3g 4g adv chal 041406 ver1 by Emerson Rodrigues Setim

3G and 4G Wireless â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Advances and Challenges

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Suresh R. Borkar Adjunct Faculty, Dept of ECE, Ill Instt. of Tech. sureshbo@hotmail.com Apr 14, 2006 1

3G and 4G Wireless – Advances and Challenges      

Where are we? 3G Wireless Summary Where do we Want to go? Evolution to Seamless Networking 4G Wireless Challenges

The one who stays still is left behind

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Where are We?  Classic Wireline MaBell Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) 



– US Universal coverage achieved early 1980’s “Wireless” First Generation Analog Systems – Speech – AMPS, TACS Second Generation Digital Systems – Enhanced Capacity – CDMA, D-AMPS, TDMA, GSM, DECT, PDC 2.5 Generation Systems – Low Speed Data – GPRS, EDGE Third Generation Systems – “INTERNET” on Wireless – WiFi/HyperLAN <-> WiMAX/HyperWAN <-> CDMA2000/WCDMA – Evolution to All IP Network including VoIP

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Representative Wireless Standards  GSM/TDMA – Time Division Multiplexing based access

 CDMA – Code Division Multiplexing based access

 OFDM – Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

Many toys to play with

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TDMA/FDMA

Frequency Domain

Frequency 1 Frequency 2 . . . Frequency n Frequency 1 Frequency 2 . . . Frequency n

slot 1 Circuit Circuit

slot 2 Circuit Circuit

...

Slot n Circuit Circuit Downlink Path

Circuit

Circuit Circuit

Circuit Circuit Uplink Path

Circuit

Give the same air to all

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CDMA

t Freq: Chips

user 1 user 2 usern Separated by PN codes t

III

Message

Resulting Signal

Channelization code: Separate xmissions from a single source from each other Scrambling code: separate different sources from each other Spreading Code = Channelization code x Scrambling code

All persons are created equal

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Multipath Arrival of Signals

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Transmitted symbol received signal at each time delay

Modified with the channel estimate

combined symbol

finger #1 finger #2 finger #3

CDMA Rake Receiver Input signal (from RF)

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correlator

I phase rotator Q

SUM I

delay equalizer

I SUM Q

code generator

channel estimator

Q Finger 1

Combiner

Finger 2 Finger 3 Timing (Finger allocation)

Matched filter

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)  Successor to Frequency Hopping and Direct Sequence CDMA  Capability to cancel multipath distortion in a spectrally efficient manner without requiring multiple local oscillators (802.11a and 802.16)

 Based on use of IFFT and FFT  Frequency orthogonality as compared to code orthogonality in CDMA using Walsh Code

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3G Services

2MHz

video conferencing

Internet

telemedicine Video on demand

radio paging

Bandwidth audio conferencing

Mobile TV

electronic newspaper

messaging

Mobile radio

Fax voice 1KHz bi-directional

unidirectional

Broadcast/ multicast

Who is first? â&#x20AC;&#x201C; the customer; who is second? - No one

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Key Mobility Services  Multimedia Messaging Services (MMS) – Text, sounds, images, and video – Transition from Short Message Service (SMS) – Open Internet standards for messaging

 Web Applications – Information portals – Wireless Markup Language (WML) with signals using Wireless Application Protocol (WAP)

 Location Communications Services – Location Awareness Based

 Personalization of information presentation format – Service capability negotiations (MExE environment)

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Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic (CAMEL)

 CAMEL = IN + Service portability (incl mobility and roaming)  Virtual Private Network (VPN) • Mobile user <-> ISP <-> corporate server • Mobility, Security, Capacity and quality

 Prepaid, Usage Limitations, Advanced Routing Services  Virtual Home Environment (VHE) • Subscriber profile, charging information, Service information, numbering information • Integration of array of services, content conversion to heterogeneous services, network user profile, location aware services

Take the claims with a grain of salt

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GSM Network SCP SSP

PSTN/ISDN

STP

ISUP

Gw-MSC

gsm SCF HLR AuC

S E, I

C, D

Call

Billing Center SMS-GW

VLR

MSC GSM 04.08

BSS

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Circuit domain

GSM & GPRS SCP SSP

PSTN/ISDN

STP ISUP

Gw-MSC S E, I UP

Call

VLR GSM 04.08+

gsm SCF HLR AuC

IP Services

PDN Gi

GGSN C, D

Billing Center

SMS-GW

Data, voice, video call

CGw

MSC

SGSN A

GSM 04.08+

BSS

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Circuit domain

Packet domain

WCDMA/UMTS SCP

gsm SSP SCF STPIN, CAMEL

PSTN/ISDN ISUP

Gw-MSC

HLR+ AuC

Gi+ Gc+

Billing Center

CGw

SU P

SMS-GW

Data, voice, video call

Ga+ Ga+

Gn+

Gr+

3G-MSC

GSM 04.08++

PDN

GGSN C+, D+

I E+,

Call

VLR

IP Services

3G-SGSN Iu-cs

Iu-ps

GSM 04.08++

UTRAN

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Circuit domain

Packet domain

GSM/UMTS Bit rate, Mobility and Services

High (Car / Train)

EDGE CS Data Fax

Voice

Mobility

Text Messaging

GSM HSCSD GPRS

UMTS

Low (stationary)

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9.6

14.4

76.0 GPRS HSCSD

384.0 EDGE

Bit Rate, Kbps

UMTS 2 Mb/s

3G Evolution 2.5G GSM HSCSD 15.2 kbps

GPRS 170 kbps

TDMA CDPD 43.2 kbps PDA/PDC-P 14.4 kbps

cdmaOne 76.8 kbps WLAN IEEE 802.11b 11 Mbps

3.5G

EDGE 473 kbps

EDGE Ph2 GRAN 473 kbps TD-SCDMA Ph 2 2 Mbps

TD-SCDMA 284 kbps WCDMA FDD 2 Mbps CDMA2000 1x 307 kps HyperLAN2 54 Mbps IEEE 802.11 a/h 54 Mbps

WCDMA TDD 2 Mbps WCDMA HSDPA 10 Mbps

1XEV-DO (HDR) 2.4 Mbps 1XEV-DV (HDR) 5.4 Mbps Harmonized HyperLAN2 And IEEE 802.11a

WiMAX/HyperMAN also in the mix

Ref: Honkasalo et al, WCDMA and WLAN for 3G and Beyond, IEEE Wireless Communication, Apr 2002 SRB 041406 ver1

Some Representative Current Wireless Options  3G Cellular (WCDMA)

 



– Frequency Division Duplex (FDD): Uplink and Downlink are separated in frequency – (“symmetric”) – Time Division Duplex (TDD): Uplink and Downlink are separated in time – allows “asymmetric” traffic (adjust time slots in uplink and downlink) 3G Cellular (CDMA2000) Wi Fi – 802.11a and 802.11b; HyperLAN2 – 2.4 GHz band WiMAX – 802.16d (fixed); 802.16e (“portable”) – 5.8 GHz band; 10 – 20 Mbps symmetrical BW Blue Tooth – RF based LAN technology; 20-30 feet coverage – 2.4 GHz band

Darwin’s Theory of Evolution and Survival of the fittest

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3G WCDMA       

Release 99 Release 4 Release 5 Domains, Protocols, and Channels Radio Resource Management Network Dimensioning and Optimization Quality of Service (QoS0 and Location Services

The favored twin sister of CDMA2000

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Release 99       

    

Radio Bearer Negotiations Traffic Classes Complex Scrambling Speech Codec – (eight) Adaptive Multi Rate (AMR) Battery Life Transmission “spatial/antenna” diversity Compressed Mode – Measurements in multiple frequency – Use of transmission time reduction techniques # PDP Contexts per IP Address QPSK; coherent detection; Rake receiver Short and Long Spreading Codes Multicall – several simultaneous CS calls with dedicated bearers of independent traffic and performance characteristics Customized Application for Mobile network Enhanced Logic (CAMEL) Phase 3

A lot to gobble

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Release 4  Bearer Independent Core Network  Tandem Free Operation (TFO), Transcoder Free Operation (TrFO), and Out of Band Transcoder Control (OoBTC)

    

Low Chip Rate TDD Operation Network Assisted Cell Change FDD Repeater NodeB Synchronization for TDD IPv6 packet switched network supporting both real time and non-real time traffic – Session Initiated Protocol (SIP) replacing SS7

 Home Subscriber Server (HSS)  MSC/VLR -> MSC server (mobility management) and MGW (Connection management subtasks)

 Multimedia Message Service (MMS) environment

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Release 5        

IP Transport in UTRAN High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) (upto 10 Mbps) Intra Domain Connection to Multiple CN Nodes (Iuflex) IP Multimedia CN Subsystem (IMS) “Guaranteed” End to End (E2E) QoS in the PS domain Global Text Telephony Support for Real Time Services in packet domain CAMEL Phase 4

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HSDPA  Peak Data rate > 10 Mbps  Same spectrum by both voice and data – Up to 12 spreading codes for High Speed DSCH (HS-DSCH) – Fast link Adaptation – Both code and time division for channel sharing

 Transmission Time interval 2 ms  Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest (HARQ) – Automatic optimizations to Channel Quality Indicator (CQI)

 QPSK and 16 QAM modulation at 3.84 Mhz symbol; spreading factor fixed to 16

 Incremental Redundancy or chase combining (CH)  New DPCCH2 in uplink primarily for HARQ channel state info

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WCDMA Domains Home Network Domain [Zu] Cu

[Yu]

Serving Network Domain USIM Domain

Mobile Equipment Domain User Equipment Domain

Access Network Domain

Transit Network Domain Core Network Domain

Infrastructure Domain

Standardization of architecture (domains) and standardization of protocols (strata)

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WCDMA Protocol Layers Radio Network Layer

Control Plane

User Plane

Application Protocol

Data Stream(s)

Transport Network Layer

Transport Network User Plane

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Transport Network Control Plane

Transport Network User Plane

ALCAP(s) Signalling Bearer(s)

Signalling Bearer(s)

Data Bearer(s)

Physical Layer

WCDMA L1, L2, and RRC Sublayer U -p la ne in fo rm atio n

C -p la ne signa llin g GC

D up licatio n a vo id a nce GC

DC U uS bo u ndary

L3 co ntro l

L 3/R R C

RRC

co n tro l

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co n tro l

PD C P

co n co n tro l tro l

R LC

PD CP

L 2 /P D C P

R LC R LC

R LC

BM C

L 2 /B M C

R LC

L 2 /R L C

L o gica l C ha n ne ls M AC

L 2 /M A C T ra nspo rt C ha n ne ls

PHY

L1 26

WCDMA Channels Logical Channels

Control BCCH

PCCH

Mac

-b

-c/sh

Transport Channels

Common BCH PCH

Physical Channels

DCCH

CCCH

Traffic DTCH

SHCCH

CTCH

-d

FACH

Mapped to Transport Channels PCCPH SCCPCH

RACH

PRACH

UL CPCH DSCH

PCPCH

PDSCH

Dedicated DCH

DPDCH

DPCCH

Dedicated SCH CPICH AICH PICH CSICH CD/CA-ICH

Transport Channels: how information transferred over the radio interface Logical Channels: Type of information transferred over the radio interface

Channels made by soft hats

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Mapping Between Channels Uplink DCCH DTCH

CCCH

RACH

PRACH

Downlink

CPCH

PCPCH

DCH

DPDCH DPCCH

Logical Channels

Transport Channels

Mapped Physical Channels

Dedicated Physical Channels

PCCH

BCCH

PCH

BCH

PCCPCH

CCCH

CTCH

FACH

SCCPCH

DSCH

DCCH DTCH

DCH

PDSCH DPDCH DPCCH

SCH CPICH AICH PICH CSICH CD/CA-ICH

N to M

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WCDMA Channel Usage Examples

Uplink/ Downlink Code Usage

Dedicated channels DCH Both According to maxm bit rate

Fast Power control Soft handover Suited for

Yes Yes Medium or large data amounts

Suited for bursty data

Common channels FCH RACH Downlink Uplink

Shared channels CPCH DSCH USCH Uplink Downlink Uplink, only in TDD Fixed Fixed Fixed Codes Codes codes per codes per codes per shared shared cell cell cell btw users btw users No No Yes Yes No No No No No No Small Small Small or Medium Medium data data medium or large or large amounts amounts data data data amounts amounts amounts Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Flexibility comes with responsibility

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Radio Resource Management     

Power Control Handover Access Control Load and Congestion Control Packet Scheduling

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WCDMA Power Control (near = far) Keep received power levels P1 and P2 equal

Y Y

Power control commands to the UEs

UE1

NodeB UE2 Uplink and downlink (1500 Hz) Open Loop Power Control Closed Loop Power Control Outer Loop Power Control Equal Opportunity Administration (EOA)

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WCDMA Handovers sector 1 The same signal is sent from both sectors to UE

Softer Y

RNC

sector 2

Y Y

Soft

RNC macro diversity combining in uplink

NodeB1

The same signal is sent from both NodeB's to UE, except for the power control commands

Y Y

NodeB2

Hard and Inter-frequency handovers Intersystem cell-reselection â&#x20AC;&#x153;Equivalent PLMN modeâ&#x20AC;? (autonomous cell re-selection (packet) idle mode)

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Handover Algorithm

Pilot Ec/IO of cell 1

Reporting_range + Hysteresis_event 1B Reporting_range - Hysteresis_event 1A Hysteresis_event 1C

Pilot Ec/IO of cell 2

Pilot Ec/IO of cell 3 Connected to cell 1 Event 1A - add cell2

A relay race with multiple batons

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Event 1C = replace cell1 with cell3

Event 1B = remove cell3

Network Dimensioning and Optimization  Dimensioning Criteria – Coverage, Capacity, Quality of Service

 Dimensioning – Link budget, capacity (hard and soft) and load factor – Estimation of average interference power – Coverage end Outage probabilities

 Optimization – Performance Requirements – Antenna adjustments, neighbor lists, scrambling codes

Don’t force a round peg in a square hole

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WCDMA Quality of Service (Qos)  Dynamic Negotiations of properties / Services of radio bearer – Thruput, transfer delay, data error rate – Authentications Traffic class Fundamental characteristics

Examples of the application

Conversational class Preserve time relation (variation) between information entities of the stream Conversational pattern (stringent and low delay) voice, videotelephony video games

Streaming class Preserve time relation (variation) between information entities of the stream

Interactive class Request response pattern Preserve data integrity

Background Destination is not expecting the data within a certain time Preserve data integrity

Streaming multimedia

Web browsing, network games

Background download of emails

One way communications is no communications

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Location Services (LCS) UTRAN Node B

Iub SRNC SMLC

LMU type B

HLR Iu Lh

UE Um BTS LMU LMU <- alternative -> type B

type A

Abis

MSC

A/ (Gb)/ (Iu)

Le Gateway MLC

External LCS client

BSC Lb<- alternative ->

(R98 and 99)

GERAN

SMLC

gsmSCF

SMLC

Cell ID based Observed Time Difference Arrival â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Idle Period Downlink (OTDOA-IPDL) Network Assisted GPS You can run but you cannot hide

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Why Move Towards 4G?  Limitation to meet expectations of applications like multimedia, full motion video, wireless teleconferencing – Wider Bandwidth

 Difficult to move and interoperate due to different standards hampering global mobility and service portability

 Primarily Cellular (WAN) with distinct LANs’; need a new integrated network

 Limitations in applying recent advances in spectrally more efficient modulation schemes

 Need all all digital network to fully utilize IP and converged video and data

Incessant human desire to reach the sky

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Where Do We Want to Go?  Seamless Roaming  Integrated “standard” Networks  Mobile Intelligent Internet Onwards to (Ultra) Wideband Wireless IP Networks

We are no longer in Kansas, Toto

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Upcoming  3.5 G – Evolved radio Interface – IP based core network

 4G – New Air Interface – Very high bit rate services – Convergence of Wireline, Wireless, and IP worlds

And Now for Something Completely Different

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3G All-IP Reference Architecture Legacy mobile signaling Network

Applications & Services SCP Alternative Access Network

R-SGW Mh

Multimedia IP Networks

CSCF Mw Mm

HSS HLR

CAP

CSCF Cx

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UTRAN Uu

Gp Gn SGSN

MGW

Mc MSC Server

GGSN

MRF

GGSN

Iu MT

MGCF

SGSN

Nb Nc

T-SGW Mc

Gi MGW

PSTN/ Legacy/External

Mc GMSC Server

T-SGW

Signalling Interface Signalling and Data Transfer Interface

Other PLMN 40

WCDMA 3G Evolution to All-IP Network

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Ap p

Wireless Data Server

PSTN/ISDN

www, email

lic at io n

IP Firewall

GGSN

HLR HSS AuC 3G-MSC PCM

Internet/Intranet/ISP

se rv er s

(G)MSC Server

CSCF

PSTN/ISDN

MGCF

MGW IP

SS7

SGSN ATM

RNC

GTP+/IP

Iur

SGW

MGW MRF

GGSN

RNC Iub

Iub N_B N_B

UTRAN 41

3.5G Radio Network Evolution  High Data rate, low latency, packet optimized radio access  Support flexible bandwidth upto 20 MHz, new transmission        

schemes, advanced multi-antenna technologies, and signaling optimization Instantaneous peak DL 100 Mb/s and UP 50 Mb/S within 20 MHz spectrum Control plane latency of < 100 ms (camped to active) and < 50 ms (dormant to active) > 200 users per cell within 5 MHz spectrum Spectrum flexibility from 1.25 MHz to 20 MHz Eliminate “dedicated” channels; avoid macro diversity in DL Migrate towards OFDM in DL and SC-FDMA in UL Support voice services in the packet domain Adaptive Modulation and Coding using Channel Quality Indicator (CQI) measurements

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3.5G WCDMA Evolved System Architecture

Source: www.3gpp.org

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Key 3G and 4G Parameters Attribute

Major Characteristic

Predominantly voice- data as Converged data and VoIP add-on Wide area Cell based Hybrid – integration of Wireless Lan (WiFi), Blue Tooth, Wide Area 1.6 - 2.5 GHz 2 – 8 GHz

Network Architecture Frequency Band Component Design

Bandwidth

Optimized antenna; multiband adapters 5 – 20 MHz

Smart antennas; SW multiband; wideband radios 100+ MHz

Data Rate

385 Kbps - 2 Mbps

20 – 100 Mbps

Access

WCDMA/CDMA2000

MC-CDMA or OFDM

Forward Error Correction

Concatenated Coding

Switching

Convolution code 1/2, 1/3; turbo Circuit/Packet

Mobile top Speed

200 kmph

Multiple versions

All IP (IPv6.0)

Operational

~2003

~2010

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Packet

Key 4G Mobility Concepts  Mobile IP – VoIP – Ability to move around with the same IP address – IP tunnels – Intelligent Internet

 Presence Awareness Technology – Knowing who is on line and where

 Radio Router – Bringing IP to the base station

 Smart Antennas – Unique spatial metric for each transmission

Wireless IP <---> IP Wireless

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4G Networks Advances  Seamless mobility (roaming)

   



– Roam freely from one standard to another – Integrate different modes of wireless communications – indoor networks (e.g., wireless LANs and Bluetooth); cellular signals; radio and TV; satellite communications 100 Mb/se full mobility (wide area); 1 Gbit/s low mobility (local area) IP-based communications systems for integrated voice, data, and video – IP RAN Open unified standards Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) – Successor to “SS7”; replacement for TCP – Maintain several data streams within a single connection Service Location Protocol (SLP) – Automatic resource discovery – Make all networked resources dynamically configurable through IP-based service and directory agents

The demise of SS7

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4G Networks Advances – cont’d  Diameter – Successor to “Radius” – Unified authentication, authorization, and accounting (AAA)

 Integrated LAN card and Subscriber Identity Modules (SIMs)  HSS – Unified Subscriber Information

 Application developers, Service providers, and content creators

Expand beyond the circle

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Key Challenges  Spectral Efficiencies – Challenge Shannon’s fundamental law of data communications (BW, Sig/No) – Hardware Frequency Synthesis techniques esp. for Frequency Hop (FH) systems – Traffic characteristics management (burstiness, directionality)

 Multi Carrier Modulation (MCM) – Baseband process using parallel equal bandwidth subchannels – MC-CDMA; OFDM – Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying (QPSK); Multilevel Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (M-QAM); Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) – Add cyclic extension or guard band to data – Challenges of Inter Symbol Interference (ISI) and Peak to Average Ratio (PAVR)

No pain, no gain

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Key Challenges - cont’d - 1  Signal Processing and optimizations – Handling extremely large number of users – Synchronous and asynchronous transmissions – Orthogonality / correlation of large number of codes – Spectrum Pollution – Multi path re-enforcement / interference – Multi User Detection (MUD) and Adaptive Interference suppression techniques (ISI and MAI)

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Key Challenges - cont’d - 2  Extremely Fast Arithmetic (esp. multiplication) – N Dimensional vector spaces – IFFT, FFT – Advanced DSP’s for parsing and processing data

 Smart / Intelligent Antennas – Dynamically adjust beam pattern based on CQI – Switched beam Antennas; adaptive arrays – Coverage limitations due to high frequencies (> 5 GHz)

Manage Entropy

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Key Challenges - cont’d - 3  More Efficient and Sensitive Transreceiver Designs – Noise figure, gain, group delay, bandwidth, sensitivity, tunable filters, spurious rejection, power consumption – Frequency Reuse; linearity techniques – Tight closed Loop power control – Dynamic Frequency selection and packet assignments – Multi band, wide band, and flexible radios – Error Correction Coding – “Perfect” Synchronization / phase alignment between Xmitter and Receiver • Clock recovery algorithms (e.g., as times-two, zero crossing) – Adaptive digitization of speech and multi media signals

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• A/D and D/A transformations 51

4G RF/IF Architecture Example

Source: http://www.mobileinfo.com/3G/4G_CommSystemArticle.htm

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4G Transreceiver Processing Example

Source: http://www.mobileinfo.com/3G/4G_CommSystemArticle.htm

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Key Challenges - cont’d - 4  All IP Network – Tunneling and Firewalls – Fast Handoff control, authentication, realtime location tracking, distributed policy management – Media Gateways for handling packet switched traffic • Trasnscoders, echo cancellations, media conversions Planetary Interoperability

 Integration across different topologies – Multi Disciplinary Cooperation WPAN

WWAN

WLAN

WMAN

There is packet at the end of the tunnel

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Key Challenges - cont’d - 5  Distribute intelligence to the edges – Very Smart User equipment; away from “network Centric” architecture – Access routers – Miniaturization esp User Equipment

 Security and Levels of Quality of Service (QoS) – Encryption Protocols; Security and “trust of information” – Different rates, error profiles, latencies, burstiness – Dynamic optimization of scarce resources

 Advanced Used interactions / presentation – Improved User interfaces – advanced Speech recognition and synthesis – Flexible displays

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Key Challenges - cont’d - 6  Web AI service / Interactive Intelligent Programs – Smart applications in the web; intelligent agents – Web Adaptiveness – global database schemes, global error corrective feedback, logic layer protocol, learning algorithms – Symbolic manipulation – Derive specifically targeted knowledge from diverse information sources

 Standardizations and Regulatory – Modulation techniques, switching schemes, roaming – Spectrum – Cooperation/coordination among global Spectrum Regulators

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4G Forums  Wireless World Research Forum (WWRF) in Europe  Next-Generation Internet (NGI) – Led by and focused on US Fed Agencies (DoD, DoE, NASA, NIH etc.) – High Performance networks: vBNS (NSF), NREN (NASA), DREN (DoD), ESnet (DoE),

 Internet2 – US Universities Initiated – Focus on Gigabit/sec Points of Presence (gigaPoPs)

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Summary  Mobile Intelligent Internet and multi media applications  Seamless Roaming, substantially high and selectable user

bandwidth, customized QoS, Intelligent and responsive user interface  Mobile IP, Radio Routers, smart Antennas  Continued advances and challenges from 1G -> 4G – Modulation techniques, transreceiver advances, fast manipulations, user interfaces, IP tunelling and firewalls – Spectrum usage, regulatory decisions, “one” standard, authentication and security, multi disciplinary co-operation  Packing so much intelligence in smaller and smaller physical space, esp. User Equipment (UE)

IP + WPAN + WLAN + WMAN + WWAN + any other stragglers = 4G IP in the sky with diamonds

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Back-up

1st Generation Analog Cellular Systems Standard

Region

AMPS

USA

TACS

Europe

ETACS

NMT 450

Europe

NMT 900

Europe

C-450

Germany Portugal Italy

RTMS Radiocom 2000 NTT JTACS / NTACS

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France Japan Japan

Frequency (MHz) 824-849 869-894 890-915 935-980 872-915 917-950 453-457.5 463-467.5 890-915 935-960 450-455.74 460-465.74 450-455 460-465 414.8-418 424.8-428 870-885 860-870 915-925

Channel Spacing (kHz) 30

No. of Modulation Channels

Data Rate (kbps)

832

1000

1240

180

1.2

12.5

1999

1.2

573

5.28

200

12.5

250

25 25

600 400

FM FM

0.3 8.0

2nd Generation Cellular and Cordless Systems

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System Country

IS-54 USA

GSM Europe

IS-95 USA

Access Technology

TDMA / FDMA

CDMA / FDMA (DS)

869-894 824-849 FDD

935-960 890-915 FDD

Frequency Band BS(MHz) MS(MHz) Duplexing RF Channel Spacing (kHz) Modulation

Pi/4 DQPSK Fixed

Frequency Assignment Power Control MS Y BS Y Speech VSELP Coding Speech rate (kbps) 7.95 Channel Bit 48.6 Rate (kbps) Channel 1/2 rate Coding convolution

GMSK

CT-2 Europe, Asia FDMA

CT-3 DCT-90 Sweden TDMA / FDMA

DECT Europe TDMA / FDMA

869-894 864-868 862-866 1800-1900 824-849 FDD TDD TDD TDD 200 1250 100 1000 1728

GFSK

Fixed

BPSK / QPSK Fixed

Dynamic

Y Y RPE-LTP

Y Y QCELP

N N ADPCM

8 (variable 13 rate) 270.833 1228.8 1/2 rate 1/2 rate None convolution forward, 1/3 rate reverse, CRC

640 CRC

1152 CRC

3G WCDMA and CDMA2000 Standards

UMTS-WCDMA

CDMA2000

"No' Backward Compatibility Cell Sites not synchronized Each cell site with different scrambling code for spreading Complex soft Hand Over Scrambling code 38,400 chips; frame of 10 ms

Backward compatibility with CDMAOne Cell sites synchronized thru' GPS timing Adjacent cell sites use diffferent time offset of same scrambling code for spreading Simple Soft Hand Over Preudo Random (PN) sequence of length 15 2 - 1 chips; period of 26.67 ms; different site offset of 64 chips Walsh Codes

OVSF Codes

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Cdma2000 Layered Structure Packet Data Application Upper Layers (OSI 3-7)

Signaling Services

TCP

Packet Data Application UDP

IP PPP

LAC

Link Layer (OSI 2)

MAC

LAC Protocol

MAC Control State

Multiplexing

Physical layer (OSI 1)

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Packet Data Application High Speed Circuit Network Layer Services

Null LAC

Best Effort Delivery RLP

QoS Control

Physical Layer

63 Unique to cdma2000

UMTS Spectrum Allocation IMT-2000 TDD

IMT-2000 TDD GSM 1800 DL

DECT

IMT-2000 UL

IMT-2000 DL

MSS UL

MSS DL

Europe

PHS

IMT-2000 DL

IMT-2000 UL

Japan IS-95 DL

IMT-2000 DL

IMT-2000 UL

Korea PCS/DL

PCS/UL

USA

1800

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1850

1900

1950

2000

2050

2100

2150

2200

WCDMA Circuit Switched Protocols

CODEC

RRC

RLC

RLC RANAP

MAC

Phy-up

RANAP

Q.2630.1

ALCAP FP PHY

SSCF-UNI SSCF-UNI

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NBAP

ALCAP

SSCF-UNI SSCF-UNI FP

SSCOP

AAL5

Q.2150.1

SCCP

Q.2150.1

MTP3b

MTP3B

MTP3b

SSCF-NNI SSCF-NNI

Iu UP

SSCF-NNI SSCF-NNI

SSCOP

AAL5

PHY AAL2

NBAP

Iu UP

Q.2630.1

AAL2

ATM

PHY

Node B

RNC

AAL2

Core

WCDMA PACKET CONTROL PLANE PROTOCOLS

Iub

SM GMM RRC RLC MAC-cd PHY-up PHY

PHY

CDMA

UE/MTE

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FP ALCAP NBAP SSSAR SAAL SAAL AAL2 AAL5 AAL5 ATM PHY

NODE B

Iu-ps

RRC RLC MAC-cd PHY-up NBAP ALCAP FP SAAL SAAL SSSAR AAL5 AAL5 AAL2 ATM PHY

RNC

SGSN

WCDMA PACKET USER PLANE PROTOCOLS

Iub

Iu-ps

IP PDCP RLC MAC PHY-up

PDCP RLC MAC PHY-up

PHY

CDMA

ALCAP

AAL2

SAAL

AAL2

ATM PHY

UE/MTE

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NODE B

ATM PHY

RNC

SGSN

HSDPA Protocol Architecture

RLC

MAC

MAC-D MAC-c/sh MAChs

PHY

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PHY

HSDSCH FP

Iub

Iur

IMS Architecture Home HSS S-CSCF

I-CSCF Other IP/IMS network

IMS

UTRAN

SGSN GGSN

P-CSCF

Serving PS domain

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Standards IEEE 802.11a and b: Wireless LAN (WiFi) IEEE 802.15: Wireless PAN (Bluetooth) IEEE 802.16d and e: Wireless MAN (WiMAX) IS-41: Inter-systems operation (TIA/EIA-41) IS-54: 1st Gen (US) TDMA; 6 users per 30 KHz channel IS-88: CDMA IS-91: Analog Callular air interface IS-93: Wireless to PSTN Interface IS-95: TIA for CDMA (US) (Cdmaone) IS-124: Call detail and billing record IS-136: 2nd Genr TDMA (TDMA control channel) IS-637: CDMA Short Message Service (SMS) IS-756: TIA for Wireless Network Portability (WNP) IS-2000: cdma2000 air interface (follow on to TIA/EIA 95-B)

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Glossary 3GPP:3G Partnership Project AAA:Authentication, Authorization, Accounting AMR:Adaptive Multi Rate (Speech Codec) ANSI:American National Standards Institute ARIB:Association of Radio Industries and Businesses (Japan) BRAN:Broadband Radio Access Network (HYPERLAN 2) 2.5 Mbps CAMEL:Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic CDMA:Code Division Multiple Access CWTS: China Wireless Telecommunications Standards group (China) ECMA:European Computer Manufacturers Association EDGE:Enhanced Data for GSM Evolution ETSI:European Telecommunications Standards Institute FDD:Frequency Division Duplex FDMA:Frequency Division Multiple Access GGSN:Gateway GPRS Support Node GMSC:Gateway MSC GPRS:General Packet Radio Service GSM:Global System for Mobile communication GTP:GPRS Tunneling Protocol HIPERLAN:High Performance Radio Local Area Network HLR:Home Location Register HSCSD: High Speed Circuit Switched Data HYPERLAN: High Performance Radio Access network IMSI:International Mobile Subscriber Identity

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IMT:International Mobile Telecommunications ITU:International Telecommunications Union OVSF:Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor PDN:Public Data Network PLMN:Public Land Mobile Network PSTN:Public Switched Telephone Network QoS:Quality of Service RAB:Radio Access Bearer RNC:Radio Network Controller RRC:Radio Resource Control SGSN:Servicing GPRS Support Node SIM:Subscriber Identity Module TDD:Time Division Duplex TDMA:Time Division Multiple Access TTA:Telecommunications Technology Association (Korea) TTC:Telecommunications Technology Commission (Japan) UMTS:Universal Mobile Telecommunications System UTRAN:UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network VoIP:Voice over Internet Protocol WCDMA:Wideband Code Division Multiple Access WLAN: Wireless Local Area Network WPAN: Wireless Personal Area Network WWAN: Wireless Wide Area Network 71

References 1. www.3gpp.org 2. WCDMA for UMTS, Ed.: H. Holma and A. Toskala, John Wiley, 2001 3. UMTS - Mobile Communications for the Future, Ed. F.Muratore, John Wiley, 2001 4. WCDMA: Towards IP Mobility and Mobile Internet, Eds E.Djanpera and R.Prasad, Artech House, 2001 5. IS-95 CDMA and CDMA2000, V.K.Garg, Publishing House of Electronics Industry, Beijing, 2002 6. IP Telephony, O. Hersent, D. Gurle Et, and J-P Petit, Addison-Wesley, 2000 7. www.mobileinfo.com

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