Lancaster City, PA by Emily Hahn

Lancaster City Lengeschder (Pennsylvania Dutch)

Lancaster County, Pennsylvania Developing a Sense of Place Within the Community Emily Hahn

Table of Contents 03 08 10 20 26 30 38 44 50 56 64 65 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78

Introduction

Why Lancaster | Context

Demographics

Human History

Origin of Names

Within the City | Within the County | Rivers and Bodies of Water | Other

People

Ancestries of Lancaster | Religious Breakdown and History | Amish Culture

Natural History

Flora and Fauna

Plant Communities| Native Plants | Native Animals | Invasive Species

Geography

Piedmont Region| Topography | Surrounding Communities| Watersheds | Dams

Transportation

Historically | Current

Land Use

Patterns Across the Land | Farming | CSA | Central Market | Value Added Industry

Economy

Industry | Job Breakdown

Quality of Life

Recreation | Trails | Attractions | Art | Events

Community Groups

Who they are | What they do

Communication

Newspapers | Radio Stations | Magazines | Web Sites

Politics

Local | County | State | Federal

Education

Grade School | Higher Education

Health Care Facilities

Problems within the Region Personal Commitment Sources

Why Lancaster? Lancaster City, laid out by James Hamilton in 1734 is one of the nations oldest inland cities, founded around the same time as Springfield Massachusetts and Petersburg Virginia. Unique because of its location in the middle of rural farmlands; a 10 minute drive from the center of Lancaster leads to rolling fields of fertile farmland creating a unique rural/ urban situation which must be preserved. The city itself is known for its historic buildings and magnificent street trees and has recently begun an urban renewal focusing on the arts. My interest in Lancaster stemmed from my childhood growing up near the city and visiting my grandparents who lived on Walnut Street. Memories of visiting Central Market, feeding the ducks at Longs Park, learning at the North Museum and driving past the Conestoga House to see the lights on Christmas Eve all served as instigators which inspired my interest within the city. This work seeks to explore and understand Lancaster City on an intensive scale as a unique community, offering countless opportunities for living, working and recreation.

Context The East Coast

les Mi

Boston

Cleveland

New York Lancaster Philadelphia Pittsburgh Washington DC Baltimore

Harrisburg 34 mi Rapho

Philadelphia 70 mi

Baltimore 55 mi Pennsylvania Maryland

Washington DC 87 mi

40°02’23” North, 76°18’16” West Elevation | 368’ above sea level

Travel Times and Distances 8hrs 10min (train) 6hrs 7min (car) 375 miles

Boston

11hrs 46min (train)

Cleveland New York Philadelphia Washington DC Baltimore Pittsburgh

5hrs 36min (car) 366 miles 2hrs 50min (train) 2hrs 42min (car) 164 miles 1hr 9min (train) 1hr 32min (car) 70 miles 4hrs 42min (transit) 2hrs 10min (car) 112 miles 3hrs 13min (transit) 1hr 21min (car) 55 miles 6hrs 10min (train) 3hrs 44min (car) 375 miles

Lancaster City, in the southeastern corner of Pennsylvania is centrally located within a ring of influential metropolitan areas along the northern east coast. Close proximity to Philadelphia, Washington DC and Baltimore make Lancaster a prominent location. In 1777 the city was even used as the capital of the colonies for one day when Continental Congress met in the courthouse after fleeing Philadelphia during its occupation by the British. The train station located in downtown Lancaster provides plentiful opportunities for public transportation to the surrounding towns and cities allowing citizens to choose public transportation over the use of personal vehicles.

Demographics

Lancaster City

59,360

Current Population (2012)

100% Urban 0% Rural

Male Female

49.7% 50.3%

30.5

Median Resident Age Median Income

Ranked #5 on top 100 Cities with the Oldest Houses and Youngest residents

$31,674

Race White 43.7% Hispanic 37.4% Black 13.6% Asian 2.6% Other 2.7%

Population History

70,000

Population

60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 1800

1810

1820

1830

1840

1850

1860

Lancaster County

Pennsylvania

526,820

12,760,000

79% Urban 21% Rural

73% Urban 27% Rural

44.2%

48.3% 55.8%

51.7%

38.8

43.3

$55,673

$50,228

White 84.9% Hispanic 8.6% Black 3.1% Asian 1.9% Other 1.5%

1870

1880

1890 Year

1900

1910

1920

1930

White 81.52% Hispanic 5.66% Black 8.76% Asian 2.75% Other 1.31%

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

Human History Timeline of Important Events

1828

James Buchanan’s Wheatland Estate is built in Lancaster City

1718

The Conestoga Wagon is first mentioned - a type of covered wagon made in Lancaster County near the Conestoga River

1787

Franklin and Marshal College is founded

1729

1681

On March 4, 1681 King Charles the II of England granted William Penn 45,000 square miles of land in the new world. This area was known as Penns Woods and included what would become Lancaster City.

1725

The Pennsylvania Long Rifle is built and designed by Germans in the Lancaster County region

1728

Lancaster County is formed, breaking away from Chester county and is named for the English city and shire of Lancashire

The original site of Lancaster City along the Conestoga River, known as Gibsons Pasture or Hickory Town, is made the county seat

1734

James Hamilton lays out the town of Lancaster as a market town with a grid of streets and a market in the center, under his leadership, the town would become the largest inland town in America

1794 The stone surfaced

turnpike (currently Route 30, from Philadelphia to Lancaster) designed by John Loudon McAdam, is completed. Locals often refer to asphalt as “macadam” in response to the Swiss Engineer who designed the paving material

1775 - 1783

The Revolutionary War

1777

September 27, 1777 Continental Congress meets in the Lancaster City Courthouse while fleeing British occupied Philadelphia

1812

Lancaster is incorporated as a city

1807

Robert Fulton of Lancaster creates the first fully functional and successful steamboat

1799 - 1812

Lancaster City serves as the capital of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania

1730 - 2014

Lancaster City’s Central Market Opens in 1730 and is still operating today, making it Americas oldest Farmers Market

1803

Meriwether Lewis visits Lancaster to be trained by the well known surveyor Andrew Ellicott prior to leading the Lewis and Clark expedition

1852

The Fulton Opera House is built

2011

1905

Thaddeus Stevens College of Technology is founded

1857

James Buchanan from Lancaster is elected as the 15th President, the only President who came from Pennsylvania and who never married

1908

The Model T Ford is introduced, providing an affordable family vehicle

1956

Lancaster City releases its 25 year Green Infrastructure plan

Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 is passed leading to the expansion and improvement of highways across the country

1910

Peak of the railroad with 12,000 miles found in PA

1940

Decline of the railroad

Present

1914-1919 WWI 1886 Birth of the Automobile 1879

1939-1945 WWII

F.W. Woolworth Opens his first successful 5 and 10 cent store in Lancaster City

1861-1865

The Civil War 1865 - City Hall is built

1930

Start of the Great Depression

1933

Lancaster Bible College is founded

Human History Native American History

Tradition says that an Indian village occupied the site of the center of Lancaster and that a hickory tree once stood in the center of the village near a spring. It was at this hickory tree in the center of the village that Indian councils were held. Legend has it that it was from one of these councils that a deputation was sent to confer with William Penn at Shackamaxon in 1863. The Indian nation was called Hickory, and the village was called Hickory town prior to the planning of Lancaster. This important hickory tree stood in front of George Gibsonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s tavern on the site of the First National Bank on East King street. South of Gibsonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s tavern was the spring, walled in by the Indians and covered with a large flat stone. The site of the spring was found in 1882 along South Queen Street and was evidently the site of an Indian camping ground. In this site many relics have been found along with the many hickory trees between the spring and Roaring Brook, now Water street. Another nearby Indian village was the Conestoga Indians situated near the Conestoga River. For this tribe a poplar tree was the symbol. Sadly, the peace which had stemmed from William Penn did not last and much violence erupted within the area during the French and Indian war. The brutal Paxton Boys Massacre of the Conestoga Indians in Lancaster occurred as a result of the violent crimes committed during this time, thus wiping out the last of the once powerful Susquehannock Indians who had for a century maintained dominance over the Indian tribes of the Susquehanna Valley and the shores of the Chesapeake.

Peaceful interactions with the Conestoga Indians

Local Stories and Legends

[Text derived from Pennsylvania Dutch Haunts and History] ALBATWITCHES (Chickie’s Rock Park, Lancaster County) The Susquehannock Indians held a belief in an ape like creature that roamed the local woodlands. The creature was even depicted on their battle shields. The creature is the Albatwitch, and it’s been reported sporadically as being seen in Columbia and ranging into York county. The four foot tall humanoid likes to sit in trees and snack on apples, particularly those of unsuspecting picnickers. The albawitches even throw the cores at them after chomping the fruit. In fact, that’s how it got its’ name - albatwitch is a local corruption of apple snitch. The legend says they were driven to near extinction in the later 1900s, although there were a few reported sightings in the early 70s and one as late as 2005. Their base, Chickies Rock, has long been the hub of stories concerning strange sounds and sights, and a cracking whip noise that are all attributed to the albatwitch. CHICKIE’S (CHIQUE’S) ROCK (Chickie’s Rock Park, Lancaster County) Chickie’s Rock (or Chique’s Rock) is on the Susquehanna in Lancaster County, located between Columbia and Marietta. It gets its name from the Susquehannock Indians, who called the spot Chiquesalunga, the place of the crayfish (some suspected the surf and turf in Native kitchens was crayfish and venison) The first legends were passed on by the Indians, who saw ghosts roaming the area back in their day. They have a couple of tales of star-crossed lovers meeting their doom there. One was a mutual suicide pact, where two lovers took the leap off the 200’ precipice when forbidden to marry. Another concerns an Indian girl who fell for a white man. Her Susquehannock lover was outraged and slit the man’s throat, then threw the girl off the cliff. The shore sports the spook of a man that died in a riverboat accident roaming its banks. Then there’s the shadow person that wanders the woods at the top of the rock, decked out in a fedora and cape. The spirits of men have been seen at the foot of the cliff, appearing and then vanishing again. Oddly, the best known phenomena of Chiques Rock is the mist that forms on top of the rock and becomes a spook. Teens admitted making up the story in 1969, but it’s still the most widely reported sighting.

Chiques Rock Overlook

Human History Local Haunts

[Pennsylvania Dutch Haunts and History]

Fulton Theater The Fulton Opera House was built in 1852 by the renowned Philadelphian Architect Samuel Sloan and is the oldest continuously operating theater in the united states. Equally impressive is the fact that the Fulton is one of only three national historic landmark theaters. Over the years the Fulton has seen performances by Sarah Bernhardt, Al Jolson, Helen Hayes, W. C. Fields, Mark Twain, Irene Dunne and Marcel Marceau as well as many others. This beautiful historic landmark now houses a variety of Broadway caliber shows. The theater was built partially over the foundations of the old Lancaster jail where fourteen Conestoga Indians who escaped from the Paxton Boys Massacre were housed for protection. Unfortunately, a mob of anti-Indian rioters formed and rushed the jail where they tortured and killed all of the remaining Conestoga Indians. Its said you can still hear their screams from the corner of the building built over the old prison foundation. On a lighter note, volunteers who work in the theater on weekends claim you can also hear the sound of the piano playing itself and phantom applause.

Franklin and Marshall College

The Fulton Opera House after renovations in 1950

Franklin College was founded by Benjamin Franklin in 1787. Forty years later Marshall College, founded by Supreme Court Justice John Jay Marshall, was established in Mercersburg. In 1853 the two colleges joined and kept the Lancaster City site. At the end of WWII the school broke its ties with the Reformed Church and F&M became a secular liberal arts school. In 1969 it became coeducational.

Franklin and Marshall College, Old Main 1892

Old Main | Old Main was built in 1853 to accommodate the merging of Franklin and Marshal Colleges. It was built over the old gallows hill where Lancaster criminals were hung. The ghost of Old Main resides in the clock tower. The bell will sometimes ring of its’ own accord in the middle of the night.

Shadek-Fackenthal Library | The library was built in 1937, and has the usual phenomena of elevators stopping at the wrong floors and books being dumped from the shelves. The library’s spooky bookworm is reported to be Dr. Harvey Bassler, who died in 1950. He’s been sighted many times in his third floor corner, a “little old man” stooped over his love, the Pennsylvania Dutch collection. He is considered a benevolent, protective spirit. His sightings have been reduced since library renovations of the early 1980s, but continued phenomena still occur in his corner. Wohlsen House | The Wohlsen House was built in 1929 as the Lambda Chi Alpha fraternity house. The legend is that one of the brothers fell down the cellar steps and died. The building is now used as the admissions office and you can reportedly hear doors slamming, lights going off, and a loud bang on the stairs as the spook relives his fatal fall. The folks call the spirit Bob. When the poltergeist’s pranks such as shutting off the lights get to be too much for the people in the building, they just yell out “Knock it off, Bob,” and all returns to normal.

Human History Stories from Lancaster

Lloyd Jury [Interview]

In 1926 Cloyd and Ada Jury, Lancaster Natives, moved their family to Canton, Ohio where Cloyd ran a grocery store. In 1927, Lloyd and Floyd were born. Two years after moving to Ohio, the family moved back to Lancaster City where Cloyd ran two corner grocery stores, one on King Street and one on Pearl Street. Lloyd attended Pearl Street Grade School and West Junior High School. In his early years, summer vacations were filled with hiking and playing at Rodney and Buchannon Park in the city. As Lloyd got older and was able to drive, his hiking expanded to include the nearby Cornwall Fire Tower where the brothers were able to observe the countryside through binoculars. While Lloyd was enlisted in the army, he took a basic course in Radio Electronics which sparked an interest in radio and other technologies. After serving in the army, Lloyd worked at Eshelmans Supply Company where he met Ellen Gantz. In 1957, Lloyd and Ellen were married and moved into a small cottage in East Petersburg. Six months later, the couple moved back into the city to their current home on W Walnut Street. Not long after returning to the city, Lloyd started a job as an electronics technician with ETEMCO, where he produced testing and manufacturing equipment for the RCA Picture Tube Factory. He continued to work there until his retirement.

Left to Right: Floyd and Lloyd as kids

Around 1950, Lloyd and his brother Floyd built their own television. It was the first black and white television on the block and one of only three in the city. The screen was only 5” x 5” and the nearest signal tower was located in Philadelphia. Lloyd says “I will never forget looking out the window on the day of Joe Louis’s boxing match and seeing 50 people crowding around the window to try and catch a glimpse of the match on screen.” Despite the tiny screen and “snow the size of oranges”, the television was a success. In later years the brothers built a color television using projection tubes and a color wheel with only red, blue and yellow. In order for the colors to work, the wheel had to spin in convergence with the broadcasting signal, a very difficult task.

Lloyd on the front porch in his army uniform and Ellen’s senior picture

Lloyd and Ellen eventually had five children, one of these was my mother, Elizabeth Jury, now Elizabeth Hahn. Elizabeth also grew up in Lancaster City, attending Stevens Elementary (the same school her grandmother attended), Fulton Intermediate School, Reynolds Junior High and McCaskey High School. Growing up, Elizabeth remembers meeting her friend Julie when she moved in one block south of her house on E Walnut Street. Julie moved three times during middle and high school, one block north, one block west, and one block east.

Human History Military History and Battles Revolutionary War

[Text from Ch 1 General History of Lancaster] Lancaster bore her full share in the great struggle for American independence, and many of her sons were found among the patriots who swelled the Continental armies. The patriotic indignation excited in all the English colonies in North America by the passage of the oppressive Boston Port Bill in 1774 was the first occasion which called forth public action in Lancaster during the Revolutionary struggle. On June 15, 1994, the citizens of Lancaster borough held a public meeting at the court house. This meeting was in answer to a call from the Committee of Correspondence of the city of Philadelphia. This meeting adopted resolutions censuring the British Parliament and expressing sympathy with the Bostonians. It agreed to unite with the people of Philadelphia in refusing to import to or export from Great Britain anything until Parliament repealed the Boston Port Bill. A number of prominent citizens were appointed a Committee of Correspondence for Lancaster; to correspond with the General Committee of Correspondence in Philadelphia. Of this committee were Edward Shippen, George Ross, Jasper Yeates, Matthias Slough, James Webb, William Atlee, William Henry, Ludwig Lauman, William Bausman and Charles Hall. The actions of the county committee were followed by the formation of military companies called Associators. These troops fought bravely in the battles of Long Island, White Plains, Trenton, Princeton, Brandywine, Germantown and Monmouth. Three companies from. Lancaster borough were in Colonel Thompson’s Battalion of Riflemen, commanded by Colonel Edward Hand and Lieutenants David Ziegler and Frederick Hubley. This battalion joined Washington’s army at Cambridge, Massachusetts, in August, 1775. Captain Matthew Smith’s company, of Lancaster, took part in the invasion of Canada in 1975. Lancaster furnished a number of companies and soldiers for other companies during the Revolution, and many of these troops endured the hardships of the encampment at Valley Forge during the severe winter of 177778. The 11th Pennsylvania regiment, under Lieutenant Colonel Adam Hubley, of Lancaster, formed part of Sullivan’s expedition against the Six Nations, in New York State, in 1779. On the day the Continental Congress declared the thirteen English colonies of North America free and independent States-July 4, 1776-a military convention was held at Lancaster, composed of delegates from the fifty three Pennsylvania battalions of Associators, to form a Flying Camp, as directed by the Continental Congress. Colonel George Ross, of Lancaster, was chosen president of the meeting, and Colonel David Clymer was made secretary. This military convention elected Daniel Roberdeau and James Ewing brigadier-generals of the Flying Camp. Throughout the Revolution various prisoners were held captive within the city and during the winter of 1777 - 1778 soldiers were quartered in the barracks at Lancaster City. When the British took possession of Philadelphia, September 26, 1777, the Continental Congress fled to Lancaster; but after an informal meeting they relocated to York, where they met September 30, 1777, and remained in session until the following June (1778). Old Lancaster City Courthouse

Civil War

[Text from Ch 1 General History of Lancaster] As in every other part of the loyal States, the attack on Fort Sumter, in April, 1861, aroused the patriotism of the people in Lancaster, and noble responses were made to President Lincoln’s calls for troops. Lancaster was the home of President Buchanan, during whose administration the plans of the Slave-holder’s Rebellion were prepared. It was also the home of Thaddeus Stevens, who was the leader of the Republican majority in the National House of Representatives which assisted in devising measures for the suppression of the Rebellion. Major General John Fulton Reynolds, who died a hero’s death while leading the advance of the Burning of the Columbia Wrightsville Bridge, June 28, 1863 Army of the Potomac at Gettysburg, was born in Lancaster; and his remains lie buried beneath a fine monument in Lancaster Cemetery, and beside those of his brother, Admiral William Reynolds, of the United States Navy. Among Lancaster’s sons who served their country during the great Civil War the names of Colonel Henry A. Hambright and Emlen Franklin hold an honored place. The Confederate invasion of Maryland in 1862 caused great alarm in Lancaster, which only subsided after Lee’s defeat at Antietam. Lee’s invasion of Maryland and Pennsylvania in 1863, when his advancing columns occupied York and came to Wrightsville, where the bridge across the Susquehanna was burned to prevent the invaders from crossing to Columbia, created intense alarm and excitement in Lancaster; and this alarm only passed away with Lee’s defeat at Gettysburg and his flight from the State. Among the many societies organized by women throughout the loyal States during the Civil War to minister to the wants of the soldiers, the first was at Lancaster. On April 22, 1861, ten days after the attack on Fort Sumter, the ladies of Lancaster held a meeting at the court-house and formed an association called the Patriot Daughters of Lancaster. This association, under the presidency of Mrs. R. Hubley, did noble work in administering to the wants of the soldiers in the field during the struggle for the preservation of the Union. The Patriot Daughters and other ladies of Lancaster took the first step to raise funds for the erection of a suitable monument to the memory of the soldiers and sailors of Lancaster county who lost their lives in defense of the Union. It was not until nine years after the war that the monument was erected. In compliance with the demand of public sentiment, it was placed in Center Square, in the city. This beautiful granite structure-surrounded with four emblematic statues and capped with a figure of the Goddess of Liberty-was unveiled with imposing ceremonies in the presence of a great multitude on the 4th of July, 1874. Soldiers and Sailors Monument on the day of its dedication in 1874

Human History Military History and Battles Colonel Henry A. Hambright [Text derived from Lancaster at War]

While other Union Army leaders who called Lancaster home achieved greater rank and glory, Colonel Henry A. Hambright represented a military leader in the eyes of the citizens of Lancaster. A hero of the Mexican War and militia leader during the 1850s, Henry A. Hambright led the 79th Pennsylvania from when he raised it until it was mustered out in 1865. However, he was seldom in command during 1864 and 1865 due to health problems. Both his father and uncle were officers in the War of 1812, making the name Hambright stand out as a prominent name in Lancaster’s nineteenth century military history. Although thoroughly affiliated with the Democratic Party, Hambright won near universal acclaim as a strict disciplinarian and talented drillmaster. His deep concern for the men he commanded gained him great respect. Following in the footsteps of his father, Frederick Hambright, Henry also worked as public works contractor, beginning as superintendent of grading on the Germantown & Norristown Railroad. Other projects Hambright was involved with included the tide-water canal from Wrightsville and the Delaware division of the Pennsylvania canal. He fought valiantly in numerous battles of the Mexican War, serving as 1st Lieutenant of Co. G, Second Pennsylvania Infantry. Later, he succeeded his father as Captain of the militia organization, the Jackson Rifles, which he led during the Three Months Campaign of 1861 as Co. K, 1st Pennsylvania Volunteers. At the war’s outbreak, Hambright’s occupation was superintendent of the Pennsylvania Railroad’s Lancaster operations.

Colonel Emlen Franklin

[Text Derived from Genealogy Forum, Franklin’s of Lancaster County, PA] Colonel Emlen Franklin was born in Lancaster, April 7, 1827, entering Yale College in 1845, and graduating in 1847. He then entered the law office of Nathaniel Ellmaker and after an usual time of study, was admitted to the bar on May 15th, 1850. He immediately began practicing his profession. In the autumn of 1854 he was elected a member of the House of Representatives at Harrisburg. After serving one term Franklin declined a re-election. In 1859 he was elected District Attorney of Lancaster. At the time of the rebellion, and as the Captain of the old “Fencibles,” he volunteered with his company for three months’ service. In 1862 he raised the 122d Regiment of Pa. Volunteers, of which he was chosen Colonel, and which he commanded for 9 months, the period of which the regiment had been raised. During this period of his service he participated in the battles of Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville. He returned with his regiment on the 16th of May, 1863; and in June, of the same year, upon the invasion of Pennsylvania by General Lee, he raised the 50th regiment of Pennsylvania militia. With the restoration of quiet along the borders, these troops were discharged, and Colonel Franklin once again resumed his practice.

Major General John Fulton Reynolds [Text derived from Gettysburg Stone Sentinels]

John Fulton Reynolds was born in Lancaster in 1820. In 1841 he graduated from West Point Academy ranked 26th out of 50 cadets. He spent the following four years in the artillery of the Atlantic coast garrisons. He received two brevets in the Mexican War and spent the following 14 years in garrison duty. In 1860 he became Commandant of Cadets at West Point. After the outbreak of the civil war he became a brigadier general. When General Lee invaded Maryland, Reynolds was sent to command Pennsylvaniaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Militia. At Fredericksburg, one of his divisions under George Meade made the only break in the Confederate lines. After the battle of Chancellorsville Reynolds was supposedly offered command of the army. However, Reynolds turned down the offer because he felt he would be continually second guessed by George Washington as other commanders had. Reynolds holds the position of the highest ranking officer killed at the Battle of Gettysburg and one of the most senior in the Civil War. His decision to commit infantry to the west of Gettysburg set the course of the fighting which occurred there. Unfortunately, his death on the battle field was a serious blow to the Union Army. Reynolds was mortally wounded by a shot to the head while leading the 2nd Wisconsin Infantry Regiment to the aid of Bufordâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Calvary in Herbst Woods. Today, Reynolds is honored by multiple statues in Gettysburg, a school named after him in Lancaster and his remains lie buried beneath a fine monument in the Lancaster Cemetery.

Origin of Names Within the City [Lancaster City Living]

Lancaster City

Lancaster City was named after the English town and shire of Lancashire.

Cabbage Hill

Cabbage Hill is one of only a few areas of the City of Lancaster that retains its traditional name. The origin of Cabbage Hill goes back to the largely German population of the area in the 1900s, whose cabbage patches were a common household amenity of the period. Cabbage Hill was largely open country as late as the 1840s. Some of the land had been owned by the Bethel family, rich Quakers who commenced selling a few lots in the 1700s. The central section of the area, now bounded by Strawberry, West Vine, Poplar and Laurel Streets, was first developed in the 1850s.

College Park

Cabbage Hill, bordered by farmland with St. Joseph’s Catholic Church at center, around 1900. (Historic Preservation Trust Photo)

College Park is named for its two most prominent landmarks, Franklin and Marshall College and Buchanan Park. College Park contains an eclectic pattern of building types and styles, ranging from large scale industrial complexes (Hamilton Watch) to single family residences. The focal points of the neighborhood are Franklin and Marshall College and Buchanan Park.

Mussertown

Mussertown is one of Lancaster’s oldest neighborhoods, and still retains its historic name and identity. Mussertown was developed on the plantation/ farm of John Musser. The considerable amount of open land in this area today is primarily the result of the demolition over time of several major industrial buildings, ranging from the complex of Jacob Miller and Company to the large breweries of the second half of the nineteenth century. John (Hans) Musser received a patent for 300 acres of land in the southeast quadrant of present-day Lancaster on 16 November 1737. On 7 September 1744, Musser sold 15 acres to Dr. Adam Simon Kuhn who founded the Adamstown neighborhood, bounded by the present East King, Church, Rockland and Locust Streets. Mussertown was laid out by John Musser, Jr. (1738-1802), the son of Hans from 1760 to 1762.

Ross

The Ross area is named for George Ross (1730-1779), one of Lancaster’s wealthiest pre-revolutionary citizens, member of the Continental Congress, and a signer of the Declaration of Independence. His farm, Rossmere, encompassed much of the land in this area of the city.

Stadium District

Traditionally named the Northwest Industrial Corridor, this neighborhoods name now comes from the baseball stadium that was built on a portion of the rail yard that once occupied much of the area. The Stadium District is one of the city’s principal historic centers of industry, which grew along one of Lancaster’s major railroad cuts.

Stevens

The Stevens area is named for the Thaddeus Stevens College of Technology (formerly Stevens School of Trade) which is the area’s most recognizable physical landmark, and also for Thaddeus Stevens, for whom the school is named.

Within the County [Amish Country News]

Smoketown

According to an old sign posted by the State, Smoketown got its name from three Indian maidens who smoked pipes. Another explanation concerns the smoke that came from the area as people cured meat in their smokehouses. A final theory is that the town was so named because the very first house built there burned down.

Gap

Gap received its name from the gap in the hills leading into the Pequea Valley. The “Gap Gang” often preyed on travelers in this area, particularly freed and escaped slaves.

Leola

Leola is actually a combination of two names, the first two letters of Leacock, and the last three of Glenola, the name of an old railway station nearby.

New Holland

New Holland originally had the German name “Saeue Schwam,” which means hog swamp. Later it received the more attractive name of New Design, before becoming New Holland.

Oregon

The town of Oregon was known as Catfish because of all the fish in the Cocalico Creek. When the western territory of Oregon was acquired in 1846, the town was given that name in honor of the occasion.

Columbia

Columbia was known as Wright’s Ferry, and the town of Wrightsville remains on the other side of the bridge. The name Columbia was given to the town in an effort to encourage Congress to make it the U.S. Capital. It is said this attempt was defeated by only one vote.

Buck

Buck, in southern Lancaster County, once had a store with a sign “Don’t Pass the Buck.” The owner, Squire Abner Musser, apparently gave out silver dollar “bucks” while they were still being made.

Paradise

The town of Paradise supposedly got its name from remarks made about the beauty of the area. One story says some settlers met in the post office to discuss a name, and Abraham Witmer commented that “this place is paradise to me.” And so, Paradise was named.

Blue Ball

Dairy Farm in Paradise

Blue Ball, like many towns in the nation’s early days, took its name from a tavern which was located “at the sign of the Blue Ball,” established by Robert Wallace in 1766. Many inns along the road relied only on pictures to communicate their meaning and thus would often be simple drawings, ie. a blue ball, a bird in a hand etc.

Origin of Names Within the County Continued... [Amish Country News and Others]

Kinzer

Kinzer was named for a hotel which was built by Harry Kinzer in 1843 for the men in the area working on the railroad.

Sporting Hill

Sporting Hill, located in the northwest part of the county, was named after four men, known as the “old sports.”

Bird in Hand

The Old Philadelphia Pike (Route 340) was being laid out to create a direct route between Lancaster and Philadelphia. A discussion took place between the two road surveyors as to whether they should stop at their present location or go on to Lancaster to spend the night. One of them said, “A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.” The other surveyor followed this bit of advice and both remained at what became known as the Bird-in-Hand Inn (today known as Bird-in-Hand Village Inn & Suites). At one point, the sign in front of the Inn once portrayed a man with a bird in his hand and a bush nearby in which two birds were perched.

Grasshopper Level

The town of Grasshopper level is at a very high elevation where one could see for miles. Apparently there were a lot of grasshoppers here too!

Turniptown

Legend has it that a farmer was on his way to Strasburg with a wagon full of turnips. Along the way he had an accident and the endgate on his wagon opened, sending turnips down the hill and into Turniptown.

Intercourse

Founded in 1754, Intercourse initially went by the relatively benign name of “Cross Keys,” which was the name of an old tavern there. The tavern got the name Cross Keys from the two major roads which intersected in the center of the town. The name was changed in 1814, and no one is quite certain about its origin, although there are several theories in circulation. Some speculate it derived from a local 18th-century racecourse called Enter-Course, which eventually changed to Intercourse. Another hypothesis suggests that in earlier times the word “intercourse” was interchangeable with fellowship, interaction and support, which are all traits of typical close knit communities such as this one.

Lititz

Lititz was founded by members of the Moravian Church in 1756 and was named after a castle (Lititz is German; the Czech name of this castle is Litice) in Bohemia near the village of Kunvald where the ancient Bohemian Brethren’s Church was founded in 1457.

Mount Joy

The town of Mount Joy was named after the sailing ship which the original settlers traveled across the Atlantic in.

Rivers and Water Bodies [Lancaster History and Others]

Susquehanna River

The true linguistic origins of the word “Susquehanna” have been lost to time. However, many believe the name is derived from the Algonquin language of the Lenni- Lenape, or Delaware, Indians. In that language, the suffix, “hanna,” means river, but there is no clear translation for “Susque.” John G. R. Heckewelder, a Moravian Missionary suggested in 1822 that the name came from the Lenape word “sisku” which meant “muddy” and that Susquehanna translates into “People of the Muddy River.” Others have argued for different meanings of the prefix “Susque,” all claiming that the name is some description of the river’s appearance: Long Crooked River, Muddy River, River of Islands, Rocky River, Falls River. The author James Fenimore Cooper popularized one meaning of Susquehanna in his 1823 novel, Pioneers, or the Sources of the Susquehanna. In his novel the Susquehanna is referred to as the Crooked River. Yet others suggest that “Susque hanna” does not refer to the appearance of the river at all, but rather its motion or sound. Scholars point to Algonquin words that are similar in nature. For instance, the Algonquin word “Saskweanog” means, “Those who live in a place where the water is heard grating on the shore.” Another source points to the Native American word “soskw,” which means smooth flowing. According to a brief Indian dictionary offered to European readers by Captain John Smith, the Native American term, “Suckahanna,” simply meant water. In Smiths published accounts he refers to the river as “Sasquesahanough,” and the impressive warriors he encountered there as “Sasquesahanocks.”

Chiques Creek

The name of Chiques Creek (Chiquesalunga) comes from the Susquehannock or Conestoga Indian term Ka’ot’sch’ie’ra, which means “Place-crayfish.” The surrounding area, including Chiques Creek and the large rock cliff which overlooks the Susquehanna River (Chickies Rock), between modern Marietta and Columbia in Lancaster County, was called Ka’ot’sch’ie’ra by the native people (in English, “Chiquesalunga”). The word “Conestoga” comes from the native term Gan’ochs’a’go’jat’ga, which means “roof.” This was their word for “town.” The Len’api would later call this area Scha’hamu’is’ing or “Crawfish-place.”

Conestoga River

The Conestoga River was named for the Conestoga Indian tribe which lived nearby. The word is interpreted to mean “great maize land,” or “crooked stream.”

Pequea Creek

The name Pequea comes from Piqua, the name of a band of Shawnee Indians who once inhabited the area. The name signifies “ashes” and has a mythic reference.

Cocalico Creek

Railroad bridge crossing the Conestoga River

Cocalico creek comes from the Lenape Indians, meaning “snake dens”. It comes from the Lenape word Gookcalicunk (pronounced “Gook Cal-eek Unk) which means “Snake Sleep Place” in English. The Lenape considered modern East Cocalico, West Cocalico, Clay, Warwick, Elizabeth, and Penn townships, Lancaster County, Mill Creek Township, Lebanon County, and the Middle Creek Wildlife Management Area as part of Gookcalicunk, the “Snake Sleep Place.”. 23

Origin of Names Other

Stogie

Stogies, or long thin cigars, were named after the cigars rolled and smoked by the drivers of Conestoga Wagons. When preparing for long trips, the drivers would roll long thin ropes of tobacco for smoking along the way. The name Stogie, comes from Conestoga.

Conestoga Wagon

The Conestoga Wagon was named after the Conestoga River. This wagon was the early form of the covered wagons which would take pioneers out west. However these wagons were distinct from the wagons traveling west because of their curved floors and canvas covered wooden hoops. Instead of carrying passengers, these wagons would often carry farm products and goods to be traded in nearby cities and towns.

Kentucky Long Rifle

In the early 1700’s a German immigrant to Lancaster County, Martin Mylin, designed and built the first Early Conestoga Wagon in Lancaster, PA Pennsylvania long rifle. This rifle was longer than the typical American smooth bored musket and had rifling within the barrel providing higher accuracy and a further range of shooting. The Pennsylvania long-rifle could shoot five times further than the traditional American Musket and was much more accurate, making it one of the most effective weapons in early American history. Daniel Boon’s use of the Pennsylvania long rifle in Kentucky made it so famous that it quickly became more widely known as the Kentucky long rifle.

Macadam

The term “macadam” is often used by Lancaster natives in place of the term asphalt or blacktop. This name originates from John McAdam, one of the engineers who developed the paving system which was used along the Philadelphia and Lancaster turnpike. McAdam described the process of building the road through a series of layers with different sizes of crushed stone. These layers added stability and support to the road and made inland travel easier and more efficient. McAdam is also known for his belief in raising the center of the road to promote drainage. Today, this raised elevation is known as the crown of the road and is standard practice when designing roadways.

John McAdam, Inventor of the paving used on the Philadelphia and Lancaster turnpike

Whoopie Pie

Whoopie pies are found in New England, Pittsburgh and Lancaster County. These comfort foods of the north, known as “gobs” in the western part of the PA originated from the Amish living in Lancaster County. These cake-like whoopie pies were originally made from leftover cake batter. According to the Amish legend, the name comes from children yelling “Whoopie!” when they would fine these treats in their lunch bags.

Shoo Fly Pie

Shoo Fly Pie, another Pennsylvania Dutch creation has its origins from the early Amish and Anabaptists who settled in the Lancaster County area in the 1730’s. These early settlers arrived to the New World in late fall with only the nonperishable supplies they brought with them on the journey to last them until spring. These staples were flour, brown sugar, molasses, lard, salt and spices. The women of the time, masters at “making do,” concocted a pie from the limited selection found in the larder. This resourcefulness led to the creation of Shoo Fly Pie. The exact origin of the name in unknown, however one can guess with all of the baking done in outdoor ovens, the sticky sweet syrup of Shoo Fly Pie would attract flies while baking and cooling, thus resulting in its name.

Pennsylvania Dutch

The people of Lancaster county referred to as the Pennsylvania Dutch are most often actually Pennsylvania Germans. There are various theories on the origin of this misrepresentation. 1. In the 15th and 16th centuries the English referred to all people of Germanic heritage as Dutch or Dutchmen regardless of whether they came from the Netherlands or the lands now known as Germany. The English terms for these two people groups began to change in the 17th century after the Netherlands became an independent state. Some theorize that the name confusion arises from a linguistic carryover from the earlier broader use of the term Dutch. 2. Another theory suggests the misrepresentation stems from Deutsch, the German word for German. This similarity resulted in the mispronunciation of the German term. 3. Yet another theory suggests that the term Pennsylvania Dutch was used to differentiate from the New York Dutch who’s languages sound very similar. 4. Another theory is that most German immigrants sailed from Dutch ports when traveling to America. This could have led to their confusion as Dutch because the ship lists reported their departure from Dutch ports. Regardless of the true origin of the term, the Pennsylvania Germans have been confused with the Dutch for a long time. However, today the two terms are used synonymously. 25

People

Ancestries of Lancaster County

[Text derived from History of Lancaster County | Citydata]

Settlement within the county began as early as 1709 when a Scot established himself in present-day Salisbury Township, and an English Quaker family moved to Little Britain Township. It was not until 1710, however, that the first community within the present borders of the county was established. In that year, a group of Swiss Mennonites--the families of Herr, Mylin and Kendig--built a settlement a few miles south-east of present-day Lancaster city. Two years later a band of French Huguenots led by Marie Ferree settled near Strasburg. Two more years passed before the Scot Presbyterians arrived in two waves, one settling in the Donegal area of northwestern Lancaster County and the other occupying land in the south. These Scots, often called the “Scotch-Irish,” came from Ulster in Ireland after being “planted” there by the English in an attempt to subdue the Irish.

Early German immigrants on their farm - 1872

On the heels of the Scots came a small but influential group of English and Welsh families. The English tended to settle along a band running horizontally across the county between Salisbury Township and Wright’s Ferry (Columbia), including Lancaster village. Occupying lands in what later became Caernarvon, Brecknock and Lampeter townships, the Welsh often were involved in iron working. By 1717, the entire central portion of Lancaster County was rapidly filling with immigrants from the Rhineland as well, usually employed as farmers or skilled artisans.

Polish 2.1%

United States 2.2%

Italian 3.7%

English 5.3%

Irish 7.3%

German 18.3%

The names of the original Lancaster County Townships represent the diverse national origins within the county. Caernarvon and Lampeter, were both from Welsh origins. Cocalico, Conestoga and Peshtank or Paxton were from Native American origins. Warwixk, Lancaster, Martic, Sadsbury, Salisbury and Hempfield were English. Donegal, Drumore, Derry and Leacock were Irish, mostly reflecting the Scots-Irish from northern Ireland or Ulster. Manheim was German and Lebanon came from the Bible, the basis of most European cultures.

Evangelical Lutheran Church 12%

Mennonite Church USA 9%

United Methodist Curch 14%

Catholic Church 21%

Old Order Amish 5%

Other 34%

[History of Lancaster County | Citydata]

United Church of Christ 6%

Religious Breakdown

Religious Background Swiss and German Mennonites carried to the county the Anabaptist tradition, so named because the group did not practice infant baptism. Although the Mennonites have experienced numerous divisions, the majority of local members are affiliated with the Lancaster Mennonite Conference. The more liberal Midwestern Mennonites also have representation in the county, as do the fundamentalist Evangelical Mennonites. Today, much to their chagrin, the Amish Mennonites are the single greatest tourist attraction in Lancaster County. Frequently confused with the Mennonites (Old Order or Amish), the River Brethren in Christ, first established in Lancaster County near the Susquehanna River, had its origin in the German Methodist movement. Numerous United Brethren groups flourished and came to be known by the locality in which they met. The group above Marietta along the river, for example, was called the “River Brethren in Christ.” While other segments of the denomination moved forward, the “River Brethren” chose to maintain the status quo, and today in many ways they resemble the Old Order Mennonites. Chrome on their automobiles is painted black and their garb is very plain. As with the Anabaptists, they do not baptize infants. Another branch of the Anabaptist movement included the German Baptist Brethren, also known as “Dunkers.” Not long after their arrival in Lancaster County, Johann Conrad Beissel left them and established the Ephrata Cloister, today restored and administered by the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission. The regular German Baptist Brethren, after suffering inevitable divisions, flourished in Lancaster County and is called today the Church of the Brethren. This denomination represents the most liberal position in the so-called “Plain Churches,” owning Elizabethtown College, a small liberal arts school in the county. The remaining inhabitants of the county were members of a variety of religious denominations. Jacob Albright, a county farmer-tiler, founded the Evangelical Church in 1796. He espoused an evangelism more personal and emotional than the liturgical Lutheran and Reformed churches offered. Eventually, the Evangelical Church merged into the United Brethren in Christ Church. The remaining German settlers in Lancaster County were members of the Lutheran, German Reformed and Moravian churches. Presbyterian churches were established in northwestern and southern Lancaster County to minister to the needs of the Scots. Their educated ministers usually conducted schools along with their pastoral duties. Meanwhile, the English and Welsh settlers generally attended the Anglican churches or meetings of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers). As early as the 1730s, Roman Catholics were worshiping in Lancaster County and Jewish settlers were worshiping in Joseph Simon’s home in the 1740s. 27

People Amish Culture

[Text derived from Pennsylvania Amish History and Beliefs]

Lancaster county’s Amish population is approximately 31,000 and the county is home to the oldest Amish community in the United States. Most Amish are trilingual, speaking English, Pennsylvania Dutch (a dialect of German) and High German. All Amish children attend school in a one room school house until 8th grade. Arriving in Lancaster County in the 1720s, the story of the Pennsylvania Amish community dates back to the 16th century Reformation in Europe, when the Anabaptist movement spurred the creation of three “plain” communities: the Amish, Mennonites and Brethren. Although these spiritual groups have similarities, the Amish are the most conservative, emphasizing humility, family, community and separation from the non-Amish world, which includes a reluctance to adopt modern conveniences such as electricity. Members of this conservative Christian faith came to Pennsylvania in the early 18th century to escape persecution in Europe for their Anabaptist beliefs. All three families, the Amish, Mennonites and Brethren, are found in Lancaster County. All of the groups share the Anabaptist belief that calls for making a conscious choice to accept God. (Accordingly, only adults are baptized.) The three groups also share the same basic values concerning the all-encompassing authority of the Bible, a philosophy of brotherhood and non-resistance and the importance of family and community.

A traditional Amish barn raising

Two Amish children riding scooters

The groups differ primarily in matters of dress, language, forms of worship and the extent to which they allow modern technology and the forces of the “outside world” to impact their lives. Most Brethren and Mennonites dress much like their “English” neighbors. Other Mennonites, Brethren and Amish Mennonites wear distinctive Amish clothing but may make use of “worldly” conveniences, such as cars, electricity and telephones. On the other hand, Old Order Mennonite and Old Order Amish groups are more restrictive in their views of modern technology, with the Old Order Amish being the most conservative of Lancaster County’s “plain” groups. There is no single governing body for the entire Old Order Amish population; rather, each church district decides for itself what it will and will not accept. However, all districts base their regulations on a literal interpretation of the Bible and an unwritten set of rules called the Ordnung. And the population as a whole stresses humility, family, community and separation from the modern world. Humility is the hallmark of Amish beliefs. Mild and modest personalities are esteemed. Patience, waiting and yielding to others are marks of maturity. Obedience, conformity to goals and community activities are encouraged. To preserve the Amish identity and maintain spiritual harmony, members are encouraged to surrender their personal aspirations for the sake of community purity. These ideals are maintained by keeping all work, play, worship, commerce and friendship within the Amish orbit. The Pennsylvania Amish believe that community harmony is threatened by secular values such as individualism and pride, which permeate the modern world. Thus, the Amish of Pennsylvania curb interaction with outsiders and insulate themselves from modern technology and mass media. They also prohibit habits that feed individualism and greed, as displayed through their plain dress style and prohibition of personal photographs. Personal Bible study and devotions are discouraged because individual interpretations may challenge traditional doctrine and buggies are a dark gray color so they can blend into their surroundings rather than stand out. Although the Pennsylvania Amish resist cultural influences, they are willing to strike compromises with the modern world, tapping its benefits while still preserving the Amish identity. They are willing to use modern technology to live, work and communicate - as long as they do not disrupt family and community stability. Foregoing the “outside world” luxuries, the Amish who grace the small towns and farmlands of Lancaster County provide an authentic horse and buggy contrast to the hustle and bustle of the 21st century.

An Amish woman plowing her field with a horse drawn plow

Natural History Historic Geology [PASDA]

ERA

PERIOD

Cenozoic

Quaternary Tertiary

Precambrian Triassic Jurassic Jurassic

Cretaceous

millions of years ago

100

Mesozoic

Ordovician

Jurassic

Cambrian

Triassic Permian

Precambrian

Carboniferous

Cambrian and Ordovician Precambrian

Paleozoic

Surface Geology

Pennsylvanian Mississippian

Devonian Silurian

200 300 400

Ordovician

Lower Paleozoic

Cambrian

Precambrian

500 600 700 4600

Geologic Age

The surface geology of Lancaster County began its formation during the Precambrian era and continued throughout the Cambrian, Ordovician, Triassic and Jurassic periods of the Paleozoic era. Small portions along the western side of the county are the oldest having been formed during the Precambrian era. The large tip on the lowest portion of the county was formed during the lower Paleozoic era. Moving north through the county the soils gradually become younger until reaching the northernmost edge of the county where the soils were formed during the Triassic and Jurassic periods. Throughout the middle of the county the bedrock was formed during the Cambrian and Ordovician periods giving the limestone base material time to break down and form into the rich sandy loam found there today.

Bedrock Geology [PASDA]

Calcareous

Band

Bedrock

Moving from north to south the bedrock of Lancaster County begins as primarily sandstone and siltstone. Sandstone bedrock, typically found along ridge tops can be found in the northernmost portion of Lancaster county where some of the Appalachian Mountains reach into the county. Siltstone and shale, types of mud rocks, are often located along the slopes of ridges and can also be found in this northern corner of the county. Towards the middle of the county the bedrock becomes a mix of limestone and dolomite. These bedrock materials are both calcareous rocks which are easily eroded by rainwater, creating sinkholes, caves and surface depressions characteristic of a karst topography. Moving towards the southern part of the county the bedrock turns to a mix of schist, quartz and pyroxenite.

Natural History Karst Topography [PASDA | Lancaster Online]

The calcareous bedrock found in Lancaster County is easily eroded by rainwater creating the sinkholes, caves and surface depressions characteristic of a karst topography. The map below shows the bands of limestone and dolomite running through the north central portion of the county. This portion of the county is known as the â&#x20AC;&#x153;sinkhole beltâ&#x20AC;? and is located just north of Lancaster City. In general, building on karst topography can be dangerous and the sinkholes and closed depressions often end up in farm fields which are abundant in Lancaster County. Though a sinkhole ridden field is less dangerous than a town built on top of the sinkholes, there are still hazards involved. Sink holes appear suddenly and can swallow farm equipment, animals and farmers in addition to creating a higher risk for groundwater pollution. Sink holes act as funnels into the groundwater through the cracked and weakened bedrock. This results in very low filtration of chemicals, fertilizers and pollutants prior to entering the groundwater.

1 2 3

How a Sinkhole Forms 1 Sinkhole formation occurs when the calcareous bedrock is eroded by rainwater percolating through the soil. The acidity of the rain erodes the bedrock as it percolates to the groundwater. As more water flows through the profile, more soil is taken into the cavern below, weakening the structure which supports the surface. 2 Eventually a surface depression will form. This is where the bedrock support structure beneath the soil erodes to the point that it can not support the soil and it begins to sink, causing a slight dip in the surface. 3 As more water erodes the bedrock the entire surface will collapse and fall into the ground leaving a sinkhole. The process of collapsing into the ground can occur in minutes causing a hazard for humans, wildlife and equipment.

Lancaster Online - Jay Kauffman was sitting in the cab of a combine, cutting corn on his East Donegal Township farm, in the fall when the earth collapsed under him. “It kind of scares you for a half-second. You don’t know where the bottom is,” reports Kauffman. Kauffman has had about a half-dozen sinkholes appear in his fields since 1988. But none have been as large or memorable as the 10-footer that opened up in 2009. Several days after the 8-foot-wide crater appeared, he decided to take a look. Two deer stared back at him. The deer appeared to be weak from trying to climb out and not being able to eat. Kauffman got a neighbor to bring over his backhoe and they dug a ramp so the deer could leave. “Those were two lucky deer,” he said. “It was luck we found it.”

"It kind of scares you for a half-second. You don't know where the bottom is" - Jay Kauffman

Two deer trapped in a 10’ deep sinkhole in 2009

Natural History Soils

[PASDA | Diversity of People, Ideas, and Economy] Lancaster County is located in the Piedmont region with occasional ridges standing above the rolling hills and limestone plains. The largest of these limestone plains is located in the central part of the county and is drained by the Conestoga River and the Pequea Creek. The southern end of the county is located on the Piedmont Uplands and contains deposits of iron, nickel, copper, chrome and silver. The soils in this portion of the county are more stable and less easily eroded than the swath of easily eroded limestone throughout the mid and upper portions of the county. It is these erodible limestone soils which give the county its reputation as the most productive non-irrigated soils in the United States. The best of this limestone soil is the Hagerstown soil. The Hagerstown soil found in Lancaster County is the largest connected body found in Pennsylvania. This rich limestone soil results in 52.76% of the land in the county being used for farming and agriculture. Today primarily feed grains are mostly grown within the county, however, historically primarily tobacco was grown for cigars and chewing. In the past, the hard, red, Triassic sandstone in the northern portion of the county was used for millstones to grind grain in the numerous grist mills throughout the county.

Farmland [PASDA]

[Lancaster County contains 530 square miles of Prime Farmland and 195 square miles of farmland with statewide importance leaving only

258 square miles of not prime farmland]

Natural History Floodplains

Drainage Area

Total - 5,809 square miles In MD - 280 square miles In PA - 5,529 square miles

Population

Total - 1,934,250 (46.6% of total Susquehanna River Basin Population) In MD - 59,950 In PA - 1,874,3000

[In the Susquehanna River Basin 1,160 communities of the 1,400 communities are located in Flood Prone areas] Lancaster County lies within the lower portion of the Susquehanna river basin. This river basin has proven to be one of the most flood-prone watersheds in the nation, with the main stem flooding 14 times since 1810. That makes one major flood once every 15 years on average. In addition to these large scale floods, the basin is also vulnerable to localized flash floods along the smaller tributaries annually. These flash floods can occur with little to no advanced warning. In 1972 Tropical Storm Agnes caused the worst flooding in the history of the basin. A total of 72 people were killed and damages reached $2.8 billion, roughly $14.3 billion in todays dollars. Pennsylvania comprises 74% of the Susquehanna river basin and has more streams than any other state in the continental United States. The Susquehanna provides 50% of the freshwater inflow to the Chesapeake Bay, having a major impact on the water quality of the bay. This quality is greatly affected by the large number of agricultural lands within the region. Many of these farms produce large quantities of runoff with sediment, fertilizers and pesticides. Of the six sub-basins within the river basin, the lower Susquehanna basin, where Lancaster City is located, is the most developed. Along this portion, the river gets narrower and allows for the production of hydroelectricity resulting in a series of dams along the length of the river.

Natural History Wind Roses

[WRCC Station Wind Rose Climatology]

February | Coldest Month of the Year Daytime

July | Warmest Month of the Year Daytime

Nighttime

Average Weather

[WRCC Station Wind Rose Climatology]

Growing Seasons

[WRCC Station Wind Rose Climatology]

Risk of Frost

No Frost

| Each winter the average risk of frost is from October 11 through April 28 There will almost certainly be frost from October 25 through April 16

| There will almost certainly not be frost from May 10 through September 26

Growing Season | Frost-free growing season is around 166 days

Flora and Fauna Plant Communities | Native Plants [Data from PASDA]

Deciduous Oak Hickory Forest

Oak Hickory forests dominate the southern two thirds of Pennsylvania, including Lancaster County. These forests include red oaks (Quercus rubra), white oaks (Quercus alba), tuliptrees (Liriodendron tulipifera), red maples (Acer rubrum) and hickories (Carya) on the lower slopes. Further up on the drier slopes and ridge tops, forests are dominated by white oaks (Quercus alba), black oaks (Quercus kelloggii) and chestnut oaks (Quercus prinus). Oak Hickory forests have a dense layer of under story shrubs such as mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia) and huckleberry (Gaylussacia baccata). Chestnuts once were a major component within the area, however the introduction of the chestnut blight to New York City in 1904 led to their almost complete eradication from the forest.

Evergreen Hemlock White Pine Forest

Evergreen Hemlock White Pine forests occur mixed in with the deciduous oak hickory forests throughout Lancaster County. These forests are dominated by eastern hemlocks (Tsuga canadensis) and white pines (Pinus strobus), however, with the growth of the woolly adelgid the hemlock population has been dramatically reduced. Conifer cover typically exceeds 75% of the forest canopy in the Hemlock White Pine forest. Additional associated species include a variety of northern hardwoods and oaks. Typically found are sweet birch (Betula lenta), yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis), sugar maple (Acer saccharum), red maple (Acer rubrum), red oak (Quercus rubra), black oak (Quercus velutina), American beech (Fagus grandifolia), and tuliptree (Liriodendron tulipifera). Shrubs of this community are rosebay rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum), witch-hobble (Viburnum lantanoides), maple leaf viburnum (Viburnum acerifolium) and witch hazel (Hamamelis virginiana). Groundcovers include Canada mayflower (Maianthemum canadense), partridge-berry (Mitchella repens), tea berry (Gaultheria procumbens), New York fern (Thelypteris noveboracensis), Indian cucumber root (Medeola virginiana) and Christmas fern (Polystichum acrostichoides).

Sycamore - Mixed Hardwood Floodplain Forest

This plant community is found along the low to intermediate elevations of islands and terraces and around the edges of intermediate and smaller tributaries of the Susquehanna river basin. These locations are saturated annually anywhere from less than one week to as long as three months each year (typically 7 weeks each year). The sycamore - mixed hardwood floodplain forest is dominated by sycamore (Platanus occidentalis) within the forest canopy but also has other hardwoods present. Typical associated species include sugar maple (Acer saccharum), silver maple (Acer saccharinum), and river birch (Betula nigra). The sub canopy is fairly sparse to moderately dense with hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana), spicebush (Lindera benzoin), and smooth alder (Alnus serrulata). Groundcover species include jewelweed (Impatiens spp.), false nettle (Boehmeria cylindrica), ostrich fern (Matteuccia struthiopteris), jack-in-the-pulpit (Arisaema triphyllum), and marsh fern (Thelypteris palustris). 41

Flora and Fauna Native Animals

Bald Eagle - The Bald Eagle can be seen at various locations within Lancaster County.

Ruffed Grouse - The Pennsylvania state bird

Big Brown Bat - Native to North America

White Tailed Deer - A common sight in the farmlands of Lancaster county

Mountain Lion - Once roamed the forests of Pennsylvania, but have now relocated to other states with more deep woodlands

Black Bear - A common woodland species throughout the region

Gray Squirrel - Populate Lancaster County in abundance

Eastern Cottontail - Sometimes seen as a nuisance, the cottontail is found throughout the county

Virginia Opossum - Not always seen, but can be found throughout the county

Invasive Species [PA DCNR]

Herbs and Forbs

Garlic mustard Narrowleaf bittercress Canada thistle Japanese knotweed Purple loosestrife Wild parsnip

Vines

Oriental bittersweet Wintercreeper English ivy Japanese honeysuckle Mile-a-minute

Shrubs

Japanese barberry European barberry Russian olive Autumn olive Winged Euonymus Japanese privet Common privet Bell’s honeysuckle

Trees

Norway maple Sycamore maple Tree-of-heaven Mimosa European black alder

Other

Asian Longhorned Beetle Forest Tent Catipillar Hemlock Woolly Adelgid Emerald Ash Borer Gypsy Moth Chestnut Blight Dutch Elm Disease Asian Tiger Mosquito Japanese Beetle Brown Marmorated Stinkbug

Alliaria petiolata Cardamine impatiens Cirsium arvense Fallopia japonica Lythrum salicaria Pastinaca sativa

Hedge mustard Bushy rock-cress Canadian thistle Fleeceflower, Mexican bamboo Swamp loosestrife Garden parsnip

Celastrus orbiculatus Euonymus fortunei Hedera helix Lonicera japonica Persicaria perfoliata

Asiatic or round-leaved bittersweet Climbing euonymus, fortune’s spindle Common ivy Chinese honeysuckle Devil’s tear-thumb

Berberis thunbergii Berberis vulgaris Elaeagnus angustifolia Elaeagnus umbellata Euonymus alata Ligustrum japonicum Ligustrum vulgare Lonicera xbella

Red barberry, Thunberg’s barberry Common barberry Oleaster, wild olive

Acer platanoides Acer pseudoplatanus Ailanthus altissima Albizia julibrissin Alnus glutinosa

Gypsy Moth

Burning bush, winged burning bush, winged wahoo Waxleaf ligustrum, wax privet European privet, wild privet Bella or showy bush or pretty honeysuckle

Mock plane Chinese or stinking sumac, tree of hell Persian silk tree, silktree, silky acacia Common alder

Travels in wood and bores wood Defoliates acres of trees Sap (and life) sucking relative to aphids Bores through ash trees and kills them Damages millions of trees (particularly oaks) Killed off most of the Chestnut trees Killing most of the Elms Can carry deadly diseases Feeds on native plants Feeds on fruit trees and invade homes in swarms Ailanthus altissima

Geography

Piedmont Region | Topography [Explore PA History]

Lancaster County Pennsylvania is located within the Piedmont region. The origin of the name “Piedmont” is from the French term for the same physical region meaning “foothill.” The Piedmont is a plateau which stretches from the easternmost Appalachian and Blue Ridge Mountains to the fall line on the east where the Coastal Plain Region begins. The surface of the Piedmont is characterized by relatively low rolling hills ranging from 200 to 800 feet above sea level and its geology is complex, with many rock formations of different materials and ages intermingling with each other.

Topography of Lancaster County

Rolling hills characteristic of the county

Geography Surrounding Communities [Municipalities of Lancaster]

Watersheds

Geography Dams in the Susquehanna

There are four major dams within the lower stretch of the Susquehanna River, the York Haven, Safe Harbor, Holtwood and Conowingo. These major hydroelectric power plants provide power for the nearby regions but also have significant impacts upon the environment. Of the four major dams, the first three are located within Lancaster County. The Conowingo Dam is located just across the border in Maryland.

York Haven Dam

The York Haven Dam is the furthest north of the dams within Lancaster County and has been in operation since its construction in the early 1900â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s. The entire hydroelectric station complex, including the dam, powerhouse, wire alley and transformer house have been declared eligible for the National Register of Historic Places.

Safe Harbor Dam

The Safe Harbor Dam was built in 1930 and first closed its gates on 29 September 1931. Prior to the construction of the dam, the area upstream contained rapids, small waterfalls, wetlands and thick woodlands along the rivers edge. This diverse ecosystem provided a variety of habitats for many species. With the opening of the dam in 1931, these diverse ecosystems were destroyed and turned into deep lake habitat for fresh water feeder fish, pan fish and large predatory game fish instead.

Holtwood Dam

The Holtwood Dam is the oldest of the three dams within Lancaster County. It was built in 1905 as the McCalls Ferry Dam by the Pennsylvania Water & Power Company. The dam was later renamed Holtwood in honor of two company executives.

Conowingo Dam

The Conowingo Dam located just across the PA border in Maryland was constructed in 1928 and has been providing power ever since. When the dam was completed it was the second largest hydroelectric project in the United States, second only to the Niagara Falls. Unfortunately this dam traps 2/3rds of the sediment traveling down the Susquehanna 49 each year and deposits this sediment into the Chesapeake Bay.

Transportation Historically

[Lancaster History. Org]

Conestoga Wagons

Early transportation within Lancaster County involved the use of the Conestoga Wagon. In the 1790’s when the Philadelphia and Lancaster turnpike opened the Conestoga Wagons became the “big rigs” of the time, transporting a significant portion of the nations long distance freight.

Canals

The Susquehanna river provided opportunities for cheaper more efficient inland travel than horse drawn wagons, however, the river was full of rapids and shallow waters. The first canal system in Lancaster County, and one of the first in the country, was built in 1797 along the Conewago. The completion of the Erie Canal in NY in 1825 encouraged Pennsylvanians to expand their canal system and resulted in connecting Philadelphia and Pittsburgh by both water and rail.

Bridges

An important transfer point along this main canal was Columbia where the Philadelphia and Columbia railroad met the Eastern Division Canal. At this point a bridge was needed to assist the movement of boats from one side of the river to the other. This bridge was two levels and was the worlds longest covered bridge. Unfortunately the bridge was burnt down during the Civil War.

Railroads

The first railroad in Lancaster County was the Philadelphia and Columbia Railroad which opened on April 1, 1834. This railroad was constructed by the state as a part of the Main Line of Public Works and was viewed as a sort of public highway. This line quickly inspired other connecting lines. Among these connecting lines were the Harrisburg, Portsmouth, Mount Joy, Lancaster and Strausburg railroads. The Strausburg railroad was completed in 1837. In the 1950’s this line was converted into a tourist attraction. In the early 1900’s Pennsylvania reached the peak of its railroad production with roughly 12,000 miles of railroads throughout the state.

Trolleys

1855 Map of the Pittsburgh and Philadelphia Railroad and the Lancaster Pike road

The primary trolley company in Lancaster County was the Conestoga Traction Company, an inter urban trolley system which operated seven country routes radiating like spokes from Lancaster City to numerous villages and towns. It ran side of road trolleys through Amish farm country to Coatesville, Strausburg/ Quarryville, Pequea, Columbia/ Marietta, Elizabethtown, Manheim/ Lititz, and Ephrata/ Adamstown/ Terre Hill. Many of the rural routes were abandoned by the 1930’s but the city service line continued until 1947. 51

Transportation Historic Maps of Lancaster City

1864 | Map of Lancaster City

1920 | Automobile Map of Lancaster City 53

Transportation Current

[Municipalities of Lancaster]

[Average travel time to work 10

minutes]

78% Travel by Car 1% Travel by Bus 10% Carpool 4% Walk 7% Other

A variety of transportation options are available within Lancaster City today. While a majority of the people living in Lancaster travel to work by car, many opportunities for public transportation are available. The local Amtrak station provides rail access to Philadelphia, Boston, New York and other large cities as well as small towns along the way. In addition to Amtrak, Red Rose Transit Authority (RRTA) provides public fixed route, shared-ride, special trolley services to the Lancaster City and County area.

Development Patterns

The spatial distribution of development within Lancaster County forms a central star-burst of development centered within the city. Bands of development radiate outwards along the major roads in the county and disintegrate into rural farmlands. This unique pattern formed because of the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s historical importance as an agricultural epicenter and market town. Within the city itself, the organization forms a grid around the center square where the farmers market was historically located. The square now acts as an important vehicular intersection with Central Market remaining nearby in the historic market building.

Land Use

Patterns Across the Landscape [PASDA]

In Lancaster County 52.76% of the land is occupied by agricultural land (i.e. cropland, pastureland, orchard/ vineyards, and feeding operations). This large percentage is a result of Lancaster County having some of the worlds best nonirrigated farming soils. Lancaster City itself is located in the heart of the prime farmland which surrounds it, acting as a central location within the county. At the time of the townâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s founding, Lancaster was the first inland city in the country. It was able to thrive throughout time because of the rich agricultural land which surrounds and supports its growth.

[Lancaster County is roughly 1002 square miles and contains 530 square miles of agricultural land taking up roughly half of the land within the county]

44.43% Cropland 19.23% Residential 16.54% Forest 7.39% Pasture 4.09% Water 2.72% Grassland 1.34% Commercial 1.18% Mixed Cover .82% Shrub and Brush .57% Wetlands .47% Orchards/ Vineyards/ Nurseries .44% Confined Feeding Operations .43% Quarries/ Junkyards/ Landfills/ Mines .32% Transition .04% Other Agriculture .01% Rock Outcrops Top | Cow grazing in Paradise surrounding farmland

Bottom | Aerial view of Lancaster City and the

The Urban/ Rural Edge

When examining the land uses within Lancaster County some interesting trends begin to emerge. With almost half of the land covered in agricultural lands and roughly 20% of the land covered by residential development, problems begin to arise from a lack of infiltration. The water which does not infiltrate into the soil runs off and into the Susquehanna River sending massive quantities of pesticides and fertilizers from the roughly 530 acres of agricultural land within the county into the Chesapeake Bay. The aerial image above, and on the following page, depict the stark contrast between the edge of Lancaster City and the surrounding farmland. This pattern and defined edge of the city is unique in Lancaster. Driving 20 minuets from Penns Square in the center of the city will result in a complete transition from dense urban surroundings to rolling hills of rural farmland.

Manheim

Manheim Auto

Mount Joy

PA R

oute

283

Hempfield

e PA Rout

Mountville

Lititz Auction

PA R o

ute

East Petersburg

283

PA Route 272 PA Route 30

Lancaster City 59

Land Use Farming

[Lancaster County has 5,457 farms each an average of 78 acres]

Market Value of Products Sold | $1,072,151,000 Crop Sales | $149,254,000 (14 percent) Livestock Sales | $922,896,000 (86 percent) Average per Farm | $196,293

Farm Land Uses 7.2% Woodland 10.4% Pasture 5.6% Other Uses

Mural on a farm near my hometown of Mount Joy

76.8% Cropland

Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) [PASDA]

Buckhill Farm CSA

Buckhill Farm grows over 30 types of vegetables in hundreds of different varieties using organic methods. In addition to vegetables, Buckhill farms also grows several small fruits and a diverse selection of culinary herbs. They are not â&#x20AC;&#x153;certified organicâ&#x20AC;? but they take the health of their members, farmers and soil to heart and never apply chemical pesticides, herbicides or fertilizers to their crops.

Wimers Organics CSA

Wimers Organics offers fresh, organic food from the farm to your neighborhood. They farm in cooperation with two other farms in Lancaster County, one in East Earl and the other in Paradise. Both farms are certified organic farms and provide a wide range of organic vegetables. In addition to offering vegetables, Wimers can also provide locally raised organic foods such as yogurt, beef, chicken and pasture raised non- organic eggs from a farm in Gap.

Blue Rock Farm CSA

Blue Rock Farm is an organic farm and CSA based for the last 4 years in Willow Street Pennsylvania. In addition to the CSA, Blue Rock Farm has a stand at the new East Side Market at Musser Park in Lancaster city. Blue Rock Farm also provides delicious produce to local restaurants in Lancaster and York counties. 61

Land Use Central Market

Central Market, the country's oldest farmers' market is located in the heart of Amish country and occupies a beautiful 120 year old red brick building chock-full of local character in the center of Lancaster City. Regional food specialties include Pennsylvania Dutch sausage, scrapple (a breakfast meat of pork scraps and cornmeal), and headcheese (like scrapple). You can also find preserves, including chowchow (pickled vegetables in a spicy mustard sauce), and bread and butter pickles. Central Market is open Tuesdays and Fridays, 6:00 am to 4:00 pm, and Saturdays, 6:00 am to 2:00 pm year-round. When describing market, no one is quite sure whether itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s a shopping place where people gather to socialize or a gathering, socializing place where people shop for great food. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s hard to believe but occasionally someone will come to Market and not buy anything - they just want to be a part of Market.

Value Added Industry Waltz Vineyards Estate Winery

Waltz Vineyards were established in 1997, situated on a hill between Lancaster and Lebanon Pennsylvania. The vineyard boats a unique micro-climate and world class vineyard soils.

Wine

Wine Barrels

Grapes at Waltz Vineyards Estate Winery

Economy

Significant Industries | Job Breakdown [City Data]

Most Common Industries 5% Healthcare 5% Healthcare 26% Manufacturing

7% Education Services 10% Food Services

12% Construction 12% Retail Trade

Most Common Occupations 4% Food Preparation 4% Truck Drivers 5% Material Workers

9% Production Occupations

8% Laborers

5% Metal and Plastic Workers 6% Maintenance

Quality of Life Recreation Opportunities

[The Lancaster County Department of Parks and

Recreation is committed to improving the well being of County residents by providing facilities and programs that encourage participation in outdoor activities and foster personal action for the conservation of natural resources.] Central Park | Named for its centralized location within the county, Central Park is the largest of the county’s parks, covering 544 acres. Central Park has a community swimming pool, skate-park, pavilions, garden plots, garden of the senses, trails, camping, an environmental center, an environmental library, and historical sites of the Susquehannock Indians. Longs Park | Longs Park, at nearly 80 acres is the largest of the parks within Lancaster City. Longs Park is home to free concerts all summer long, the worlds largest chicken barbecue (according to the Guinness Book of Records), the annual 4th of July fireworks show, and a lake with ducks and geese

Conestoga River flowing through Central Park

Steinman Park | Just down the road from the heart of Lancaster City (Penns Square), Steinman Park is a small oasis of urban calm. Enclosed by brick buildings on two sides with a fountain along the third and the sidewalk along the fourth, the plaza is a peaceful respite from he noise of the city. A tall canopy of trees provide shade and movable chairs allow visitors to enjoy the 20’ fountain along the back wall from wherever they please. With Central Market right across the street, Steinman Park is the perfect place to enjoy a brown bag lunch from the market. Steinman Park Musser Park | Musser Park is often referred to as the “green Heart” of Lancaster City. Opened in 1949, the 3.1 acre park is surrounded by beautifully preserved 19th century carriage houses and brick row-homes. The park is adjacent to the Lancaster Museum of Art and includes a newly constructed playground, a large open green area with picnic tables, paved walkways and mature plantings. Every year Musser Park hosts the “Old-Fashioned Fourth of July.”

Buchanan Park | Buchanan’s Park is a 22 acre park within Lancaster city. The park boasts open greenspace, a renovated dog park, tennis courts, basketball courts, play ground equipment, a softball field, and a pavilion with picnic tables.

Buchanan Park dog park

Quality of Life Trails

Chickies Rock County Park Overlook

Chickies Rock County Park | Located between Columbia and Marietta Boroughs, Chickies Rock County Park is the second largest regional park. Park property acquisition began in 1977 and as of 1977 the park exceeded 422 acres. Chickies Rock park has numerous vistas, natural and geologic features, a 90â&#x20AC;&#x2122; rock face for rappelling and rock climbing, trails, access to the Susquehanna River, and a rich industrial heritage. Conestoga Greenway Trail | The Conestoga Greenway Trail provides active and passive recreation, education and environmental preservation along the Conestoga River. This trail is a prototype for other greenways in the area. Conewago Recreation Trail | The Conewago Recreation trail runs for 5 miles along the old Cornwall Lebanon rail line. Because of its history as a rail line, the trail contains little topographic changes making it ideal for biking, jogging and walking. Lancaster Junction recreation Trail | The Lancaster Junction Recreation Trail was obtained in 1987 and was part of the former Reading and Columbia rail line. Running for just over 2 miles in length, the trail travels through some of Lancasterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s most scenic farmland and borders the Chickies Creek along the norther half of the trail. Conestoga Greenway Trail

Money Rocks County Park | Money Rocks County Park is located in the Welsh Mountains of eastern Lancaster county near the Navron Clay Mine and spans over 300 acres of woodland. The pride of this park is the rocky spine of boulders called Money Rocks, allegedly this name comes from farmers of the Pequea Valley stashing their cash within the rock formation. The ridge offers views of beautiful farmland, distant towns and wooded hills. A network of dirt mining and logging roads make this densely wooded park accessible to nature lovers.

Money Rock County Park Overlook

Attractions Covered Bridges and Amish Folk | Of the many attraction within Lancaster County, some of the most well known are the covered bridges and the Amish. Lancaster County has 25 covered bridges and is home to one of the largest Amish communities. The covered bridges within the county are sometimes referred to as “kissing bridges” because of the many couples who have walked through them.

Mercers Mill Covered Bridge

Bird in Hand | The historic town of Bird in Hand is a quaint town located in the midst of rolling farmland. The Bird in Hand farmers market is also worth seeing!

Park City Mall | One of the largest shopping malls in Pennsylvania. Historic Lancaster Walking Tour | A rewarding and unique view of Lancaster. Another option is the haunted ghost tour of Lancaster. The Fulton Theater | The Fulton Theater is a historic theater on the list of National Historic Landmarks. Broadway quality musicals, dramas and comedies can be seen here. Historic Fulton Opera House prior to renovations

Middletown and Hummelstown Railroads | Enjoy an 11 mile train ride along the Swatara Creek while learning the history of the area.

Hershey Chocolate World/ Hershey Park | Enjoy a tour demonstrating the process of making chocolate all the way from harvesting the cocoa beans to tasting a piece at the end! Hershey park offers visitors a thrilling adventure on a variety of roller coasters and rides within the park. Lititz | Visit the historic town of Lititz. Enjoy a quaint downtown shopping experience, the beautiful Lititz Springs Park and an assortment of historic buildings and antique shops. Also visit the Wilbur Chocolate Factory and the Julius Sturgis Pretzel factory for a tastey mix of salty and sweet! Wilbur Chocolate Factory in Lititz

Wheatland Estate Tours | Tour James Buchanan’s estate in Lancaster City.

Landis Valley Living History Museum | Learn what colonial life was like in Pennsylvania thanks to the Landis brothers extensive collection of historic farm equipment, houses and other items. Bubes Brewery | A historic brewery in Mount Joy. Enjoy a casual dinner in the Biergarten during warm weather or a more formal dinner in the Catacombs 43’ below the ground! 67

Quality of Life Arts

[Lancaster City has placed Pianos

throughout the city for the

Public to Play]

Events

First Fridays

In Lancaster City on the first Friday of every month the city has an arts extravaganza. Art galleries, boutiques, and restaurants stay open from 5 - 9pm inviting an assortment of people to come an experience the arts within the city. Various exhibitions and performances are scattered about the sidewalks creating an innovative and creative atmosphere within the city.

Quality of Life Events

Music Fridays

In addition to First Fridays, Lancaster also has Music Fridays. These occur every third Friday and provide a range of live performances throughout downtown. Each month brings exciting and new entertainment! During the winter months the performances are held indoors and during the summer months events will be held in Binns Park.

The Red Rose Run

The annual Red Rose Run is a 5 mile run through Lancaster City and County Park which brings over 800 runners to Downtown. The Red Rose Run also features a kids fun run, 1 mile run/ walk and a wheelchair race. The start and finish line is located on the 100 block of North Queen Street.

Celebrate Lancaster The annual Red Rose Run

This event brings over 15,000 people to Downtown to experience entertainment, food, and a tremendous fireworks display.

Downtown for the Holidays

On Black Friday, downtown Lancaster is filled with people for the Mayors tree lighting ceremony and tuba tradition in Penns Square. The mayor picks a few children from the crow to assist in lighting the tree and all the while tubas are playing. A long lasting tradition which went on hiatus for a few years is the tradition of Santa arriving on the roof of the former Watt and Shand building in Penns Square. Another unique part about this night is the only night of the year that Central Market is open.

New Years Eve

Downtown for the Holidays

A New Years Eve celebration also occurs in Lancaster where they drop a red rose.

The Barnstormers Stadium

The Lancaster barnstormers baseball league plays in the new stadium near the rail yards in Lancaster City. During the winter an ice rink is installed for ice skating.

Music Friday street preformers

Community Groups Who they are | What they do

Lancaster County Historical Society

LancasterHistory.org is a community-based, not-for-profit organization established to educate the public on the history of Lancaster County and its place in the history of Pennsylvania and the United States, to advance the missions of regional historical organizations, and to promote the acquisition, preservation, and interpretation of resources representing the history of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania within the broader context of state and national history, including the life and legacy of America’s fifteenth president, James Buchanan, and to preserve and maintain Wheatland, his home.

Kiawanis

Kiwanis International is a global organization of members dedicated to serving the children of the world. Each community’s needs are different—so each Kiwanis club is different. By working together, members achieve what one person cannot accomplish alone. Kiwanians believe that when you give a child the chance to learn, experience, dream, grow, succeed, and thrive - great things happen.

Historical Architectural Review Board (HARB)

The Historical Architectural Review Board (HARB) reviews applications for exterior modifications to properties within the Historic District, and makes recommendations to City Council. The HARB meets the first Monday of each month at 6:00 PM at Southern Market Center.

Lancaster City Arts

The vibrant arts community of Lancaster City is an integral part of our rich and diverse culture. In our walkable urban center, you will find the arts in many shapes and forms, from museums and an art college to live performances, galleries, and artist studios. Many artistic experiences await you in the City of Lancaster – a city authentic.

Communication Newspapers

Intelligencer Journal | Lancaster Daily Newspaper Lancaster Online - Lancaster New Era - Sunday News | Lancaster Newspaper Lancaster Farming | Ephrata Farm and Agriculture Newspaper Columbia News Views and Reviews | Columbia Newspaper Ephrata Review | Ephrata Weekly Newspaper Shopping News | Ephrata Classifieds and Shopping Newspaper Lititz Record Express | Lititz Weekly Newspaper PA Farm News | Quarryville Farm and Agricultural Newspaper

TV Stations WGAL Pennsylvania Channel 8 | Local Lancaster TV Station CW 15 | Local Lancaster TV Station

Radio Stations WJTL 90.3 FM; Christian, Gospel WFNM 89.1 FM; Alternative, College WLCH 91.3 FM; Public, Talk, Variety WDAC 94.5 FM; Christian WARM-FM 103.3 FM; Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow WROZ 101.3 FM; Adult Contemporary WLAN-FM 96.9 FM; Top 40 WSOX 96.1 FM; Oldies, Greatest Hits WCAT-FM 106.7 FM; Country WRTL 90.7 FM; Public WQXA-FM 105.7 FM; The 80’s, 90’s and Today WITF-FM 89.5 FM; Classical, Public, Talk WIXQ 91.7 FM; College WIOV-FM1 105.1 FM; Country WRFY-FM 102.5 FM; Rock

Websites cityoflancasterpa.com padutchcountry.com web.co.lancaster.pa.us

Magazines Fig Magazine (Fig Lancaster) Fly Magazine | Lancaster Alternative Newspaper LCL Magazine (Lancaster City Living)

Local Politics City

Lancaster City Mayor

Rick Gray | Democratic Party

Rick Gray

Lancaster City Council Members President | John E. Graupera Vice President | Louise B. Williams James D. Reichenbach Tim J. Roschel Danene Sorace Pete Soto Barbara Wilson City Clerk | Janet E. Spleen

Representative

Joseph R. Pitts - Republican

Senators

Patrick J. Toomey - Republican Robert P. Casey Jr. - Democrat

Education Grade School

Colleges/ Universities

Public Elementary/ Middle School

Franklin and Marshall College (2,127 full time) Thaddeus Stevens School of Technology (887 full time) Lancaster General School of Nursing and Health Sciences (602 full time) Lancaster Bible College and Graduate School (597 full time) Pennsylvania College of Art and Design (250 full time) Consolidated School of Business (179 full time) Lancaster Theology Seminary (91 full time) Empire Beauty School-Lancaster (85 full time) Lancaster School of Cosmetology (36 full time)

McCaskey East HS-Lev I School Centerville Middle School (693 students) Wheatland Middle School (675 students) Lincoln Middle School (659 students) King Elementary School (648 students) Smoketown Elementary School (640 students) Conestoga Valley Middle School (628 students

Private Elementary/ Middle School

Locust Grove Mennonite School (222 students) Lancaster Mennonite School New Danville (99 students) Chesterbrook Academy (78 students)

Public High Schools

McCaskey Campus School (3011 students) Manheim Township High School (1746 students) Conestoga Valley Shs School (1303 students) Manheim Township Middle School (939 students)

Private High Schools

Lancaster Catholic High School (937 students) Lancaster Mennonite School (826 students) Lancaster Country Day School (512 students) Living Word Academy (315 students) Lancaster Christian School (305 students) Dayspring Christian Academy (259 students)

McCaskey Campus School

Health Care Facilities

Lancaster General Hospital

555 North Duke Street | Provides acute care, voluntary non-profit - other, provides emergency services

Lancaster Regional Medical Hospital

250 College Ave. | Acute care hospitals, proprietary, provides emergency services

Lancaster General Hospital

Challenges Water Quality

Within Lancaster County, water quality is a major issue. Many of the farms within the county do not practice no till farming or the use of cover crops. This causes surface runoff and erosion which eventually drain sediment into the Chesapeake Bay. Another water quality challenge comes from animal farms where the animals are left to roam into waterways. This causes excessive sedimentation and turbidity, degrading the waterway.

Flooding

Flooding within Lancaster County is also a major issue. The county is one of the most highly flood prone counties in the country and has a lot of development occurring within the floodplain. This results in high levels of damage and destruction from flood events which occur approximately every 15 years.

Urban Sprawl

Urban Sprawl is yet another extremely important aspect of land development which must be considered and monitored within Lancaster County. The current urban/ rural edge of the city is unique to Lancaster and creates an interesting dynamic within the landscape. If urban growth continues unchecked, large portions of unprotected prime farmland within the county could easily be lost forever under new sprawling development. The incorporation of a growth boundary around the city and the incorporation of the farms immediately surrounding the city into a farmland trust would help to preserve the character of the county.

Poverty

While poverty was not directly discussed within this work, its presence is felt within Lancaster City. According to City Data, Lancaster City is ranked 23 on the list of highest educated but low earning cities.

Personal Commitment Throughout the process of researching Lancaster, my understanding of how the city fits into its surrounding context both physically and historically has been vastly expanded. These broadened realizations of place within Lancaster as a city and a county have reoriented the way I understand my surroundings. Moving forwards with my career as a Landscape Architect, this in depth realization of the systems and interrelationships which are hidden within our everyday lives will guide my future design decisions. Specifically, I understand the importance of fully examining the details of place. Only after understanding the details and threads of the world around us can we begin to weave new programs into the existing fabric. To personally improve the value of my community I will take action to enhance my surroundings through the reworking of existing places to better incorporate them into the landscape as a whole. I will explore the unique aspects within my community. I will strive to ignite an interest in understanding context in those who surround me. I will become involved with my community and any community I am working in so that I can understand and appreciate the culture which permeates the landscape. I will engage my community, enlighten my peers and reweave the broken threads of our landscape through contextual, cohesive design.

Sources Context

Google Maps http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster,_Pennsylvania

Demographics

http://www.city-data.com/city/Lancaster-Pennsylvania.html http://www.city-data.com/county/Lancaster_County-PA.html http://www.usa.com/pennsylvania-state-population-and-races.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster,_Pennsylvania

Human History

Timeline http://explorepahistory.com/story.php?storyId=1-9-3 http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/328979/Lancaster http://www.centralmarketlancaster.com/about/lancaster/ http://www.padutchcountry.com/members/lancaster_central_market.asp http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blsteamship.htm http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~pacahs/wagon.htm http://frontierfolk.org/ky-lr.htm Native American History http://www.pa-roots.com/lancaster/books/lancasteranditspeople/chapter1.html http://manortownship.net/history/ https://sites.google.com/site/hauntsandhistory/pennsylvaniadutchhaunts&history Local Legends and Haunts https://sites.google.com/site/hauntsandhistory/pennsylvaniadutchhaunts&history http://www.padutchcountryblog.com/?p=1553 http://cinematreasures.org/theaters/6159 Military History http://www.pa-roots.com/lancaster/books/lancasteranditspeople/chapter1.html http://www.gettysburg.stonesentinels.com/Individuals/Reynolds.php http://www.lancasteratwar.com/2011/09/better-know-officer-henry-hambright.html http://genforum.genealogy.com/franklin/messages/5348.html Human History Pictures http://hd.housedivided.dickinson.edu/node/24190 http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/people/4277/buchanan,_james/443538 http://streets.mn/2013/09/10/the-birth-of-a-metro-highway-interstate-94/ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1229285/Victoria-Cross-awarded-WWII-bombing-hero-Bill-Reid-sellsrecord-335-000.html http://www.friendsofcentralmarket.org/centralmrkt.html http://www.yorkblog.com/yorktownsquare/2011/01/23/part-iii-yesteryears-chock-ful/ http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blsteamship.htm http://theroaddogblog.com/2012/09/chickies-rock-park-in-lancaster-county-pa/ http://hauntsandhistory.blogspot.com/2008_06_01_archive.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soldiers_and_Sailors_Monument_(Lancaster,_Pennsylvania) http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=34288765 https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx//works/1861/us-civil-war/

Human History Pictures Continued... http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:StateLibQld_1_134905_German_immigrant_family_on_their_farm,_probably_ in_the_Bethania_area,_Logan_district,_1872.jpg

Origin of Names

Within the City http://www.lancastercityliving.com/cabbagehill/#.UzzJbk2UOUk Within the County http://www.amishnews.com/townnames.htm http://www.bird-in-hand.com/about/origin-of-our-towns-name/ http://parade.condenast.com/258852/claudiagryvatzcopquin/names-of-america-who-calls-a-town-intercourse/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lititz Rivers and Bodies of Water https://www.lancasterhistory.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2282&Itemid=360 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiques_Creek http://books.google.com/ books?id=9V1IAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA89&lpg=PA89&dq=Conestoga+River+origin+of+names&source http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocalico_Creek Other http://www.thefreedictionary.com/stogie http://www.history.com/topics/conestoga-wagon http://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/palitmap/Rifles.html http://explorepahistory.com/story.php?storyId=1-9-A&chapter=1 http://whatscookingamerica.net/History/WhoopiePieHistory.htm http://whatscookingamerica.net/History/PieHistory/ShooflyPie.htm http://www.kerchner.com/padutch.htm Pictures http://www.colonialsense.com/society-lifestyle/signs_of_the_times/conestoga_wagon.php http://scotlandvacations.com/mcadam.htm http://whatscookingamerica.net/History/WhoopiePieHistory.htm http://whatscookingamerica.net/History/PieHistory/ShooflyPie.htm

People

Ancestries http://web.archive.org/web/20080105062438/http://www.lancasterhistory.org/education/lancastercounty.html http://www.city-data.com/city/Lancaster-Pennsylvania.html#ixzz2xDhOmwhk Amish Culture http://www.padutchcountry.com/towns-and-heritage/amish-country/amish-history-and-beliefs.asp

Natural History

Maps Data obtained from PASDA Karst Topography http://lancasteronline.com/news/sinkholes-plague-farmers-penndot/article_80506f1e-52f1-51a2-926f-167af2d96eae. 79 html

Natural History Continued...

Soils https://www.lancasterhistory.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=82&Itemid=76 Floodplains http://www.srbc.net/pubinfo/floodmapbrochure.htm http://www.srbc.net/subbasin/lowersus.htm Weather Information http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/wea_windroseclim.pl?laKLNS http://davesgarden.com/guides/freeze-frost-dates/index.php?q=17552&submit=Go Images Aerial Imagery from bing.com maps Diagram of Susquehanna River - http://www.fish.state.pa.us/anglerboater/1999/sepoct99/eastside.htm http://agirlcalledhill.wordpress.com/

Flora and Fauna

Plant Communities http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/forestry/plants/plantcommunities/index.htm http://www.naturalheritage.state.pa.us/factsheets/16066.pdf http://www.naturalheritage.state.pa.us/Community.aspx?=30019 Invasive Species http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/cs/groups/public/documents/document/dcnr_20026634.pdf http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/forestry/insectsdisease/index.htm http://www.examiner.com/article/top-10-list-of-invasive-species-which-threaten-pennsylvania Pictures http://practicalbio.blogspot.com/2011/10/looking-into-midwestern-deciduous.html http://treenotes.blogspot.com/2007_02_01_archive.html http://njurbanforest.com/category/hayscented-fern/ http://www.thenaturalcapital.com/2010_07_01_archive.html http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/white-tailed-deer/ http://fineartamerica.com/featured/gray-squirrel-cindi-ressler.html http://w8themes.com/mountain-lion-wallpapers/ http://birds.audubon.org/birds/ruffed-grouse http://www.chesapeakebay.net/fieldguide/critter/virginia_opossum http://www.batsintheattic.org/bigbrown.html

Geography

Piedmont Region, Topography, and Towns http://explorepahistory.com/displayimage.php?imgId=1-2-C4A http://www.arcgis.com/apps/OnePane/basicviewer/index.html?appid=46019cc92f264b868916fc68d9daddef http://blog.flowersandthyme.com/ Surrounding Communities http://www.edclancaster.com/municipality-profiles.php

Geography Continued...

Water http://fishandboat.com/anglerboater/2000/ab91000/tespecb.gif http://kmkalupson.files.wordpress.com/2013/07/watershed.jpg Dams http://www.thermocromex.com/york-haven-hydroelectric-plant-archive.html http://fritz-aviewfromthebeach.blogspot.com/2013/05/exelon-to-relicense-conowingo.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safe_Harbor_Dam http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holtwood_Dam http://www.exeloncorp.com/PowerPlants/conowingo/Pages/profile.aspx Pictures http://www.pbase.com/tornadoalleyhoops/image/105732314 http://www.kleinandhoffman.com/images/uploads/BE-FRYorkHaven_1.jpg http://www.eg.bucknell.edu/sri/river_symposiums/2013/index.html http://www.bayjournal.com/article/storms_leave_trail_of_debris_sediments_in_their_wake

Transportation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_in_Lancaster_County,_Pennsylvania https://www.lancasterhistory.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2302&Itemid=382 http://explorepahistory.com/hmarker.php?markerId=1-A-60 Pictures http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~pacahs/o2.jpg http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/things/4280/conestoga_wagon/478210 http://dee-burris.dreamwidth.org/ http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~eda70/Johann%20Peter%20Assum.html http://www.mapsofpa.com/art4pics/lancaster.jpg https://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/pennsylvania.html

Land Use

http://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/Pennsylvania/Publications/Annual_Statistical_Bulletin/2010_2011/farm_ number%20and%20land%20in.pdf http://www.centralmarketlancaster.com/about/ http://www.waltzvineyards.com/ Community Supported Agriculture http://buckhillfarm.net/gallery/109339 http://www.wimersorganics.com/p-25-farmers-market.html http://www.agcensus.usda.gov/Publications/2007/Online_Highlights/County_Profiles/Pennsylvania/cp42071.pdf

Economy

http://www.city-data.com/city/Lancaster-Pennsylvania.html

Quality of Life

http://web.co.lancaster.pa.us/151/Parks-Recreation http://web.co.lancaster.pa.us/244/Lancaster-County-Central-Park

Quality of Life Continued...

http://www.lancastercityalliance.org/community-resources/parks-and-recreation/ http://web.co.lancaster.pa.u Attractions http://www.gardnerstevens.com/images/slider/downtown-lititz.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Mercerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s_Mill_Covered_Bridge_2600px.jpg http://explorepahistory.com/hmarker.php?markerId=1-A-255 Art http://www.lancasterarts.com/first-fridays/first-friday-photos.asp#12 Events http://www.lancastercityevents.com/events/event-downtown.asp http://lancasteronline.com/entertainment/downtown-lancaster-holiday-events-kick-off-with-tree-lighting-tuba/article_6e9da5c1-e0e3-5169-bce0-45bac64c79c9.html Pictures http://www.lancastercityevents.com/Uploads/images/event-header-music.jpg

Communication

http://streema.com/radios/Lancaster_PA http://www.city-data.com/city/Lancaster-Pennsylvania.html http://www.allyoucanread.com/lancaster-newspaper-pa/

Education

http://lancasteronline.com/news/mccaskey-high-school-campus-placed-on-lockdown-after-tip-about/article_cd3fff703fe2-56f7-8b9e-2a6b2478953c.html?mode=image&photo=0 http://www.city-data.com/city/Lancaster-Pennsylvania.html

Health Care

http://www.lancastergeneralhealth.org/LGH/Locations/Outpatient/Lancaster-General-Hospital-Outpatient.aspx http://www.city-data.com/city/Lancaster-Pennsylvania.html

Challenges

http://www.framingthedialogue.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/cows-in-stream.jpg