities, casting them with or with out their consent as willing or unwilling laboratories inside which the ways and means of human cohabitation on a globalized planet are found or invented, experimented with, put to practical test, and eventually learned. lnterdiasporic frontiers (material or mental, brickandmortar or symbolic) are occasionally battlefields on which common, multi sourced apprehensions and frustrations are unloaded; but they are also, less spectacularly but more consistently and seminally, creative workshops of the art of cohabitation plots on which the seeds of future forms of humanity are (knowingly or not) sown and sprout. Nothing in history is predetermined; history is a trace left on time by multiple, dispersed and disparate, seldom if ever coordinated human choices. It is much too early to foresee which of the two interrelated functions of borders will eventually prevail. Of one thing we can be pretty sure, though: we (and our children) will lie on the bed which we, collectively, will have made for ourselves (and for them). And by drawing borders and negotiating the norms of frontierland life those beds are made. Purposefully, or inadvertently... Whether we are aware of it, or not.

Zaatari Refugee Settlement, Jordan Migration is a pemanent phenomenon and it has been one of the driving forces for the growth of urbanization and the creation of opportunities. Global conflicts are forcing migrant and host populations to re-define their ideas of home, belonging, and identity. Kilian Kleinschmidt has called refugee camps “the cities of tomorrow” “Refugees are the price of global economy. In our global world, commodities circulate freely, but not people: new forms of apartheid are emerging. [...] Large migrations are our future [...] The ultimate cause of refugees is today’s global capitalism itself and its geopolitical games.”

The civil that was taking place in Syria since 2011, created a continuous flux of refugees in all over the world. Even though most Syrian refugees desire a re-location to North European countries, a big number of refugees has fled towards Asia, creating refugee settlements, with one of them representing a very special urban phenomenon. The refugee camp of Zaatari is located on the Northern part of Jordan, in a deserted area just 15km far from the border of Syria. Beyond the fact that the place is not ideal for the settlement of populations, because of drought, lack of vegetation and high level of temperature as well as the long distance from other cities, services and infrastructure, the camp was organized in 9 days and the official reception of refugees started in 29 of July 2012 under the supervision of UNHCR. The primary objective of the space was the hospitality of some thousands of Syrian refugees, although the increased flux of people looking for asylum was increasing dramatically. In one month of operation, the population number reached 15.000 while in November of 2012 the inhabitants of the settlement were 45000. Until March of 2013, 156000 people had reached the camp of Zaatari making it the fourth largest city of Jordan. Because of the high accumulation of population and the continuous typical or atypical sprawl of the settlement the conditions of living were quite difficult since the services and the organization of the settlement was to serve 60000 people. For the relief of continuously increased needs of the people they decided to create another refugee reception center 120km far in the area of Azraq. After this initiative half of the population left the camp reducing the population to 80000. In the beginning the infrastructure of the camp were: • The organization and the placement of UNHCR tents • To provide shared access points of electricity • To guarantee access to drinkable water, food and goods These needs were enough to satisfy the primary needs of the people but could not ensure the survival of the thousands of refugees that were accumulating continuously. The necessity of people for an upgrade of the living conditions was urgent that’s why the camp in a short reached the primary phase of an urban settlement. Most of the UNHCR tents were replaces from prefabricated shelters with metallic or wooden structure, filled with panels, placed in short distances from each other, with small muddy streets but also larger pedestrian paths. In addition, after the transformation of the camp to a settlement the works for electricity and water supply initiated. In a period of four years, they achieved to create a network of electricity supplying the settlement 11 hours per day. Moreover, three drilling points with the capacity of ensuring 3.5 million liters of water daily. The 80000 residents of Zaatari supply water from the public water tanks while the waste produced in their shelters is deposited in public which then is moved away. For some people the situation was very unclear, for some this settlement had become the city of waiting since the residents of the city were living in a state of limbo. Due to the intensification of the conflict but also the domination of

Michael Kimmelman , “Refugee Camp for Syrians in Jordan Evolves as a Do-It-Yourself City”]. The New York Times, 2014

Hayden, Sally, â&#x20AC;&#x153;Inside the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s largest camp for Syrian refugeesâ&#x20AC;?. Irish Times, 2018.

Syria from terrorists the predicted waiting time was extending day by day the settlement was sprawling, and the population was increasing with the prospect of permanency. For this reason, the needs of the people could not be limited into food and sheltering. Slowly, the residents developed their own commercial activities creating more than 3000 small or big businesses and consequently some thousands of job positions. With the help of humanitarian groups that were arriving in the settlement the residents managed to create centers of professional orientation and part time occupation for many more thousands of people. Beyond the necessity for an occupation, needs for education and health facilities. Through the case of Zaatari we can learn a lot about how we develop strategies of an ephemeral urbanism. How the accumulation of people towards a small geographic location is not just a settlement. We analyze Zaatari as a small city were its residents need access to shelter, food and goods, drinkable water, services and infrastructure, health and education. But also from a sociological point of view Zaatari is the site were a heterogenous multitude of identities is emerging defined by cultural and social differences. According to Zygmunt Bauman looking the refugee settlement through the prism of a city, transforms the refugees from victims to individuals with goals and objectives, a variety of daily routines and opinions located in a particular network of social relations and interactions.

Zaatari and the Syrian Border

Idomeni and the Macedonia Border

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. DIDA, New Cities and Migration, edited by Roberto Bologna 2. T Alessandro Petti, the Architecture of Exile IV. B 3. Zygmunt Bauman, Wasted Lives: Modernity and its Outcasts 4. Talia Radford, “‘Refugee Camps are the Cities of Tomorrow’ says humanitarian aid expert”, Dezeen, November 23, 2015. 5. Slavoj Zizek, “Slavoj Zizek: We Can’t Address the EU Refugee Crisis Without Confronting Global Capitalism,” In These Times, September 9, 2015. 6. Michael Kimmelman , “Refugee Camp for Syrians in Jordan Evolves as a DoIt-Yourself City”]. The New York Times, 2014 7. Hayden, Sally, “Inside the world’s largest camp for Syrian refugees”. Irish Times, 2018. 8. Allegra lab , “When Camps Become Home: Legal implications of the longterm encampment in Zaatari”, 2015.

READING MANUAL “Social organization reflects spatial configuration and vice versa. Hegemonic power organises the configuration of space to make it consistent with their social, economic and political objectives. Space thus produced is, however not just an image of social relation projected onto screen of the Earth. As it is a physical object, space constitutes an active moment, which can be in conflct with hegemonic social power. In capitalism, space indeed forms an indispensable regulatory element to contain class struggle and economic crisis.” As wide scale migration flows challenge borders across the world, boundaries between countries solidify. This condition has generated a wide range of polarization and has converted Europe to a Fortress that inbetween its walls hundrends of thousand bodies are voluntarily incarcerated inside the so called “detention centers” or “hotspots. Detention centers are carceral environments that people are being hosted after being arrested by the local authorities. Every effort to distinguish them from prisons; as they are not administrative recognised as prisons, architecturally are clearly responding to the typology of a carceral environment. “First aid centers” or “Reception centers for illegal migrants” are nothing more than spaces operating under prison conditions. For example in the island of Lampedusa considered as a European outpost in the migratory routes from North Africa, in Moria (Lesvos) accumulating migrant flows from the east, in Ceuta and Mellila from Africa, migrants are not allowed to walk freely on the land. There shouldn’t be any illusion that these spaces are anything else rather than a prison. The goal of this approach is to examine and investigate architectural form and its political representation and materialization of boundaries and borders that articulate spaces of inhabitation but also environments of incarceration from a domestic to a global scale using the typology and architectural elements of prison as a pre-text. Investigating architectural forms and spatial tools that generate relations between carceral architecture and migrants or otherwise the politics of space and bodies across the globe.

1. Fujio Mizuoka, Subsumption of space into society and alternative spatial strategy ,Geographische revue 2/2008 2 -The Funambulist 17, Weaponized Architecture,June 2018 Weaponized Architecture examines the use of infrastructure (railroad, highways, pipelines, canals, land reclamation, etc.) as a political weapon. “A construction project is worth a battalion” said French General and colonial administrator Hubert Lyautey (1854-1934), a key strategist of French colonialism in Vietnam, Madagascar, and Morocco. This issue’s articles describing the role of infrastructure in colonial projects in Canada (Deborah Cowen), Singapore (Charmaine Chua), Central Asia (Solveig Suess), Kurdistan (Begüm Adalet), and Colombia (Zannah Mæ Matson) illustrate such a strategy. Other contributions describe the geopolitics of narrowness materialized by the Suez Canal, the Gulf of Aden, and the Strait of Hormuz in the maritime globalized capitalist project (Laleh Khalili), the story of Sovietic infrastructural remains in Southern Armenia (Rouzbeh Akhbari & Felix Kalmenson), the construction of a notion of “infrastructure of intimacy” in the context of the Israeli systematic destruction of Palestinian homes (Sabrien Amrov), and the project of rehabilitation of the toxified Euphrates River between Syria and Iraq (Malak Al-Faraj & Leyla Oz).

WALL Thinking of the various border walls of the Earth and particularly the “Wall” of Mexican and US border. A wall is a physical material formation that organizes bodies in space. The very idea of tracing a line on land or the enclosure of agricultural land in England, especially as debated in the 17th and 18th centuries. This is the first materilization of dividing territories ending up being the wall. All those lines designed by architects, act symbolically. Sometimes these “lines” do not even need a physical enforcement in order to act as a wall. For example the airport, museums etc. The physical formation of the wall prevents that a body would not have any ability to damage, move or go through it. The line in its geometrical definition does not have any thickness, when the line turns into a wall, the wall itself embodies a thickness, sometimes is a few centimeters but other times when it comes to border walls the “thickness” becomes a relative concept. Buffer zones, neutral zones, green belts The space inbetween the thickness of borders seems an inbetween space lacking the enforcement of any kind of legal regime. The thickness resembles a liberated world where law and architectural scheme can not really conceive. Seven years ago Eritrean refugees trapped by security fence at Israeli-Egyptian border. The line traced on a map is often materialized by a physical element and inevitably, this element has a given thickness. In that case, the materialization of the abstract border is achieved by a double fence or a gradient of security obstacles, thus creating a space in between that seems ambiguous on the legal level. Technically this space is on the Israeli territory.

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1 Eritrean refugees trapped in the thickness of the wall ,Photograph: Ariel Schalit/AP .jpg

2. Mellila Exclave/ Spain Marocco border where Africa meets Europe.jpg

(Enclosure was the legal process in England of consolidating (enclosing) small landholdings into larger farms since the 13th century. Once enclosed, use of the land became restricted and available only to the owner, and it ceased to be common land for communal use. In England and Wales the term is also used for the process that ended the ancient system of arable farming in open fields. Under enclosure, such land is fenced (enclosed) and deeded or entitled to one or more owners. The process of enclosure began to be a widespread feature of the English agricultural landscape during the 16th century. By the 19th century, unenclosed commons had become largely restricted to rough pasture in mountainous areas and to relatively small parts of the lowlands.)

Nevertheless, for seven full days, the state of Israel refused to grant access to its territory to those twenty migrants, implying that this space was not part of this same territory. A wall can embody various political programs where material violence can be politically instrumentalized. The key is an architectural component that can turn a door into a wall. The key is a protocol. The door is a wall that allows the porosity of this wall to be operable and contains the protocol of who is going to be served by architecture and who is going to be excluded.

ZONES Zones are territories for organizing logistical operations. With historical precedents in free ports, pirate enclaves and colonial concessions, zones have multiplied their presence in the contemporary global landscape. Zones are instruments of market rationality subject to irrational proliferation. Zones generate undeclared forms of polity (Easterling). Authoritarian capitalism conjures zones as spaces where anything can happen, liberal democracy presents them as hideaways for its constitutive coercions. Neither sites of transition nor development, zones are spaces where dispossession meets exploitation. Zones are not fields for your ethnography. Keep out and donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t ask questions!y.

CORRIDOR The space of the corridor is an architectural invention, the corridor can become a space for the servants to be able to operate within the colonial bourgeouise house without being seen operating within the walls. The corridor is a convenient way to organize particular programs such as psychiatric hospitals or prisons. Corridors connect zones. Corridors bundle infrastructure along axes to narrow space and accelerate time. Corridors establish channels or pipelines of movement that intensify logistical organization Reading Manual

and its accompanying tensions and conflicts. Stable regulations, well-developed communications, efficient transport systems and uniform software implementations are the basic requirements for establishing corridors. Yet corridors cross borders and negotiate variegated conditions of capitalism. Corridors string governance across gaps of knowledge and topography. Power vacates the office. Decisions are made in the corridor.

PORT A location on a coast or shore where ships can dock and transfer people or cargo to or from land. In computing a port serves as an endpoint in an operating system for many types of communication. It is not a hardware device, but a logical construct that identifies a service of a process. A port is an access point between liquid and solid, connecting the local with the global. The theory about global city the relation between the local and the global has often been described in terms of solids and liquids. Solid localities versus the global fluidities (flows) of data information and money. Wherever the local and the global are connected there is a port. The port is an intersection, an intermediate space in which the global and the local co-exist. The access points between the solid and the liquid are usually controlled like military bases. Global cities like New York, London or Shanghai the port as a point of access between cities and sea, between the local and the global have been taken from the citizens of the these cities and have been turned into special zones governed by port authorities, they are inaccessible and totally unusable for anyone outside the corporate structures. Ports are command points in the organization of a world economy, replicated as a form across territories and continents to the scale of the planet. Acting as nodes of a planetary network where material and immaterial flows circulate perpetually.

INFRASTRUCTURE Infrastructures are matter that enable or disable the movement of other matter. Is where the solid meets the liquid, the local and the global has often been described in terms of solids and liquids. Solid localities versus the global fluidities Mundane and monumental, infrastructure enables capital’s expansion. Infrastructure is more than groundwork. Infrastructure cuts across corridors, fibres and code with imperial force. Yet infrastructure is vulnerable. Striking against infrastructure requires not just sabotage but constitutive acts of organization. Infrastructure permeates technical and algorithmic divisions to become both concrete and soft. Infrastructure is not boring. Infrastructure aestheticizes rationality.

NORMS Norms are ubiquitous. Norms understand politics. Norms assume decisions. More precisely, norms assume a political economy through which power is asserted. Their capacity to interlock with one another and adapt to change over time and circumstance are key to their power as non-state agents of governance. Standards underpin capital accumulation and political hegemony from the micro level of algorithmic apparatuses to the macro level of global infrastructures. Norms are crucial to the interoperability of protocols across software platforms and infrastructural components. The labour of creating standards never ends. Norms conflict as much as they match. The best thing about norms is that there is a vast variety to choose from.

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The Port of Antwerp in Flanders, Belgium, Photograph by DigitalGlobe.jpg Logistical Worlds Nº 1 November 2014 How to study China-led globalisation through infrastructural interventions? This question prompts the investigation of logistical operations that fabricate the emerging trade network known as the New Silk Road. Moving between software studies and geocultural analysis of labour regimes, the project tracks algorithmic arrangements of power across the tricontinental sites of Piraeus, Valparaíso and Kolkata. These are spaces of docking and interface, material flow and restriction, in which logistics antagonizes labour. The extraction of time and social life from populations underscores economies of measure. Whether understood through the techniques of supply chain management or the architecture of real-time computation, logistics materializes the abstractions of capital. Subjectivity and labour expose the power and vulnerability of logistical worlds. Transmediale 2016 | Re-examining Global.Ports Nicholas Anastasopoulos, Fabiane M. Borges, Geheimagentur; moderated by Oliver Lerone Schultz, Ben Vickers. Acknowledging a critical moment for diverse port authorities worldwide and at a new global juncture—in Berlin, the EU, and many other international ports—this gathering will be focused specifically on reviewing traditional ports, gathering concrete engagements with their inherent and continuing political-logistical promise of connecting people, places, and important matters. With a mandate to re-establish a communal quality of ports, the Global Port Authority will ask: what docking points could in these moving times provide reliable anchorage, refuge, or sanctuary to a globally distributed ecology of commoning initiatives and people anxious for open interplanetary connectivity? What are the criteria, methods, and practices for attaining open ports?

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FLUX To live in a time of crisis is to be in a constant state of learning about change, and imagining its implications. Time is inextricably bound up with notions of progress, growth and development. By contrast, in a state of crisis (defined as a temporary, critical turning point), the past is experienced through a sense of nostalgia, the present is experienced as loss, and the future is precarious.

Innervated by flows of energy and matter, the urban landscape is alive. Hydraulic forces ebb and surge through a tangled skein of canals and sewers, water being one of the main metabolisms of the city. But also buildings are liquid strata of minerals — just very slow…. The apparently inorganic shell of the city is also part of an external geographical metabolism. Like our bones absorb calcium from rocks, Amsterdam was built ‘on Norway’, on the timber felled and shipped down along the Scandinavian fjords to carpent Dutch naval power. Enclosed by the town’s walls, the promiscuous society of animals and humans was easily conducive to epidemics. Plague and pox however were never passive inhabitants: bacteria and viruses invisibly ‘redesigned’ streets and houses, shaping also the form of institutions like hospitals and prisons. Any wall is populated and consumed by the invisible food chains of microbes and mould, where the border between organic and inorganic life blurs. Buildings breathe and ferment. Architecture is the bunker of life. Time and space are two concepts interwoven perpetually. Irakleitos once wrote; Everything flows nothing stands still. According to Marx cities are flourishing ecosystems a true human participation in nature.

Matteo Pasquinelli, Manifesto of Urban Cannibalism, Berlin Declaration, 2012.

Myrto Tsilimpounidi, Sociology of Crisis: Visualising Urban Austerity

Matteo Pasquinelli (PhD) is Professor in Media Philosophy at the University of Arts and Design, Karlsruhe, where he is coordinating the research group on Artificial Intelligence and Media Philosophy KIM. He recently edited the anthology Alleys of Your Mind: Augmented Intelligence and Its Traumas (Meson Press) among other books. His research focuses the intersection of cognitive sciences, digital economy and machine intelligence. For Verso Books he is preparing a monograph provisionally titled The Eye of the Master: Capital as Computation and Cognition.

MIGRATION Human migration a permanent phenomena of collective or individual movement of people from one place to another with the intentions of settling, permanently or temporarily at a new location. Refugee: Refugees are people fleeing conflict or persecution. They are defined and protected in international law, and must not be returned to situations where their life and freedom are at risk. UN 1951 Refugee Convention (Article 1.A.2): “any person who, owing to well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality and is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country; or who, not having a nationality and being outside the country of his former habitual residence as a result of such events, is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to return to it.” Asylum-Seeker: An asylum-seeker is someone whose request for sanctuary has yet to be processed. Every year, around one million people seek asylum. National asylum systems are in place to determine who qualifies for international protection. Internally Displaced Persons: Internally displaced people (IDPs) have not crossed a border to find safety. Unlike refugees, they are on the run at home. Stateless Persons: A person who is not considered as a national by any State under the operation of its law. Stateless person does not have a nationality of any country. Refugees are people fleeing conflict or persecution. They are defined and protected in international law, and must not be expelled or returned to situations where their life and freedom are at risk. A refugee, generally speaking, is a displaced person who has been forced to cross national boundaries and who cannot return home safely.“

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The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) is a United Nations agency with the mandate to protect refugees, forcibly displaced communities and stateless people, and assist in their voluntary repatriation, local integration or resettlement to a third country. UNHCR‘s mandate does not apply to Palestinian refugees, who are assisted by UNWRA. UNHCR was created in 1950, during the aftermaths of World War II. Its headquarters are in Geneva, Switzerland and it is a member of the United Nations Development Group.[1] The UNHCR has won two Nobel Peace Prizes, once in 1954 and again in 1981[2] and a Prince of Asturias Awards for International Cooperation in 1991.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Fujio Mizuoka, Subsumption of space into society and alternative spatial strategy ,Geographische revue 2/2008 2. The Funambulist 17, Weaponized Architecture,June 2018 3. Logistical Worlds Nยบ 1 November 2014 4. Nicholas Anastasopoulos, Fabiane M. Borges, Geheimagentur; moderated by Oliver Lerone Schultz, Ben Vickers, Re-examining Global.Ports, Transmedial, 2016 5. Myrto Tsilimpounidi, Sociology of Crisis: Visualising Urban Austerity 6. Matteo Pasquinelli, Manifesto of Urban Cannibalism, Berlin Declaration, 2012.

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MASSIVE LOSS OF HABITAT AND THE REFUGEES OF THE ANTHROPOCENE

BIODERVISITY INTACTNESS

≤60 ≤70 ≤75 ≤80 ≤85 ≤90 ≤95 ≤97.5 ≤100 >100 54

Average proportion of natural biodiversity remaining in local ecosystems in Green areas are those within safe limits for biodiversity, and red areas are those beyond

MEDITERRANEAN BATHYMETRY

MEDITERRANEAN MARINE TRAFFIC

MEDITERRANEAN INTERNET CABLE NETWORK

MASSIVE LOSS OF HABITAT AND THE REFUGEES OF THE ANTHROPOCENE Our contemporary societies undergo several processes of separation, new geopolitical conditions are emerging, space is transformed to buffer zones, neutral zones, green belts which seem to lack the reinforcement of any legal regime. New socio-economic geographies become apparent where space is converted to economic zones, places of production, transport hubs, industrial facilities. The dynamic of antagonism defines the new socio-environmental conditions. To understand the dynamics of our cities and the challenge of housing in the neoliberal capitalist phase, it is not enough to look at the architectural, structural or economic questions alone – we must also investigate the visual languages and conceptual approaches. As architects, we should develop a level of deep understanding and push towards the emergence of a collective consciousness with the objective to engender new epistemic shifts. The urban and the city have exploded, the planet has been ubiquitously infrastructuralized. Material and immaterial flows along with bodies are continuously flowing through these infrastructural networks. We do not speak just for accumulation of capital and goods in the big network of global centers but also a concentration of bodies that are being brutally displaced and forced to abandon their homeland. Impoverished people in the “developing” world as well as in the “developed” have been several times hostages and the leverage of geopolitical games. Beyond the fact that migration is not a new phenomenon, wide scale migration flows challenge border conditions across the world. The leading economic powers in the world invest astronomical amounts of money into the enhancement of their national border security to protect their national interests from the alien bodies, they are at the same time the biggest contributors to the reason why millions of people are forced from home. In today’s world there are 80 million people that have been directly or indirectly forced from home and denied access to basic rights such as education, healthcare, employment and freedom of mobility. According to UNHCR (The United Nations Refugee Agency) a refugee is someone who has been forced to flee his or her country because of persecution, war or violence. A refugee has a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, political opinion. Although the identity of refugee is universally recognized by the regime of UNHCR people worldwide are also migrating because they are under precarious living conditions. Rob Nixon in his book “Slow Violence and the Environmentalism of the Poor” forms of slow violence visited on the world’s most vulnerable populations. The very environment is the medium for the infliction of much slow violence—dead land and water, toxic drift, deforestation, oil spills, the radioactive aftermaths of wars, acidifying oceans. But also, Intensification of land use, resource exploitation, infrastructulization of the hinterland, wars and territorial conflicts over the control of resources are major reasons why people are fleeing their homes We now have vast stretches of land and water that are dead— land overwhelmed by the relentless use of chemicals and water dead from lack of oxygen due to pollution of all sorts...accelerated histories and geographies of destruction on a scale our planet has not seen before, making substantive the notion of the Anthropo-

1. Sassen, Saskia, author. Expulsions : Brutality and Complexity in the Global Economy. Cambridge, Massachusetts, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2014.

2. Godofredo Pereira , The Underground Frontier, continentcontinent.cc, Issue 4.4 / 2015: 4 3. Heidegger, Martin, 1977, The Question Concerning Technology, and Other Essays, New York: Harper Row.

cene, the age marked by major human impact on the environment...destruction of the quality of land, water, and air have hit poor communities particularly hard, producing an estimated 800 million displaced people worldwide. Six major gyres that help keep our ocean currents going have now become massive trash zones, full of circling garbage that leads to the asphyxiation of marine life. The eviction of fauna and flora in order to develop plantations and mines, together reposition vast stretches of land as nothing more than sites for extraction. There are multiple `causes of land degradation, just as there are many types of land. Erosion, desertification, and overuse through monocultures, as in plantations, are critical causes of agricultural land destruction. Climate change has brought heat waves of a kind rarely seen before, affecting agricultural areas across the world and increasingly including places that have been successful food producers for a very long time. The few studies that have attempted to map the global process estimate that about 40 percent of the world’s agricultural land is seriously degraded. “if the world warms by 2°C— warming which may be reached in 20 to 30 years— it will cause widespread food shortages, unprecedented heat waves, and more intense cyclones. Our industrial infrastructures are contaminating with lead and chrome not just the land but whole impoverished communities depending on them for their prosperity. Mining and extraction industries are responsible for territorial degradation in the making of dead land. “At least ten billion tons per year on a dry basis of fine particle waste”. The pollution lasts long after the mine closes down: a typical hard rock mine may exhaust profitable material in five to fifteen years, but contaminants can continue to leach into the environment at accelerated rates for hundreds of years . “The underground is no longer simply the space where resources are located, but has itself been converted into a resource...Up in the sky a vast network of public and private satellites is today equipped with multispectral remote-sensing tools to analyze surface conditions for mineral prospection or land use analysis; The increase in computer processing power allows the global climate to be modeled and simulated via quantitative methods with increasing detail; and down below, oil spills are classified and fingerprinted according to chemical composition while biotechnologies are increasingly dependent on bioinformatics for the modeling of living systems...All aspects of the earth are made into resources once they are translated into datasets—the epitome of what Heidegger described many years ago as the age of the world picture, where the entirety of nature is framed as a standing-reserve (bestand). Our machines can move or create mountains, they can produce a forest where there was desert and generate earthquakes and clouds. New geographies of trash are emerging, filled with all our waste from the batteries that we use on our smart device. Landfills of hardware and batteries and power banks.

Is it irrelevant in today’s thoughts to ask what are going to be the stories of the Post Anthropocene? In its landscape there is no city not countryside nor center. There is just a continuous city consisted of ports and operational landscapes that within its network a devastating amount of data and bodies

is flowing. A new atlas of geographies has emerged. All these geographies are extended and joined with each other to a continuous city with its own unique operating system.

4. Maria Kaika, City of Flows: Modernity, Nature, and the City, 2004 5. Jason Moore, ‘Amsterdam is Standing on Norway’, 2010 6. Michel Foucault, Surveiller et punir, 1975

It is a smart city, like its objects, smartphones, smart homes, driverless cars, smart TVs, smart house devices, smart home hubs and controllers, smart locks, smart strips, smart lighting and heating delivery drones. A continuous city where everything is smart. Innervated by flows of energy and matter, the landscape of the continuous city is alive. Hydraulic and technological forces ebb and surge through a tangled skein of fiber optics networks canals and sewers, water being one of the main metabolisms of the city. But also, the buildings are liquid strata of minerals — just very slow…. The apparently inorganic shell of the city is also part of an external geographical metabolism. Like our bones absorb calcium from rocks, Amsterdam was built ‘on Norway’, on the timber felled and shipped down along the Scandinavian fjords to carpent Dutch naval power. Enclosed by the town’s walls, the promiscuous society of animals and humans was easily conducive to epidemics. Plague and pox however were never passive inhabitants: bacteria and viruses invisibly ‘redesigned’ streets and houses, shaping also the form of institutions like hospitals and prisons.Any wall is populated and consumed by the invisible food chains of microbes and mold, where the border between organic and inorganic life blurs. Buildings breathe and ferment. Architecture is the bunker of life.

Groningen Field A reasonable question to ask is if the discovery of large reserves of oil and natural gas is a blessing. It is said that the ones who tried to continue the work of God are the Dutch since they created a land there where it should have been water. After a lot of experimentation twenty years ago they also managed to create their own earthquakes. Hidden under the hectares of Dutch farmland under the tulip fields and the folklore windmills lies the world’s largest natural gas reserves providing the one tenth ExxonMobile and Shell’s total production but also a significant financial resource for the Dutch government. It was all good until the earthquakes started. NAM is the company commissioned by Shell and Exxonmobil using conventional drilling to extract gas in Groningen, not fracking – but the earth is still shaking. Discovered in 1959 by Exxon Mobil and Royal Dutch Shell and still operated by a joint venture of these two giants, the Groningen field made this small country something of a petroleum power. Starting in the 1960s, the gas was a source of domestically produced and relatively clean fuel that brought modern comforts like central heating to the Netherlands and northwest Europe. It helped wean the country from coal, with revenues from the gas sales adding hundreds of billions of euros to the national budget, enabling the growth of a generous welfare state. A lot of the inhabitants filed a suit against the Dutch government but some others had no option but to leave their homes and move out of the area. 170,000 people live in homes that have been damaged by earthquakes, according to research carried out by the University of Groningen. The city of Groningen is going through a “slow motion destruction” from earthquakes caused by the extraction of natural gas from the subterranean stratum. The situation is so

7. Matteo Pasquinelli, 2012, Manifesto of Urban Cannibalism ( Berlin Declaration)

8. Temblors Expose Flaws in Gas Extraction,Stanley Reed, Section BU, Page 1 of the New York edition Oct. 27, 2019 9. INTERPOL, RHIPTO – a Norwegian UN-collaborating centre – and the Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime, Atlas of Illicit Flows

critical that the Dutch government promised to abandon the exploitation of the reserve in the next decades, an event that will cause significant changes in the energy market of Europe. The former minister and economist Rick van der Ploeg notes that in the developing countries and particularly in countries that are ethnically fragmented, such as Nigeria, with a problematic constitution and legal state, the wealth of oil and minerals leads to corruption since everyone wants to “grab a piece from the pie of oil and natural gas”. It is reasonable to ask how the discovery of a natural resource is related to affordable housing and the property market. The discovery of a natural resource can make the economy of a country less competitive since will not be based on its production capacity but on income. This is called by Rick van der Ploeg the “Dutch Disease”, since Netherlands depended its economy on the extraction of natural gas. The discovery of natural resources such as natural gas or oil is not necessarily a blessing, and this is something well known even in the developed countries like the Netherlands. If your country is dealing with phenomena of corruption these are going to inflate. If you are dealing with ethnic differences may lead to conflicts and wars, and if you have even the minimum agricultural or industrial production you may lose it.

Environmental Crime: The largest financial driver of conflict According to the report published by INTERPOL, RHIPTO Norwegian Center for Global Analysis and the Global Initiative against Transnational Organized Crime, based on an investigation on global illicit flows and their significance in conflicts worldwide more than 1000 smuggling are being disclosed. These routes form a global network of flows where natural resources, drugs and humans are being smuggled. Their investigation is not just a document were the routes of the worldwide network of illicit flows are being mapped but also critical investigation about resources, politics and conflict. Illegally procured oil, gas, gasoline and diesel provides 20% of their income (this was the predominant source of fi for Islamic State in 2014 and 2015). Illegal income from oil is also crucial for organizations outside of the seven main global insurgent and terrorist groups discussed in detail here, including funding organized crime in conflict zones. Gasoline and diesel smuggling are key sources of criminal networks’ financing particularly in parts of Latin America, Libya and Nigeria. Beyond the questions of how extremists terrorist groups are created or how the “West” and other leading economic powers are involved, is reasonable to ask how extremists organization take over the control of resource-rich areas in countries where ethnic differences dominate and separate the people. Who is buying their commodities?

CENTRAL AMERICAN ROUTE An estimated 500,000 people cross into Mexico every year. This massive forced migration flow originate from El Salvador, Honduras, and Guatemala, known as the Northern Triangle of Central America . Mr Trump has promise to build a “big, beautiful wall” between the US and Mexico. To apply for refugee status in the US, foreign nationals must obtain permission to enter the country before travelling, but those arriving at the US border are able to claim asylum “defensively”.

MIDDLE EAST The situation in the Middle East has rarely been as fluid as today. Since early 2011, heads of state of Tunisia, Egypt and Libya have been driven to exile, put behind bars, or lynched by a mob. Yemeni leader was forced to step aside, while the Syrian regime is fighting a desperate battle for bare survival. Other autocrats dread what the future might bring and, of course, foreign powers are closely watching the events.

SOUTH EAST ASIA In 2019, UNHCR’s response in South-East Asia continued to be dominated by the situation of over 700,000 Rohingya refugees who fled violence in Rakhine State, Myanmar, to Bangladesh in 2017. The needs of Rohingyas in Bangladesh and Myanmar are likely to remain immense in 2020. As a result, there is a risk that refugees will continue making dangerous crossings, either overland or by sea, to other countries in the sub-region.

AFRICAN ROUTE From Africa, the routes mainly head towards Europe, however they are slightly changing in the last years, moving towards South Africa and Asia. The majority of the African migrants haven’t got European travel visas, therefore their only accessible ways northward is that of travelling through the trans-Saharan routes. These routes are often shaped on the old ones used by caravans and during transumanza through the desert and on renewed and informal local networks, bent on the new survival needs and to pitiless rules of competition and exploitation.

MEDITERRANEAN ROUTE The Mediterranean is home to three main migratory routes used by migrants, refugees and asylum seekers to cross irregularly into Europe. They are the Central Mediterranean Route (CMR) which refers to the sea journey from North Africa (mainly Libya) to Italy,

BALKAN ROUTE Two years have passed since the refugee deal between the European Union and Turkey that officially closed the so-called “Balkan Route”. But in these two years, facts have shown that this route has not been completely closed: it has only changed its directions and has become even more dangerous for migrants who are trying to reach Europe. In fact, the migrants’ flow is now taking new directions, as demonstrated by the thousands of irregular entries into Bosnia-Herzegovina from Serbia and Montenegro.

Narrative/ Zaatari Refugee camp

MIGRATION ROUTES Western Mediterranean route Central Mediterranean route Western Balkan route Eastern Balkan route Apulia/ Calabria route Enhanced surveilance border Locations of interest Country of origin Tempelhof Refugee Camp

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Spain

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MEDITERRANEAN The Mediterranean is in the intersection of two different migratory routes, is where the Southern flows intersect with the Eastern.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Sassen, Saskia, author. Expulsions : Brutality and Complexity in the Global Economy. Cambridge, Massachusetts, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2014. 2. Godofredo Pereira , The Underground Frontier, continentcontinent.cc, Issue 4.4 / 2015: 4 3. Heidegger, Martin, 1977, The Question Concerning Technology, and Other Essays, New York: Harper Row. 4. Maria Kaika, City of Flows: Modernity, Nature, and the City, 2004 5. Jason Moore, ‘Amsterdam is Standing on Norway’, 2010 6. Michel Foucault, Surveiller et punir, 1975 7. Matteo Pasquinelli, 2012, Manifesto of Urban Cannibalism ( Berlin Declaration) 8. Temblors Expose Flaws in Gas Extraction,Stanley Reed, Section BU, Page 1 of the New York edition Oct. 27, 2019 9. INTERPOL, RHIPTO – a Norwegian UN-collaborating centre – and the Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime, Atlas of Illicit Flows

YOU CANNOT SEPARATE THE HOUSE FROM THE JOB FROM THE RENT FROM THE EARTH FROM THE FOOD FROM THE INFRASTRUCTURE FROM THE HEALTHCARE FROM THE WATER FROM THE TRANSIT FROM THE WAR FROM THE SCHOOLS FROM THE PRISONS FROM THE WAR FROM THE WATER...

FROM THE DESERT TO THE SEA

BERLIN

10 h 4 949 km

LUBIANA

ZAGREB

BELGRADE

ISTANBUL IDOMENI

LESVOS

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ATHENS ALEPPO

DAMASCUS ZAATARI

APPLICATION FORM

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Correspondance Address

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ALLAMEH

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BAALIGH

ZAATARI REFUGEE CAMP

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JORDAN

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05/05/1959

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JORDAN HOMES

BERLIN

INSBRUCK

ROME

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ALEPPO

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TRIPOLI

ZAATARI

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Family Name:

First Name:

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AJRAM OMAR

ZAATARI REFUGEE CAMP

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JORDAN

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M 12/09/1979

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SYRIAN

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THE REFUGEE CITY

NORTHERN CYPRUS

CYPRUS

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ZAATARI

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JORDAN GEOGRAPHY Strategic location at the head of the Gulf of Aqaba and as the Arab country that shares the longest border with Israel and the occupied West Bank; the Dead Sea, the lowest point in Asia and the second saltiest body of water in the world (after Lac Assal in Djibouti), lies on Jordan's western border with Israel and the West Bank; Jordan is almost landlocked but does have a 26 km southwestern coastline with a single port, Al 'Aqabah (Aqaba)

SYRIA

IRAQ

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Refugee Settlement Cities Urban areas Water PEOPLE

People of Concern Missing Migrants INFRASTRUCTURE OF MOBILITY

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The Refugee City

Zaatari Refugee Camp, Jordan

Populations have been fleeing from conflicts, natural disasters, droughts, poverty and other causes, and migrating to more favourable places since the dawn of time. Recently, the flow of immigration stems from a lack of security and the search for a better life with the hope of a future. The largest migrations movements stem from the continent of Africa, and have led to the extensive, largely self-governing, Sahrawi refugee camps in southern Algeria. The refugee camp of Zaatari is located on the Northern part of Jordan, in a deserted area just 15km far from the border of Syria. Beyond the fact that the place is not ideal for the settlement of populations, because of drought, lack of vegetation and high level of temperature as well as the long distance from other cities, services and infrastructure, the camp was organized in 9 days and the official reception of refugees started in 29 of July 2012 under the supervision of UNHCR.

1 - “Refugee Camp for Syrians in Jordan Evolves as a Do-It-Yourself City” “Refugee Camp for Syrians in Jordan Evolves as a Do-It-Yourself City”]. by Michael Kimmelman in The New York Times 4 July 2014 2 - “When Camps Become Home: Legal implications of the long-term encampment in Zaatari”. Allegra lab. 25 February 2015. Archived from the original on 4 May 2015. Retrieved 16 December 2018.

The primary objective of the space was the hospitality of some thousands of Syrian refugees, although the increased flux of people looking for asylum was increasing dramatically. In one month of operation, the population number reached 15.000 while in November of 2012 the inhabitants of the settlement were 45000. Until March of 2013, 156000 people had reached the camp of Zaatari making it the fourth largest city of Jordan. Zaatari is becoming an informal city: a sudden, do-it-yourself metropolis of roughly 85,000 with the emergence of neighborhoods, gentrification, a growing economy and, under the circumstances, something approaching normalcy, though every refugee longs to return home. There is even a travel agency that will provide a pickup service at the airport, and pizza delivery, with an address system for the refugees that camp officials are scrambling to copy. However, despite people’s good-will, solidarity or determination, the persisting encampment situation in Zaatari still remains preoccupying. Legality of such phenomenon with regard to International law has also been seriously questioned in previous studies and academic contributions, especially in terms of human rights law (the idea being that beyond the very International refugee law, human rights law should apply as an independent body to refugees by virtue of their human being.

The Refugee City/ Zaatari Refugee Camp

ZAATARI 2010

ZAATARI 2019

PLAN OF REFUGEE SETTLEMENT

1. UNHCR tent 16 sq.

The Refugee City/ Zaatari Refugee Camp

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LAMPEDUSA Lampedusa has an area of 20.2 square kilometres (7.8 sq mi) and a population of about 6,000 people. Its main industries are fishing, agriculture, and tourism. A ferry service links the island with Porto Empedocle, near Agrigento, Sicily. There are also year-round flights from Lampedusa Airport to Palermo and Catania on the Sicilian mainland. In the summer, there are additional services to Rome and Milan, besides many other seasonal links with the Italian mainland.

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The Door to Europe:

Lampedusa Known as an epicenter of the migrant tragedy in the Mediterranean Sea, the island of Lampedusa is a popular Italian tourist destination. The island is the southernmost part of Italy, closer to Tunisia – 70 miles away – than Italy – Sicily is 127 miles north. On the Italian island of Lampedusa, digital phones automatically set themselves to Tripoli time—perfectly rational clock behavior in a place 120 nautical miles from Europe’s coast, and only 70 from the edge of Africa. ” Over the past 20 years, an estimated 400,000 people have crossed the Mediterranean to arrive on Lampedusa. At least 15,000 have died trying. For the rest of the world, each tragedy has been an emergency: cause for shock, outrage, and eventually, amnesia. But for the residents of Lampedusa, this string of arrivals and disasters is just life—no longer shocking, but impossible to ignore. From fishermen to housewives, from activists to military personnel, everyone here has a role in and an opinion on Europe’s so-called migrant-crisis. Every year, more people try to cross the Mediterranean. And the number of drownings keeps climbing. By the end of 2016, over 4,500 people die trying to reach Italy, more than ever previously recorded. The path from Libya to Italy is the deadliest of migrant routes.

The-Funambulist-Magazine-09-Islands This particular issue attempt to amplify the voices of indigenous narratives, as well as on non-colonial protocols of passage on these islands, like in the cases of displaced persons in the Mediterranean Sea or the Indian Ocean. Whether they are the settings of decolonizing and demilitarizing struggles (Mayotte, Kanaky – New Caledonia, Hawai’i, Diego Garcia, Puerto Rico, Okinawa), or of the economization and incarceration of displaced lives (Lesvos, Nauru, Christmas Island), or places that even face the threat of absolute disappearance, as a consequence of the “big countries’” mode of existence (Tuvalu, Kiribati), the narratives voiced in this issue are simultaneously asymmetric regarding the forces against which they are mobilized, and united in a continuously reaffirmed urgency that always sooner or later topples these forces Annalisa Merelli ,Rescuing refugees is a matter of common sense on the paradisiacal island of Lampedusa, 2017

Many human traffickers have begun putting more fragile vessels to sea with the expectation of rescue. With the right timing, once those boats inevitably capsize, EU coast guard race to the rescue, turning humanitarian work into a de-facto extension of a carefully constructed human trafficking network. Rescued migrants are often transferred to another, larger vessel, where they receive first aid, and are checked by a doctor to make sure they don’t have infectious diseases. The vessels then take them to one of Sicily’s harbors, to be identified, and start the long and complicated process of applying for asylum.

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The most important reason why this is a non-functional camp/centre is because it is considered one even though it only constitutes a welcoming point for refugees through which they are supposed to go through and be promoted into other camps considered more appropriate with a more sufficient number of facilities for the large numbers. The problem of Lampedusa lies in the lack of promotion of people away from the island. This italian island is of a 12.8 sq km of area altogether, and by geographical laws completely detached from the mainland of Italy. Due to this detachment, the refugees arriving stay completely decided from the actual Italia/ European environment so they have no chance of getting experienced with the local community. On a completely different notice, the people arriving in Lampedusa do not have a chance of gaining a place in the European community for as long as they stay there, they only manage to create ghetto situations due to their strengthening feelings of being in a foreign land, not being able to have their main humanitarian needs fulfilled due to the lack of hygiene facilities, private spaces and areas where they are able to practice their religious needs. Even though there seem to be forms of progress in the community of foreigners in Lampedusa, they are doomed to only have this progress inside the boarders of Lampedusa, for a limited number of people. Unfortunately this module does not constitute an ideal community archive for the re-establishment of foreigners/ refugees in the European countries. Facilities: People are reportedly not only sharing tents, but even beds. The shower/toilet capacity is very low and due to the overflowing number of people, the access to clean water is very low

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1 - “Temporary” architecture, in disaster zones, is Ban’s calling card. For over 20 years, the 2014 winner of the Pritzker Prize, architecture’s Nobel, has best been known for his well-publicized humanitarian work. From Rwanda to Japan to Nepal, he has turned cheap, locally-sourced objects—sometimes even debris—into disaster-relief housing that “house both the body and spirit”.

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CRISIS: Greece refugee question SUB CRISIS: Asylum + Poverty + Violence converted into shelter space and other products such as bags and raincoats EQUIPMENT carpenter tools

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MATERIALS large plastic membrane x1 wooden planks from botton of boat x10 engine x1 large ropes from the sides of the boat x2

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7 h 30 700km

10 h 50

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BALKAN ROUTE The “Balkan route” is the path stretching from the Middle East to the European Union through Turkey and South East Europe, via the well-documented and sometimes deadly journeys by sea from Turkey to Greece, on to Macedonia and onward to the European Union, either via Serbia and Hungary or Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia. Countries in the West Balkans initially kept their borders open, allowing migrants/refugees to travel onward. By September 2015, Hungary had built a wall along its southern borders with Serbia and Croatia to block further migrant/refugee crossings. EDIRNE

RESOURCES

Refugee Shelter

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7 h 30

INFRASTRUCTURE OF MOBILITY Airports Ports Major Highway Minor Highway

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The Limbo City: Ephemeral Border Settlements

Refugee camp of Idomeni in Greece

Miguel Amado, Designing for refugees, Can we apply good planning practice to temporary cities?, 2019

The design of early refugee camps was intended to guarantee a home and access to supplies from governments and the UN High Commission for Refugees (UNHR), adopting a standardized spatial organization. The growth in the number of refugee camps and a laid back political response has led to the existence of camps with a populations of different cultures and ethnicities, with little thought to encouraging integration or improving their living conditions. Some of the camps feature an urban layout with uniformity of rows of tents, other an organic layout very similar to those of informal areas around large cities. Providing living conditions that transform the transitory camps to more formal settlements can promote new ways of living and economic opportunities, and provide open spaces that support community building. The social impact of space transformation is argued by the Dutch architect and urban planner Kees Christiaanse, who states that urban changes influence social behaviours. The idea is that people shape space to their image, while they are shaped by the structures that are resistant to change. Space for communal interaction is vital to the refugee condition. Public spaces within the camps are ideal for communal living and letting go of frustrations, alleviating pressure and loss of hope. We need to start by qualifying public space and providing places of comfort and better living conditions. Stronger social integration can be achieved by either improving existing spaces to match the values, behaviours and economic capacities of camp residents, and creating new spaces with collaborative plans based on the participation and expectations of the residents Along with this transformation from the informal to formal, infrastructure utilities and the regularization of land ownership and housing construction must also be considered. A management model should be structured so that occupations and professions respond to the transformation of tents into more resilient housing; opportunities for carpenters, electricians, painters and others will transform them from refugees to citizens.

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QUECHUA ARPENAZ 4.1 Item No 8378237

QUECHUA ARPENAZ 8.4 Item No 8330638

UNHCR SELF-STANDING FAMILY TENT Item No 07223 / Item No 06648

UNHCR FAMILY TENT Item No 05353

CHEMICAL TOILET

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BERLIN The Arrival City is a port. Ports can be transformed into public spaces by social action into the common of revolutionary movement and should be recognized as liberated public spaces from state’s regulation and from exclu- sive space activities. Ports can be spaces where commoning processes of communitism can connect local to global. Berlin is an arrival city with a strong network of spaces of solidarity. Squats and collectives fight for the “Commons” and suggest autonomy as an alternative to capitalism.

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Former airport of Tempelhof and the solidarity network of Berlin

Almost ten years ago, in the wake of the 2007/2008 financial and economic crisis – and architecture is not only symptomatically indicative of the state of the economy but also conspicuously dependent upon money – exhibitions, and in particular architecture biennales, began to express a pronounced interest in critical and political architectural practice, in bottom-up urbanism, low-cost solutions and informal building. A whole range of biennales as well as international exhibitions and symposia embraced the trend of promoting politically conscious, socially engaged and critically motivated architecture. These exhibitions and their discursive frameworks discovered and celebrated the figure of the contemporary architect as activist. Today’s crisis is marked most profoundly by austerity and racism. Austerity measures and structural racist violence have taken on dramatic dimensions. As we live through this long moment of crisis, the fundamental human need for places to live remains one of the most pressing concerns. The provision of places for living for low-income populations, refugee populations and immigrant populations is one of the biggest and most complex challenges. People have come to see each other as a threat. People have come to see each other as competitors. And, in particular, the refugee subject, whose precariousness has been maximised, has been ideologically reconfigured as both a threat and a competitor. According to the report from the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and the International Organisation for Migration, quoted in a Bloomberg article in January 2016, “about 6.5 million Syrians have been driven from their homes inside their country and another 4 million have sought shelter in Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon and Turkey.” This report also stated that “as many as 1 million people from Africa, the Middle East and Asia will seek refuge in Europe this year.” Therefore, the question of architecture and the question of the refugee subject have been joined in a complex way. Refuge architecture – architecture that offers protection and shelter, both physically and emotionally, has become central (for refugees, but also for many others who are precariously vulnerable and in need of refuge) and should be clearly distinguished from emergency refugee architecture. Architecture is needed that actively resists the ideology of containment and encampment characteristic of much shelter provision. Containment and encampment spatially produce the refugee as a figure to be isolated because the refugee is ideologically constructed as a subject of threat and competition, a subject that is threatening the existing order and competing for access to resources, infrastructures and institutions that, via a biopolitical matrix of governance, are claimed as being reserved for those who are citizens of a nation state. Therefore, architecture that can serve as housing, shelter, refuge and home is considered central. Yet, we must not forget that architecture also provides public space in which one can move freely and have access to public expression and social encounter, to joy and relaxation. This is important for any kind of futurity for societies transformed by mass refugee movements.

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HOME NOT SHELTER! The conceptual work by the initiative Home not Shelter! regarding new forms of housing for refugees and students was followed in summer 2016 by the first realization in Vienna. Home not Shelter!â&#x20AC;&#x201D;primarily a group of students at the Technical University Viennaâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;succeeded in converting part of an office building into a communal residence that is now run by a social welfare organization. The project idea that had emerged as an Austrian contribution to the Architecture Biennial 2016 was taken up and developed further.

1- The former office building is located in the south of Vienna in the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s most heavily populated district and just 20 minutes from the centre by public transport.

Accommodation for refugees is mostly on the outskirts of the city or is difficult to reach by public transport. Therefore, there are hardly any encounters and exchanges between native and refugees.The HAWI / Traudi project wants to counteract this and creates urban spaces to get to know each other. A total of 143 people can move into the HAWI /Traudi dormitory, including 68 students, 30 refugees and 45 unaccompanied minor refugees. In addition to the dormitory, which is operated by Caritas Vienna, a coworking space, a startup center and a training center for the unemployed are to be created in the future. As part of the project initiative, the engagement of the owner of a former industrial site was providing an opportunity to use such urban building blocks as a way of making the previously fenced-off site more accessible to the neighbourhood. At the same time, a project of cooperation with the operators of refugee accommodation in some vacant office floors on the same site is allowing us to test - over a period of three years - the prototype of a private module developed to facilitate new forms of communal living. The result of the practice shows the remarkable cooperation of those involved, from the building owner to the operator, the involved universities, a foundation, the students, and the refugees, documenting the whole process. The result is a convincing model project for alternative and participative ways of creating places for arrival, living together, and transition.

The Arival City

HAWI HOME NOT SHELTER!

1- February 16th 2016, Start of testing the prototype on site

“HAWI – Experimental living” is a sociocultural model developed in association with Caritas which enables young refugees aged between 18 and 24 to live together with students. In order to adapt these special residential forms to the needs of young people, architecture students from Vienna University of Technology participating in the “Home not Shelter” project led by Alexander Hagner are beginning, as the first residents, to work with the young refugees to define and to occupy the free spaces in line with their own needs. The owner of the building was providing a specially equipped site workshop for the assembly of the units. The joint decision and coordination processes, which are essential for the creation of the units in line with individual requirements, are fundamental to this unconventional and self-determining form of living together. A total of twelve prototypes of the private room-in-room module are arranged in each open plan office in order to offer privacy and the opportunity for retreat while still preserving the generosity of the well-lit spaces. Each “private module” has its own electricity and lighting supply and can cut itself off from its surroundings by the closing of the screens or, inversely, open these in order to expand the private realm.

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TRAUDI HOME NOT SHELTER! Traudi is the name of the project by the TU Vienna students, who have set themselves the goal of developing a home room an existing building in Vienna in which 2-4 students and refugees live together. And “Trau-di” are also serious for the students. The future residents can and should help design and work together to build their rooms. The existing infrastructure of the building was used creatively by the students and their supervisor Alexander Hagner. For example, parts of the raised floors were removed, seating areas were built and room height was gained by removing the suspended ceiling, etc. In addition, terraces and green spaces were created within the building to enable meeting places. The students have developed a structure that is customizable and easy to set up.The students prepare a starting point. Then the wooden structure is expanded under supervision, guidance and advice from the residents according to their individual wishes and ideas. This process creates a community between the residents parallel to the rooms. The appropriation that takes place promotes identification with the entire building and the project. Traudi is more than just a room. It is a call for participation, action and personal responsibility. It is a sign that “living” is more than just a roof over your head. Traudi is an experiment. The planning work has now been completed and many rooms have already been occupied. The common areas were also built and inaugurated by the residents and Home not Shelter! Students. The project was the largest prototypical implementation project of the Home not Shelter initiative and an example of how participatory processes are possible and can be implemented.

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HOME NOT SHELTER!

1- VinziRast is a refugee community for eight people in the 12th district of Vienna

Refugees Refugium is one of the projects of Home not Shelter designed by twelve students from the Vienna University of Technology with guest professor Alexander Hagner and her tutor Shi Yin. The approach was to create a short design for cost-effective and space-saving, yet comfortable living on just 10m² The result served as a preliminary study for the installation of VinziRast* Home and the renovation of the Home not Shelter! House in Kempelengasse in Vienna. In this entry, student Petra Panna Nagy writes about the design process. 10m² are not equal to 10m² ... “Imagine living with a stranger on 10 m².The bed alone, assuming it is a bunk bed, already takes up 2 m², so the two residents each have 4 m² without storage space and other equipment. At the end of the invoice, there is not much room for everyone. In addition, this situation leaves little room for privacy and retreat. We, the students of the Technical University of Vienna, asked ourselves within the framework of Alexander Hagner’s visiting professorship how to offer residents maximum use of space and a private retreat. After numerous discussions and different designs, we decided on a kind of maisonette solution that allows a generous use of the space below the private sleeping level and provides additional storage and work space. Our goal was: maximum privacy in a minimal space. The airy wooden construction creates two equivalent, separate sleeping areas, which can also be separated from the rest of the room by curtains. This enables residents to retreat to their own private retreat. The community thus becomes an offer and not a constraint.” After planning that was based on the tight, financial framework and the quick and easy implementation, finally the room solution was built in the VinziRast Home, which will soon be occupied by the first residents. This project can be seen as a prototype that can also respond to different spatial dimensions. In all its properties, it is a space-saving alternative to the common loft beds.

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CUBITY Cubity was developed by students at the TU Darmstadt as an out-of-competition entry for the Solar Decathlon 2014 in Versailles as a student dormitory. The individual areas have since been optimized and the main space includes the common areas: the private 7.5-square-meter “cubes” consist of a bed, desk, shower, and toilet, and are grouped around a 16 x 16 m public space made up of a “market place” and a kitchen. The spaces in between the buildings form semi-public areas. Cubity is currently being built in Frankfurt where its social and environmental aspects will be studied for a three-year period. The places will be allocated by the Studentenwerk Frankfurt, and 3 cubes are reserved for refugee students.

The guiding principle of the selected design “Village in a House” considered the privacy needs of each individual, but reduced private space to a minimum in order to place a focus on common activities. There should be space to exchange opinions, to share cultural life and to make the community a lived reality. The selected project title, CUBITY, is made up of a combination of the words cube, city and unit, and is emblematic for this idea. The four façades are all treated identically and a translucent façade made of polycarbonate panels encloses the space. Transparent glass highlights the corners and makes the exterior visible from the inside. On the inside, the spatial organization and the zoning have been set out without a specific orientation, so that CUBITY can react flexibly and be adapted to the respective site. Viewed from an energy perspective, the 256 square meter net area of the hall also stands in contrast to the living cubes. In the cubes, each resident can adjust the temperature themselves individually in contrast, the hall, a weather-proof exterior space, can only be heated or cooled in certain areas. The interplay between the heated and spatially optimized living cubes and the generous, but not consistently heated or cooled common areas, reflects the sufficiency idea behind the concept.

176

177

178

179

180

CATALOGUE: EMERGENCY SHELTERS

181

182

CATALOGUE OF EMERGENCY SHELTERS

Number of Resident People

Time for Construction / Number of People Required for Construction

Dimensions

Weight

Emergency Shelter

Transitional Shelter

Durable Shelter

Suggested Temperature

Materials

Life Span

Cost

183

184

ABOUT The Catalogue of Emergency Shelters attempts to aim document the wide range of shelters used, built, modified, and/or designed by and/or for refugees. In the consideration of peoples mind, refugee shelters are imagine as a tent, mobile home or a camp. These are structures that have been notionally planned and designed. However, migrants have to deal with much more than that. Through out the wide research about sheltering facts highlighted variations of struggles and difficulties. Therefore migrants has wide range of accommodation, from the formal to the entirely improvised: tents, temporary structures, prefabricated homes, permanent buildings, detention facilities, squats, self built shelters, rented accommodation, ruined architecture and the natural environment. The aim of the catalogue is to raise awareness of the conditions and facilities being offered to refugees from designed to designated. Expand our idea of what constitutes a refugee shelter and create a guide with diagrams, plans, dimensions and other data about refugee shelters as it is available. To achieve this goal, catalogue has to be non-judgemental, factual and comprehensive.

185

186

187

PAPER EMERGENCY SHELTER Port-au-Prince, Haiti TUAREG SHELTER Burkina Faso

188

L-SHAPE SHELTER Iraq AZRAQ T SHELTER Azraq Camp, Jordan

PAPER LOG HOUSE Kobe, Japan

ONE ROOM SHELTER Sindh province, Pakistan

TWIN ELEVATED SHELTER Kachin, Myanmar

EVENPRODUCT SHELTER Darfur, Sudan TUKUL SHELTER South Sudan COMPACT BAMBOO SHELTER Dollo Ado Camp, Ethiopia PAPER EMERGENCY SHELTER Byumba, Rwanda

189

UNHCR SELF-STANDING FAMILY TENT UNHCR Shelter team Global 2011

Self-Standing Family Tent is a result of joint Research and Development undertaken by UNHCR, IFRC and ICRC followed by field testing of three different tent designs. The outcome led to the development of the new self standing Family Tent with an improved dome design and new technical specifications.

4 persons

1.80 m

30 minutes (3 persons)

4.30 x 4.30 x 1.8m 18.50 sqm

55 kg

4.3 5Â° to 45Â° -High-density polyethylene (HDPE) -Polyestercotton canvas -Plastic sheet 1 year

420$

190

Axonometric View

4.3

Top View

Front Elevation

Side Elevation

191

Assembly Guide

192

193

PAPER EMERGENCY SHELTERS KIT UNHCR - SHIGERU BAN Byumba, Rwanda 1999

More than 2 million people became homeless when civil war broke out in Rwanda in 1994. The office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) normally supplied plastic sheets and aluminum poles to be rigged as temporary shelters. A low-cost alternative, paper tubes, was introduced. The proposal was adopted and development of prototype shelters began. Since paper tubes can be manufactured cheaply and by small and simple machinery, the potential to produce the materials on-site to reduce transportation costs. In 1998, fifty emergency shelters were constructed in Rwanda and monitored to evaluate the system in practical use.

3 persons

30 minutes (3 persons)

1.725 m

3.45 x 4.0 x 1.725m 16 sqm

50 kg

5Â° to 45Â°

-Cardboard tubes -Tent Like Materials

3.4

1 year

Axonometric View 500$

194

4.0

Front View

Side View

195

Assembly Guide

196

Components

Size

Quantity

Sheet A (Stripe Reinforcements) Sheet B (White, Blue) Paper Tube A Paper Tube B Plastic Joint Plastic Anchor Plastic Peg Plastic Fastener Aluminium Stopper Rope Bag For Kit

4m x 6m 4m x 2m Length 1,850mm Length 1,300mm

1 2 10 12 15 6 10 (+ 1 extra) 29 18 18 1

Length 222mm Length 300mm Length 40mm Length 3,500mm

Shelter Kit Sheet A (x1)

Sheet B (x2)

Paper Tube A (x10) Papel na tubo A (x10) Paper Tube B (x12) Papel na tubo B (x12)

B A Plastic Joint (x15)

Plastic Anchor (x6)

Plastic Fastener (x27 + 2)

Rope (x18) Lubid (x18)

Aluminium Stopper (x18) Pampahinto na yari sa aluminyo (x18)

Plastic Peg (x10 + 1)

197

UNHCR FAMILY TENT UNHCR Shelter team Global 2011

Used by the UNHCR, ICRC and IFRC, the standard tent for a family of five conforms to the recommended minimum-standard living area for hot and temperate climates (3.5m² per person); it provides additional space for cold climates. As an addition, an improved insulation kit is recommended for cold climates. The Family Tent has 16 m2 main floor area, plus two 3.5 m2 vestibules, for a total area of 23 m2. The tent is not a long-term habitat solution. It is meant for emergencies. It has a minimum 1-year lifespan, irrespective of climate.

5 persons

2.20 m

30 minutes (3 persons)

4.0 × 6.60 × 2.20 m 23 sqm

55 kg

5° to 45°

4.0

-Steel tent members -Canvas -Ground mat

1 year

420 $

198

Axonometric View

6.6

Front View

Front Elevation

Side Elevation

199

Assembly Guide

200

201

EVENPRODUCTS SHELTER EVENPRODUCTS Global 2009

Evenproducts works alongside agencies and NGOs in the design and improvement of a range of emergency equipment items. We have been doing just this in the improvement of Transitional Shelters since 2004, driven by an initial need for a different type of shelter for Darfur. Our most recent Evenshelter Mark III design reflects this history together with the information that has been provided as part of the Transitional Shelter Project.

5 persons

2.86 m

1 Hour (3 persons)

3.26 × 5.53 × 2.86 m 18 sqm

75 kg

3.2 5° to 40°

-Steel frame -Canvas

2-4 year

890$

202

Axonometric View

5.5

Front Elevation

Side Elevation

Section 203

Exploded Axonometric

204

Column / Roof Truss

Angle Bracing

Ground Anchor

Connections and Frame Structure

205

TUAREG SHELTER UNHCR Shelter team Burkina Faso 2011

The objective of the project was to provide Shelter support to Malian refugees living in camps in order to reduce vulnerability to protection and settlement issues within the camp. Using the traditional shelter model ensured the continuation of the traditional role of Tuareg women in the construction of their shelter. The nomadic mobile structure permitted that each shelter could be dismantled and moved to another location.

3 persons

1 day (3 persons)

5.00 × 4.20 × 1.70 m 21 sqm

1.70 m

120 kg

10° to 40°

5.0

-Plastic tarpaulin -Eucalyptus Poles -Fixing rope -Mats 2 year

376$

206

4.2

Axonometric View

Front Elevation

Side Elevation

Section 207

Plastic Tarpaulin / Goar Skin Roof

Eucaliptus Poles

Straw Mat Covering

Straw Mat Flooring

Exploded Axonometric

208

5.10m 1.70m 1.40m 4.30m

5.30m

Floor Plan

Roof Plan

4.50m

209

GLOBAL VILLAGE SHELTER DAN FERRERA Global 2001

The global village shelter is an easy to assemble housing system that can be rapidly deployed after an emergency. The Shelters are available in 6 and 20 meter sizes and are shipped flat. They are made entirely of plastic and can be assembled by two people in 15-20 minutes. They have an optional wood stove and can be connected to each other to form larger structures. The Global Village Shelter is made with large sheets of fold-up corrugated laminated cardboard, flat-packed in three easily shippable parts. The prejointed walls simply have to be unfolded, and two roof pieces connected and placed on top. It can be assembled with no extra tools.

2 persons

20 minutes (2 persons)

2.30 m

2.50 × 2.50 × 2.30 m 6.25 sqm

77 kg

5° to 40°

2.5

-UV resistant white 13 mm polypropylene (PP) profile extruded sheet and polypropylene extrusions 1-2 years

550$

210

Axonometric View

2.5

Front Elevation

Back Elevation

Section 211

Assembly Guide

212

213

TUKUL SHELTER UNHCR Shelter team South Sudan 2012

The Tukul emergency shelter is a traditional type of structure which utilises simple building techniques and was developed in all states of South Sudan. This type of shelter has very good resisting properties against strong winds; good installation against heat and was generally accepted by beneficiaries. It requires periodical maintenance. It constitutes a basic temporary accomodation for 4 to 6 persons, using locally available materials.

4 persons

1 day (3 peoples)

3.00

5.25 × 5.25 × 3.00 m 21.60 sqm

70 kg

10° to 40°

Concrete or compacted earth-Timber or bamboo frames -Tarpaulin or thatch -Tarpaulin, grass cladding or mud plastering

2-4 years

250$

214

5.2

Axonometric View

5.2

Front Elevation

Side Elevation

Section 215

Tarpaulin / Thatch

Bushwood / Timber / Bamboo

Tarpaulin / Grass claddin /Mud plastering / Bamboo sticks

Bushwood / Timber / Bamboo

Exploded Axonometric

216

2.90 m

1.0

0m 1.00 m

Floor Plan

5.90 m

Roof Plan

217

BETTER SHELTER UNHCR - IKEA Global 2016

The Refugee Housing Unit (RHU) is an innovative shelter solution designed as a result of a research & development project undertaken by Better Shelter, Sweden, and UNHCR with the support o f the IKEA Foundation. The RHU is composed of several basic elements, including a lightweight steel frame, roof and wall panels, door and windows, floor covering, solar energy system (lamp and telephone charger) and an innovative anchoring system.

5 persons

2.83 m

5-6 hours (4 persons)

3.32 × 5.68 × 2.83m 17.5 sqm

160 kg

5° to 45° -Polyolefin foam panels treated with UV protection -Woven high-density polyethylene fibres 3-4 years

1,150 $

218

5.6 3.3

Front View

Side Elevation

Section 219

Exploaded Axonometric and Kit Materials

220

221

LIFE SHELTER APS LIFE SHELTER Global 2016

Lifeshelter was founded in 2012 by Architectural Engineer Jakob Christensen and Architect Claus Heding. During the first four years we developed, tested, and optimized the durable panel-based shelter solution, which became the Lifeshelter. The development phase was finalized in May 2016. The Family Shelter is constructed with unique insulating panels that ensure an energy-efficient and healthy indoor environment in all climates. The sturdy construction, sound insulation, and lockable doors offer the families a feeling of safety and privacy.

2 persons

2.20 m

16 hours (2 persons)

3.75 × 4.72 × 2.20 m 18 sqm

212 kg

-10° to 40° -Plastic Sheet -Stone wool insulation boards reinforced with steel -Galvanized steel floor frame 15-20 years

790$

222

3.7

Axonometric View

4.7

Front Elevation

Side Elevation

Section 223

Exploded Axonometric

224

Assembly Diagram of Stone Wool Insulation Panels

225

PAPER LOG HOUSE Shigeru Ban SHIGERU BAN Kobe, Japan 1995

Seeking solutions to help the survivors of the 1995 Kobe earthquake, Shigeru Ban designed a temporary shelter to meet the emergency needs caused by the disaster: temporary constructions resistant to tremors, low cost, able to withstand extreme weather conditions, more comfortable than the tents ordinarily used in such situations, recyclable, easy to transport and store, and quick and easy to assemble by the victims themselves. Each shelter provided a living area of 16 m2, well protected from bad weather (the tubes were waterproofed with transparent polyurethane and stuffed with newspaper). The plywood flooring rested on beer cases weighted down with sand.

3-4 persons

5-6 hours (3 persons)

3.4 x 3.4 x 3.6m 40 sqm

3.60 m

300 kg

5Â° to 45Â°

-Cardboard tubes -Beer Crates -Tent Like Materials 2-3 years

2000$

226

3.4

Plan

Front Elevation

Section

227

Plastic Covering

Plywood Joints Cardboard Tubes

Plywood Frame

Cardboard Tubes

Plywood Pegs Plywood Panels

Plywood Panels

Beer Crates

Exploded Axonometric

228

Exploded Structural System

229

AZRAQ T-SHELTER UNHCR Azraq Camp, Jordan 2014

The T-Shelter is an interlocking steel structure covered with a double layer of IBR (Inverted Box Rib) cladding with aluminum foam insulation in between and made to withstand the harsh desert climate of the camp location. The steel elements, cladding, insulation, and other accessories are transported to the site in the form of a kit, which makes it easy to transport and install. The reinforced concrete flooring is later poured on site after the structure is in place. with the possibility of adding a side entrance for enhanced privacy. The Transitional Shelter (T-Shelter) was designed for Azraq Camp to host Syrian refugees in Jordan taking into consideration the climatic, financial, and cultural constraints.

4 persons

2.50 m

12-16 hours (4 persons)

4.30 × 6.10 × 2.50 m 24 sqm

380 kg

0° to 40° -Aluminium foam insulation -Steel structure -Reinforced concrete flooring 2-4 year

3442$

230

4.3

Axonometric View

m 6.10

Front Elevation

Side Elevation

Section 231

Metal Protection Frame

External and Internal Metal Cladding

Aluminium Foam Insulation

Interlocking Steel Sturcture

Plastic Sheeting ( Internal Roofing)

Concrete Flooring and Metal Rebar

Exploded Axonometric

232

Interlocking Steel Structure

233

COMPACT BAMBOO SHELTER UNHCR Shelter team Dollo Ado, Ethiopia 2013

This transitional shelter model has eucalyptus post-and beam structure compact split bamboo wall cladding widely available in Ethiopia, and corrugated iron sheet roof (chosen for its durability). The shelter has an internal partition, two lockable windows, and a door that could be locked both from the inside and the outside for improved security. The structure is well ventilated in the hot climate and provides adequate protection from the rain. The project has benefited not only the refugees but also a large number of incentive and host community labourers, through their enrolment in the construction, training and prefabrication of the shelters. This equally provided them with livelihood opportunities through employment provided by the project.

3 persons

1 day (3 persons)

6.00 × 4.10 x 3.40 m 21 sqm

3.40 m

310 kg

10° to 40°

6.0

-Bamboo poles -Weaving pieces of bamboo -Mat 2-4 years

708$

234

4.10

Axonometric View

Front Elevation

Side Elevation

Section 235

Iron Sheet / Corrugated Iron Sheet Roof

Eucalyptus Columns

Split Bamboo / Mat Wall Cladding

Mat Flooring

Exploded Axonometric

236

0.95m 3.50m

0.70m 1.71m 0.90m

1.50m 6.00 m

Ground Plan

237

TWIN ELEVATED SHELTER UNHCR Shelter team Kachin, Myanmar 2014

This shelter project in Kachin state, Myanmar, provided transitional shelter to IDPs until a durable solution could be reached.Resurgence of conflict in late 2012 triggered displacement of several thousand additional IDPs. Most IDPs reluctant to return to their homes due to continuous tensions, lack of livelihood opportunities & possible landmines in their places of origin.Over 96,000 IDPs dispersed over 150 IDP camps or camplike settings. Materials used are locally produced and climate appropriate. The construction technique used is based on traditional methods, making it easier for benefciaries to maintain and repair. As populations engaged in making the bamboo mats for walls and floors and prepared thatching panels.

5 persons

2 days (3 people)

6.70 x 5.50 x 3.70 m 18.00 sqm

3.70 m

480 kg

10Â° to 40Â°

-Timber frame structure-bamboo mat-corrugated galvanised iron (CGI) 2-4 years

658$

238

6.7

5.5

Axonometric View

Front Elevation

Side Elevation

Section 239

Bamboo Mat / Corrugated Galvanised Iron Roofing

Timber Frames

Bamboo Mat Walling

Timber Post and Beam Structure

Bamboo Mat Flooring

Exploded Axonometric

240

7.30 m

5.30 m

5.50 m

3.20 m

3.40 m 6.70 m

Ground Plan

241

LIFE SHELTER LTS LIFE SHELTER Global 2016

The Family Shelter is constructed with unique insulating panels that ensure an energy-efficient and healthy indoor environment in all climates. The sturdy construction, sound insulation, and lockable doors offer the families a feeling of safety and privacy. The rised height and concrete flooring provide more protection and changes the limits of the structure.

4 persons

3.40 m

24 hours (2 persons)

4.80x4.60x3.40 m 22 sqm

380 kg

-10Â° to 40Â°

4.8

-Waterproof cement cladding -Stone wool insulation boards reinforced with steel -Concrete floor frame 20 years

990$

242

Axonometric View

4.6

Front Elevation

Side Elevation

Section 243

Stone Wool Insulation Boards Waterproof Cement Clading

Metal Framing

Concrete Flooring

Exploded Axonometric

244

LS4 / 4 Meters

LS5 / 5 Meters

LS6 / 6 Meters

Alternative Products

245

ONE ROOM SHELTER UNHCR Shelter team Sindh province, Pakistan 2011

In July 2010 heavy monsoon rains resulted in flash flooding with an unprecedented level of property loss and damage across Pakistan. As the floods receded, families that wanted to return to their original location were supported through the construction of one room core shelters, aiming to provide the most vulnerable families with safe, durable, cost effective and environmentally sustainable shelters. The first pilot project was completed in March 2011, providing new housing for 175 families who had been living in tents since August 2010. Community participation was important for the project. Families provided unskilled labour, including plastering inside the shelter.

4 persons

5-7 days (4 persons)

4.0 m

6.50 × 4.50× 4.0 m 25.00 sqm

650 kg

-5° to 40°

-Bricks -Concrete

6.5

Axonometric View 8-10 years

1949$

246

4.5

Front Elevation

Side Elevation

Section 247

Exploded Axonometric

248

2.30 m

1.50 m

1.70 m

4.30 m

4.50 m

4.30 m

6.50 m

Ground Plan

249

L-SHAPE SHELTER UNHCR Shelter team Iraq 2011

This project was part of a shelter programme for returnees to ensure their re-integration within their areas of origin and communities of return. It had as one of the main objectives the maintainance of minimum living standards for returnees and IDPs, facilitating the establishment and consolidation of conditions for a sustainable return. The new construction of shelters was possible with the participation of several stakeholders including the national government, local authorities and implementing partners, and had a defined maximum cost of 8,500 USD per family. Each shelter is constructed for one family and composedof two rooms, one kitchen and toilet.

4-6 persons

3 weeks (5 people)

8.0 x 7.70 x 3.20 m 40 sqm

3.20 m

1200 kg

-5Â° to 50Â° -Concrete hollow blocks -Concrete -Sandwich panel roof 10 years

8500$

250

8.0

Axonometric View

0 7.7

Front Elevation

Side Elevation

Section 251

Exploded Axonometric

252

4.60 m

4.35 m

7.70 m

3.40 m

2.0 m

3.80 m

4.0 m 3.40 m

4.0 m

Ground Plan

253

254

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Theoretical Framework / Bibliography

259

260

261

262

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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