EMILY GARTH | APIARY & ORCHARD by Emily Garth

EMILY GARTH Apiary & Orchard Design

Can apiaries be placed within city limits, properly? Will this impact the decreasing bee population of present day? Can humans affect the bee s environment? How can humans benefit from bees? An apiary has a lot to do with how the human can affect the environment. The human will place a bee hive (the wooden bee ecosystem) into the selected area. They will interact with the ecosystem on a daily to hourly basis for that season. Humans are in constant contact. They will make sure all the proper precautions are taking place to get the honey collected for the season. There are certain rules & guidelines within city limits that need to be taken up with the state & city you live in before placing apiaries. Contacting the local Department of Agriculture to meet up or talk on the phone to get a mock suggested area to place an apiary within or outside city limits. This will give me a professional s insight & will be an answer to the problem. : Bring awareness to & help multiply the vast decline of bee population with the design of a properly cared apiary within or outside of Lubbock city limits. : There is a rapid decline in certain species of bees in the United States. Apiaries are not able to be placed within city limits without the approval of a member of the Department of Agriculture. With the help of this information, there will be an increase to the population of honeybees in the Lubbock area, thus influencing the interest of others to continue the growth.

Designers can manipulate or control criteria to improve design. This theory applies to my design because of how apiaries work. There are certain times of the year where the man-made hives will be out in the sunlight. This would be during the honey-making season, spring I am assuming. The hives, however, will need to be moved in the off-season months to keep the bees alive. They may need to be manipulated indoors into a barn or some other type of living environment away from the outdoors. The place I want to create will have a special place in people s hearts. Past time memories & continuing annual traditions with family. I used to go to The Orchard as a kid with my mother. I have old pictures there as a child. We would go pick apples from the orchard & then I would help my mother make an apple pie with the fresh apples that we picked. It was a custom that we participated in most every year. I want this to be a place of fond recollections where they can remember wonderful things & continue traditions. Natural colors are important for the apiary because of the location & type of environment that is being created for the project. The Orchard will be incorporated into the design which is on the site chosen for the apiary. The colors of the orchard are from the native fruit trees & vines grown there which include apples, cherries, peaches, & wine grapes. Other colors used will be jewel toned yellows reflecting the color of the honey extracted from the apiary.

I wouldn t build a building if it wasn t of interest to me as a potential work of art. [The Glass House] is like a big camping trip, but you don t have to bring your equipment with you.

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Kew Gardens, Richmond TW9 3AB, UK, in reference to the Palm House as a building, founded in 1840. The location is specifically for tourist attraction. There are numerous gardens & paths leading to plant-filled buildings. Several large sculptures are around the site as well. Kew Gardens is an area created for viewing pleasure. The pathways to each section are respectable, & pair well with the topography. Each building is appropriately placed for their part of the exhibit. The site of Kew Gardens has more than one attraction. There are multiple buildings housing plantlike environments as well as pathways. However, the focal point of the Kew Gardens is a large Victorian style greenhouse named the Palm House (184448) which can be met by multiple manmade pathways from almost any location & direction on site. The entrance to the Palm House is a large glass door (not to human scale) with 3 x 4 round cornered rectangular windows & an arch shaped set of windows placed at the top of the door like a sunrise. Kew Gardens is purposely made to connect to nature & does a wonderful job at that. Large bushes & hedges are placed along each side of the paths to the sections of the Kew Gardens. The atmosphere reminds me of an Alice in Wonderland style. As you walk through, it s almost dreamlike because of the oversized plant-forms & attractions making one feel tiny in comparison. The buildings on the site are all rectangular forms except for the Palm House. The middle of the building is a rectangular greenhouse form. However, through the middle of the structure, horizontally, is a long tube-like form, making it the most unique building on the site.

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The Repetitive parts at the Kew Gardens are the large hedges & bushes on the pathways through the gardens & to the buildings. The main pathway leading to the entry door as well as the exit door of the Palm House is a mirrored landscaped design (seen in aerial view) which I claim to be repetitive. Everything else included on the site is completely unique in comparison. Due to the site being a large walkthrough garden, everything pairs well together, including the interiors of the green houses. The Palm House is meant to dominate the plan because the shape & size of the building, as well as the mirrored portions of the site. It is meant to stick out in plan view. The Kew Gardens site plan is meant to have the dominant concept of botanical gardens & succeeds in plan & perspective views. I am not sure where the Kew Gardens begin or end from looking at the site in plan view. However, this could be a plan made to be entered through multiple locations on the site. All the paths are sequenced to meet at the focal point of the Palm House. The movement of the pathways relate to the overall function of leading tourists to the focal point, the Palm House. The Palm House does have a second story to the green house. There you see the tops of the palm trees which are housed there as well as a view to the outside. The stairs are a Victorian looking iron white painted staircase in the shape of a spiral. Only one person at a time can go up. Privacy is not the main purpose, but not a lot of people can be on the second floor at once, comfortably. From the interior of the Palm House, although it is a see-through glass greenhouse, the windows look etched & therefore would be difficult to see through. Also, because of the walls of plants surrounding the interior of the building, there would also be a difficulty of seeing the exterior. There is a connection between the interior & exterior spaces because of the plant-like & botanical garden theme of the site. The interior focal point of the site is the Palm House. Connecting the focal point through the exterior are the pathways leading to it from every direction & location of the plan. Greenhouses are typically made of glass & iron which coordinates with the botanical garden & call to nature features. Purple is the color that sticks out the most other than green. One of the mirrored landscape designs exiting the Palm House has purple - toned blooms. Most of the shapes on location have a curve to them. Harsh lines are not present. A lot of different materials are used depending on the building or structure. However, the dominating materials are glass, iron, brick, & stone. The building s intricate landscape designs dominate the site which are created through plants & stone. Because of this conclusion, the concept is met at the botanical section of the Kew Gardens.

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• Lines that take over the plan are the pathways leading to & from the Palm House. The pathways around the site are visible, but not in any shape or design. However, the pathways along & around the Palm House are specific to its landscape design. Purposefully, the exterior & line are meant to combine by design. The interior does not look like it reflects the design of line. The Victorian style does have ivy & plantlike features which accent the atmosphere of the botanical gardens. Line becomes an organizational device for the botanical site because of the pathways. They are leading a tourist to the main attractions. Large hedges & bushes line the paths to each structure to articulate the form. All the openings to the entrances & exits of the Palm House are arched doorways. They are perfectly uniform. The most implied gathering space is the Palm House due to the paths that lead to it from all directions. The exterior wall of the Palm House does mold & shape the interior spaces, precisely. This is because it is a green house. You can see right into the interior through the windows. The ceilings mold the second floor of the building. It is an open concept. The Palm House s shape is exactly how it is formed on the inside. One can see the size & shape that determine the interior spaces. Form can be determined from plan view. In elevation view, one can see that the building is two stories. Change is effective because the space is no longer a onestory building. The Palm House is a two-story structure, which changes the viewing experience for the tourist. Palm House is the area most emphasized on the plan. This is shown by putting perfectly placed pathways leading to & from the location shown in plan view. Pathways on the plan are scattered & not very organized as far as shape. The Palm House pathways, however, are synchronized with the landscape surrounding it.

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Human scale seems non-existent in the Kew Gardens. The area is vast making one feel tiny in comparison to the attractions on the site. Large hedges & bushes coat either side of the pathways serving as a wall between attraction & viewer experience. From the naked eye, the visual comparison to any of the golden rules do not apply to this botanical garden. The area surrounding the Palm House are almost perfectly symmetrical. The building is mirrored long ways as well as the landscape around it. The same goes for a horizonal mirroring with the building & landscape design. The rest of the site is not uniform in this way. Natural light is the most important element of the Kew Gardens. The purpose is to bring tourists out to nature & enjoy it. The plants also need lots of sunlight to survive. Most of the building on the site are green houses which all have glass as the exterior faade. Even the most popular sculpture at Kew Gardens is called The Hive which is a see-through model of a beehive to show the lifestyle of a bee. If you go inside, light casts on the object to reflect amazing details & patterns onto tourists & the ground below them.

Kew Gardens Richmond, England The Palm House

Analysis of historic precedents

Landscape Architecture Building Texas Tech Campus Lubbock, Texas

There is no paten or path of organized nature

The building will be organized & have places where users are not to be in

The interior is open plan & user friendly for viewing purposes

The building will be organized & have places where users are not to be in

There is an open path to interior from exterior

There will be an open path to the interior, but only to a certain point in the building

Analysis applied to contemporary design

Flat Plain

Building location in a public botanical garden

Building location on an orchard in Idalou, Texas

Whole area dedicated to bringing people to nature

Would have a direct connection to nature

Victorian botanical garden in England Most of the areas view open spaces

Farm-style location with a minimal & modern design The building is blocked off in some areas to the outdoors The focal point is the building itself housing palm The building is the main focal point with features trees for viewing experience leading to it as well Iron & glass greenhouse design

Can be approached from multiple sides of the building

This will not be done on future plan due to specialized equipment & staff privacy

Guests can enter from any direction

The main building will be user, friendly, but public access to all is not ideal

Entrance is large in comparison to the human scale

The entrance will be of human scale & will not be the main focus of the site

There is a connection to nature with landscape designs & no sharpness

Future plans will have pleasing landscape design

Building has strange & interesting design

The building will not have a strange or unique design due to impracticality

The structure is connected to nature inside & out

Hoping to bring nature into the space, but not every part of the space

Mirrored design which is repeated throughout

Hoping to have some symmetrical features which are pleasing to the eye

Arches seem to be the overall design element

Hexagons will be repeated throughout the design

At all entrances, the space is landscape design accentuated before entering the main doors

There are no existing landscape designs to this nature on the site, however, hoping to include some for future projectn

Large vaulted ceilings with constant view of the exterior Structure & form were very unique in design

Plan to use a material that is not to distract from the main purpose of design, such as concrete Some views of the exterior, would like higher than average ceilings Simple form & structure

Curved & straight lines The lines define the space & pathways to the entrances Lines create a unique design to lead tourists to the interior spaces

Geometrical shapes & lines There is some direction with line through the public open middle of the two buildings Would like some grid or design feature to welcome people in

Open spaces lead users to other parts of the site as well as The Palm House

There are plants around that lead users to the location, but not a main focal point or design feature Specific & unique shapes mold & shape the interior Exterior shapes do not have to mold the interior The unique tubular shapes created the viewing experience in the interior spaces The shapes in the exterior plan view do not complement the interior

The interior will be shown through the exterior in plan view The exterior purpose is to communicate with the interior views

There is emphasis on mirrored & repetitive forms on There are repetitive shapes on the faď&#x192;§ade of the the exterior plan building design The form of the building is just as it is on the The building form from the exterior is not the same interior as the interior Entrance & features on the plan are larger than human scale

Everything from the naked eye is to be at human scale

The interior ceilings are much taller than average Would like to have some high ceilings, but not as high as the building is tall Symmetrical forms in landscape are mirrored repeated throughout the site Balance through the site of the Palm Gardens brings people & tourists to its location

There needs to be some balance for the userfriendly experience Would like a lot of balance & symmetrical features on future plan

Direct natural light is the most important feature on the site for most of the interiors & all the exterior Daylight will also be used to warm the interior spaces that house plants in the winter Daylight is direct to the faade of the buildings & landscape design

The interior lighting will be most important, but will have outdoor lights that are pleasing as well Interior heating will not be met through daylight Indirect lighting for the interior

Important terminology & phrases italicized

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Symmetrical forms are pleasing to the eye Mirrored plans & applications used for pleasing design Direct sunlight affects the interior & exterior spaces Pathways leading to focal point

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Most important key terms from analysis listed below with essential terms italicized Appropriate pathways & patterns are to be used & applied in the exterior & interior spaces Repetition of shapes & forms are to be applied on the exterior to create a pleasing experience Balanced is shown & placed to emphasize design Daylight is crucial of for the exterior spaces & need to be placed appropriately Indirect lighting spaces to be used in advantage as well

The Kew Gardens are an exaggerated form of a garden I would like to incorporate into my final project. The Kew Gardens are in Richmond England & are meant for viewing purposes only. The place is vast, unlike the location that I will be placing the apiary upon. Therefore, I will be downsizing the dimensions by quite a bit. However, alike the Kew Gardens, my location will also have a flat plain. Hills do not exist in Lubbock, Texas or anywhere near there. Hills could be created, but that would take away from the purpose, doing so. The orchard & apiary design will have the same goal which is to bring the experience close to nature. Located in the Kew Gardens is a greenhouse called The Palm House. Architecture for The Palm House is quite unique & seems expensive for the project at hand. The Palm House also has entrances & exists from each side of the building. There will only be one exit & entrance through the same set of doors for the apiary & the orchard location. The other doors will be for staff purposes & will not be accessed to the public. Unlike The Palm House entry doors, the apiary & orchard entrance & exit will be to human-scale. Kew Gardens landscape design was on the curvy side, not seeming to include harsh lines & geometric shapes. The apiary & orchard location will have geometric shapes incorporated into the landscape design. Architecture for the orchard building will not include a unique shape. There is to be nature brought into the space, but nothing like a green house which is on the Kew Gardens botanical garden site. Looking at the Kew Gardens site in aerial view, the symmetrical & mirrored landscape designs were very pleasing. There will be some of these designs & ideas incorporated into the future orchard & apiary site as well. Hoping to incorporate geometric shapes into the landscape designs. An open path will be created to welcome guests into the building, but only to a certain point. The existing building for the orchard & apiary is viewed easily to the outdoors. Materials used on the exterior of the building are either going to be practical to accommodate more for the location of the orchard. Mostly industrial materials if they were to change to go with the rustic setting of the farm. The height of the ceilings will be increased. The most important part & goal of the design is to make it aesthetically pleasing from the outdoors & to incorporate those same feelings towards the interiors. To accomplish this task, there will be guided trails with gardens lining the exterior.

The climate was a typical spring day in west Texas. A light breeze with a cool chill. A light jacket would be needed after 6:00 pm. The area was dry. Had not had rain in quite some time.

Natural

a lot of windows at the front entrance wall. in a square shape. Three of 4 walls had windows. natural lighting is a nice touch.

The owner explained that the property was owned by another person before they took over. They have not made any changes to the building. therefore, there might be some historic properties in the architecture. The site is mainly for the owner to work on collecting product (fruit) to sell. The site has a commercial merchandising shop where they bake pastries in house as well as sell product both made in house & brought in from other locations. The land extended for quite a while. The property that the building was on was also pretty vast in size. The owner said in order to be comfortable, he would have preferred to have 30 acres of land. It was over 100 acres, estimated. An exact amount was not measured.

Along two of the four walls Natural

The owner mentioned some issues with the entrance. He wants to utilize he space more. Wants just one entry door in the middle & use each side for merchandising purposes.

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Needs more seating space if it is gong to become a restaurant.

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4 hutches 2 latter storage 1 wire storage 1 cash register 1 freezer

1 large table 5 chairs 2 hutches 1 locker storage

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The land is flat & mostly dirt. There is life where the trees & vines are growing produce.

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As far as farm life, there were no animals other than the native birds, rabbits, & coyotes. Vegetation had plenty. Grape vines, peach, apple & cherry trees.

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The site had plumbing as well as electricity & gas.

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The sounds on site are heavy machinery & the radio that was going while observing. Smells of any nature are not coming to mind. There were great views of the orchard from the back porch.

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It would be quite a journey if someone walked to the site . One would have to travel by motor vehicle.

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Main commercial building Gazebo Water feature Exposed shed

Fluorescent

Tucker Crawford owns the property. natural

None. Natural lighting comes from the hall to the main retail space. None. Natural lighting comes from the hall to the main retail space. Along the back wall which is the way back into the building.

Not a concern at this time.

N/A

Not a concern at this time.

Need to utilize this space to be more customer friendly. Outdoor screens.

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1 chair 1 loveseat 2 Side chairs 1 bench

Apples, peaches, cherries, & wine grapes.

Yes. Cherries harvest middle of May, peaches start harvest in middle of June, apples start harvest in middle of July, & grapes harvest around September. We grow, pack, ship, & harvest our own supplies. We literally control everything. We have a bakery & we are about to have our restaurant back open [on site]. We bake out of [our kitchen] right now. We bake all kinds of pastries & other things like that. Of the little cakes, we sell about 3,000 & about 2,500 of the big cakes a year just out of this location. We do some big orders in the fall for Texas Tech. We will sell about 300-500 to them. They will hand them out with Christmas. We are about to be making our dehydrated fruits. We have a dehydrator that will dehydrate 13,000 lbs. of fruit a day. We are going to also start dipping the dehydrated fruits into chocolate & selling them that way. We bring bees out mostly here for aesthetics. We use them in pollination & for honey. We bought this business in 2014. [The original owners] were selling 300 gallons a month of honey a year here. They were just buying it from whoever they could. When we bought the business from them, there were a lot of things that they lied about. They did not honorably correct us when we asked the wrong questions. They were going to drop the honey portion of sales [his father, Doug, convinced him not to.] The guy we gave the bees over to & now handles that portion of our business is Chris Moore, the president of the Texas Bee Keepers Association. We buy all the honey that [Chris Moore] produces. We have nothing to do with the actual hives, themselves. We have made connections to try & help them. Local honey is considered local by where it is produced, wherever the honey flow is. In the summer when the cotton is pollinating, Chris will put the bees out scattered around west Texas. He will then take the hives to south Texas, over winter stores them down there & extracts the honey there. The honey then gets barreled up. All the bees start in California then they go to Arizona & then they go to west Texas, & then they go to south Texas because each region flowers differently. Most commercial bee keepers move their hives two to four times a year.

ALLERGIES - everything you are allergic to, you re ingesting. If you ingest honey from your local area, you are building an immunity. Raw honey is considered heated less than 138 degrees [Fahrenheit]. It crystalizes & then needs to be warmed up to get it back in liquid form. Microwaving can be the worst thing to do because it kills off everything [by getting overheated]. The best way to heat it back up is by placing it in warm water. The instructions are located on our label. If you take a teaspoon to a tablespoon of raw honey a day, it s a boost of energy naturally, but it s also the way to get the allergens in your body. We have considered selling others [than just raw honey], but I don t want to. We can flavor it. What I have thought about doing is flavoring it with orange flavor, cinnamon, raspberry, vanilla, etc. Anything that you wanted it to taste like we could flavor it that way. [Another way we could do it is] we could take our apples, dry them down, powder-ize them & out [the flavor] back in there & flavor them. We never stop. When it comes to apiary stuff, you would just go & you might have new broods (new hives or laying eggs from the queen). There are three bee types in the hive. Drone bees, worker bees & the queen bee. In your off-season, most bee keepers will re-queen everything. Queens can go to where they don t have much effectiveness towards the hive itself. They may not respond to certain queens. By re-queening, you can actually improve productivity. Re-queening might also be a necessity because one died. If the queen dies, then the whole hive will die. A lot of times the bee keepers will build new boxes or build new hives or new broods. In their off-season, that s when they try to get their expansion stuff together or they go & fix all the problems they had. Everything that you see in store must have a thing called HACCP (Hazardous Analysis & Critical Control Points) we would have to have one plan for every product just because of the type of business we are. If you re a big company, you have this all-encompassing program where you don t have to do all of that. By the time we went through processing, we realized it s cheaper to have someone else package it. Hard cider & wine are being produced [at our Colorado location.]

If I could do it all over again, I would have not gone over 30 acres. That s because economy & scale say the bigger you get the more infrastructure it requires. As we grow, I would have taken what we had & made it very lean. I can manage 30 acres by myself. We will be at about 150 acres before long. I manage four companies on a day to day basis. The most profitable I would have been is if I stopped at 30 acres. The time spent + the money spent, the profit margin at 30 acres, would have been the best opportunity for me to make the most money without putting in large sums back into the company.

I m implementing things right now that don t require interaction form me. When we are frost protecting, we must have one person who is constantly running the frost protector. It runs warm air out there to keep the blooms from freezing & dying off. Everything we are doing now is focused on efficiency. The cash register we use is about to go away. We switched all our accounting software to Quick Books online which is cloud based. It s a gamble because I have a hard time letting things go. However, by doing it cloud-based we can manage inventory, kitchen displays, we can save orders. By the end of the day, I don t have to physically go back in there & do any data entries. Our accounts all sync to it so I have 20% data entry over the normal 100%. I am designing software so I can be more efficient. Equipment for harvesting or anything to do with harvesting. New packing lines that can pack faster than we can right now. THE CASH REGISTER STATION - it would be through a point of sell system called Loyverse. It would [still] be a register, but it wouldn t be the style where you would get a ticket at the end of the day to file. It will accept all forms of electronic paying. It will also handle purchase orders from schools, cash a check, essentially handle it all. It would be a similar area, just not an old-timey register. Having the ability to manage everything without me having to [physically] be there. The machine will digitally store all the sales. Everything we have around here I make sure about once a year that we are doing it the most efficient way we can. Can we buy, sell, distribute it all in a better way.

DOGTROT STYLE BUILDING - by observing the space, merchandising takes up a lot of room. The kitchen is a large private space, only for employee use. Two small dining spaces are paced near exterior windows. He explains, Community seating is what I want to do. One [large] table. My whole concept is, you have a table [here] & a table [here] & everybody sits. PATIO - We don t utilize this patio enough. In the summertime, you could [utilize it] by putting some tables & chairs out there & you could eat. In the wintertime we can t because it s just wasted space. We talked about adding heaters or just completely expanding it out. With the French doors [we have installed] we want to take them out & add barn doors, but there is not water [in here] so we could leave [the area] unheated at night & only heat it up in the morning. This means you could cut your electricity bill. You could close all the doors, close it off for the night. We would like to utilize outdoor seating & stuff like that in the summertime. We want to move the register from where it is (over by the entrance) to over (by the back the back patio). We are concerned about wasted space. We are wanting to open some of the closed spaces for better traffic flow. For the office space I just need a desk & some storage. HONEY TASTING SPACE - I like the idea. If we did flavored honey, I would do it. There is only one way for people to know [what the honey tastes like]. No one will commit to buying an entire jar if they can t try it in store, [most of the time]. We are looking at putting in wine & cider tasting as well. You could incorporate all three of those in some form or fashion. The largest room we have at our site in Colorado is a wine & cider bar. It has seating directly in front of it, also has tables & barstools, & merchandising in there. It has everything in one spot. We noticed that people only sit at the bar for so long, then they start perusing around [at the merchandise.] OUTDOOR & PATIO SEATING - I would incorporate a breezeway easily here in west Texas. The only problem is the wind. You could easily fix that with screens though. Also barn doors, leave them open, close when needed. We would do most of this stuff, but we don t want to lose views.

There are several different factors. Back in 98 & 99 we had a Varroa Mite (a bloodsucking parasite that gets on bees & transfers virus from bee to bee) that showed up in the US. The guy I went to work for, that s what put him out of business. The Varroa Mite can pretty much destroy a colony. Now along the coast in warm humid areas, the Hive Beetle (looks like a small black ladybug) also causes problems. The other factor started in the late 80s or early 90s there was a new pesticide. Used to, you would spray it & the bug would die. Then they started making pesticides that you sprayed the bug; the bug would take it home & share it with their brothers & sisters eventually killing the family. They were nicotine-based pesticides, called neonicotinoids. They have effects on the bugs. They will disorientate them or make them sterile. So that will have a bigger effect, not just on the bug, but when it takes it back home it influences the other bugs as well. STERILE QUEEN - What we are seeing in bee keeping is, the queen bee used to last us a good four or five years. When a queen bee is first born, she is smaller. She will go out on two or three flights at the most for orientation flights just to get her bearings. If she is not successful in her first mating flight, she will go out on two. That s the only time she flies. After she gets back from that, they feed her & she becomes much larger & can t fly anymore. She mates with multiple drones, stores up the sperm from the drones that will last her those four to five years. The queen is laying fertile eggs for that whole period. What we are seeing now is, you ll take a queen that has been mated well, dissect her, finding out that the sperm that is stored inside of the queen & 50% or 30% of the eggs will be dead. There is a pesticide on the market or something in our environment is not killing the bee but killing the sperm that is inside the queen. You now have an infertile queen who can t raise more babies cause the population in the bee hive. Queens can lay abut 1,500 eggs a day. Every day bees are hatching & every day bees are dying. It s a population dynamic wheel. GROWTH OF WORKER BEE - This time of year (early spring) [the queen] will lay a lot of eggs & the population will go up, & they bring in pollen. Pollen is where their protein come from so they can lay more eggs. When they have that extra protein, she lays more eggs & they have more feed, to feed the babies which then hatches to a larva, is an egg for four days. The larva must be fed for four days. Then they become a seal cell. It s in that for another eight days or so before it hatches. It takes a lot of protein to feed the larva. If the queen s egg production goes down a little bit, it effects the whole population of that colony. Then the colony becomes weaker & weaker.

SHORT-LIVED QUEEN/ COLONIES - They are finding that the queens are not lasting even a year. We change queens three times a year now. To combat our annual losses. If we have a 50% loss & we only raise them once a year, then we are out of business. You can t raise 50% of your operation each year. If you lose 30% you can make that up. If you lose 40% it s tight, but if your remaining 60% are good, you can make up that 40%. If you lose 50%, then your numbers won t get back up. In our case, we try to maintain 2,500 colonies. Something in the environment, weather it be a pesticide or a fungicide (have inner ingredients that are harmful to the bees.) There are IGRs that are Insect Growth Regulators. They jack up the development of growth of a new insect. Some of the fungicides are causing problems. The makeup of an ant colony or a termite colony are no different than a honey bee colony. They all go out, foraging & collecting food, bringing it back to their colonies to share food for their brothers & sisters & to feed the mama. We are trying to be careful where we put our bees. We won t put them on any turf places or golf courses or anywhere that sprays or uses any of the stuff for fire ants. CORN - If you wanted to plant corn, & you go to your local food store to buy corn seed, you ll get it & it will be pink. It s pink because that corn seed was treated with pesticide. The chemical company will tell you that s supposed to protect the corn plant when it s small. Researchers have gone through & tested the pollen in the corn plants that are pretreated, finding it s a lower dose, finding pesticides in the pollen plant. You then have bugs collecting that pollen. It s not just bees, butterflies are also on the decline along with all the other pollinators. Beautiful clean corn is the result, but as a society, are we shooting ourselves in the foot to have it this way? Now you have all kinds of issues with Alzheimer s & dementia. Are we shooting ourselves in the foot causing harm to us in our older years.? So many kinds now are being born with autism. Are [pesticides] the relying issue of autism? All the corn is pre-treated with that stuff. Corn is in everything we eat just about, so it s hard not to eat it. It s minute traces of these chemicals, but by the time it gets to the corn kernel, it s there. EAT ORGANIC - I used to think that people who ate organic were kind of weird. Now, I buy organic because I know the difference. The sad thing is, I don t think all food that is labeled organic actually is organic.

A lot of orchards now, there are a lot of pesticides & fungicides. So the best location is going to be a location where there are none of those things sprayed. In SE Texas, we were making wildflower honey. We ve got flowers & trees that produce nectar that the bees produce honey off of, but none of this is cropped. These are wild trees. People aren t raising these for fruit or nuts. They are not protecting them to produce those things. When I am looking for a location, I will get out of my car & get eaten by mosquitos, then it s a good location because I know it s not sprayed. Our biggest issue with being sprayed in [East Texas] is they spray for mosquitos. We don t have any locations near a road. Truck spraying goes a long way. Any location that the bees will get a balanced diet & will not be sprayed by these pesticides or fungicides. When I say balanced diet there needs to be different wildflowers or different flowers, period that bloom at different times of the year to provide nectar & pollen because that s where they get their protein. They need their carbohydrates (nectar), protein (pollen), water, & a good place to live. Honeybees, that s it.

No, there s really not. Bees typically produce honey in the spring. Usually they don t produce anything else after June 10th. The date changes from year to year. We go out & we pull anything, harvesting the honey which are the boxes. We always leave two boxes for the queen to stay in & the bees to live in on the bottom. We pull off the additional boxes used for honey in the spring. From that point, we ship those boxes with the queen & the bees out to West Texas & they will produce honey from cotton. We will put additional boxes on, out there. We then take those boxes off later in September. What they are doing is storing food for the winter. It is a year round thing. This is not as much work in the winter cause you are just going around & feeding them. We also have to medicate them in the winter [because of the Varroa Mite that I mentioned.] There is also a bacteria disease called foulbrood. If you get the European one you can treat it with an antibiotic. Keeping bees is not easy. You can t just put boxes out there & not do anything.

They don t necessarily hibernate. They only have food available six or eight months out of the year. They are storing food so they can live. They are filling up their pantry so they have food to eat those other four months. What we do is we go out there & take the food from them. We steal their honey which is what they have stored for the winter. So when they aren t producing & we re extracting honey which is a whole other process, then we have to turn around & feed the bees those four months of the winter. We are out there replacing that that honey we have taken away from the natural nectar sources. We go back out & feed them sugar syrup. Even [feed them] a protein supplement to keep them healthy during the winter months. QUEEN - The queen used to live four to five years. Now if we are lucky we can get a year out of them. WORKER - Like a car, a bee s wings are only good for a certain amount of miles. As soon as they fly 40,000 miles, their wings are worn out & they die. So when the days are longer, late spring & summer, & there is nectar available, the bees are out collecting all the time bringing nectar back to the hive. There is a lot more flight time so they die quicker. They might only say six weeks. That whole population dynamic I was telling you about. If a bee is born in December, the days are shorter, there are very few flowers that are blooming, December, January, February. So in those winter months, the bee that would live six weeks, might live maybe 14 - 16 weeks. In the winter they aren t flying as much. If it is below 55 degrees [f] bees stay home, they won t fly. They don t like cold weather. There is less flight time, so they live longer. DRONES - They live until they mate & then they die. As soon as they mate, part of their abdomen comes loose & then they die. When the weather starts getting cool in the fall, the worker bees (female) they kick out the drones because they don t want the drones eating all their food over the winter months. They kick them out.

The number of bees in a colony varies on what time of year it is. From as low as 20,000 bees to 60,000 bees. It fluctuates depending on how much pollen they are bringing in, the queen fluctuates how many eggs she lays. They need to be able to feed those bees. If you have honey from a colony, you re going to have to extract it. The state average for a bee colony is about 56 lbs. If you have one colony, you are going to have 56 lbs. that you need to extract & do something with. A hive & a colony are the same thing. As far as doing this for a living, you need to have at least 1,000 colonies for a full-time employee. You may even need more than that. 2/3 or 71% of the honey in the U.S. is imported. Our price is set by other countries that have dirt cheap labor, don t have to pay insurance or the price of fuel that we do. I make honey in SE Texas. My bees are pollinating in California on almond trees. We are lending our bees to the almond growers to pollinate their flowers so that they will produce an almond. Those trees are 100% dependent on pollination. We make money sending them to California, producing honey in SE Texas, & producing bees in the summer. Most people go to North Dakota in the summer because of the difference in the climate. Their spring doesn t start until May. They don t start making honey until June. So when it stops here in June, we truck our bees to North Dakota & then we make our honey up there the rest of June, July, & August. Now we go to West Texas & put them on cotton which doesn t produce a whole lot, but it gives the bees some nutrition to live off of. We are taking a risk of getting sprayed by pesticides.

Oh yeah. Every time a farmer calls me to pollinate something, I ask them what do you spray? How often do you spray? When do you spray? I understand a farmer is trying to produce a crop. That s how they make their income & how they are in business. We have to work together to try & figure out what they can do to protect their crop, & at the same time protect the honey bees. It s hard because they are going to do whatever it is they have to do to protect their crop. They don t care about my honeybees. If a farmer asks me to place my bees & they die, I don t go back. They should care & most of them do. They are good people & they want to make sure that our bees are taken care of. They also want us to come back every year. There are those people that do whatever & don t care. We had one farmer kill about 1/3 of our bees that year because they sprayed.

POLLEN - We do trap some bee pollen. The pollen that they collect, we put a trap on there & pull that & sell some for health purposes because it is good for you. It isn t very common though. 98% of the people wouldn t even know what that would be. However, if you do that, you re malnourishing your bees because they need that pollen. It s tricky. You need to come up with a balance. BEE S WAX - Bee s wax is the only other thing that we produce. When you produce honey, you end up with bee s wax. Our income is mostly from pollination. Our second source of income is honey. Our third source of money is bee s wax. Fourth would be the bee pollen. We did something last summer. When hurricane Harvey came we got some water in my shop. I haven t taken the time to fix my walls on the inside. Everything is operable, just not real pretty. My son helped me do tours. When we extracted honey last summer which is usually the first couple of weeks in July, we had a day where it was like an open house, but ours was an open farm. We invited people to come over & invite their friends & family so they could see the process. We do it on a Saturday so that people could be off work. We had 600 - 800 people come.

you need a honey house. A building that has your extraction equipment to extract & process your honey. If you are going to package your honey, you need a bottling room. The bottling room has to be similar to what restaurants have. You need a clean environment in your bottling room. You need to have storage for your empty boxes. We have a warehouse full of boxes. We put those on the bees in the springtime. In April we will start storing honey in the boxes. They will be on the bees April, May & then in June, we will pull those boxes off, the extra ones, so that in the end of May, our warehouse will be pretty much empty. We also have a maintenance shop where we work on our tucks & forklifts. We have forklifts because we have to move our bees around. You need locations to put your bees in. For every 60 - 80 colonies , you need a place to put them in. It depends on how many colonies you are going to have.

They are all just about 6 ft apart. They are all in one group together.

Create an attraction to the public that keeps them coming back

Have outdoor & indoor entertainment

Use a comfortable amount of space for the apiary & orchard

4. Make sure that the created spaces are multifunctional 5.

Create required storage spaces for indoor & outdoor use

6. Design special features for the interior that reflect a personal style 7.

Scan in personal paintings into the project for artwork

Build furniture if needed to create the goal space

9. Bring the outdoor & the indoors closer together 10. Utilize all the spaces to their full potential

The apiary is located less than half an hour outside of Lubbock in Idalou, Texas. The site has apple, peach, cherry & grape orchard as well as an apiary. The apiary will be a place for the suburbs of Lubbock or surrounding areas to come & eat, pick fruit from the orchards, & to have honey tastings, or simply enjoy the outdoors for a short getaway from the stress of everyday life. All ages are welcome.

ACHOO! Shelby sneezed into her sleeve as she walked out of her last class of the day. Great. She said to herself. It is officially fall. The time of year when my allergies are the absolute worst! Shelby had been suffering from horrible seasonal allergies since she was a small girl. Hereditary of course, passed down from her father s side of the family. Shelby opened the back door, flung her backpack with full force against the wall & slammed the door shut. Everything alright Shelby? she heard her mother call from the utility room. Monday s were the assigned laundry day on her mother s tight weekly schedule. ACHOO! Sniffle Shelby sneezed into her sleeve once more. No Mother, everything is not alright. We are three weeks into school coming up on my first test of junior year & my allergies are already kicking in! BUZZ! went the dryer to let us know the load was finished. A flood of warm air filled the room as her mother opened the dryer door. Here. Her mother said as she opened the cabinet to grab some allergy medicine. I keep a good supply of this stuff for you & your father. I know how you both get sick this time of year. Shelby rolled her eyes. Her mother should know by now that allergy medicine did nothing at this point in her life. Thanks Mom.

SLAM! went the door as her father came home from a long day at work. ACHOO! her father sneezed as he walked to his rocking chair. Your allergies hit today too, Daddy? Shelby said, sympathetic for her father. Yes, & I have been dealing with it all day, I cannot stand this time of year. Her father pulled a crumbled-up piece of tissue from his pocket & blew into it like a French horn. You know, Shelby. her father said, I was reading an article in the paper this morning about allergies & ways to cure & prevent the severity each year. Shelby s ears perked up. Yeah? Her father continued, Studies say that you could start eating a spoonful of your local honey each day & eventually you would grow immune to the local wildflowers & pollen around the area. This seemed like a long-shot, but Shelby was willing to try anything to keep from getting sick her junior year. I wonder where we can get some local honey! she said to her sad as she walked into her room. Shelby jumped onto her bed landing on her back, her head crash landing on her pillow. She had so much to do & an exam to study for, but her eyes drifted to her phone. Facebook, let s see what you have for me today. Scrolling through the endless wedding announcements, baby pictures & click-bait adds, she stumbled upon an upcoming event. Several friends of yours are going to an event near you this weekend! ANNUAL APPLE BUTTER FESTIVAL, it read. Located in Idalou, Texas. When Shelby was a little girl, her mother would dress her up in an outfit with little embroidered apples & worms coming out of them for the festival each year. She remembered sifting through some old pictures of her holding bags of apples as big as she was, posing ever-so proudly. Shelby remembered another of her sitting in a tree, the strong shadows draping over her. They were such fond memories that she would love to experience that again. She clicked on the link for the event. Our orchard is under new management & better than ever! All the fun memories with an updated twist! We have apple picking & a local apiary within the facility! Don t forget to stop by our gift shop for local honey & other surprises during the Apple Butter Festival! At that moment, Shelby knew exactly what she was doing this weekend.

1 = 30 -0

1 = 20 -0

1 = 30 -0

1 = 40 -0 1 = 20 -0

543 SF

66 SF

79 SF

270 SF 212 SF 440 SF

411 SF

295 SF

543 SF 1/8 = 1 -0

Mercantile Group M occupancy includes, among others, the use of a building or structure or a portion thereof for the display & sale of merchandise, & involves stocks of goods, wares or merchandise incidental to such purposes & accessible to the public. Mercantile occupancies shall include, but not be limited to, the following: Group A-2 occupancy includes assembly uses intended for food &/ or drink consumption including, but not limited to: • • • • •

Banquet Halls Casinos (gaming areas) Nightclubs Restaurants, cafeteria & similar dining facilities (including associated Taverns & bars) Taverns & bars

Business Group B occupancy includes, among others , the use of a building or structure , or a portion thereof, for office, professional or service-type transactions, including storage of records & accounts. Businesses occupancies shall include, but not be limited to, the following: • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Airport traffic control towers Ambulatory care facilities Animal hospitals, kennels & pounds Banks Barber & beauty shops Car wash Civic administration Clinic, outpatient Dry cleaning & laundries: pick up & delivery stations & self-service Educational occupancies for students above the 12th grade Electric data processing Food processing establishments & commercial kitchens not associated with restaurants, cafeterias & similar dining facilities not more than 2,500 square feet in area. Laboratories: testing & research Motor vehicle showrooms Post offices Print shops Professional services (architects, attorneys, dentists, physicians, engineers, etc.) Radio & television stations Telephone exchanges Training & skill development not in academic program (this shall include, but not limited to, tutoring centers, martial arts studios, gymnastics & similar uses regardless of he ages served, & where not classified as a Group A occupancy).

• • • • • •

Department stores Drug stores Markets Motor fuel-dispensing facilities Retail or wholesale stores Sales Rooms

Storage Group S occupancy includes, among others, the use of a building or structure, or a portion thereof, for storage that is not classified as hazardous occupancy. 311.1 Accessory storage spaces. A room or space used for storage purposes that is less than 100 square feet in area & accessory to another occupancy shall be classified as part of that occupancy. The aggregate area of such rooms or spaces shall not exceed that allowable area limits of section 508.2. 311.3 Low-hazard storage, Group S-2 Storage Group S02 occupancies include, among others, buildings used for the storage of noncombustible materials such as products on wood pallets or in paper cartons with or without single thickness divisions; or in paper wrappings. Such products are permitted to have a negligible amount of plastic trim, such as knobs, handles or film wrapping. Group S-2 storage uses shall include, but not be limited to, storage of the following: • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Asbestos Beverages up to & including 16% alcohol in metal, glass or ceramic containers Cement in bags Chalk & crayons Dairy products in non-waxed coated paper containers Dry cell batteries Electrical coils Electrical motors Empty cans Food products Foods in noncombustible containers Fresh fruits & vegetables in non-plastic trays or containers Frozen foods Glass

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Glass bottles, empty or filled with noncombustible liquids Gypsum board Inert pigments Ivory Meats Metal cabinets Metal desks with plastic tops & trim Metal parts Metals Mirrors Oil-filled & other types of distribution transformers Parking garages, open or enclosed Porcelain & pottery Stoves Talc & Soapstones Washers & dyers

543 SF

79 SF

Exit Signs

66 SF

This is an important feature to have in a commercial facility. Customers, visitors, & staff traveling into & out of the building need to refer to the safety plan. Because of the dangers of the area such as, large machinery, extraction tools, possible animal allergies, or pesticide poisoning, follow the safety guide.

Physical Exits 270 SF

Sprinklers

212 SF

Plumbing Wall

440 SF 411 SF

Fire Wall Fire Extinguisher

295 SF

543 SF

1/8 = 1 -0

Fire Pull

The Orchard is in Idalou, Texas. Recent cool temperatures, rich soil, & great views have made this place a popular destination. The Orchard is now owned & operated by the Crawford family. The Crawfords orchard not only includes apples, but peaches & cherries as well. They provide their customers with a great experience. There is also a store where the orchard sells & distributes all kinds of products from their own growth & creations.

Crawford Orchards The Orchard Idalou, Texas

The site location is on an apple orchard. Honey is known to taste sweeter & better when apiaries are near an abundance of fruit or botanical gardens. There is an apple orchard near Lubbock, Texas that I grew up picking apples from as a kid. I had been reminded of The Orchard when I came across the study on bees.

The Orchard in Idalou is open Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, & Friday from 10:00 AM to 5:00 PM & weekends on Saturday from 10:00 AM to 5:00 PM as well. There is access from Highway 62 & Winterberry Avenue all time of the day. However, the Orchard hours prevent the customer from coming inside the facility. There is a barbed wire fence surrounding the area with a gate closing off the commercial side of the location. How this might prevent most people from getting into the facility after hours, there is no one on duty to prevent a break in or stealing of product located outdoors.

View of the back of The Orchard

Exterior view facing the apple fields

There is not a designated parking area for the Orchard as far as large groups are concerned. There are places where people park which they consider, spaces at the time of their visit. I am going to create a better parking location for my project on the apiary. This has been a problem for a while now.

Determine zone restrictions of the area. What are the building codes of this current building? What are the building codes that you anticipate will be required for your project? What other structural needs or space needs do you anticipate?

Back porch of The Orchard building Exterior view facing the right side of The Orchard building into more apple fields

The Orchard is in a public place. However, if the buildings on the site were to be reviewed, I would imagine they were not up to code. Fortunately, I will not be using the existing building on the site for my project & is not a concern of mine at this time.

This space is so people can buy & look at merchandise able to be purchased at the store. There will be a cash register with a cahier in the middle of the space for customer convenience. Minimal custom - built shelving & cashier station are used to display products. The merchandising area also includes custom - made sliding doors with a geometric mullion design. There will be only one restroom with family & ADA accessibility. There is a sink, one universal toilet, & grab bars.

Dining

This space has two custom - built community dining tables which are able to be taken a part if necessary. Each table is able to seat four persons comfortably. On the other side of the space is a large sample-tasting bar for five guests to sit comfortably. The dining room includes custom - made sliding doors with a geometric mullion design. Storage was an important factor with this type of building & activity. This will be for mostly maintenance use & equipment. Space will be used to prep & bake goods for the restraint & dining spaces. The area is able to be viewed from the sample bar seating, but will not be accessible to guests. Underneath the preparation counter will be a full-use oven to bake goods. Behind the prep counter will be a storage space to keep baking & other supplies stored on built-in shelves.

Owner will have a small space to work on paperwork & filing. The rest of the space will be for storage for the merchandising area.

Outdoor seating & lounging area. Wanted it to be placed in the front for a welcoming type feeling as one enters the building & property lines.

Outdoor seating & more dining spaces are placed here. There will be a great view of the orchard from this space & wanted to take advantage of that with seating & dining spaces available. In an interview with Chris Moore, president of the Texas Beekeepers Association, he mentioned that in order to get his job done, he needed these spaces on the property. These buildings are included on the plan, but will not be shown in detail.

Kitchen

Merchandisin g Office & Storage

For eating/ dinking. Also a bar with seating to sample food & drinks. Large Community tables used to seat more people in the space Private space, but visible to guests. Cooking & prep counter built-in with oven under. Will be built-in shelving for storage that comes in from drop-off Placement for purchasable goods Small office for owner & extra storage space

400

250

411

270

295

200

212

Community Table 2 Bar Stool - 5 Side Chair - 8

Built-in Counter - 1 Shelving - 4

Storage & HVAC

More storage & water heater space

HVAC - 1 Shelving - 4

Family Restroom

One Restroom to fit ADA needs

Sink - 1 Toilet - 1

500

543

Rocking Chair - 4

543

Couch - 2 Rocking Chair - 2 Coffee Table - 2 Dining Table- 2 Side Chair - 4

Front Porch 8

Back Porch

Lounging area at the front of the building Lounging/ small dining spaces

500

Direct Connection Visual Connection Private Spaces Public Spaces Exterior Spaces

EMILY GARTH

543 SF

For kitchen & other supplies that will be stored out of site

79 SF 66 SF

270 SF This space will be used for a small office & extra backroom storage. 212 SF

440 SF 411 SF

Placement is in the center for easy access to customers.

295 SF

The space not being used for register & the cashier will be utilized for merchandising purchasable products.

543 SF

1/8 = 1 -0

A baking & preparation area instead of a full kitchen space. Microwave & baking oven to be placed under countertop. The honey, cider, & wine that will be sold at the establishment will be free to be tested at this bar & seating area. It will also serve as a food sample bar.

Instead of having several little tables, there will be a large table for multiple parties of people. This will create a friendly & family oriented environment.

79 SF 66 SF 270 SF

212 SF

440 SF 411 SF

295 SF

1/8 = 1 -0

The apiary project began as an existing building. The Landscape Architecture building was going to house the entire facility. However, there were obstacles faced when trying to make all the puzzle pieces work together for the good of the project. The shapes associated with the Landscape architecture building were of the geometric nature, which seemed like a good place to start. However, the building itself was much too big for what the project was going to end up being. The second building option was going to be from the location chosen for the apiary. Unfortunately, the building did not have a very good foundation & would be tough to work with. It was suggested to use a dog trot style house. These type of houses are notorious for being in urban areas such as the Idalou Apple Orchard.

First to change was the building type. Other changes along the way included the overall style. The atmosphere goal was to be minimal while also encompassing the feeling of being at grandma s house . A place one would want to come & hang out for a few hours, pick fruit, try honey, sip on a glass of wine, & relax. When picking materials & furniture, rocking chairs were essential. When grasping the feel of the project & designing, things were not reflecting a personal style. So, the scheme changed & things ran a lot more smoothly, while also keeping the home-like vibe. One of the spaces that were in mind, but fell through in the finalization was an outdoor lecture area to learn about the bee extraction process. In NYC there is a park called Bryant Park. During a visit, a beekeeper & son business set up their equipment & allowed any passerby to watch & listen in on how bees worked & purchase local honey. This was amazing to see in NYC. I wanted to bring in something similar, but did not end up getting placed into the final plans. Another space similar to that was, like the indoor honey bar, having an outdoor honey bar. The focus was not landscape, however, & I was getting carried away with it so that did not end up on the final either.

Water coloring was something of recent interest. When picking out wall dď&#x192;Šcor for the space, I wanted to use someone elseď&#x201A;&#x2019;s paintings. Then realized I could paint custom pieces for the project & import them in. I designed three fruit paintings to represent the fruit grown on the property from the orchard & a bee to represent the apiary part of the business. Other special features included custom built pieces such as: geometric design barn doors, register merchandising shelf, & hexagon merchandising shelves.

The apiary & orchard was an amazing opportunity & was thrilled with the results. Down the line I may add in some of the missing pieces for my own personal gain. I was fortunate enough to have the freedom to work on something I have had a passion for over the course of a long time.

Blackiston, Howland & Caron, D. M. (2017). Beekeeping for Dummies. Hoboken, NJ: For Dummies, a Wiley brand. Carliner, S. (2003). Modeling Information for Three-dimensional Space: Lessons Learned from Museum Exhibit Design. Technical Communication, 50(4), 554-570. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43095602 Earle, D. (1994). Beekeeping. RSA Journal, 142(5448), 19-19. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41376422 Fawcett, Waldon. (1901). Bee-keeping in the united states. Scientific American, 85(18), 281-282. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24982913 Galloway, J. (2007). The Industry of Bees. Gastronomica, 7(1), 100-103. doi:10.1525/gfc.2011.11.3.114a Gilman, B. (1924). The Museum Design as Tested by Experience. Museum of Fine Arts Bulletin, 22(133), 39-45. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4169921 Gooding, S. (1958). Modern Research into Bees & Bee-Keeping. Journal of the Royal Society of Arts,106 (5021), 303-321. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41366250 Jacques, D. H. (2016). Barns & Other Out-Buildings - With Information on the Architecture of Farm Buildings. Read Books Ltd. Kaufmann, E. (1949). Museums & Industrial Design. Journal of the Royal Society of Arts, 97 (4801), 714-728. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41363914 Lee, Seung-Eun. Implications, Vol. 2 Issue 5. https://www.informedesign.org/_news/may_v02-p.pdf Mesher, Lynne. (2010). Basics Interior Design 01. Retail Design. AVA Publishing. Neighbour, Alfred. (1878). The Apiary, Or, Bees, Beehives, & Bee Culture: Being a Familiar Account of the Habits of Bees & the Most Improved Methods of Management. Third Edition. Kent: Harvard University. Rowell, G., Taylor, O., & Long-Rowell, M. (1992). Spatial Dynamics of the Honey Bee Mating System (Apis mellifera L.). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 65(3), 218-222 http://www.jstor.org/stable/25085359 Sammataro, Diana & Avitabile, Alphonse. (1998). The Beekeeper s Handbook. Cornel University Press. Stirling, F. (1921). The Honeybees' Own Troubles. The Florida Entomologist, 4(4), 56 58 doi:10.2307/3491992