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Pathogens info; by Jhosel…………………………….3-4
Physical and chemical defenses; by Santi…………..5-6
HIV; by Iñaki…………………………………………….7-8
Aids; by Omar……………………………………………. 9-10
Emerging Infections; By Emiliano………………………………………. 11
Credits.
Director: Emiliano Celedón Falcó.
Editor: Iñaki Díaz Castro.
Designer: Santiago González Espinosa.
Cover: Santiago González Espinosa.
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Causes of infectious diseases.
Also known as communicable diseases, infectious diseases are caused by organisms or viruses that enter and multiply within the human body. Most disease-causing organisms and viruses are so small that they can only be seen through a microscope. Organisms this small are called microorganisms. Microorganisms and viruses that cause disease are called pathogens. Bacteria- Bacteria are microscopic single-celled organisms that thrive in diverse environments. They can live within soil, in the ocean and inside the human gut. Humans' relationship with bacteria is complex. Sometimes they lend a helping hand, by curdling milk into yogurt, or helping with our digestion. Viruses- Viruses are microscopic parasites, generally much smaller than bacteria. They lack the capacity to thrive and reproduce outside of a host body. Fungi- Fungi grow best in warm. Fungi are living organisms that are distantly related to plants, and more closely related to animals, but rather different from either of those groups. Protozoans- The group of organisms known as 'Protozoa' are defined by a few of their shared characteristics. Protozoa are non-phototrophic, unicellular, eukaryotic microorganisms with no cell walls. These diverse groups of over 65,000 species generally share these basic attributes. Looking deeper, this group can be extremely complex and variable. In fact, the protozoa are often described as the pinnacle of Unicellular complexity. Other Pathogens- Some infectious diseases are caused by animals.
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How Patogens are spread.
Pathogens can spread through contact with an infected person; an infected animal; contaminated objects; or contaminated food or water. Infected People- Many infectious diseases are spread through some form of contact with a person who has the disease. The contact may be direct physical contact, such as shaking hands or kissing. Infected Animals- Some infectious diseases are transported yo humans through the bites of animals. Contaminated Objects- Pathogens can be spread from person to person on objects such as doorknobs, eating utensils, towels, and needles used for body piercings and tattoos. Contaminated Food, Soil or Water- Some pathogens are naturally present in food and soil. Other bacteria can live in foods that have been improperly canned.
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Physical and chemical defenses The pathogens for a disease are everywhere, and our defenses protect us so we don´t get sick all the time. Our first line of defenses against the pathogens are physical and chemicals: Skin Is both physical and chemical. Between the cells the are no gaps so the infections don´t get in, and it has acids that kill the bacteria when their contact. Mucous Membranes There are in the openings like the mouth, nose, and eyes to protect from dust or other things, like bacterias. It is the moose or the phlegm. That those are our secondary physical barriers against the pathogens (pathogens are bacteria or virus). Cilia The cilia is specialized in the mouth and nose and move the mouse around so it can get cleaned; and that is why you sneeze or cough to get the bacteria removed from your body. Saliva and tears Their job is to catch pathogens and wash them away. In of the eyes, they start making tears when they fill an unknown body or bacteria. The tears are for getting the pathogen out of your body.
the ways strange unwanted
The digestive system It kills the bacteria and makes sure it can't harm other the body. it gets mostly on the stomach that the body kills pathogens. Other are by phlegm.
parts of the protected
T cells (thymus cells) It helps to remember the pathogen. so if it comes again, they will be prepare. killer t cell: it kills tissues or systems that are harmed by the infection. helper t cell: it increase the effects of the t cells and b cells.
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Suppressor t cell: it turns off other immune cells when the infections stops. 3 B cell (beta cells) it makes antibodies, which destroy the infections. Is totally independent of the t cells even if the helper t cell comes to assist. The lymphatic system Much of your immune system is inside these system, it works like a filter, and takes the fluids of tissues and returns them to the bloodstream. Passive and active immunity. Passive these are the antibodies that are prepared for anything that passes from the mother to the son, but these antibodies will disappear. Active it is the antibodies that you develop by yourself, also you can get help by vaccines.
by: Santiago Gonzalez
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H I V
HIV is the most incurable and serious STI, an HIV
infection
can
lead
to
AIDS
or
immunodeficiency syndrome, which is often a fatal disease of the immune system.
How it attacks: HIV attacks specific cells of the immune system disabling the body's defenses against other pathogens.
Inside the body HIV infects helper T cells which stimulate other cells of the immune system
to
produce
antibodies
against
invading pathogens. Also HIV then kills the T cell by reproducing in it. These new created viruses then go and do the same to other T cells to create even more viruses. Stag es:
HIV infection can be described as three stages:
1.
Asymptotic
stage:
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Soon after an exposure to HIV , the infected person may experience flu like symptoms which go away in a few weeks, after that, it can pass months, years without showing any symptoms. People in this stage can infect others even if they feel fine.
2.
Symptomatic
stage:
When an HIV starts feeling some symptoms they enter this stage, symptoms may include weight loss, fever, diarrhea, among others, some symptoms may not even appear for 7 to 10 years after the infection
3. AIDS:
In this stage the infected person experience even more symptoms and more frequently, because of the fight against the virus, the infected one, get easily sick for some things that a healthy person wouldn’t even worry about. They are
called
opportunistic infections.
Opportunistic infections:
These infections are the ones that attack when your immune system is weakened, these opportunistic infections can be some that wouldn't even matter, but they hit you when you're down and you feel them even worse, it can also lead to a specific type of cancer.
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AIDS By: Omar Gonzalez.
HIV was found on a list of the deadliest diseases on the planet barely discovered three decades ago and so far has no cure or a stable treatment. The virus attacks silently in this period it mutates rapidly acquiring the power to damage the immune system severely When it have mutated severely it's considered AIDS, people with this virus tend to get sick for anything, because the immune system is gravely Aected by the virus making human body vulnerable to all other existing Viruses.
How to prevent the spread of this virus? * We must always take care of our sexual integrity also respecting others * In case of being infected inform your sexual partner * Always use condom. * To ensure that established health policies are applied correctly
Which countries are most aected by AIDS?
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AIDS are concentrated mostly in South African Cameroon of 56.4 billion people 8250 million suer from AIDS and even child. How to fight it? Unfortunately there is no cure or a stable treatment to calm it also the medicines to have it controlled are very expensive but still do not ensure they can treat the virus, but for now has been studying people who are immune to AIDS so we can study
When AID appeared, this was a very mysterious disease, It killed many people, There are still unanswered questions Some people believed that HIV and AIDS could be transmitted by mosquito bites, or sharing glasses with someone with AIDS, or just by being near a person with AIDS who was coughing, kissing or hugging related to AIDS, Many reacted with fear and invented stories to justify their fear. Most of these myths related to ease with the one that a person could get infected; Most of those myths were lo false.
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“Emerging Infectious Diseases�. An emerging disease is an infectious disease that has become increasingly common in humans within the last 20 years or threatens to become more common in the near future. Like the influenza virus that spread around the globe in the winter of 1918, more than 20 million people died from the flue between 1918 and 1919. This is a great example of an epidemic that is a temporary prevalence of a disease. The a
emerging
diseases
are
Contact with animal: some diseases that are common in animals can Spread to humans, like the avian flu. Drug resistance: some diseases caused by pathogens can mutate, or change over time; sometimes these mutations make them resistant to many antibiotics or drugs. Lack of immunization: diseases that were common many years ago can pose a threat again if people don´t get the proper immunizations. Like polio did nearly eliminated 50 years ago but it still exist in parts of Africa because they not received the vaccine. International travel: thanks to the globalization and the easier that travel around the world, the pathogens in the bodies of anyone can be in any place.
reminder that the immune system of the human is in a never ending battle with pathogens, no matter how many medicines are developed the pathogens will cause a disease anyway. Diseases can emerge when humans come into contact with infected animals, international travels or global food supply; pathogen become resistant to existing drugs.
Global Food supply: food also travels all over the world, if a pathogen are present in a food product it can spread very quickly all over the world.
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