Understanding Industrial Heritage In Aarhus by Emile de Wit
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First and foremost I would like to thank Thomas O’Brien for his tireless support from start to finish. Secondly, I would like to thank Tom Nielsen for his great tutoring; always asking the right questions. I would also like to mention Joakim Jørgensen and Priscilla Phitsanoukane for helping me translate one of the many Danish texts. Special thanks to Sven Due, manager of operations at DLG, for allowing me to experience the Five Sisters in such detail. Also, Søren Leth and Jens Bager from Sleth for their factual imput regarding godsbannen. And finaly, everybody in our studio for the good conversations and spirit.
Emile Silvain Anton Maria de Wit Student ID: 307014 Aarhus School of Architecture (DK) Tutor: Tom Nielsen
2014
INTRODUCTION 1 AARHUS 3 INDUSTRY IN AARHUS
7 - 18
Introduction 10 Industrial growth
11
Plan overview
17
31 BUILDINGS Introduction
19 - 24
19
Photographic overview
21
Plan overview
23
AARHUS IN DEVELOPMENT 7 SITES Introduction
Plan overview
25 29 - 62
29 31
Photographic overview Situational diagrams
35 37 - 52
Introduction (+ legend bookmark) 37
The Five Sisters + Mellemarmen
39
The Slaughterhouse Area
41
Jydsk Industrial Complex + Latin Quarter
43
Compound Workshop + Central Workshop Area 45
Tulip Meatpacking District
Train Workshop Facitliies + Godsbanen Train Freight 49
Ceres Brewery
47 51
Situational diagrams x 7
53
Factua overview
57
3 CASE STUDIES Introduction
Tulip Meatpacking District
Hisotrical introduction
Developments
Contextual narrative
65 - 120
65
67 - 82 67 69 71 - 80
Introduction
71
Photographic narrative
73
Selected qualitites
77
Jydsk Industrial Complex
Hisotrical introduction
Developments
Contextual narrative
83 - 98 83 85 87 - 96
Introduction
87
Photographic narrative
89
Selected qualitites
93
The Five Sisters Silo Complex
Hisotrical introduction
Developments
Contextual narrative
99 - 120 99 101 103 - 118
Introduction
103
Photographic narrative
105
Selected qualitites
111
PROPOSALS General concept
Tulip Meatpacking District
121 - 154
123
125 - 132
Proposal description
127
References
131
Jydsk Industrial Complex
133 - 138
Proposal description
135
References
137
The Five Sisters Silo Complex
139 - 152
Proposal description
141
References
151
Proposal summary
153
CONCLUSIONS 155 BIBLIOGRAPHY 157
INTRODUCTION
WHAT Aarhus is in rapid development. Its projected growth in (new) city volume is vast. The city expects to hit a population of 385000 in 2030. In addition to its suspected growth, Aarhus also formulates ambitions on many levels. The reallocating harbour industry continuously opens up large parts of the port area. This offers opportunities for Aarhus to extend its public domain to the waterfront, providing new areas for culture and to create a new branding for the city. There are a number of projects, being built or underway, that will have a profound impact on the way the city is perceived; the media library, the new engineering school, a Bestseller complex and many iconic residential projects show how Aarhus is redefining its identity. The city is slowly shifting away from its industrial roots and transforming into a platform for education, business and knowledge. A gradual transformation of the cities composition will become increasingly more apparent with the new high-rise policy. Comwell’s new hotel establishment and the planned redevelopment of the bus-terminal are two good examples of this. Additionally, the need for a densification of the city fabric generates a lot of discussion about the future of specific areas within Aarhus like the old train freight area Godsbanen or the aforementioned harbour front. With many people opting for a new creative zone following the propose future closer of the slaughter house area, demonstrates both the willingness and support within the public. The emergence of many new volumes in the city is key to the realisation of its concepts and the direction Aarhus is heading for. However, while redefining, and redeveloping great sections throughout the city, there is also a vast amount of potential volume that remains untouched in the midst of all change, namely its industrial heritage. There are great opportunities in the different ways Aarhus’ ex-industrial architecture can become part of the cities transformation. It is my ambition for this project is to investigate and develop a selection of key fragments of former industrial history and evoke a discussion on an urban scale for both their relevance and potential to be integrated as part of the city’s transformation towards its new identity.
WHY Many of the ex-industrial buildings were an important driver in the development Aarhus. Nowadays, they remind us of the industrial history that made the city for what it is today. In their current role, they represent a profound part of Aarhus and give distinct character and identity to many of the areas they make part of. In some cases, as with the The Five Sisters silo-complex, they extend their visual impact far beyond their immediate environment. Apart from their historical significance and relevance, they also hold numerous qualities. Besides being considered beautiful by many, these heralds of industrialisation often form an important part of the cultural fabric of the city. On a more technical/constructional level they are very
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well built, spacious and flexible, offering great potential to be re-used in many different ways. The notion of redeveloping ex-industrial heritage is not alien to the municipality of Aarhus. The city showcases many examples of successful transformations of ex-industrial buildings. Some good examples are the in 1949 built rental barrack for smaller factories, now successfully transformed and branded as LYNfabrikken - a self proclaimed ‘office hotel’, or the in 1912 built Chocolate Factory Elvirasminde, currently used for teaching and offices. Moreover, in recent politics’ suggestions have been made for using ex-industrial terrain as new locations for student housing.
Although the proposals for each site differ greatly in scale and program, the general notion of a self-sustained preservation model through the private/public model will serve as a backbone to all sites. Accordingly, the references summarising each proposal section will help to indicate the programmatic feasibility as well as the opportunities residing in each subject. With my thesis I hope to provide the city of Aarhus with a calculated overview on a topic that should take part in discussions about the reconstruction of its (future) identity. Showing the relevance and potential of ex-industrial heritage to manifest itself as a pro-active part in the cities transformation on an urban level.
HOW The project starts with the mapping of all 499 (ex)industrial buildings in the municipality of Aarhus within the period of 1840 till 1972. By including the full spectrum of buildings that reflect the city’s industrial past, a better understanding is created about the importance of industry to the city of Aarhus. Through the use of a variety of different sources, the next phase will narrow the selection down to the 31 buildings that host the most significance in the historical context of Aarhus. Their original function, year of construction and location will be mapped and documented. Following the reduction from 499 buildings to 31 subjects of most significance, is the investigation and assessment of all areas of development throughout Aarhus. Site specific variables such as location, current state and availible public support will be taken into consideration when evaluating the various potential contexts of engagement. When paired with the 31 buildings of most interest, a selection of the 7 sites most eligible for development will be be presented. The 7 sites that are studied upon in the second phase or reduction will prove to be very different in their context and factual composition. Studying each site on an urban scale through the use of situational diagrams, provides the necessary understanding of their role, connectivities, conveniences and importance. The factual overview will try to highlight compositional differences between the various sites. The main purpose of this section is to help provide the necessary understanding to make a well balanced selection of 3 key sites. The 3 case-studies require me to move beyond each sites direct situational context and statistics. This part, which roughly takes up half of the book, can be considered a method to investigate ex-industrial buildings. Through analysing their founding history, contextual (visual) qualities and future developments, the resulting proposals make suggestions on how to fully utilized each of the sites potential. It may become apparent that this project not only addresses the immediate context of each subject, but also their relevance on an urban scale.
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Inner urban area
AARHUS
“Aarhus is the second-largest city in Denmark. The principal port of Denmark, Aarhus is on the east side of the peninsula of Jutland in the geographical centre of Denmark. Aarhus is the seat of the council of Aarhus municipality with 323,893 inhabitants and 259,754 (1 January 2014) in the inner coherent urban area. Aarhus municipality claims a population of 1.2 million people in the greater Aarhus area. The city claims the unofficial title “Capital of Jutland”. Aarhus is the biggest single city in the East Jutland metropolitan area, which is a co-operation in eastern Jutland with 17 municipalities. With more than 1.2 million people living in the East Jutland metropolitan area it represents approximately 23% of the population of Denmark. Aarhus has the second-largest urban area in Denmark after Copenhagen.” [1]
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“
In the coming years, Aarhus will be enriched with a brand new and spectacular city district. When completed, the Aarhus Docklands will have a total floorage of 800,000 sq m with housing for 7,000 residents and 12,000 jobs. In terms of both volume and vision, Aarhus Docklands will therefore rank among Europe’s largest waterfront projects. [2]
”
INDUSTRY IN AARHUS
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INDUSTRIALISATION
Aarhus is one of the oldest cities in Denmark. The city originates from a Viking town back in the 900s, although archaeological finds show traces of habitation that date back to the 700s. Throughout history the city changed its profile gradually. After evolving from a medieval town into a market-town in the period of 1500-1850, Aarhus joined the industrial era in 1830 with the construction of several steam powered factories. Its significance in the long-distance trade market increased dramatically through the establishment of the coast harbour in 1840. Throughout the early 1900s, industry remained to dictate the cityscape, but with the foundation of several educational institutions, including the Aarhus University in 1928, the first indications of a shift in character could be observed. Its conception was still that of industrial city, however, as up to 40% was occupied in the sector in 1960. From the 1970s and onwards Aarhus had its harbour extended several times, making it the largest in Denmark and one of the biggest in Northern Europe. Its educational services grew in similar fashion, turning Aarhus University into one of today’s global top 100 universities. Nowadays its service sector, eduction and public administration are its most important sectors. Nevertheless, industry still plays an important in the cities global make-up, although more high tech oriented such as IT and electronics. [3] The following pages give a historical overview of the industrialisation in Denmark. The text covers the changes Denmark underwent as a country, although factual data of Aarhus is provided throughout the text. Some of the diagrams include some of the cities oldest (and most significant) industries. All drawings are scaled to 1:250.000.
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INDUSTRIAL BREAKTROUGH 1840- 1867
The period from 1840 to 1870 was the industrialised power source breakthrough in the market towns. While a report from 1839 mentions only a few dozen steam-powered factories with a total of over 300 horse power (HP), in the early 1870s the capital had at least 182 mechanized companies with 2,384 HP and the province at the same time about 280 steam-powered factories with nearly 3,000 HP. (...) Many medium-sized towns had an iron foundry, (...) cotton weaving industry, shipyard, printing works, breweries (beer, mineral water, vinegar), distilleries, (...) steam turbines (sawmill, flour mill), brickworks, (...) machine shops for the manufacturing of agricultural implements, salt refinery and/or gas plants. The construction of gas works meant that gas as a power source could gain ground in the inner workings. The homogeneous manufacturing and processing companies in the market towns, along with the relatively uniform supply of services (...) did not allowed for major competition. (...) The
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fact that most towns had a more or less diversified local manufacturing and processing company that increasingly operated through machine and man-made sources of power, while equivalents in rural areas predominantly lay scattered and without any major associated urbanization, has caused the impression of an industrial convergence in market towns. The fact is, however, that in the period up to 1870 up to quarter of all industrial development did take place in rural areas. In this period, the population of Aarhus doubled from 7,000 in 1840 to 15.000 in 1870.
T H E F I R S T I N D U S T R I A L B OO M 1840- 1867
Distillery Liisbergs 1865
Besides the surrounding new industry, a large number of urban areas relating to railway stations emerged between 1855 and 1885. Despite being very small initially, often with only 50-100 people, their proximity to villages did create twin cities as the old village and the new station urban communities grew together. A large proportion of these early railway towns were already containing an inn, grocery and grain warehouse (...) mill, a number of artisans and merchants and sometimes also industry. The lack of spatial overlap between industry and railway meant that up 1870 there were two parallel and independent development pathways, but just after 1870 there appeared to be a move towards greater coordination of industry and rail planning.
showed an increase in between 25 and 30%. The number of companies with 5 or more employees grew from 8000 in 1872 to about 14000 in 1897. Despite the importance of the city, Aarhus remained similar in size, and the population stayed quite low until the late 19th century. It was Aalborg that was the largest city in Jutland until the 1920s. The growth and expansion of Aarhus took place quite late compared to other European cities.
Data shows that in a number of urban areas industry grew from 0.2% in 1870 to 14.7% in 1901, while the most industry oriented cities
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THE FIRST INDUSTRIAL BOOM PEAK 1894 - 1921
Frichs Train Manufacturer, 1910
Aarhus Oil Factory 1917
The time was characterized by a surge in both the number of processing companies in the urban areas as well as their distribution channels. It should be noted that the development covered a large number of new establishments, (to a lesser extend) desists and a number of business reallocations. The time between 1900 and 1915 constituted the new urbanization climax. These years most towns acquired (...) wood-works, machine shops , brick-yards and/or cement foundries (if not present already), as well as (...) water, gas and electricity works, and telegraph or telephone exchange . The densifying urban development will undoubtedly be seen in relation with the establishment of power stations: the number of utilities and their engine power increased from 13 plants with 2,722 HP in 1897 to 412 with 88 636 HP in 1914. (...)
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To illustrate the importance of industry, one can compare the share of the population occupied with industry and trade in 1911. Some cities, such as HellebĂŚk, Hedehusne and Hammerum had more than 50% of its population involved in industry and trade. Aarhus, together with many other cities such as Herning, Odense and Frederisvaerk, had 40-50% of its population occupied with business (trade and industry). The population of Aarhus grew from 7000 t0 15000 in between 1840 and 1870, but through the continuous demand of manpower in the industry, Aarhus continued to grow past 50.000 inhabitants in 1900. Around this period Aarhus extended its industrial areas and harbour several times.
END FIRST INDUSTRIAL BOOM/CRISIS WAR 1922 - 1947
Jydsk Furniture Factory, 1936
The Five Sisters Silo Complex, 1927
According to a study, the percentage of activities concerning craftsmanship in select cities decreased from 17-24% in 1911 to 15-21% in 1930. Under the assumption that the active percentage of craftsmanship related professions remained virtually constant between 1911 and 1930, it is assumed the estimates largely reflect the development of industry. Evidently, the fact that trade and industry together accounted for more than half of the employment figures in a total of 155 cities (or to almost a third in all cities), does illustrate the importance of industry in 1930. The crisis, which apparently affected many of the new cities between 1925 and 1945, can be attributed to several factors. Firstly, the country already established all the cities it needed to cope wish the preceding period of growth. Secondly, with the growing importance of modernised infrastructure it was easier for the old market towns
to regain their position in the trade-market, wholesale and services. Simultaneously, the new cities reached a point where further growth could only be done in two ways: increasing their role in the hinterland trade or increasing industrial development. Many cities that failed to meet any of these requirements stagnated. With the foundation of the Arhus University in 1928 and the establishment of many other education institutions, Aarhus turned itself into a financial, education and cultural centre for the whole of Jutland. Although, industry still was an important part of its economic fabric, its service sector did grow. The city’s largest companies after World War 2 was Frichs Machine , Floating Dock and Aarhus Oil Factory .
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THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL BOOM 1948 - 1976
Tulip Meatpacking Factory 1954
“Mass production and planning made their breakthroughs in the 1950s. Oil became the primary source of power for manufacturers, while lorries and cars overtook railways for good. Denmark took its cue from the US and built vast, planned industrial estates. Manufacturers could move into single storey buildings that allowed them to set up and rearrange their assembly lines as they saw fit. Factories moved even further away from the shops and offices of urban centres. Manufacturers were also moving further away from Copenhagen and major towns in eastern Jutland. Soon former agricultural land was now home to the industrial sector. On Funen, Lindø Shipyard began assembling supertankers on an assembly line, and in Als, Danfoss began an expansion that saw one industrial production hall after the other built up around the farm where the company was founded. Both Lindø and Danfoss built employee housing. The town of Herning became a centre of knitwear production.
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The Third Industrial Revolution after 1970 has seen information technology take on increasing importance. Automated production and inventory control rely on computer controlled machines. The number of industrial jobs has fallen, while production planning and maintenance jobs are on the rise. At the same time, the 1973 oil crisis made energy efficiency an important consideration. Pollution and occupational health requirements have also become stricter.” [4]
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LEGEND
Industrial Heritage
Rail-road
Infrastructure
Coast line
Water
Forrest
Build area
N^
1 km
499 (ex) industrial buildings
31 significant buildings
31 BUILDINGS
The previous section of the book mapped all heritage from 1864 till 1976. From this point, the sample space is reduced from 499 to 32 buildings. An overview of the most significant buildings is given on the next page. The name proved relates to their original activity/production. Some of the buildings are still active, such as The Five Sisters Silo Complex (number 11) or the Aarhus Oil Factory (12). The majority has successfully been redeveloped, mostly into office space or apartments. There are a few buildings that are in status-quo, like A/S Bagernes rye-bread factory (30) or half of Jydsk furniture factory (8); partly in use, but not fully restored/ redeveloped.
The 32 have been established using the following sources: - Industriminder i det gamle Aarhus a book mapping 27 key industrial buildings in Aarhus - Industrial Heritage in Denmark. Landscapes, Environments and Historical Archaeology a book highlighting Denmark’s 25 most iconic industries - 161 of the most important regional industrial monuments a list provide by the Danish Cultural Agency, designated by museums and Culture Councils - Forslag til Kommuneplan 2013 a yearly cultural report by the municipality of Aarhus
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1. Alcohol distiller Liisbergs, 1865
2. Chocolate factory Elvirasminde, 1900
3. Danish film-factory, 1912
4. Aarhus cardboard-box
8. Jydsk furniture factory, 1918
9. Machine manufacturers, 1945
10. Kristian Kirks telephone factory, 1912
11. Five Sisters Silo
15. Bruunshaab textile mill, 1852
16. Hammerschmidt clichĂŠ factory, 1931
17. Godsbanen train workshop facilities, 1923
18. Jyllands-Post magazine
22. Ceres Brewery, 1856
23. Carpenter’s steam, saw and planning-mill, 1896
24. Jutland shoe-factory, 1920
25. Aarhus upholstery
29. J.E. Schmalfelds tobacco factory, 1821
30. A/S Bagernes rye-bread factory, 1896
31. M. & J. Hansens furniture factory, 1919
factory, 126
5. Aarhus United Breweries, 1900
6. Steam weaving mill, 1893
7. Joint bakery and workers production as. 1888
Complex, 1927
12. Aarhus Oil Factory, 1917
13. Aarhus cooperative slaughterhouse, 1860
14. DSB’s Central-workshop, 1938
company and press.
19. United Jutland dying and knitwear factory, 1930
20. Frichs train manufacturer, 1912
21. Tulip Canning Factory 1954
26. Former tenement for small factories, 1949
27. Rental barracks for craftsmanship and small fact. 1918
28. Trauls Erichsens dyeing and dry cleaning, 1835
furniture factory, 1918
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LEGEND
Industrial Heritage
Significant buildings
Coast line
Water
Forrest
Build area
N^
1 km
25
1 31
30
29 28 27 26 2
3
4 5 6
24
23 22 21
13 14 15 16 17 18 19
20
9 10 11 12
7 8
AARHUS IN DEVELOPMENT
Aarhus is undergoing many changes on an urban scale. Throughout the city, many areas are being developed at a rapid pace. Some of the changes influence the city directly, such as the new waterfront. Other developments like the future university hospital have more long term implications. Through all the changes the city scape is changing rapidly. Adoption of revised policies, including the new high-rise policy, denote the large scale vision the city holds.
University hospital 9000 employee’s/1000 students Being part of Skejby Business Park, the new university hospital will once completed be on of Northern Europe’s largest hospitals. The current university hospital is already accountable for 40-50 percent of treatments in central Jutland. The area it covers will be approximately 1.25 million square meter with a total build area of 380.000 square meter.
Aarhus central workshop area Development around the central workshop area has been indecisive for a long time. Since the local plan from 2013, a new direction has been adopted. The old compound workshop been demolished and plans for a new building block have been opted for. Currently there is no official approvement of plans.
Ceres beer brewery
Gellerup
Ceres has been one of Aarhus and Jutlands most important brands. After 150 years of production, the factory closed in doors in 2008. Plans for redevelopment are approved and part of the new construction is on its way. The plans cover an area of 140.000 square meter with more than half of its area reserved for educational and business purposes.
North-harbour housing
Lisbjerg 25.000 inhabitants Lisbjerg is one of the smaller satellite towns located NNW from the inner centre of Aarhus. With 839 inhabitant its population is fairly low. Plans are in the making to turning Lisbjerg in a large subusurb with an increased population of up to 25.000 over the next 20 years.
1,000 workplaces/500 public sector Gellerup is located at the edge of the outer ring-road that encloses the more denser part of Aarhus. With the overall plans approved, associated parties hope to turn a mono-functional area of troubled housing estate into an attractive diverse area of work and leisure. 7000 inhabitants/12000 workplaces The North harbour housing encompasses one of the biggest patches of new developable land in Aarhus. Some of the first buildings to express the mixture of preservation and attractive housing opportunities have already been build; Cebra’s Iceberg makes a good example of this. Other projects will follow soon. The master-plan that has been published in 2003 shows a dense and diversified new district extending from the inner city, although this plan is not being followed as strictly as intended.
Waterfront The waterfront is Aarhus’ extension of its public domain towards the water. The significance on a public level is flanked by the new engineering school Navitas and the Urban Media Space. The latter should provide the public with a mixture of recreational and functional use.
Mellemarmen Mellemarmen is one of the ex industrial harbour areas that is now seeing great change. Most of its machine based industry has successfully been conversed into office space or retail shops. Initiatives such as Dok8000 actively promote and stimulate development and adoption of the area
Godsbanen train freight Aarhus’ freight-yard and train facilities is one of the largest preserved plants in Denmark of its kind. The terrain is vast with a footprint of approximately 150000 square meter. Plans for redeveloping this area have been circulating for many years. As of late, more concrete actions have been undertaken to drive its development more actively. Some of
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the key attributes is the planning of 150.000 square meter of plannable space and a possible new Aarhus Architecture school.
Nye
10-15.000 inhabitants The plans for this new future suburb North of central Aarhus were first coined in 2007 in the 2008 planning strategy by the municipality of Aarhus. Nye, with literally means ‘new’ in Danish, will be a suburb with a mixed program. The site nye.dk states its three values are variation, balance and life. The proposed area covers 220 ha. Its first residents are expected to inhabit the area in early 2017.
Nye
Lissbjerg
New university hospital
North harbour housing
Ceres brewery compound
Gellerup
Aarhus Waterfront
Dok8000, Mellemarmen
Godsbanen train-freight area
Aarhus central workshop-area
N^ 250 m
499 (ex) industrial buildings
31 significant buildings
7 potential sites of engagement
4 7 5 1 6 3 2
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7 SITES
Through intersecting all the various areas of development with the 31 significant buildings, a selection of potential areas could be made. Each selected area has an affiliated ex-industrial building that has the potential to partake in the overall development of the area. Areas that are, or soon to be under development, but devoid of any ex-industrial heritage have been dropped. Gellerup is a good example of a district that receives a lot of attention at the moment, but does not have the necessary (required) heritage to drive development. All the buildings that relate to each of the 7 sites are (still) active, unused and/or empty. Non of the related buildings is already transformed successfully. With some of the sites such as Tulip Meatpacking District or Ceres Beer Brewery, the building itself makes up for the site as a whole.
The 7 sites are: 1. Mellemarmem (The Five Sisters Silo Complex) 2. Slaughterhouse Area 3. Latin Quarter (Jydsk Industry Complex) 4. The Central Workshop Area (Compound Workshop) 5. Tulip Meatpacking District 6. Godsbanen Train-freight District (Train Workshop Facilities) 7. Ceres Brewery
N^ 500 m
5. Tulip Meatpacking District
4. The Central Workshop Area (Compound Workshop)
7. Ceres Brewery
6. Godsbanen Train-freight District (Train Workshop Facilities)
3. Latin Quarter (Jydsk Furniture Factory)
1. Mellemarmen (The Five Sisters Silo Complex)
2. Slaughterhouse Area
The Five Sisters Silo Complex + Mellemarmaen
Tulip Meatpacker District
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Slaughterhouse Area
Train Workshop Facilities + Godsbanen Train Freight District
Compound Workshop + The Central Workshop Area
Jydsk Industrial Complex + Latin Quarter
BIRDS PERSPECTIVE
The parts higher in contract indicate the perimeter of the 7 sites as provided by municipal plans; their surrounding context is recessed. Most of the sites are situated in an urban context, although Tulip is located more at the periphery of the city, most noticeable by the lower density housing and large amounts of green. Of all sites, The Five Sisters is located closest to the water, being completely surrounded by it. Generally all sites are predominately low rise. Jydsk is the smallest site, visible by the less zoomed out perspective. The close proximity between areas indicates the close relation that many of the industrial sites have with developments surrounding their area.
Ceres Brewery
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LEGEND
Key-buildings Entities of interest City context
Residential area Industrial area Green/park area Square/Park Water
Site perimeter
Primary road Secondary road Route/path (pedestrian oriented) Rail-road Raild-road stop
Ends Continues Destination Leads to
Proximity radius (0.5km) Tree specific Road special
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SITUATIONAL DIAGRAM
The situational diagrams are plan drawings that examine the context and surrounding elements of interest. For each site the effective radius of related points of interest varies. Site building combinations such as Mellemarmen + The Five Sisters reach out far into the city because of the size and overall visibility. Smaller sites, such as Latin Quarter are more introverted, as their potential volume and visual impact is of a lesser significance. Different kinds of urban environment like industrial or residential are displayed as distinctive hatches. Related buildings of interest within a specific area appear as cut-outs. The majority of situational elements displayed in each drawing are referred to from each of the related summary texts. If necessary, the key at the end in the Situational x 7 drawing can be used to find unmentioned elements. The hatches displayed in the legend-bookmark on the left are consistently being used in the majority of drawing throughout the book.
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MELLEMARMEN + THE FIVE SISTERS
The Five Sisters Silo Complex is located slightly outside the city centre of Aarhus. Its positions marks the end of the new waterfront that is currently in development. The Five Sisters is one of Aarhus’ older industrial complexes. The first buildings were built in 1927, some of its major extensions were in 1929 and 1959. Its main function is the production and storage of kettle feed. All production facilities are still in full operation. The former storage house1 is discontinued and now partly rented out to third parties. Its administrative section still occupies most of the available office space, although the entire first floor is vacant. The Five Sisters is currently owned by DLG. Its affiliated site, Mellemparken, used to be a machine based industry mainly. Nowadays, it is gradually transforming towards an area of young start-ups in the creative industry. Many buildings have already been successfully modified to consolidate office activity, although its coherency might be lacking with a footprint of roughly 124.000 square meter. By extending over half a kilometre away from the Five Sisters into the water, Mellemparken does appear to be detached from the main land and city. Olav de Linde, a building development group, owns most of the real estate on site. The Five Sisters is surrounded mainly by industry and water. FilmBy (I.1), a major film production studio, is in very close proximity to part 1. As of now, it occupies a segment of empty West-section1, used mainly for casting. Flanking the site North is the soon to be opened Urban Media Space (C.4). When moving along the waterfront one comes across the new engineering school, Navitas (E.1) and the department store Bestseller (S.1). Other noteworthy buildings in close proximity are the police station (G.1), life performance stage Train (C.4) and Bathhouse Spanien (F.1). With the extension of the canal to the waterfront, a direct connection is created between Mellemparken and the inner-cities shopping centre (A.1). Alternatively, a single turn will lead to Aarhus Domkirke, the main religious edifice of Aarhus (L.1) and nearby Aarhus Theatre (C.3). Although perhaps unnecessary because of the Fife Sisters protruding chimney’s or the media libraries grand presence, the Europahuset (L.2), offers some level of navigational landmark. Most prominent is its function as landmark when walking along the canal. A secondary landmark can potentially be found in the almost finished Comwell Hotel tower (L.3), albeit the same arguments concerning Europa-huset apply here as well. Public transport is very accessible either through the future tram stop at the Urban Media Library or, slightly less accessible,the central train and bus-station (T.2/T.1). In doing so, one would pass the former compound workshop building (A.2, now destroyed).
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T.2
S
S.1 E.1
C.2 S.2
A.1
L.1
C.3
S.3
L.2 C.4
G.1 F.1
C.4 I.1
T.1
1
0.5km
1km
L.3
A.2
S.4
H.2
I.2
THE FIVE SISTERS SILO COMPLEX scale 1:10.000 Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam erat, sed diam voluptua. At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. Stet clita kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur
N^ 100 m
SLAUGHTERHOUSE AREA
Served as Denmark’s second largest cooperative slaughterhouse for many years, DLK Aarhus will close its complex in 2014. Main reason is a failing economy. CEO Preben Schmidt explains: “We do it because we have found it difficult to find a working economy in the business a long time (...). It has not been possible, for it is a tremendously difficult industry to work in”. Currently a lot of creative industries are situated in the area. SLETH, MadeByMakers and several recording studios are spread across the terrain. Many speculate this could be a new creative/ cultural hub in Aarhus. The complex is built in the period between 1922 - 1948. The slaughter industry used to occupy a larger volume of buildings than it does nowadays. Many of its former slaughter facilities have already been transformed into studios and offices. The site is situated in between housing and industry. Its entire East side is made up by the Aarhus Oil Factory (I.2), dating back to the 1920’s. West is residential area. To its North one finds the same industrial area that aligns with Mellemparken and the Five Sisters Silo Complex (H.1). The green that extends South along Strandvej expands first into Tangkrogen and Habreballe Skov, while subsequently continuing for 10 kilometres along the coast. Since part of these woods contain a large number of relics from the stone, bronze and iron age, select forests are protected by Danish law. When moving West, one will find St. Pauls Church (L.4), ending the fairly active/occupied M.P. Bruuns Gade that leads back to one of Aarhus’ main shopping malls Bruun’s Galleri (S.4). By being in very close proximity to Bruun’s Galleri, and therefore Aarhus’ Central Station, the sites’ access to public transport is excellent. Further away is the Urban Media Space (C.3); requiring a 10 minute walk or 3 minute bike-ride. In similar proximity are both Bathhouse Spanien (F.1) and life performance stage Train (C.4). A significant landmark when navigating towards the slaughterhouse area is the new Comwell Hotel building (L.3). With over 25 floors the building protrudes far above the average building height of 5 floors. Standvej that runs left of the site does somewhat separate the site from it’s residential urban context to the left.
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C.3
F.1
H.1
C.4 I.1
T.1
L.3
T.2
A.2
Strandvej
S.4
I.2 0.5km
1km
L.4
SLAUGHTERHOUSE AREA scale 1:10.000 Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam erat, sed diam voluptua. At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. Stet clita kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur
N^ 100 m
JYDSK IND. COMPLEX + LATIN QUARTER
The complex is situated in the middle of Latin Quarter, one of the oldest parts of Aarhus with a history dating back roughly a 1000 years. Jydsk is located in the middle of the inner-building block. Its accessible through many of the passages that are spread around the perimeter. Nowadays more commonly referred to as Meljgade 35/39 is a building with a long history of different functions. After being erected in 1896 as a furniture factory, the complex has been rebuild several times due to fire damage. Its multi-user layout, however, remained constant throughout history. Currently VIA University College occupies the refurbished North wing, or Mejlgade 39. Mejlgade 35 (South wing) used be rented out to small creative companies, from the second floors and up, but is now vacant. The ground floor houses a Spanish tapas restaurant. A mixture of residential and commerce surrounds Jydsk and its related building block. Mejlgade and Graven, respectively West and South, are known for the varied possibilities for consumption. With less than 200 metres away from the new engineering school Navitas (E.1) and the soon be be finished Bestseller complex (S.1), Jydsk finds itself in very close proximity to the new waterfront. Fuond South is Store Torv. With its centrality being proclaimed by the Aarhus Domkirke (L.1), arguably the city’s main square. Closely connected is Aarhus’ central shopping district that continues South. The Aarhus architecture school (E.2) that Jydsk once was part is situated east form the site. It’s complex is spread across multiple volumes extending beyond Latin Quarter across Norreport. Plans are set in motion to reallocate the school to Godsbanen. Other buildings of interest are: Art house cinema Ost for Paradis (C.1), the Aarhus Machinery School (E.3) and the Women’s Museum (C.1). While being not in close proximity or of great contextual significance, the Aarhus University with it’s celebrated park and the Aarhus University Hospital are easy to get to by Norregade/Norreport. Especially the park designed by C.F. Møller is an asset to those that appreciate refined landscape architecture.
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G.3
E.4
a rog reb Nor de/N
A.4
t por
orre
E.2
C.1 E.3
e
ad
S.1
Gra
ven
A.2
E.1
Mejlgade
sg
ud
St
0.5km
1km
C.1 S.2
A.1
L.1
C.2
C.3
LATIN QUARTER scale 1:10.000 Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam erat, sed diam voluptua. At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. Stet clita kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur
N^ 100 m
COMPOUND WORKSHOP + CENTRAL WORKSHOP AREA
DSB’s (Danish State Railways) former Central Workshop area at Spanien consists out of several key buildings. The compound workshops was one the few building that have not been renovated like the other buildings on site. With a mixture of many functions and facilities, the area offers a wide use to many communities. Despite being highlighted as one of the key 27 (ex)industrial buildings in the city centre of Aarhus, Lokalplan nr. 849 from December 2013 has been approved and demolition has started. Future plans contain a combination of low and high-rise buildings with a mixture of both public and private functions. By being situated very close to both the train and future bus station by Transform and Cobe, its connectivity to other parts of the city and the whole of municipality Aarhus is excellent. When moving beyond Bruuns Galleri (S.4), one can either turn left and enter M.P. Bruuns Gade ending in St. Pauls Church (L.4) or turn right towards the city town hall (G.2) and adjacent park Radhusparken (A.6). Extending from Bruuns Galleri is one of Aarhus’ main shopping streets that leads to Store Torv, the city’s central square. The industrial district East from the site is low dense and open, although Spanien, the four lane road that runs right from the site, create a noticeable barrier. The housing to the South presents itself as a closed block. Similar to to the slaughterhouse area, the new Comwell Hotel complex (L3.) does make the former compound area very easy to find across the city.
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C.3
G.1 G.2
F.1
H.1
A.6 C.4 T.1
I.1 L.3
S.4
Spanien
T.2
0.5km
1km
H.2
L.4
CENTRAL WORKSHOP AREA scale 1:10.000 Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam erat, sed diam voluptua. At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. Stet clita kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur
N^ 100 m
TULIP MEATPACKING DISTRICT
Meatpacking facility Tulip is based at the periphery of Aarhus’ denser urban centre. After being active for over 50 years, the factory closed its doors in 2008. Started as a combined initiative between Jutland’s cooperative slaughterhouses, Tulip resulted in one of Denmark’s biggest central meatpacking facilities to date. The complex spreads across an area close to 54.000 square metres, roughly 10 football fields. There are four distinctive parts that haven been added over time. The main production facility1 is the oldest and most distinctive building; most recognizable by its circular shed roofs. Today, the entire site is abandoned and in decay. Other then the municipality’s awareness about its potential value, there are no known plans for redevelopment. As the site is at the edge of the more denser city centre of Aarhus, it is closer to nature than most other sites. Arslev forest is located to the West, granted its accessibility is heavily compromised by the train tracks run past the site. Also, the absence of any pre-made paths makes the forest difficult to walk through. Although the forest does add value, more significant is the sites close proximity to Brabrand Lake (A.8) and Brabrandstien that circles it. To the East is one the few buildings of potential interest, namely the Engdalskolen. As Tulip is one of the few publicly accessible areas in a half a kilometre span, a possibly connection in the public domain could be worth investigating. Both the industrial and residential area located South of the site are hard to reach by respectively the train tracks and Silkeborgvej. Although the train tracks run straight past the perimeter, the absence of any nearby stops makes commuting by train difficult.
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1
0.5km
1km
E.8
A.8
N^ 100 m
TRAIN WORKSHOP FACILITIES + GODSBANEN TRAIN FREIGHT
Train maintenance and cargo load area Godsbanen is the largest preserved plant in Denmark of its kind. With a footprint of approximately 150.000 m2, it is the biggest site out of seven. With the phased discontinuation of its current activities, an increasing area of redevelopment becomes available each year. Possible plans for re-thinking the area have been around for a long time. Currently SLETH is working in collaboration with COWI at a development plan for the 13 ha area. Development enables early involvement of future users, including the Aarhus Architecture school and Institut for X (a creative platform, C.12). The main ambition for this area is to extend the city centre through a varied densifying program and a wide offering of public domain. 15.000 square meters will derive from the re-use of ex-industrial buildings. The total amount of newly plant square meters is approximately 150.000 m2. The central workshop facilities at the middle of the site offer a significant value of potential redevelopment. Most of the earlier buildings match the aesthetics of the architecture at the beginning of the site. Later extensions are more pragmatic in their appearance. The main building at the beginning of the site (C.11) dates back to 1922. Later interventions include the redesign of the courtyard into a single overarching volume and the redevelopment of it’s cargo halls into publicly accessible facilities such as wood/steel workshops (F.3). The complex (cargo halls, main building and courtyard) has many users, including the Aarhus Filmworkshop, Svalholm Danish Cultural Exchange & Performing Art and Kulturamvirket Aarhus. Further South is where its additional former storage houses are located. Its architectural language is the same as the main building. Earlier mentioned Institut for X (C.12) and small start-ups occupy these buildings. The site is surrounded by a mix of industrial and residential areas. Towards the South/South-West there is no real site-defining built area. However, Søren Ringgade that bridges across the site and the line of trees combined with the train tracks directly South from the train-sheds do provide some form of boundary. Located North/East from the site is Aarhus’ main cultural cluster: the ARoS Kunstmuseum (C.8), Musikhuset Aarhus (C.10), the Aarhus Image and Media School (E.6) and the Aarhus Music School (E.5). Surrounding Møllerparken (A.5) is the combination of life performance stage Vox Hall (C.7), the Aarhus Central Library (C.6) and Kunsthal, making up for the remainder of cultural facilities.
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C.6 C.7
H.4
A.5
C.8
F.3
C.11
C.9 C.10
C.12
E.6
de
Soren Ringga
F.2
E.5
0.5km
1km
E.6
GODSBANEN TRAINFREIGHT DISTRICT scale 1:10.000 Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam erat, sed diam voluptua. At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. Stet clita kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur
N^ 100 m
CERES BREWERY
Ceres Brewery closed its doors in 2008. The complex has a history that goes back 158 years. There have been many discussions about the future of the site, but with the latest local plans (Lokalplan nr. 892 and 684) approved, and construction on its way, Ceres’ future appears to be set. Some of the oldest buildings date back to 1855. Over time, new production methods and a growing demand let to the addition of additional buildings, like its central power supply in 1900 and the boilerand coal rooms in 1905. The site runs parallel to Silkeborgvej, one of the main infrastructural arteries that runs to the hearth of the city. Surrounding Ceres is mainly housing and a small amount of industry. Most significant is its close proximity to Aarhus’ botanical garden (A.7); starting across the street and expanding towards the North. In similar proximity are the open air museum Gamle By (C.13) and Aarhus Hospital (G.4). Aarhus’ city Library (C.6), Kunsthal (C.8) and life performance stage Vox Hall (C.7) are located East of the site. The canal that runs South of the site is hard to perceive, mainly due to the cluster of trees that stands in between. The prism-esque tower that accommodates Danske Bank provides a modest landmark (L.5), but predominately along Viborgvej that leads up to the hospital and Gamle By.
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A.7
C.13
G.4
L.5 C.6
vej
borg
Silke
C.7
A.5
0.5km
1km
C.8
H.3
CERES BEER BREWERY scale 1:10.000 Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam erat, sed diam voluptua. At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. Stet clita kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur
N^ 100 m
TULIP MEATPACKING DISTRICT
E.8
A.8
G.3
E.4
LATIN QUARTER + JYDSK FURNITURE FACTORY
A.4
A.7 E.2
CERES BEER BREWERY
C.1 E.3 S.1 E.1
C.13
G.4
A.2
C.2
L.4 S.2
C.6 C.7
H.4
A.1
L.1
A.5 C.3 C.8 S.3
F.3
C.11
L.2
THE CENTRAL WORKSHOP AREA + COMPOUND WORKSHOP
C.9 C.10
C.4 G.1
E.5 G.2
C.12
F.2
F.1
A.6
C.5 I.1
T.1 H.3
H.1
E.6
L.3
T.2
A.3 S.4
H.2
E.7
I.2
L.4
GODSBANEN TRAIN-FREIGHT DISTRICT + TRAIN WORKSHOP FACILITIES
SLAUGHTERHOUSE AREA
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SITUATIONAL x 7
With this drawing all the situational diagrams have been assembled into a single summarizing drawing. Through the course of this project, it provided a more complete overview of shared points of interest and possible overlapping connections. It also showed which areas are unique within their contextual constellation.
A.* MELLEMARMEN + THE FIVE SISTERS SILO COMPLEX
E.*
H.*
L.*
T.*
AREA 1. Main shopping area 2. Square cluster (f. l. t. r.): - Klostertorvet - Lille Torv - Stor Torv - Bispertorvet 3. (ex) Component workshop area 4. Vennelystparken/University Park 5. Mølleparken 6. Rådhusparken 7. Botanical gardens 8. Brabrand Sø EDUCATIONAL 1. Aarhus Center of energy, innovation and education Navitas 2. Aarhus Architecture School 3. Aarhus Machinery School 4. Aarhus University 5. Aarhus Music School 6. Aarhus Image and Media School 7. Highschool Engdalskolen HERITAGE 1. The Five Sisters Silo Complex 2. Aarhus Slaughterhouse A/S 3. DSB Maintenance-halls Aarhus 4. Ceres Beer Brewery LANDMARK 1. Aarhus Cathedral 2. Office complex, Europa Huset 3. Comwell Aarhus 4. Office complex at Silkeborgvej 2
C.*
F.*
G.*
I.*
S.*
CULTURE 1. Art house cinema, Ost for Paradis 2. Women's Museum 3. Aarhus Theatre 4. Urban Mediaspace Aarhus 5. Live performance stage, Train 6. Aarhus Public Library 7. Live performance stage, VoxHall 8. Aarhus Art Hall 9. Art museum, ARoS Aarhus 10. Music-house Aarhus 11. Multi-culture platform Godsbanen 12. Culture platform, Institut for X 13. Open air musuem, Den Gamle By FACILITY 1. Bathouse at Spanien 1 2. Scandinavian Congress Centre GOVERMENTAL 1. East Jutland Police 2. Aarhus City Hall 3. Aarhus University Hospital at Nørrebrogade 4. Aarhus University Hospital at Viborgvej 22 INDUSTRY 1. Regional film and media centre, Filmby Aarhus 2. Aarhus Oil Factory
SHOPPING 1. Bestseller Aarhus 2. Shopping-mall, Magasin 3. Shopping-mall, Salling 4. Shopping-mall, Bruuns Galeri
TRANSPORT 1. Aarhus Train Station, DSB 2. Aarhus Bus Station
N^ 100 m
LEGEND Site perimeter
Key-buildings
FACTUAL OVERVIEW
With the situational diagrams, each of the 7 sites’ contextual situation is mapped on an urban scale. The factual overview focuses on the actual site and building. Data such as footprint, volume and height are examined and compared. All seven sites are in the same scale, 1:10.000 for the elevated drawing, 1:5.000 for the typical section. A more accessible summary of key numbers is given at the end of the overview. In this, key values are provided for each site in layman’s language.
THE FIVE SISTERS Total area . 104 m2
12.4
Total volume . 104 m3
55.4
Footprint . 103 m2
14.6
Volume . 104 m3
28.6
Footprint : total area
12 %
Volume : total volume
52 %
Location
87
Condition
well preserved
State
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bordering industry
Age in years
active
Top height
110 metres
Distance to centre (church)
750 metres
SLAUGHTERHOUSE
JYDSK IND. COMPLEX
3.7
1.9
9.7
10.6
7.8
0.9
3.9
1.2
21 %
6%
40 %
11 %
bordering city centre
inner city centre
119
96
well preserved
light neglect / refurbished
active
unused / used
15 metres
15 metres
1 km
250 metres
58/160
59/160
COMP. WORKSHOP
TULIP MEATPACKING
4.2
5.3
33.8
-
9.4
19.2
16.2
14.5
22 %
36 %
48 %
100 %
city centre
periphery
76
64
destroyed
decay
-
-
23 metres
60 metres
800 meters
6.9 km
GODSBANEN
CERES BREWERY
16.8
8.2
29.2
19.9
15.7
14.8
16.4
14.4
9%
18 %
56 %
72 %
bordering city centre
bordering city centre
91
114
well preserved
well preserved
active
inactive
14.5 metres
15 metres
1.3 km
970 metres
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Tallest building: 110 meters The chimney rises far above the average building hight of Aarhus, but pales in comparison with the likes of the Eiffel tower (324 meters) or Empire State Building (440 meters).
Oldest complex: 119 years old The first buildings were erected in 1895.
Closest to the city centre: 250 meters to the main kathedral
Largest volume: 286000 cubic meters That’s enough to fit the entire remaining volume of the site completely into the five sisters. Also, 286000 is the he rough equavaent of 800 average Danish houses.
Highest percentage site volume: 100% With Tulip the site IS the complex.
Largest overall site footprint: 168000 The rough equavalent of 25 footbalfields
Biggest footprint: 15700 square meters The rough equavalent of 2.3 footbalfields
499 (ex) industrial buildings
31 significant buildings
7 potential sites of engagement
3 case studies
3 CASE STUDIES
After scrutinising each of the 7 potential sites in their urban context and comparing them both contextually and factually, a selection of three distinctive sites has been made. Each of the three sites will be investigated more deeply by addressing their history, site specific qualities and developments. By selecting three sites that vary greatly in size, location and sitecomposition, a broader understanding of potential scenarios can be established. At this point the emphasize shifts more towards the exindustrial buildings; opposing the more general approach taken in the previous chapters. The analysis for each site has been grouped into four parts per site:
- small historical introduction founding history, changes over time - overview development overview of all ongoing developments and future changes - visual narrative: exploring each of the sites with commentary and imagery - selection qualities and opportunities (directly after the visual narrative) argumentation, possibilities and comments
The three sites are: 1. Tulip Meatpacking District 2. Jydsk Industrial Complex + Latin Quarter 3. The Five Sisters Silo Complex + Mellemarmen
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Jydsk Industrial Complex + Latin Quarter
- situated deepest into inner city - surrounded by residential areas - close to the waterfront - close to public domain - low visibility, protruding height 15 meters - small fraction of it’s site, 11% - small scale, volume equal to 33 average Danish houses
The Five Sisters Silo Complex + Mellemarmen - situated at the edge of the inner city - surrounded by industrial area - at the waterfront - aligned to public domain - extreme visibility, protruding height 110 meters - large fraction of it’s site, 50 % - large scale, volume equal to 800 average Danish houses
Tulip Meatpacking District
- situated at city periphery - immediate surroundings industrial area, residential secondary - close to nature (including Brabrand lake) - good visibility, protruding height 60 meters - makes up for the entire site - medium scale, volume equal to 400 average Danish houses
N^ 500 m
TULIP MEATPACKING DISTRICT
It was in 1951 that a dozen of Jutland cooperative slaughterhouses coined the idea for a common factory for canning production. Around that time, many slaughterhouses had a running production of canned goods, but there was a large (and partially untapped) potential for expanded export by the slaughterhouses they could not take advantage of separately. Also, many raw materials for canning processing had to be sent to the cutting factory DANA in Nykøbing (308 km away from Aarhus), after which they were sold to the export and domestic market through Lolland-Falster Share slaughterhouses Purchasing and Sales office. By pooling their canning production in a single plant, Jutland’s cooperative slaughterhouses could achieve economic benefits, seasonal variations in supply and an improved fulfilment to varying demands through storage. Finally, it would cut down vastly on transport costs. The common Jutland cannery, called Jutland Share slaughterhouses Cannery AmbA, was named Jaka. At the time the location of the factory location had to be decided, an area of 2 ha at Højriisgården was offered as “free” by the Brabrand Aarslev Parish. The area was near the railway with the Port of Aarhus in reasonable proximity, and test drilling showed that the demands on the water supply quality and quantity would be met. It was decided to place the plant in the area, with the address Højriisgårdsvej 5 in Arhus. On the 15th May of 1954 the last commodities were processed at the DANA factory which closed soon after. The new factory in Aarhus, Jaka, opened it’s doors the 25th of September of that same year. To ensure housing for the staff, Jaka factory acquired 50 housing units through the Brabrand Housing Association’s new department “Søvangen” by Brabrand Lake. Jaka factory employed around 190 workers in 1954, and five years later grew to 360 workers of which 85 salaried employees. In 1971 the plant expanded with 4.000m2 and bought the Hafnia Canned A/S, through which the plant achieved a significant expansion of its client base in the UK and the U.S.. In 1990 the factory re-branded itself as Tulip International A S. Meanwhile, however, many of its slaughterhouses that originally founded the Jaka factory were joining Slaughterhouse Danish Crown. Eventually Danish Crown was sole owner of Tulip International in 1998. Employment at Jaka factory was stable at 400-500 man up until about 1995, but then dropped. At the time it was decided to close the plant in 2006, it had 186 employees, including 144 abattoir workers. The factory stopped in March 2008. [5.6]
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DEVELOPMENTS
Not a lot of development is going on in the vicinity of Tulip. The municipality points out to the representative functional inspired industrial architecture in their anal report on culture and history (2013). It is typically the main building1 that receives most praise. As of now, there is no research done by the municipality on values and vulnerabilities as they do with other (industrial) sites. One of Aarhus’ bigger ambitions is the realisation of an extended lightrail connection A tram-like train service that runs from Odder to Grenaa. The total lenght now is approximatly 107 km, but will increase with the construction of additional tracks. Expecteed year of completion is 2017. In this, a major role could potentially be reserved for Tulip. As new connections are established, such as Galten that lies past Tulip, a secondary undertaking is the construction of several terminals; interconected trafic nodes where passagers can switch means of transportation to bus/bike or car. One of those terminals is planned in very close proximity of Tulip. With Tulip’s functional sttructure, vast volume and point-blank position at the rail-tracks, probability and feasability are high.
Road-map for planned connections, terminals and existing tracks. [7]
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Planned area for a Ligh-rail Terminal
Existing connection to Hinnerup
Planned connection to Galten
1
Aarhus H (first stop Aarhus train station)
N^ 100 m
Section 5, storage hall + office
Section 4, first expansion
Section 3, main building
Section 2, administration
Section 1, storage halls
5 30
6 29 28
7
27 20 25
31
32
26 15 17
18
23
19
22
21
24 16
8
13 12
14 11
1
N^ 25 m
10
9
CONTEXTUAL NARRATIVE
Compared to the other sites, with Tulip the site is the complex. This narrative explores how one experiences the now deserted Tulip meatpacking district. The sequence starts at the bus-stop on line 11 or 12 and ends at the office facilities in the back of the complex (section 5). Each of the different parts on site will be explored and provided with commentary. The mainbuilding (section 3) enjoys slightly more exposure than the other four. Since the site is the building and vice versa, there is no direct separation between outdoor and indoor as with The Five Sisters. Nor is there a narrative only addresses the surrounding context, as is the case with Jysk. Directly after the nartaive an overview of potential and qualities will be given.
2
4
3
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
1 . At bus-stop
2. Chimney
3. Stairs
The site is not directly accessible from the bus stop (line 11). Main reason is the train connection that separates the site from the rest of its surroundings. You can reach Tulip by moving down the stairs (imgage 2), or passing underneath the bridge (image 3).
The protruding chimney makes the location of the complex quite visible across the site.
After leaving the bus stop, you can reach Tulip by moving down the stairs.
4. Bridge
5. Storage halls
6. Storage halls, interior
Or when you can not manage to find the stairs, walk for five minutes and pass underneath the bridge instead.
When entering the site, you find yourself at the former storage halls. Besides the very pronounced roof lights, no visible intrusion of the indoor space is possible.
When opening the doors at the top, your gaze dwells into a two story high elongated space. The room is very well it by its large roof lights.
7. Storage halls, detail
8. Office building(s)
9. View at surface evel
The roof lights.
Many smaller office buildings are spread across the site. This is the smallest one.
Despite approaching the edge of the site, not much of Brabrand lake is visible. The rooftops do show the steepness of the terrain.
12.
14.
15.
10.
11.
13.
16. 17.
18.
10. Decay
11. Main building
12. Chimney 02
When passing by the office building, the first hints of decay become visible.
The main building at the centre of the Tulip complex is easy to recognise by its rounded roof lights.
The chimney is free standing.
13. Office buildings(s) 02
14. View at ground floor main building
15. Main building, ground floor
These are two of the smaller scale office buildings. There is one more to the right, although its condition is worse than the other two in this picture (image 10).
When standing at the first floor, the view gets better; less roofs more horizon.
The first floor is well lit by daylight. Mostly because of the high amount of windows spread evenly across the entire floor. Its structural composition does not allow for a free planning floor plan, unlike the storage halls.
16. Main building, basement
17. Decay 02
18. Main building, first floor
With an absolute minimum amount of natural light an Ideal space for service rooms, e.g.: laundry, storage or bike parking.
Although the building seems to be in a well preserved state, there are some traces of decay.
The first floor is very well lit by daylight alone. The same configuration of windows as the first floor is now supported by fourteen roof lights. The structural composition is less dense than the ground floor.
21.
23.
24.
26.
27.
22.
19.
20.
25.
19. Main building, first floor, detail
20. Main building, first floor
21. Suspension bridge
The roof lights.
Impression.
You can access section 4 through the suspended bridge that connects the main building to the first extension. There is not much daylight at this point.
22. Main building, fourth floor
23. Main building, fourth floor, detail
24. View at fourth floor
The fourth floor’s structure is partly made out of wood. The space appears more compact. Compared to the other two floor, there are very few windows.
Wooden structure.
The view from the fourth floor is quite impressive.
25. Section 4, ground floor
26. Section 4, second floor
27. Section 4, extension
Unlike the main building, the first main expansion only has a few windows to provide some form of natural lighting. Because of a higher ceiling and more widely spread of columns, the space does appear more spacious.
Non of the ground floor’s qualities seem to apply to the first floor. There are a few windows and the columns seem to placed on a smaller grid. However, there might be potential in this structure, as the outer facade does not seem be load-bearing.
Although this space completely lacks windows, its roof lights provide plenty of natural light. The overall structure is narrow and slender.
29.
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32.
30.
28.
28.. Transition to section 5
29. Section 5
30. Section 5
This is the hallway that connects the first extension with section 5. There is no natural light.
The structure spans the entire space. Except for two wind-braces, the whole exterior wall is disposable. It walls are made of single sheet aluminium. The many ceiling lights allow for an evenly lit space.
Impression.
31. Section 5, exteriour
32. Administrative space
The whole South facade is free of any obstructions. Same applies to the North facade.
The offices located at the West end could potentially be used.
1. Visibility One of the most noticeable qualities is the wide visibility due to the 60 meter tall chimney. Besides its capacity to mark the location of Tulip, it also reminds us of the factory’s industrial past. In any scenario, transforming the buildings to house a new function, the chimney will always serve as a recognisable artefact of a previous time and function. However, one should avoid considering the chimney as the only necessary representative element of heritage and memory. Many agree interventions in post-industrial buildings should never be directed to single elements, but to the entire industrial landscape (building). Assessment of industrial heritage should go beyond visual values, and address overall function and history just as much.
3. Recognisable architecture The exterior of the main building is unique to its surroundings. The municipality describes its architecture as ‘typical industrial, inspired by the functionalist style’. Opposed to many of its neighbouring buildings, the many smaller windows do make the main building feel less introvert or pragmatic. Besides providing a great source of natural light, the roof light also generate an easy to familiarise profile.
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2. Free space planning These storage halls offer great spatial potential. One of the many outcomes when dealing with wide spanned structural systems like these, is the use for exhibition halls and workshop areas. The unobstructed space covered by the span allows for a free plan. In a recent project by OMA, Bologna Technopolo in Italy, they transformed halls of similar dimensions to scientific labs, offices and workshops.
4. Visually open ground level The many windows that are spread evenly across the entire floor offer great daylight. Additionaly, they allow for many vista’s from inside the building to its environment (e.g. Brabrant lake). The ground level of the main building does, however, contain a dense structural grid of columns. Potentially this could make the space less flexible in its use. Also, the depth of the space may limit the programmatic possibilities due to the set reach of daylight.
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5. Underground storage facilities The main building’s basement is slightly smaller than its higher levels. Spaces like these are useful in their capacity to storage great amounts of volume. Program that does not require daylight, such as laundry and installations, can be moved here to provide the higher levels with more usable space.
7. Panoramic view From the main buildings’ fourth floor one has a full panoramic view over Brabrand lake that extends towards Aarhus’ inner city. The space itself is rather small compared to the other floors.
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6. Visually open second floor + natural light excellence The second floor of the main building is the best lit room of the whole complex. From a revenue point of view, this space is most interesting. It has equal amount of windows as the ground floor, providing identical views towards the environment. Making this space higher in value is the characteristic roof lights that supply excellent natural light and a less dense column grid that allows for more spatial flexibility.
8. Free space planning 02 The great hall in section 5 contains the biggest free spanned volume in the complex - 15.000 cubic meters (40 average Danish houses), opposed to the 10.000 cubic meters of the storage hall in section 1. Its possible applications are wide. The roof lights offer an evenly lit space, while the single sheet aluminium facade make the exterior open to many options.
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word-of-mouth, artists and designers started trickling in, attracted to the vast cathedral-like “ Through spaces. Despite the lack of any conscious aesthetic in the Bauhaus-inspired style, which grounded architectural beauty in practical, industrial function, the swooping arcs and soaring chimneys had an uplifting effect on modern eyes, a sort of post-industrial chic. [8]
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JYDSK FURNITURE FACTORY
The history of the large factory buildings in the courtyard of Mejlgade 35-39 (see contextual narrative, page 98-99) has it’s beginnings in 1912, when the carpenter masters Christian Valdemar Juel and Henrik Rasmussen bought the property Mejlgade 35. Prior to Juel’s and Rasmussen purchase of the main buildings in the courtyard, Mejlgade 35 and 39, the courtyard had seen many smaller factory buildings scattered across the terrain; saw mills, storage faculties, workshops and stables etc. Because of the multitude of smaller buildings, the contours of a factory complex were already in place. For Juel en Rasmussen to move in, one of the existing factory buildings in the courtyard had to be rebuild into a furniture factory (Jydsk Møbelfabrik). Architect Wilhelm Klemann oversaw the conversion that was done in 1914. Possibilities for expansions into the garden behind number 39 were quickly utilised when Juel & Rasmussen bought this property as well; again commissioned by Klemann. The conversions did not go unnoticed; in 1917 the 15th July Aarhus Stifstidende named the new complex ‘impressive’. The new factory complex was named Mejlgaarden. With about 75 employee’s Jydsk Furniture Factory was the biggest business in both buildings in 1920. Besides Jydsk, there were many other active businesses situated in the complex, including a fruit, confections and chocolate storage facility, smaller workshops, other furniture factories like C. Kruess, prints shops and product stores. The (first) big fire was in February the 17th in 1936. The fire burned down almost the entire building. Firewalls nor fire-doors succeeded in containing the fire. For many years, the fire at Jydsk was one of the biggest in the history of Aarhus. Estimated damages were up 16 million kroner when adjusted to inflation. Everything was destroyed by the fire, making 125 people lose their jobs. Directly after the fire, owner Christian Valdemar Juel opted to rebuild the factory in the same look, but modernised in form. Around this time there were also conversations with the mayor H.P. Christensen about a possible connection between Studsgade and Mejlgade, creating a street parallel to Graven an Snevringen. The plan has been brought again a couple of years ago, but has yet to be realized. Responsible architect for the reconstruction was Thyge Klemann, son of Wilhelm Klemann. He strived to stay true to his farther original architecture, although he did remove the attic and altered the windows into a squared frame opposed to the little arched window design of the old complex. Number 35 was not completely burned down, but still received the same visual alterations to the windows. The new complex was opened in July 1936, less than half a year after the fire.
furniture factory, Jydsk Neon A/S, Jacobsen and Thomansen furniture factory and C.C. Winthers. The latter became the dominate business, but moved out in 1968 when the complex became to small. The 27th of march 1947 another fire broke out, but this time in number 35. It became the most grandiose fire in Aarhus since the war. The fire started on the second floor and ended up burning out both top floors of the complex. Companies on the first and ground floor sustained major damage from water and heat. C.C Winthers property in Mejlgade 39 was saved because of the fire wall. Damages were around 1 million kroner, or 12,3 million to today’s standards. Like in 1936, many workers became unemployed, albeit for short amount of time. Even though the fire was huge, on 11th may of 1957 it, after only 35 days, both of its floors were rebuild. Carl Christensen from Salling Mortensens Tegnestue oversaw the rebuilding. No architectonic changes were made, only better constructions. For many years the complex became home to countless businesses in both Mejlgade 35 and 39. When someone moved out or closed, someone else moved in. The amount of workers that walked through the gates in Mejlgade to do their daily duty each year is hard to find out, but estimates are several thousand. Even after C.C. Winthers moved out in 1968 many others companies continued for a long time. In the 1980’s the municipality certified the factory buildings for executional use, theatre activities and more, including the Aarhus Architecture School around early 80’s (plans drawings for conversion date from 1982). In the beginning of the 1990s Frontløberne, Kaospiloterne, De Grønne Cykelbude and various others moved in and created the creative community that in 2003 was strengthened by the restaurant “Svineriet”. In Jan 2007 Mejlgade 35 and 39 was taken over by real-estate company Nordic Gruppen Development A/S, but was declared bankrupt a years later. The bankruptcy made the special courtyard community very vulnerable. In October 2009 the buildings were bought by the realestate company Sinding & Company; a big player in the Aarhus realestate market. Architecture firm C.F. Moller oversaw the refurbishment of Mejlgade 39 and is now actively used by VIA University College. As of now, Sinding& Co. plans for apartments, while simultaneously maintaining its rustic feel. Hopes are that the ‘‘street breakthrough’ will be accomplished, especially now the municipalities appears more willingly to support this ambition. [9]
After the fire, many new smaller companies occupied the building; maintaining its agglomerated profile. In 1946 business owners in the buildings started A/S Industrigaarden (translated directly as: industry farm) with the goal of taking over the property to ensure they could continue to stay. Among its founders were Jacobsen and Thomassen’s 84/160
DEVELOPMENT
Although Jydsk is deeply embedded into its urban context, the development that is deployed around it is vast. The biggest shift in urban texture is the extension of the city’s residential domain towards the water. The new Docklands housing development (8) carries the ambition to create a new diverse and attractive part of the city. It will feature a mix of housing, business and culture. There are already some iconic buildings that portray this ambition such as Cebra’s Iceberg housing. The new Aarhus waterfront extends the public domain towards the water (4). In doing so, a new promenade (5) is established that runs from the new engineering school Navitas to the soon to be erected Urban Media Space. Extending from the promenade towards nature is the green line that leads up to Riskov forest (9). With the construction of the new University Hospital in Skejby, the Aarhus University is given the possibility to inhabit the former Hospital as means of future extensions (7). An increase of 10000 to 15000 students is to be expected in the next 10-15 years. The Aarhus Architecture School, however, will depart from Jydsk’s vicinity as plans are set to erect a new architecture school at the Godsbanen train freight district (site number 6). Considering all the previously mentioned developments, the municipalities ambition to enable a more accessible passage through Jydsk’s affiliated building block seems logical (l0, from lokal plan 849). Likewise, the proposed Light-Rail extension that branches off at Bestseller (3), a soon to be opened new department store, can be considered in place. Concerning the building directly are the plans by real-estate agency Sinding & Co. to transform the upper levels of the South wing into apartment (2). They hope to finish operations before 2017 - the year that Aarhus will be European Cultural Capital.
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Bestseller complex, by C.F. Moller
The Iceberg, by CEBRA
Source: Jyllands-Posten Aarhus
Source: www.cebra.dk
7
Riskov forrest
9
Lisbjerg
Vestre Strandalle Station
8
6
0.5 km
1
Proposed planning outlines Nordhavnen [10] 3 2 10
5
4
Aarhus H
N^ 100 m
Section 1, North wing Mejlgade 39 32
22
13
31
21 10 11 12
29
20
30
Section 2, South wing
14 9
Mejlgade 35
15
18 19
16 17
1
4
3
27
8
2
7 5 6
23
28
24 25
26
N^ 10 m
CONTEXTUAL NARRATIVE
The narrative exploring Jydsk is primarily concerned with the experience one has when approaching the building from all the various points of entry. As it is the centre point of its related building block, the sequence will comment on the different qualities and opportunities surrounding the site, as well as the qualities found within. The narrative will start at the South-East corner of the site that is encountered when departing from Aarhus’ main shopping streets. The final image is that of Paradisgade running up to Jydsk; one of the concerned streets that should find a better continuation through the building block.
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1. Approaching Latin Quarter
2. Studsgade
3. Entrance at Graven
When approaching Latin Quarter from Aarhus’ main shopping streets, there is no direct indication that there is an accessible open courtyard. The street up ahead is Graven.
No indication of accessible public domain beyond the street façades when looking left into Studsgade.
The first sign of a possible public domain beyond the visible buildings is found quickly when passing through Graven. There are four entrances in total along Graven.
4. Beyond the facades
5. Graven
6. Entrance at Graven 02
Once you get in, however, there is no real sense of location (and Jydsk).
Graven to Mejlgade after exiting the first entrance. Graven feels like an extension of the main shopping streets. There is no direct indication of other entrances.
A second entrance emerges further down into Graven. Flanked by a bakery and (snack)bar.
7. Secondary entrance
8. Vissible third entrance
9. First visual appearance Jydsk
Arguably the first visual indication that there is more terrain to discover.
There is more.
Jydsk emerges. All the space here is used for parking. Some parking-lots are reserved for students/staff from the VIA University College. VIA College is occupying the North of Jydsk (visible part on image).
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10. Jydsk, seen from courtyard
11. Passage Studsgade (courtyard)
12. Storage sheds
When exiting the final ‘tunnel’ you find yourself at the base of Jydsk. Immediately visible is the difference between the old part and the refurbished part (left).
From Studsgade there is a secondary entrance to the courtyard and Jydsk, for the first time visible when turning around.
All the sheds are probably personal property. They are all locked.
13. Left-over space
14. Entrance at Mejlgade
15. Jydsk, seen from Mejlgade
There is a lot of (unused?) space.
There is a lot of space when you pass the corner and look out towards Mejlgade.
From this position you can see most of the south part/bottom wing of Jydsk. At this time, all top three floors are unoccupied. Property owners close to Jydsk are aware that Sinding & Co. is the current owner of the South Wing.
16. Visible courtyard
17. Passage at Jydsk
18. Backyard
This is what you see when looking back the way you came (or go). No immediate motivation is to be expected to pass the corner when finding yourself in this position.
There is small corridor that leads to the other side of the buildings.
Currently there are three small businesses housed in this building. There is a lot of graffiti that lowers the potential quality this space can have in relation to Jydsk and its future proposals for development.
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19. Entrance at Mejlgade
20. Visibility Jydsk 02
21. Snevringen
The first significant entrance to the courtyard you will find when moving North along Mejlgade is this.
There is no way to access Jydsk from this part of the courtyard.
By continuing North on Mejlgade, you will come across this narrow passage. It connects Studsgade to Mejlgade, allowing for a close route circling Jydsk. People do use this path.
22. Aarhus waterfront
23. Entrance at Mejlgade 02
24. Mejlgade
Aarhus’ (new) waterfront becomes visible after less than 100 meters from Jydsk. 150 meters from Snevringen.
This is the smallest courtyard entrance along Mejlgade in close proximity to Jydsk. It does not seem to have a direct potential for continuing into the bigger courtyard that Jydsk makes part of. Visually there is no sense of Jydsk’s location.
Opposed to Graven and Studsgade, Mejlgade does show clearly where there is an entrance to the courtyard. The street is famous for it many offerings of good cuisine.
25. Graven
26. Entrance at Graven 03
27. Entrance at Graven 04
Graven to Studsgade.
Further down Graven, you come across this entrance. At first it appears to be another entrance, but when moving deeper into this space, it starts to feel more like a private backyard (which it probably is).
This is middle entrance to courtyard along Graven. Jydsk is barely visible. A small gate at arms-height physically isolates this segment from the courtyard.
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28. Entrance at Studsgade 02
30. Beyond the facade 02
31. Passage at Studsgade (street)
The first courtyard entrance along Studsgade that is in close proximity to Jydsk. On the inside there are only small gates/walls separating this part from the bigger whole that surrounds Jydsk.
There is no way to enter Jydsk from this segment of the courtyard.
This is the backside of the courtyard entrance shown in image 11. It’s mostly the lower wing you see. The storage sheds screen the building’s meeting with the ground.
31. Paradisgade Paradisgade runs from one of Aarhus’ busier roads Norregade straight to Latin Quarter. Unfortunately the entrance that leads to Jydsk is not visible from this angle (entrance shown in image 30/11).
1. Multi-entry A key potential for Jydsk lies in its connectivity with its surrounding. From every direction, there are at least two points of entry that lead to the inner courtyard that surrounds the building. This, in addition to its centralised position within Latin Quarter, makes Jydsk the effective gravitas of its surrounding environment.
3. Visibility Jydsk is very present from most angles across the courtyard; strengthening its capability to create a centre of activity for its surroundings.
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2. Active ground floor A the ground level in the South wing, one can find a Spanish tapas restaurant. To that extend, Jydsk is already partly adopted as a publicly accessible building. The restaurant is part of a bigger collection of restaurant that are spread across Mejlgade; a street known for it’s many culinary offerings.
4. Proximity to waterfront The total walking distance from Jydsk’s entry at Meljgade to the waterfront is less than 200 meters (2-3 minute walk).
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5. North wing / VIA University College Jydsk’s North wing is already successfully adopted and refurbished by VIA University College (Denmark’s largest university of applied sciences). Its exemplary in the way it maintained the buildings overall structure, but modernised its exterior through the use of glass and smooth concrete finish. The student population inhabiting this part of Jydsk enables for a more varied programming of function as they do provide a potential active user-group.
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6. (ex) creative industries Some of the firms located in this building at the back of Jydsk were previous users of the complex. With Sinding & Co.’s (real estate agency) acquisition of the top floors, many companies had to move elsewhere. Many successful heritage transformation projects show that creative industries have a high probability to successfully inhabit available space.
7. Mejlgade Mejlgade is well known for its many offerings of good cuisine. Over the years, the street has seen many of its buildings shift in function. Jydsk has the potential to tie into its dynamics more profoundly, enforcing its openness and relevance to the public.
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FIVE SISTERS SILO COMPLEX
“The silos heralded a new era for the city and its harbour. But the complex also represented an important change in how goods were handled. Before the silos were built, grain was stored in the lofts of merchant houses, loose, in traditional warehouses or in sacks. Now the grain was sailed right to the silo, where new machines sucked it up, and the work at the port changed character from physical to mechanical. The silo complex popularly known as ‘The Five Sisters’, together with the low-rise warehouse on the middle quay in the Port of Aarhus, was built in 1927 by a feed and grain cooperative, Jysk Andels Foderstofforretning. Designed by the engineer Jørgen Christensen, the complex is likely to have been inspired by Oslo Havnelager, a lavish Oslo silo from 1920. The architectural details are attributed to the Aarhus architect Hjalmar Kjær. The stylistic blend of historical references and feats of engineering add to the interest of this monument. These waterfront silos are evocative of old merchant houses, which is no coincidence, since Kjær wanted these modern structures to blend in with the 1,000-year-old market town of Aarhus. From a distance, the complex is reminiscent of 17th-century Dutch warehouses. The silo complex was the first major industrial plant in Aarhus to be built in reinforced concrete. It came to symbolise the modern era and later became a source of inspiration for functionalist architecture. The complex is white-washed with pitched roofs. Five bays of four vertical window sections reflect the five silos to the rear. The 33 metre-tall, vertical silos were designed for storing grain and other types of animal feed. The Five Sisters stands on marshy ground. What at the time was the biggest silo complex in Scandinavia, had to be built on 12.000 piles, each 14m in length. It’s construction was therefore a feat of engineering akin to the Chicago high rise, which were raised over the swamps on a similar pile foundation, and which had ushered in the modern era in the late 1800s. The concrete silo was a high-tech successor to the provincial grain warehouse. The silo’s that made their appearance in Denmark from the 1870’s, and form around 1900 were constructed out of reinforced concrete. The silos saved space, time and hard manual labour. From the outset, The Five Sisters, could take 12’.000 m3 of oil-seed cakes and 13.800 m3 of grain, Vertical storage of grain meant efficient use of the industrial sites as compared with loft storage, where grain could only be kept in a thin layer, owing to the risk of spontaneous combustion. The Five Sisters’’ huge section elevators could suck up 120 tons of grain an hour. Each silo is tapered at the bottom like a funnel to a tapping system. This allows grain to be emptied from the silo directly into a lorry trailer, ships;’ told or good wagons.” [11]
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DEVELOPMENT
The Five Sisters Silo Complex marks the end of Aarhus’ new public domain at the waterfront. As of now it is still largely surrounded by industry, but the city is closing in. One of the key projects that is currently under development is the Urban Media Space (1), a project that hopes to create a relation between city and water and to greatly influence both harbour and urban life. The project includes a Media-space, the future main library and citizens services. Additionally, it will offer an automatic car park with 1000 parking spaces. The Urban media space is part of a bigger master-plan to create a continues (green) connection between Riskov and Maresilewoods (7). Albeit the continuation of the green on the promenade (9) is not as pronounced as the plantation that leads up to the Five Sisters and Navitas.
new bus station/residential/office hybrid (4), it is hard to deny the city is slowly extending towards the waterfront. Number 8 refers to the increase of public domain towards the waterfront. Being the foundation of the new promenade (9), it does generate two new public squares: The Harbour Square for public events and mixed use and Hack Kampmanns Plads, offering recreational possibilities. In similar fashion, the connection of the city canal towards the water (7) extends one of Aarhus most prominent recreational streets. The new light-rail connection will offer great connectivity to many other parts of Aarhus (11). By having a station at the Urban Media Space, Mellemarmen and the Five Sisters, offer great access to public transport.
Mellemarmen is slowly shifting towards a creative industrial area (2). Plenty of ex-industrial buildings already have been successfully transformed. There is, however, a noticeable amount of empty unused space as well. The West part of the five sister (section 1, see contextual narrative), offers a great amount of rentable office space. FilmBy Aarhus, a major film company, already occupies part of the ground floor for casting purposes. Future expansion into the five sister is to be expected with its continuous and growing success (3). Guidelines of the master-plan for the Aarhus Docklands regarding the slaughterhouse area project 50.900 m2 of floor area for newly build architecture (6). This is in line with the laugher industries’ plans to discontinue their services. Together with the plans for a new residential block at the recently destroyed compound workshop building (5) and Transform’s
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Urban Media Space, by SHL
New Central Bus-station, by Transform
Proposed housing at compound area
Source: www.shl.dk
Source: www.transform.dk
Source: lokalplan 972
Riskov forrest Lisbjerg
7
10 Vestre Strandalle Station
9
8
1 6
3 2
Tulip terminal
Aarhus H
0.5 km
4 5
7
Tangkrogen
Havreballen forrest N^ 100 m
1
18
19
17
16
20
15
21
14 12 13
22 23
2 24
11
25
3 10
9
27
4 28 7
5
8
N^ 6
25 m 29
26
CONTEXTUAL NARRATIVE
The Five Sisters Silo complex is the biggest site among all three. For that reason, its narrative has been separated into two parts: a site related narrated part; and a narrative that explores the inner workings of the complex. Since the five sisters is such a prominently present building, the narrative includes some qualities that extend far beyond its immediate context, such as the visibility across the entire waterfront. There is also an emphasize on the different sides that Mellemarmen relates to: the city side, and Aarhus industrial harbour area. The sequence for the site related narrative starts with the approach of the Five Sisters past Navitas and ends in front of the middle part’s ground floor (section 2).The inner-section of the narrative runs from the lower ground level of section 1 to the view from the roof at section 3. The guided tour through the five sisters enabled for a better understanding of the shear size of the silo’s within. It is more appropriate to consider these (Sisters) buildings shells that frame the silos, than silo’s that reside inside a building. The quality overview at the end of the narrative will combine exterior (site) and interior (building) qualities into one collection.
Section 5, partly used for storage
Section 4, production and storage active
Section 1, former stroage space
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part office space
15 12
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Section 3, production silo’s 1
active
Section 2, storage silo’s fin. product active 104/160
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1. Approaching from Kystvejen
2. At Europaplads
3. The Five Sisters Silo Complex
When passing Navitas on Kystevejen, the size of the Five Sisters becomes apparent as it dominates the horizon.
This is the view one has after leaving the inner city centre towards the Urban Media Space (left).
At this point, the complex can be observed wholly.
4. Section 1
6. Section 1, backside
6. The Five Sisters Silo Complex 02
This building has been used for the storage of product. Nowadays it is rented out as office space mainly. DLG (operating company) uses a small segment for administrative and operative functions. Olav De Linde (real-estate agency) owns this complex.
There is a piece of paper on the door that says: ‘casting here’. FilmBy, one of Denmark’s major film cooperation, partly occupies the ground floor.
The backside looks out over basin 3 and the Aarhus Oil Factory (active). There are still boats docking in for the transportation of goods.
7. Dutch Facade
8. Sydhavnsgade
9. Facade detail
At this part of the Five Sisters it is visible why some refer to the facade as a ‘Dutch inspired’ one. Mainly due to the clock gable that ornaments the top.
This is the main street that leads up the Five Sisters.
The possible monotony of the effective height of section 2 is prevented by the many small windows and offset in the facade.
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10. Proximity Urban Media Space
11. Mellemarmen
12. Creative industries
In front of the Five Sisters there is a vast amount of open space. It offers a unobstructed view towards the Urban Media Space. This area had been used for the yearly Tall Ships Races.
The Five Sisters’ affiliated site. Due to the former ex-machine industry, the streets are wider than necessary for car/pedestrian traffic.
A lot of creative industries are settled in many of the now re-developed ex-industrial buildings. Collective initiatives, like dok8000, actively promote Mellemarmen as a potentially new creative area.
13. East quay = The Five Sisters
14. Redeveloped
15. Redeveloped 02
The East quay is inherent to The Five Sisters.
Arguably the best example of a successful transformation. The attached balconies great sense of domestic property.
16. Redeveloped 03
17. Industrial artefacts
18. Visibility Five Sisters
This complex is less refined. It houses a clothing shop/depot.
Many of the former industrial cranes have been removed, expect for this one. It does act as a reminder of Mellemarmen’s ex-harbour industry.
The Five Sisters continues to dominate the site as its visibility extends beyond the far end of Mellemarmen.
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19. Aarhus waterfront
20. West quay = Urban Media Space
21. Rentable space
Whole of Aarhus’ (new) waterfront is visible from the West quay of Mellemarmen.
Its the Urban Media Space that acts as a focal point along the city side of Mellemarmen.
Although many of the redeveloped buildings are well occupied, there is a decent amount of unused space.
22. West quay = city
21. East quay = harbour industry
24. Section 5
Mellemarmen finds itself centred in between Aarhus’ inner city and main industrial district.
While passing through, views from both sides pass through the building alleys.
Architecturally, section 5 of the complex gives a good sense of human scale. Mainly due to the smaller windows and horizontal overhang.
25. Section 3
26. Danziggade - Vihagade
27. Danziggade - Vihgade 02
The middle part is open at ground level.
These two streets run through the middle of the complex. From here its size and grandeur is well perceived.
The two buildings that frame Danziggade on both side create a corridor with 40 meters tall walls. The average height of the buildings that frame Aarhus’ inner city streets are 15 meters tall.
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28. Section 2
30. Approaching from Sydhavnsgade
Just as with section 5, section 2 portrays the human scale effectively. The many doors, both small and big, break the monotony of the effective size of the building.
When approaching The Five Sisters, it is apparent how it acts like a focal point.
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1. Section 1, ground floor
2. Section 1, first floor
3. Suspension bridge
This part of the Five Sisters is already partly occupied by creative industries, such as this one.
Like all other parts, the top levels offer great open spaces. Albeit the column grid does not allow for free planning.
You can access section 2 through the suspended bridge that runs over Sydhavnsgade.
4. Section 2, ground level
5. Section 2, 3 floor
6. Corridor
All the column in section 2 have an average dimension of 0.7 by 0.7 metres. They all taper out at the top to prevent pressure punctuation of the supported floors.
The entire roof consist out of the original woodwork. The support columns are in steel.
This corridor runs past all the silo’s to the way to the back of the section 2. Nowadays, it is used for quick travel between the various sections. There are no light, as the many windows generate a great amount of natural light.
7. Floor hatches
8. Bottom main silo
9. Botom sub silo
There are many floor hatches that served transportation purposes.
Here it is visible how the silo’s have a spatial consequence.
The rooms in between the main silo’s are where the smaller testing silo’s reside. The space looks smaller than it really is. An adult male can stand underneath the metal ducts.
Fact: here is where they add vitamins to the kettle feed.
10.
11.
12.
15. 14.
13.
16.
10. Section 2, top floor
11. Silo at section 2
12.Section 3, top floor
The top floor of section 2 is flooded with daylight. The many transportation ducts obscure the view, making its spatiality hard to capture on photo.
It is hard to see the bottom with no light at all. This silo is approximately 35 meters deep.
Section 3’s top floor is more spacious than the others. Unfortunately it is also appears to be most heavily equipped with heavy machinery to enable the propulsion of raw product.
Our guide was friendly enough to lower one of the light into the silo so I could try and capture the depth.
The noise these machines generate is painfully loud.
13. Silo at section 3
14. Section 3, top floor
15. Section 3, roof
This silo is 54 meters deep.
Since it’s a single opening covering the entire backside of the room, there is spatial potential.
Whole of Aarhus is visible when entering the roof at section 3. The building in this picture is the Aarhus Oil Factory, a celebrated (active) industrial monument
Fact: This is a blast window. It prevents debris to leave the building in case one of the machines explodes. 16. Section 5, ground level At the back of the complex one can find the former grain storage rooms. Nowadays, it seems the space is more used as general storage facility with a multitude of different products.
1. Visibility One of the Five Sisters strongest features is its visibility. It has the potential to act as a landmark across the entire waterfront of Aarhus and beyond. Throughout the city its chimney’s occasional emerge from the rooftops. Its height is only rivalled by a handful of buildings, such as the Comwell Hotel building.
3. Open space The largely unused space in between the complex and the Urban Media Space enables an unobstructed line of sight between the two buildings. It also provides the space necessary to observe both buildings in their full ornate.
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2. Dutch facade Many refer to the Dutch faรงades when they describe the Five Sisters South facade. Mainly due to the clock-gable that ornament the top. The mixture of different sized windows in the facade break the monotony and make this part of the Five Sisters (section 2) feel less imposing than its counter parts. Although its architecture is described as predominantly funtionalist, the many indentations and details make it less pragmatic and offer a easy to familiarize exterior.
4. (successful) adaptive re-use A lot of real estate at Mellemarmen has successfully been transformed. Various creative industries occupy the many volumes of (generated) offices space across the site. Most of these successful transformations are displayed in the various media promoting adaptation of the area and act as an inspiration for further redevelopment.
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5. Artefacts Industrial heritage does not confine itself to buildings alone. Artefacts and icons of former activity are considered to be equally as valuable. In some extreme cases, the whole site is a fragmented collection of different apparatuses. As with the previously mentioned chimneys, cranes like these too, remind us of the our industrial past.
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6. City view Along the entire West quay of Mellemarmen one has a free view of the inner city’s skyline. This does add up to the general appeal for settling businesses.
7. Focal point The Five Sisters remains visible across the entire site, allowing it to act as focal point all over Mellemarmen.
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8. Monumentality The West-North facade of section 5 is impressive. Since it does not contain any alternations or variations in it’s facade besides the vertical indentations, it does come across as more massive than, for example, section 2’s facade. In doing so, it does communicate the absolute volume of the complex more directly than other parts.
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9. Human scale The ground level of section 2 portrays the human scale effectively. This is a quality, as it makes the facade more approachable and less prows to inactivity or ‘boredom’. It also allows for many points of entry, creating a better connection with the free space in front.
10. Top floors All top floors offer great potential for office space. The view these spaces offers is often stunning. Additionally, with the current shift of an office policy that moves away from a segmented cubicle approach to a more free planned working environment, space like these are considered well suited. It is also common practise to appoint these space for private use. Their value (and quality) has the potential to generate the required turnover to allow for non (or less) profitable public space to reside in the lower levels, such as exhibition space or art galleries. 116/160
11. Corridor Corridor’s like these are both functional and immersive. Traces of former use are still visible in the many ducts that run down the ceiling.
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12. Silo’s The silo’s themselves are one of the key qualities of the Five Sisters. Being castled out of concrete completely, there vertical volumes are made to resists tons of pressure. Many different scenarios are possible. Their depth varies, but the overall footprint is consistent. In similar projects dealing with silo’s, many different forms of re-use have been applied. MOKO architects’ proposal to transform a former cement silo into an indoor skydiving centre indicate the (seemingly) countless conceptual scenarios one can apply.
13. Panoramic view The whole of Aarhus can be viewed from the rooftops at the Five Sisters. The view offers a free gaze towards all the major points of interest. ARoS Aarhus Kunstmuseum offers a similar experience with its rainbow viewing platform. However, the view that can be attained when standing at the roof (or even reaching the top of its chimneys) provides an experience that is unique in Aarhus.
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PROPOSALS
OVERALL CONCEPT
Industrial buildings offer many great opportunities for transformation. Functions such as exhibition halls, museums and art galleries have been used countless times. Besides the fact that the spaces are very suitable for this specific type of program both spatially and structural, there is also a more profound reason for offering the public a platform of use within these buildings. By opening up former industrial heritage, people are granted the opportunity to cultivate the sense of history and place in their daily lives through active use. Within this, successful industrial preservation connects people, place and history that fosters this sense of place as power for community renewal. However, equally important is the private counterpart. Many industrial buildings would not see their transformation realised if it was not for private investments and/or interest. The vast amounts of freely to plan space offers great potential use for offices, housing and other revenue generating program. Ultimately, having a private counterpart being part of the general concept, the conservation can be self-sustained. Naturally, there are cases where the industrial monument if is of such historical significance that it will become a governmental funded artefact in its own right, mostly paired with a museum like conversational approach that allows visitors to experience its heritage as a frozen moment in time. The concept public-private is not a new one. Countless successful examples rely on this model to make active transformation more likely to succeed. Also the selection of conservancy project is greater when sole governmental subsidy is not the only source of money. According to Neil Cossons in his essay ‘Why preserve the industrial heritage’, industrial waterfronts are becoming hot redevelopment property. The examples given are numerous. He does warn though, that over commercialised approached can easily overlook intrinsic importance and historic value, as a typical sole aesthetic valuation does undermine true understanding and valuation of significance.
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cultivating cultural relevance
contextual value
P L
U I
B C
P R I V A T E generate turnover
self sustained preservation
O F F I C E S TERMINAL
Tulip Meatpacking District
Hinnerup
Planned destination Galten Tulip terminal DANISH CARRIERS AARHUS
Current bus-stop: 11, 12, 113 - lines to central station
0.5 km
1 km
AARSLEV ENGSO
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LIGHT RAIL TERMINAL
One of the many new terminals that are proposed in the roadmap for the upcoming light-rail extension, is planned in the near vicinity of Tulip. Instead of adding new volume, this proposal opts for the transformation of its lower floors for the use as terminal space. Besides its easy to familiarize silhouette - making it an easy to recognise stop - it also has the means to deal with the expected traffic. Thanks to its column grid, Tulip’s main building has the required (free to plan) space to house the program necessary for servicing train commuters (waiting rooms, ticket machines, possible commerce). The storage halls at section 1 can provide a covered bus-station, effectively using its wide spanned space.
INDUSTRIAL PARK 1.1000 m2 area, 2nd largest in Aarhus
In contrast to the main buildings, section 4’s ground floor is poorly lit. This can be resolved, however, through replacing its non-load bearing facade with a more transparent one. The planned location for this terminal is a logical one: Aarhus’ second biggest industry park is roughly a kilometre away, while Brabrand lake is half a kilometre apart. Having Tulip converse into a terminal does change the dynamic of its environment. By creating a well connection hub, the likelihood of future planning around the area could increase. More global and direct effects could be the alleviation of car travel throughout the inner city, as more people have better access to public travel. Possible bus / car / bike terminal: Replacing current bus-stop + expanding connections
Aarhus H
BRABRAND LAKE
N^
LEGEND
200 m
Connecting road
Tulip terminal
Rail-road
Bus / car / bike terminal
Propsed rail-road
Context
Rail-road stop
Destination
Green
Continues
Water Industrial area
UNIFIED OFFICE PARK
The higher floors of the Tulip complex are well suited to house office space. The quality section already commented on the well lit space of the main building and the great views over Brabrand lake. In its current state, the second buildings’ more programmatic architecture does not grant similar treats. However, as mentioned for the facade regarding its lower public section, the facade could be replaced with a more transparent one since it appears not to be load-bearing. The second proposals opts for a more unified office park around Tulip by creating a better connection across the train tracks. Currently one has to move around the entire perimeter to move from the current group of office buildings to the ones proposed in Tulip. Additionally, by establishing a better connection, more potential users can utilize the services provided by the public functions at Tulip’s lower part. A secondary result is the more direct connection that is create between tulip and the lower residential areas. The event-hall that used to be Tulip’s larger storage hall in section 5 has the necessary dimensions to host a wide variety of events. Since its location it unbiased towards the two layer of use, private and public, both can benefit from its diverse scenarios for usage: large conference space, uniquely planned events etc.
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Hinnerup / Galten Continues to industrial park
Single office park
Event hall
Uniting two office parks/ creating better acces
Current connection/accespoint
Aarhus H
The Navy Operational Command
N^
LEGEND
100 m
Primary road
Office space
Connecting road
Significant buildings
Rail-road
City Context
Proposed route Green Continues
Parking
Destination
Water
EVENT HALL ex-Falck area Milan. Italy by Renzo Piano Architects in 2005-ongoing The master-plan for the site will reconnect with its surrounding through a new active urban fabric. The redevelopment is signified by an open and clear layout based on the symbolic and predominant green areas which are used to provide the necessary structure. Its existing industrial buildings are destined to be re-used, as the now empty and abandoned brownfields contain many proud collective memories. [12]
OFFICE SPACE 798 Art Zone Beijing, China first innitiave by Beijing’s Central Academy of Fine Arts in 1995 “798 Art Zone, or Dashanzi Art District, is a part of Dashan-
Academy of Fine Arts (CAFA), set up in the now defunct
zi in the Chaoyang District of Beijing that houses a thriving
Factory 706. The temporary move became permanent and
artistic community, among 50-year old decommissioned
in 2000.
military factory buildings of unique architectural style. The Dashanzi factory complex was vacated at around the
The district’s popularity has exploded since the opening of
time when most of Beijing’s contemporary artist community
BTAP and 798 Space in 2002, with scores of galleries, lofts,
was looking for a new home. Avant-garde art being frowned
publishing firms, design companies, high-end tailor shops,
upon by the government, the community had traditionally
and cafés and fancy restaurants setting up.” [8,14]
existed on the fringes of the city. In 1995, Beijing’s Central
BUS/CAR/BIKE TERMINAL Indianapolis Traction Terminal, Indianapolis, United States 1904 - 1970’s The Indianapolis Traction Terminal consisted of a train shed covering nine tracks, 40 meter by 58 meter long. The Traction Terminal was designed on the block as two structures. It’s structural shell housed the Indiana Railroad for some time but, after the departure of the last interurban car the Traction Terminal became the bus depot for Indianapolis. Over the next twenty years, the bus lines grew and consolidated, and after a successful period the train shed was vacated by the mid 1960s. [13]
MAIN TRAIN STATION Ford Assembly Building California, Univted States by MarciWongDonnLogan Architects in 2009 “The envelope is intact despite years of neglect and functioning in a fashion of research and design fabrication not dissimilar to Khan’s original intentions. This renovated facility has improved the region by saving an older building and its embodied energy. (The project) provides a large space for the community to bring various diverse groups of the area together.” [15]
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S T U D I O C U I S I N E
Jydsk Industrial Complex
Norregade
Oppose planned apartments with rental studio/office space
Improve inner courtyard by strengthening public profile as food plaza
N^
LEGEND
10 m Waterfront
Route
Homogenous courtyard Significant buildings
Water
City Context
Studio/Office Cuisine
SMALL SCALE INTERVENTION
Jydsk is the only building that has a large part of its complex already transformed to a house new program; VIA University College. Accordingly, there should be emphasize on its current programmatic arrangement when altering its format. Within this proposal the existing outline remains unchanged: public at ground level, private above. Differentiating from the current plans is the program to reside in its private section. The current owner, Sinding & Co., envisions to converse its upper floors into apartments. However, this may not contribute to the more centralised role Jydsk could play in its broader context. By domesticating most of the complex, the public engagement and adoption of the building through various scenarios is negated. Jydsk is too small to privatise all of it remaining volume for individual use. From a historic point of view, it would conserve the role and sense of place that signified the building as a mixed/creative community platform since it was first erected in 1912. Showcasing a more pro-active open approach to ‘private’ domain within an industrial complex is LYNfabrikken in Aarhus; a building with similar proportions and constructive framework. By turning it into a self-proclaimed ‘office hotel,’ they allow multiple small scale start-ups to inhabit a building while sharing its collective facilities at the same time. This generates a more diverse active community of smaller entrepreneurship around the building and allows the public to somewhat experience the building. Additionally, a creative active communities like this could resonate better with the existing users at VIA College. The ground level has the potential to tie into Mejlgade’s offering of cuisine more effectively by unifying it’s front courtyard with the surrounding restaurants. Similar to LYNfabrikken, that has a coffee shop annex public workshop space situated in the building, Jydsk too, can have such community enhancing program be part of its overall makeup. By making these alternations, one of the more global ambitions can be achieved. The municipality already stated their desire to open up the building block and create a better passing between Studsgade and Mejlgade when moving from Norregade towards the waterfront - an ambition that was first coined in 1936. With these changes in effect, the appeal of the area could improve, making all smaller businesses benefit. This is important, as municipal guidelines for development in Latin Quarter prohibit privatising the ground levels (Lokalplan 849).
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STUDIO/WORK SPACE LYNfabrikken, Aarhus, Denmark, founded by Louise Gaarmann, Jeppe Vedel and Lasse Schuleit in 2002 At the top levels of the factory you will find a roof terrace and coffee shop: “A very special haven that sets the scene for informal conversations, business meeting and those in need of a change of scenary and an exceptionally good cup of coffee to help their work flow more easily.” The lower floors are home to a number of small businesses “This unconventional work space gives them the opportunity to share their experiences, idaes and breaks with each other. [16]
FOOD COURT Brandts-klaedefabrik , Odense, Denmark by (latest dev.) Kjaer and Richter in 2003 Today the area is a cultural focal point in the city of Odense. The area’s cultural institutions include Time Collection, Art Brandts, National Media Museum, the Museum of Photographic Art, Funen Art Academy, and Odense Film Workshop. With the earliest conversions, the original building bodies were preserved, and additions were made in the form of glass bay windows. Subsequent development added a new music library to the south and in 2003 a retail and exhibition building with four floors. [17]
RESTAURANT Burmeister & Wain shipyard building (Refshaleøen) Copenhagen, Denmark by GUBI in 2013 AMASS, debuted in 2013, is housed in the former Burmeister & Wain shipyard buildiung at Refshaleøen). The original building’s 736 square meter open loft plan is retained, thus making the whole process in the restaurant exposed. AMASS did make a pulbic statement by activly intorucing urban gadering to landscape of Refshaleoenm, hoping to inspire Copenhagen and other cities to adopt urban gardening as part of their built envirnment. [18]
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C I T Y _ V I E W O F F I C E S
VERTICAL G A R D E N EXHIBITION
The Five Sisters Silo Complex
EXTENDED WATERFRONT
The new public waterfront proclaims the city’s extension towards the water. Flanked by Navitas and the Urban Media Space, its realisation portrays Aarhus’ adaptation to a shifting industry and a new attitude in dealing with water. With this new shift, a multitude of new spaces are created, such as The Harbour Square and Hack Kampmanns Plads. All of these areas offer new public domain for the public to dwell. The Five Sisters is located at the South end. As of now, the projected promenade walk that moves across the waterfront stops at the Urban Media space, and continues into the slaughterhouse area towards Tangkroven and Havreballen Forrest. The Five sisters is passed by untouched. The first concept proposes to extend the promenade towards the five sisters through extending the waterfront’s offering of public program. The decision to opt for exhibition space extends the variety of program currently proposed and prolongs the experience one can have along it’s route. This is in line with all the other program found; making it accessible from ground level to ensure easy continuation of one’s stroll. Additionally, the human scale of the majority of buildings concerned have the ability to create a welcome entrance close to the building. The use of exhibition space also extends the current offerings of large open space besides Godsbanen and Ridehuest.
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The Harbour Square: Space for activites and events
Hack Kampmanns Plads: Space for recreation
Godsbanen: Exhibition
Urban Media Space: Library, city services and transit
Ridehust: Exhibition and events
Five Sisters Exhibition, events and recreation
N^
LEGEND
100 m
Connecting road
Public space
Route
Significant buildings City Context
Continues Destination
Green Water
Collective facilities
CREATIVE INDUSTRIAL AREA
The top floors are dedicated to office space. Quality wise, they offer the most value through their well lit rooms, free to plan spaces and spectacular views. By being (partly) more secluded in their location, as opposed to its public counterpart that needs to connect to the waterfront, privacy concerns and unwanted visual intrusion can be avoided. With an section dedicated to office space, the Five Sisters has the potential to tie in with Mellemarmen’s slow progressions towards a creative industrial area. An extra addition is the use of communal functions, such as workshop spaces or meeting rooms. This space finds itself (literally) in between the private and public domain. It oughts to strengthening the overall coherence and community awareness across the site, hoping to attract more public and create a better realisation across. The FilmBy already occupies part of the Five Sisters and is only expected to extend in the upcoming years. As discussed in the general concept, having a private counterpart enables the Five Sisters’ preservation to be self sustained. It also makes sure there is a potentially caring community that inhabits the building on a daily basis, making it more tied in with the collective consciousness of the public.
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Currently active creative companies
Collective facilities: workshop area, conference space
Partial use by FilmBy
Migrating former industrial companies from slaughterhous area
N^
LEGEND
100 m
Office space Collective facilities Significant buildings City Context
Green Water
Community platform
VERTICAL FARM
With today’s agricultural methods, we need an additional 109 million hectares in the next 50 years to feed the expected population of at least 8.6 billion; roughly the size of Brazil. Normal agricultural techniques will not deliver enough. In the book The Vertical Farm the author poses the question: control everything (indoor) control nothing (outdoor). The silo’s of the Five Sisters are made of solid concrete, thick enough to withstand thousands of tons of pressure. They are well suited as a framework for vertical farming. The Five Sisters has the means to turn into a learning and inspirational platform to have the public adopt a more open minded view on sustainable agriculture. Aarhus has a history with environmental awereness through initiatives such as GoGreenAarhus and ‘Adopt a box’. The way Navitas announces itself as an centre of innovation, education and energy, the Five Sisters could proclaim itself as a centre of innovation, education and agriculture. A specific part of the five sisters is reserved as a platform for discussion and instruction for the public to participate in this project (there are 100 plus individual silos, each at least 34 meters deep). Accordingly, this strengtheners the public adaptation of industrial heritage and make the building a more active part of their life. This underlines the ambition to forgo a freeze-in-time approach and go for a more adaptive re-use of potential instead.
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Navitas: "A new centre of innovation, education and energy."
Publicly open community platform for educating and regulating use vertical gardening
The Five Sisters: "A new centre of innovation, education and agriculture."
N^
LEGEND
100 m
Converted silo's Affiliated facility Significant buildings City Context
Green Water
STUDENT HOUSING
13% of Aarhus’ population is enrolled in higher education, bringing the total number of student to approximately 45.000. The new university hospital in Skelby will accommodate 1000 students, while the Aarhus university’s plans to expand towards the old university hospital will increase its student population with 10-15000 over the next 10-15 years. The new engineering school Navitas will house more than 2300 individuals, of which many are student. This increase in population will put a pressure on affordable student housing. There are many projected plans that respond to this increase, such as the student flats at the Aarhus Docklands. The Five Sisters can contribute by reserving part of it;s floors for student housing. Through its widely spaced column grid, the selected floors offer a good framework for modular planned rooms. The location is attractive with various facilities at the urban media space (reading space, library) and a close proximity to all mayor educational institution . The proposed reallocation of the architecture school to Godsbanen is 1.5km away from Mellemarmen, similar to the Aarhus University. Navitas is half that distance, 0.7km.
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Planned expansion University of Aarhus: Increased capacity for 10-15.000 students
Navitas: Expected student capacity of 2000 by opening
Urban Media Space: Library, study space, media-facilities
Five Sisters: 2000 m ² affordable student housing
N^
LEGEND
100 m
Connecting road
Student housing
Rail-road
Significant buildings
Rail-road stop
City Context
Destination
Green Water
AARHUS CITY VIEW
The inner workings of the Five Sisters show the history of 100 years in the production of kettle food. Most of the architecture that contrive its mechanics have many aesthetic qualities. A meandering path running through its different parts can selectively frame key elements, thus evading the need to turn the entire complex into one big museum . This way, the public can experience both history, and the beauty of its architecture. The route can climax at the roof, where are view of Aarhus’ skyline can be enjoyed. Potentially one could move up the chimney to create a panoramic sight at 110 meters height, making the Five Sisters Aarhus’ most engaging city view. Knowing that part of the volumes are already dedicated to public use, such as the exhibition halls, silo’s and communal functions, the route could foster coincidental social interaction between different user groups. By making all of it’s levels partly accessible, the complex is perceived as more open through evading exclusivity.
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Aarhus City View
N^
LEGEND Route
100 m
View platform Significant buildings
Continues
City Context
Destination Green Water
STUDENT HOUSING Grünerløkka Studenthus Oslo. Norway by HRTB Architects in 2001 This project dealt with the conversion of large grain silo’s into 226 student apartments. The round shape of the silo’s produced special solutions regarding the planning of the spaces inside. It counteracts the raw concrete with bright panels of coloured glass. The building counts 19 stories. [19]
EXHIBITION SPACE Nordkraft Aalborg, Denmark by CUBO Architects A/S in 2009 In this conversion of Aalborg’s coal driven power plant, CUBO architects succucced in brindingin together many program elements such as sports, culture and recreation. Its open ground level offers the framework to host open exhiitions and art expositions. [21]
CITY VIEW Zollverein master-plan, Germany, Essen by OMA in 2002 OMA’s master-plan for the long closed coal mining and refinery facility Zollverein consists out of band running around the site. To allow the old buildings to maintain their grandeur and impact on the visitor, new program has been located on the periphery of the site. Both the existing highway and sky-bridges are main-tied and open to visitors, allowing for easier access across the site. [20]
VERTICAL FARMING Hydroponic installation , from: http://youngagropreneur.wordpress.com/ The use of hydroponic agricultural growing techniques reduces the use of water with 70-95%, mainly due to the controlled use of mineral nutrient enriched water without the need for soil. Similar to greenhouse agriculture, indoor hydroponic growing instantiations allow for year-round production with no agricultural runoff, need for pesticides or change of weather-related crop failures.
OFFICE SPACE Refshaleøen Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark owned by realtor Refshaleøen A/S The in 1870 established shipyard at the coast just North of the city of Copenhagen stands as an icon of Danish industrial history. The old industrial area is located at the cities outskirts. Many of the buildings that serve as a memory to its maritime business have been restored and adapted to new forms of use. The magazine workshops a good example of a successfully conversed industrial complex. [22]
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1.1000 m2 industrial park
Tulip terminal
Unified office park
Brabrand Lake
Riskov
Aarhus University
Creative Cluster + Food Court
Creative industrial area
Bestseller Navitas
Harbour Square
Hack Kampmanns Plads
Urban Media Space
Godsbanen Ridehuset
FilmBy
Aarhus Central Station
Mixed program - exhibition space - office space - student housing - vertical farm - city view
Tangkrogen
Havreballen forrest
N^ 200 m
CONCLUSIONS
Throughout this entire thesis I tried to maintain a critical stance towards every level of engagement. Each section of reduction brought forth its own set of challenges and requisites to get a grasp on the meaning and relevance of each subject of study. In the end I hope to not only provide an overview of the various levels that can be addressed and studied upon, but also to generate a broad understanding of the inherent potential that each industrial building contains. To prevent any early exclusion through biased selection, I had to include the full spectrum of industrial buildings in the municipality of Aarhus. Through the analysis of mapping material provided by the cultural agency of Denmark, I was able to precisely depict the spread and accumulation of industry throughout the various periods of industrial growth in Denmark. The forthcoming sample space of all possible buildings gave a good overview of concentration and spread that aligned with the transformation of Aarhus from a market town to the knowledge based society it is nowadays. Coupled with the research of Denmark’s industrial history, the first section captivated a better understanding of how many of the buildings throughout history reflect the changes in the mechanics of production, industry and urban development. After careful consideration, I was able to rationalise and reduce my sample space. I had to sharpen my criteria and scrutinize various sets of data to narrow my field of study down to those buildings that represented the most significant quality when it comes to industrial history. Each of the buildings reflect the significant changes on a European and national scale since the introduction of industrialisation. I learned that every building tells its own story and it became increasingly apparent that Aarhus has a wide collection of outstanding artefacts of industrialisation. Most surprising was the notion that many of these buildings have already been successfully transformed and adopted by the public. The manner in which these projects portray how through successful adaptive re-use new found importance and value is given, is both inspiring and promising. To find out which buildings had the potential to be used as a catalyst for development, I accumulated all development that is currently ongoing in Aarhus. Through reading various papers, reports and news articles, I could get more acquainted with the actual shifts that occur in Aarhus right now. This enabled me to understand the complexities that contribute to a cities development. During the entire project’s duration I actively avoided treating these industrial artefacts as stand alone objects, and continuously addressed their affiliated sites as an inherent part of the development that relates to each building. Careful study of all 31 buildings in relation to their context allowed me to select 7 of the most promising and contrasting sites to engage with further. Sites that did not have the support of the municipality, necessary investors/developers, carrying community or interest of the public to drive development were dropped. Likewise, sites that did show promise, but not posses the industrial heritage necessary to be included in their
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future constellations, had to be passed. The situational diagrams required me to examine each site in depth and pull in all possible pieces of information I was able to obtain that could describe their contextual make-up the best way possible. By not limiting my conception to their mere current situation, but also looking at future constellations, I could draw up precise profiles that provided a deeper awareness of each site’s meaning and relevance on a broader scale Many sites showed to be at the verge of undergoing large changes in the near future through the, now more than ever, changing city dynamics. The factual overview expanded my reading of the sites to a degree to which I could classify every building in relation to its site specific volume, footprint, and location. Where the situational diagrams highlighted contextual differences, the factual overview illustrated the many different proportional compositions that can exist between building and site. Buildings such as the Five Sisters dominate their site, containing more mass than all neighbouring buildings combined. Other site-building constellations, like Jydsk or the Slaughterhouse area, appeared to be more recessed in their appearance. Most importantly, the situational diagrams in conjunction with the factual overview allowed me make a selection of three distinct cases that lead to the last stage of my project.
for inventive agricultural methods; The way Tulip shows how former buildings of great local significance can now improve and alter local dynamics by extending the reach of the inner public domain through new established connectivity; Or, in the case with Jydsk, how a single building can foster the enrichment of an area through providing an active platform for many users and local activity. This thesis has been a investigation that analysed and studied industrial heritage on a wide variety of scales. Creating a better understanding on every level of engagement. Every building has the potential to allow the public to cultivate the seance of history and place in their daily lives. The biggest challenge is to find which layers to address on every scale possible and to fully understand the characteristics and qualities that make every building a unique icon of our industrial past. Ultimately, successful industrial preservation connects people, place and history that foster this sense of place of as power for community renewal.
The final stage of my project involved the in-depth investigation of these three sites: 1. Tulip Meatpacking District 2. Jydsk Industrial Complex + Latin Quarter 3. The Five Sisters Silo Complex + Mellemarmen To provoke a broad discussion about the various scenarios and values industrial heritage can posses on as many scales a possible, I deliberately selected three sites with the widest variety in scale, site composition and possible options for potential development. To further develop my understanding, I had to investigate the merits of each site apart from their contextual make-up or factual composition. By studying their history and inherent attributes, I learned the defining characteristics and qualities that each sites conveys. To increase the feasibility and actual relevance of each site, I also incorporated the future developments that enticed each site for the upcoming years. Each the three final sites differed in many interesting ways, each requiring a separate approach and providing their own set of challenges. Through the continuous process of reduction, I came to understand the wide arrange of possibilities that each of the buildings carry: How industrial heritage can be addressed to act a driver to stimulate area wide development, as shown with the Five Sisters. Or anticipate on future challenges concerning student housing and the growing demand
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LITERATURE
Industrial Heritage Re-Tooled: The TICCIH Guide to Industrial Heritage Conservation The International Committee for the Conservation of the Industrial Heritage guide to industrial heritage conservation edited by James Douvet (30 Jan 2013) ISBN-10: 1859362184 Publisher: Carnegie Publishing Ltd Industriminder i det gamle Århus (Eng: Industrial Monuments in the old Aarhus) [9] a description of 30 industrial relics within the city of Aarhus by Kenn Tarbensen , Kristian Buhl Thomsen ISBN/EAN9788791324314 / 9788791324314 Publisher: Danish Centre for Urban History and City History Fund The Vertical Farm a book describing the possibilities, need and real-life feasibility of vertical gardens by Dickson, Dr. Despommier 12 december 2012 ISBN-10: 0312610696 Publisher: Picador; Reprint edition
ESSAYS
Industrial Heritage: the past in the future of the city research paper presenting a set of design principles applied to a discussed case-study Luis Loures Department of Landscape Architecture; Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Algarve August 2008 PORTUGAL http://www.wseas.us/e-library/transactions/environment/2008/27-696.pdf
Post-Industrial Land Transformation – An Approach to Sociocultural Aspects as Catalysts for Urban Redevelopment research paper presenting successful examples of industrial heritage protection and public participation and involvement in post-industrial landscape redevelopment Luís Loures1 and Jon Burley Department of Landscape Architectre, Factuality of Neutral Resources University of Algarve, Michigan State University, East Lansing March 2012 PORTUGAL/USA http://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs-wm/33253.pdf
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REPORTS
Aarhus Light Rail Project
Lokalplan nr. 849 (Eng: District plan)
workshop handout, providing project overview
planning report on the district concerning Latin Quarter
Midttrafik (public transport company)
municipality of Aarhus
October the 10th, 2012
October 2010
http://www.vti.se/PageFiles/5454/Workshop%20presentationer/Ole%20Sorensen_101012.pdf
http://soap.plansystem.dk/pdfarchive/20_1211364_APPROVED_1288181466883.pdf
Adaptive Reuse of Industrial Heritage: Opportunities & Challenges
Lokalplan nr. 892
multi case-study paper discussing method, opportunists and outcomes
planning repot on the district concerning the Ceres Brewery compound
Heritage Council Victoria (Australia)
municipality of Aarhus
2012
December 2011
http://www.dpcd.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/199105/HV_IPAWsinglepgs.pdf
http://soap.plansystem.dk/pdfarchive/20_1375523_APPROVED_1323263230660.pdf
Bevaringsværdige bygninger optaget i Kommuneplan 2013 - forslag (Eng: Buildings worthy of
Lokalplan nr. 972
preservation included in the Municipal 2013 - proposals)
planning repot on the district concerning the central workshop area in Aarhus
listed overview all buildings listed worthy of preservation in the municipality of Aarhus
municipality of Aarhus
municipality of Aarhus
December 2013
2013
http://soap.plansystem.dk/pdfarchive/20_2747175_1389185270762.pdf
http://www.aarhus.dk/~/media/Dokumenter/Teknik-og-Miljoe/Planlaegning-og-Byggeri/Kommuneplan/KP-13-Offentlig-hoering/ Bevaringsvaerdige-bygninger.pdf
Report on business models, value chains and business development services in the audiovisual/creative industries
Cities and Change and Challenge
business report featuring FilmBy, mentioning plans for further extension
symposium report discussing industrial heritage sites between monument protection,urban
July 2013
development, creative industries and contemporary architecture
http://www.firstmotion.eu/art/MediaCenter/FirstMotion/Results%20and%20Outcomes/BusinessModelsValueChains_DK_Poland.pdf
Humboldt-Universitat of Berlin April 2012
Urban Mediaspace Aarhus
http://www.architecture-related.de/pdf/symposium_bericht_TK_HO.pdf
Informative project summary Urban Mediaspace Aarhus Urban Mediaspace Aarhus (part of municipality of Aarhus)
Creative City Challenge: Industrial heritage in fostering urban creative zones
2011
a report showcasing how to incorpate industrial hertige in the process of urban renewal
http://www.urbanmediaspace.dk/sites/default/files/pdf/ums_haefte_2011_uk.pdf
Creative City Challeng reloaded: CREALAB 2006 http://www2.htk.dk/Byraadscenter/Gammelsoe/Creative_City_Challenge/Industrial_heritage_in_fostering_urban_creative_zones.pdf.PDF
Helhedsplan for De Bynære (Eng: Master Plan for the Aarhus Docklands) masterpland for the Aarhus docklands municipality of Aarhus 2003 http://www.urbanmediaspace.dk/sites/default/files/pdf/helhedsplan_for_de_bynaere_havnearealer.pdf
Kommuneplan 2013 (eng: municipal plan 2013) thematic planning on coastal areas, cultural environments, agriculture and the countryside Municipality of Aarhus Januari 2013 http://soap.plansystem.dk/pdfarchive/11_1855180_1392823058235.pdf
Forslag til Kommuneplan 2013 (Eng: Proposal for Municipal Master Plan 2013) cultural report addressing multiple themes within the municpality of Aarhus (industry, city, landscape) municipality of Aarhus Decebmber 2012 http://reader.livedition.dk/aarhuskommune/188/
Kvalitetshåndbog for De Bynære Havnearealer (Eng: Quality-guide for the Docklands) planning guide for overal make-up of the Aarhus docklands municipality of Aarhus 2001 http://www.urbanmediaspace.dk/sites/default/files/pdf/kvalitetshaandbog_for_de_bynaere_ havnearealer.pdf
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WEB - RESOURCES
25 stories about Aarhus [2]
Industry from Mills to Compters [4]
promotional hand-out highlighting future prospects and facts about Aarhus
historical overview on the industrial developments in Denmark
WithAarhus (part of Municipality of Aarhus)
1001 stories of Denmark, by Caspar Jørgensen
http://www.withaarhus.com/~/media/Subsites/Bybrand-landing-page/Spot-press/PDF/casebeskrivelse.pdf
http://www.kulturarv.dk/1001fortaellinger/en_GB/theme/industry/article
Aarhus [1]
Jaka [5]
wikipedia
Aarhus wiki
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarhus
http://aarhuswiki.dk/wiki/Jaka
Aarhus [3]
Kød- og konservesindustri i Århus (Eng: Meat and canning industry in Aarhus) [6]
overview (industrial) history Aarhus
wiki page on the slaughter and canning industry in Aarhus
DenmarksHisoterien.dk (part of Aarhus University)
Aarhus wiki
2012
http://aarhuswiki.dk/wiki/K%C3%B8d-_og_konservesindustri_i_%C3%85rhus
http://danmarkshistorien.dk/leksikon-og-kilder/vis/materiale/aarhus-1/?tx_historyview_
Light*house, Aarhus Harbour Front, Denmark Aarhus Light Rail
reference page ambitions and planning description Aarhus Light*house project
project description
designbuild-netwerk.com
COWI
http://www.designbuild-network.com/projects/lighthouseaarhus/
20 februari 2014 http://www.cowi.com/menu/project/RailwaysRoadsandAirports/Lightrails/Pages/Aarhuslightrail.aspx
Overview plan North harbour housing (Januari, 2013) [10] Municipality of Aarhus
Aarhus Letbane (Eng: Aarhus Light Rail)
http://www.debynaerehavnearealer.dk/~/media/Subsites/DeBynaereHavnearealer/Downloadspots/Oversigt/oversigtskort-januar2013.jpg
wikipedia (Danish) http://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarhus_Letbane
Population Growth 2030 expected population growth in 2030
Aarhus Oil Factory
Muncipality of Aarhus
historical reference page
Februari the 17th, 2014 (last update)
by Mogens Christensen
http://www.gogreenwithaarhus.dk/en/Maal/Nye-Borgere-2030.aspx
http://virk-info.dk/Virk-Aa/Aarhus%20Olie/AarhusOlie.htm Room to swing a cat? Hardly Brancheoversigh (Eng: Industry Overview)
comparative article on the average room size across the world
list view of all 161 most prominent industiral heritage building in Denmark
BBC News Magazine
Cultural Agengy Denmark
August the 5th, 2009
Jaunuary 2013 (last update)
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/8201900.stm
http://www.kulturstyrelsen.dk/kulturarv/kommune-og-turisme/industrikultur/industrihistoriens-danmarkskort/brancheoversigt/
The Five Sisters - Silo Complex Development Projects
text on onf Denmark’s 25 fantastic indurtires
reference page overview various (future) developments
Culturarl Agengy Denarmk
Municpality of Aarhus
June the 16th, 2011
August the 7th, 2013
http://www.kulturarv.dk/25fantastiske/english/25-fantastic-industries/the-five-sisters-silo-complex/
http://www.aarhus.dk/sitecore/content/Subsites/CityOfAarhus/Home/The-international-perspective/Large-development-projects. aspx?sc_lang=da
The Five Sistesr Silo Complex [11] exploring guide to industrial heritage in Denmark
GoGreenAarhus
Cultural Agency Demark
Movement to promote sustainable procurement
http://www.25fantastiske.dk/fileadmin/user_upload/industriensminder/PDF-guides/19DeFemSoestre_Kor5.pdf
http://www.gogreenaarhus.dk/
Vision for the Project (Dokk1/North harbour) Industrialisation in Denmark
reference page highlighting key-attributes for thee North harbour)
wikipedia (Danish)
Urban Mediaspace Aarhus (part of Municiaplity of Aarhus)
http://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrialiseringen_i_Danmark
http://www.urbanmediaspace.dk/en/project/vision-project
Industriens Bygningsarv (Eng: Industrial Building Heritage)
nye.dk
active platform of documentation and data-base mapping of industrial heritage in Denmark
timely update webpage containing informiation about newly planned subarb Nye
http://bygningskultur2015.dk/industriarv/potentialer/
nye.dk
Industriområder i Århus Kommune (Eng: Industrial areas in the municipality of Aarhus)
CeresByen
mapping of all industrial heritage buildings in different periods
info-page promoting CeresByen developments
Industriens Bygningsarv
http://www.ceresbyen.dk/
http://bygningskultur2015.dk/industriarv/kortlaegning/region_midtjylland/aarhus_kommune/
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REFERENCES
798 Art Zone [14]
Nordkraft, power station converted into a centre for culture and leisure [21]
wikipedia
project description
July the 17th, 2013 (last modified)
http://www.world-architects.com/en/projects/41637_Nordkraft_power_station_converted_into_a_centre_for_culture_and_leisure
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/798_Art_Zone
Masterplan for the ex-Falck area, Miilan, Itatly [12] Amass restaurant by Gubi, Copnehagen, Denmark [18]
project overview
design blog
Renzo Piano
October the 24th, 2013
http://www.rpbw.com/project/77/masterplan-for-the-ex-falck-area/
http://retaildesignblog.net/2013/10/24/amass-restaurant-by-gubi-copenhagen-denmark/
Refshaleøen, Copenhagen [22] Brandt [17]
wikipedia
project description
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refshale%C3%B8en,_Copenhagen
by Kasper Egenberg December the 31th, 2013
SiO Silo [19[
http://www.dac.dk/da/dac-life/dansk-arkitekturguide/odense/brandts-klaedefabrik/
project overview HRTB Arkitekter
Bologna Technopolo, Itatly, Bologna, 2012
http://www.hrtb.no/sio-silo/
project overview OMA
The 798 Art Zone [8]
http://oma.eu/projects/2012/bologna-technopolo
web-article 9 april 2014
Indianapolis Traction Terminal [13]
http://uptochina.org/architecture/the-798-art-zone/
historical reference page historicindianapolis.com, by Nathan Bilger
The Ford Assembly Building; Richmond, California [15]
July the 21th, 2010
project overview
http://historicindianapolis.com/indianapolis-traction-terminal/
Marcy Wong Donn Logan Architects http://www.archinnovations.com/news/awards/the-aia-announces-the-2011-institute-honor-
Industry + Ingenuity: 7 Silo Transformations that Fill Empty Voids with New Life
awards-for-architecture-/
web-arcticle on various silo transformartion
Image: http://wonglogan.com/projects/ford-assembly-building-and-craneway/
by The Angry Architect March the 10th, 2014
Zollverein Kohlenwasche, Gemnary, Essen, 2006 [20]
http://architizer.com/blog/silo-transformations/
project overview, OMA
LYNfabrikken [16]
http://oma.eu/projects/2006/zollverein-kohlenwaesche
http://lynfabrikken.dk/
WEB - ARTICLES
Breaking: DLK Aarhus vil stoppe slagtningerne (Eng: Breaking: DLK Aarhus will stop slaughterin)
Fra tomme fabrikker til nye boliger (Eng: From empty factories for new homes)
article about discrimination cooperative slaughterhouse in Aarhus
municipality opting to develop empty factories into new homes
Landbrugs avisen (Agricultural newspaper), by Dorte Stenbæk Bro
Jyllands-Posten Aarhus, by Signe Haahr Lindegaard
October the 17th, 2013
22 august 2013
http://www.landbrugsavisen.dk/Nyheder/Netnyheder/2013/10/17/BreakingDLKAarhusvilstoppeslagtningerne.htm
http://jyllands-posten.dk/aarhus/erhverv/ECE5861720/fra-tomme-fabrikker-til-nye-boliger/
Dok8000 mode og design pa Aarhus Havn (Eng: Dok800; fashing and design at the harbour of
IC4-stop kan koste jobs (Eng: IC4 stop could cost jobs)
Aarhus)
artcile on the loss of jobs through discontinaution IC4 train
promotional web-publication on Dok8000
Ritzau Mediaserivce, by Henning Møller
Olav de Linde (realtor)
February the 19th, 2012
August the 10th, 2011
http://www.tv2oj.dk/artikel/102868:Aarhus--IC4-stop-kan-koste-jobs
http://issuu.com/olavdelinde/docs/dok8000
Østjysk net af letbane, tog og bus om 12 år (Eng: East Jutland network of light rail, train and bus Fra “Mellemarm” til Dok8000 - Balticagade, Aarhus Havn (Eng: from ‘Mellemarm’ to Dok8000 -
for 12 years) [7]
Balticgade, Aarhus Harbour)
prospected planning overview of the light rail, train and bus network for the next 12 years
promotional web-page explaining potential and possibilities
Jyllands-Posten Aarhus, by Erik Nørby
Olav de Linde (realtor)
September the 19th, 2013
http://www.olavdelinde.dk/Dok8000-Balticagade.aspx?ID=2326
http://jyllands-posten.dk/aarhus/ECE5973652/oestjysk-net-af-letbane-tog-og-bus-om-12-ar/
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