MONOGRAPH ONE [1] SELECTED ACADEMIC PROJECTS BY EMMANUEL PIERRE JORDAN GEE
P R O J E C T T I T L E :
[com_modifying urban activation]
C R I T I C :
BOB TREMPE [THESIS ADVISER]
S T U D I O :
ARCH
U S E R :
THE TYPICAL URBANITE IN WAITING
P H A S E S :
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FALL
2006[DOCUMENT]
-
SPRING
2007[PROJECT]
4 DESIGN AND RESEARCH PHASES [DOCUMENT TRANSLATION, PARAMETRIC RESEARCH, MAPPING & MATERIALS , DESIGN & TECHNOLOGY]
CONCEPT:
THIS PROJECT IS A PHYSICAL INTERPRETATION AND MANIFESTATION OF THE RESEARCH AND FINDINGS OF MY WRITTEN DOCUMENT. IT IS A RESPONSE TO A SOCIAL CONDITION ARISING WITHIN THE URBAN FABRIC, WHERE INDIVIDUALS ARE LOSING THE PHYSICAL AND PHENOMENOLOGICAL INTERACTION WITH “THE CITY” [HUMAN & EDIFICE]. THIS THESIS INVESTIGATES THE CONDITION CREATED BY “MEDIA APPENDAGES,” AND DEVELOPS A SERIES OF PROGRAMS AND RESPONSES WHICH DON’T IGNORE OR REMOVE MEDIA, BUT ADOPTS AND ADAPTS TO FORMULATE A NEW FACILITATOR OF INTERACTIONS.
PROGRAM:
THE PRIMARY PROGRAM FOR THIS PROJECT WAS TO DESIGN A SYSTEM OF SKINS WHICH COULD MANIFEST AND INSTIGATE A NEW POINT OF INTERACTION WITHIN THE CITY. THERE IS A SECONDARY PROGRAM FACILITATING AN ARCHITECTURAL RESPONSE, BY DESIGNING A DISTRIBUTION HUB FOR A NETWORK OF AUTOMATED COFFEE DISPENSING UNITS. THIS INCLUDED THE DEVELOPMENT OF INDIVIDUAL UNITS, WAITING STATIONS, AND THE DISTRIBUTION HUB / LOUNGE. ALL ASPECTS OF THE PROGRAM USED THE “FACILITATOR” OR “SKIN SYSTEM” AS THE PRIMARY ELEMENT.
S
:
THIS PROJECT RESEARCHED AND INVESTIGATED THE URBANITE AND THEIR ACTIVITIES TO FORMULATE AREAS OR NODES WHICH WOULD BE USED FOR THE DEPLOYMENT OF THE DISPENSING UNITS. THE PRIMARY STUDIES WERE TO FIND URBAN VOIDS TO USE AS TEMPORARY & ROTATING SITES DURING DAILY CONSUMPTION. THE DISTRIBUTION HUB WAS LOCATED AT AN URBAN VOID ON THE CORNER OF VAN PELT STREET AND WALNUT STREET JUST OFF OF 21ST STREET IN PHILADELPHIA, PA.
FOCUSES:
TO DESIGN A PROTOTYPE WALL ASSEMBLY FOR HUMAN INTERACTION, THROUGH THE USES OF MECHANICAL TECHNOLOGY AND MATERIAL PROPERTIES. INVESTIGATIONS INTO RESINS, SILICONES, AND LIGHT TRANSLUCENCY AS WELL AS FABRICATING PROCESSES WERE A FOCUS.
A W A R D S :
GRADUATING THESIS AWARD, “THE DA VINCI PRIZE: AWARDED IN RECOGNITION OF HIS THESIS PROJECT, JUDGED BY THE FACULTY TO DEMONSTRATE THE MOST INNOVATIVE AND INVENTIVE USE OF TECHNOLOGY AS AN INTEGRAL PART OF THE PROJECT’S THEORETICAL AND AESTHETIC EXPRESSION.”
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PHASE ONE:
[MEDIA APPENDAGES AND THE RESPONSIVE EDIFICE] :A CONTEMPORARY MECHANISM OF SOCIAL REPRESENTATION AND ACTIVATION:
PHASE ONE OF THE PROJECT WAS TO INTERPRET THE WRITTEN THESIS INTO A COMPOSITION OF SELECTED RESEARCH POINTS AS A MEANS OF DEPARTURE. THE POINTS OF RESEARCH DEVELOPED DURING THE DOCUMENTATION PHASE ARE THE UNDERLYING PRINCIPLES FOR WHICH THE DESIGN PROJECT FOLLOWS. THE WRITTEN DOCUMENT BECAME A SYSTEM OF SPECIFIED VARIABLES DEFINING A CODE OF DESIGN. IT IS A NETWORK IN ITS SELF, A GRAPHIC LAYERING OF INFORMATION WHICH BOUND THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AS A GUIDELINE FOR THE ENSUING PROJECT. FOR THIS PROJECT IT WAS VERY IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND THE HUMAN BODY IN MULTIPLE SCALES AND AS A SYSTEM OF INTERCONNECTED PARTS. THE MEDIA APPENDAGES ARE THE INITIAL CATALYST FOR THE SEPARATION BETWEEN THE INDIVIDUAL AND THE EDIFICE, BUT ARE ADAPTED AS A MEANS FOR INTEGRATION AND INTERACTION. THESE SERIES OF RESEARCH AND GRAPHIC INTERPRETATIONS ARE WAYS TO INVESTIGATE HOW TO USE THE BODY AND MEDIA AS A SYSTEM TO RE-ACTIVATE THE USER WITH THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT.
Christobal Balenciaga - “Bride in White Gazar,” 1967; Lynn Hershman - “Phantom Limbs,” 1980; Spencer Tunick - “Times Squarete, 1997”
Today’s consumer society is heavily blended with popular com-modifying culture. It has consumed the individual, becoming the fabric of our represented landscape. is Society has provided succumbed Com-modifying a service for tothe consumer capitalism affected by design, publicity, and market urbanite. is athe catalogue information altered research. These factors Ithave power ofof manipulating who and tuned to provide interaction we are and attempt to suggest what society should points. be. Yet It communicates activities urban fabric, imagine what would society be withoutwithin mass the media? This tension, between contemporary society’s desire relaying information from one zoneto toconsume another. and the exploitation of this desire through personalized media It is the satisfaction of adapting to commercial and marketing propaganda imagery, willandbe integrating investigatedourselves in this into thesis. the developing consumer environment. It is the Cities of mass urban congestion, such as New York, London, having commodity good and Tokyo, aresimple in a pleasure perpetualofshift withtheresponse to of media coffeeThe available. and consumerism. urban environment is effected by this response, and in reaction to this continuous flux, the city is slowly being secluded urban from the urbanite while architecture continues to activation grow in consumer propaganda. The ever expanding development of media in the consumerist age is re-adapting our lifestyle, What does this mean? It is first and foremost and incorporating marketing strategies and product design as definition to of the usercity. groups. It is interactions a study of a key cognitivea connection The daily individuals…urbanites, classified by within public spaces are in a process of transformation design and a range of isage types [17In – the individual’s parameters attention to with its surroundings fluctuating. response to these of the of city a 35]. characteristics, the urbanitesthearepresence the activators could find it’s system self removed from theand individual and embedded therefore of services networks separating the role of architecture from the public and the by street. within the city. Urbanites are defined their animation within a city’s boundaries, which This media driven “rainforest” which has emerged within theis why students + young between professionals urban fabric, brings cause for [17-24] a re-investigation the [25-35] analytical role of the urbanite and thebecome ephemeralthecity. primary Studies between [the urbanite and media] for and design [architecture and media] Within will framework considerations. develop the conditions, specifications, and parameters design Philadelphia, the student populationto exceeds for. These parameters found through of research, 95.000,00 betweenthe mapping 11 colleges and can potentially imply a new code for design and a re-activation universities. It also retains twice as many between the urbanite, the street, and architecture. This attempt any through other region, to adopt media graduates and translatethan program consumercomposing culture, 30% of center city’s population [26.400,00]. is a prototype for creating a facilitator of interaction within the what activation this begins to user surface a layering urban fabric. The by the fromis the street willof integrate and become adaptive and specific thebehaviors andresponsive habits, mechanism formulating to re-define andactivation re-instate the physical and phenomenological hot-spots. interaction between architecture and the urbanite.
----- rivers
----- square/free_space
----- urban_growth
----- distribution_centers
----- temp_kiosk
----- urban_voids
----- no_build ZONE
[temporary fillers]_programming voids
the Matriarchal lineage _ [the human body] - analyzation\deconstruction\re-construction - site and communication development The control of the human body is referenced as a collection of movements and gestures translated as one mechanism and not a series of independent parts. This is important to apply within this project, because it integrates the three design programs as one mechanical body working in unison. These design programs have individual qualities [retail], but become communicative as a whole. The project is then modified simultaneously by human bodies…working as a mechanism. “…scale of the control: it was question not of treating the body, en masse, ‘wholesale’, as if it were an in dissociable unity, but of working it ‘retail,’ individually; of exercising upon a subtle coercion, of obtaining holds upon it at the level of the mechanism itself – movements, gestures, attitudes, rapidity: an infinitesimal power over the active body.” (Foucault)
the Patriarchal lineage _ [consumer media] - interaction\activation\habitation - skin and programmatic development We…the individual…the human body, within the realm of our physical and phenomenological interaction to urbanity, are becoming deactivated machines.
+
=
“We are “desiring-machines,” man and nature combined as one system of relationships, and that these influences are a cycle with which we share in nature.” (Deleuze & Guattari) This idea of a homogenous cycle is a very important variable in this design code. The presence of consumer media is not a factor that can be removed from society, and in turn should be incorporated with design as an adapted mode of thinking. They are creating point A new anti-social/personalized environments within the psyche and are re-formulating the presence of the urban environment upon our senses. What happens when urban public space is filled with an infinite amount of private existing_ environments?
modified_
point B
interpretation[diagrams]: The first diagram focuses on media as an inhibitor and source for information, communication, and entertainment. It focuses at how information can be shared and transferred through the distribution units. Working within a network users can access live feed and events from other units located throughout the city. The second diagram is “the bubble effect” which represents how urbanites are experiencing the city and how that condition can be modified by inserting elements. The modification of the transient “bubble” through the deployment of outposts as communication and instigation environments will allow for the un-privatization of environments.
existing_
modified_
module_f
module_a
PHASE TWO: [PARAMETRIC RESEARCH] PHASE TWO IS THE RESEARCH AND CLASSIFICATION OF THE USER & CITY IN AN EXTENSIVE DOCUMENTATION INTO HOW URBANITES MOVE, USE, OCCUPY, INTERACT, AND ACTIVATE THE CITY. THIS WAS THE PRIMARY ANALYSIS FOR UNDERSTANDING THE USER AND HOW PLACE, TIME, AND LEVEL OF OCCUPATION COULD TRANSLATE INTO A CODE FOR POTENTIAL SITING, AS WELL AS FORMULATING A METHOD OF DESIGN. BOTH DESIGN PRINCIPALS WILL ANALYZE AND INTERPRET THE DATA COLLECTED IN ORDER TO BEST INFORM ON HOW TO TRANSLATE THE INFORMATION INTO A DESIGN METHODOLOGY. THE INFORMATION COLLECTED SHOWED VERY STRONG USER ACTIVATION ALONG A CENTRALIZED CORRIDOR THROUGH THREE MAIN SECTORS OF PHILADELPHIA. THIS INFORMED A POTENTIAL PRIMARY SITE IN SECTOR z-1, DUE TO ITS CENTRALIZED LOCATION AND LOCATED THE MOST USER ACTIVATED ZONES FOR THE DEPLOYMENT OF MOBILE UNITS. THE DEPLOYMENT OF THE MOBILE UNITS THROUGHOUT THE CITY’S UNDERLYING NETWORK ALLOWS FOR A SERIES OF PROGRAMMATIC INSTALLATIONS TO GROW AND BECOME MODIFIED BY A CONTINUOUS LEVEL OF USER INTERACTION.
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[urban buffers]_deconstructing user activity
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center city statistics_ population per square mile age distribution
-
88,000 14,667 15-19 yrs = 5% 20-24 yrs = 9% 25-44 yrs = 39%
retail stores retail under construction retail occupancy
- 2,146 - 48 - 90%
average annual expenditures food away from home apparel and services entertainment
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$40,986 $2,232 $2,106 $2,031
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46,490 40,714 16,348 19,983 2,518 600 565
university city statistics_ population students drexel university university of penn. u. of sciences - phila. lincoln u. urban center the resturant school retail stores
- 3.2%
dining, food, + spirits entertainment arts
- 97 - 16 - 20
old city statistics_ population per square mile levels of education: associate degree bachelors degree graduate degree
- 8,588 - 6,689 - 268 - 2,561 - 2,465
0.1
1700 block of walnut
retail stores dining, food + spirits
- 106 - 92
0.2
1600 block of chestnut
annual expenditures - above average food away from home - 40% apparel and services - 47% entertainment - 47%
0.3
0100 block of s.18th
week_1...08.19.2007.M
pedestrian street activation [daily average_2006]
week_4...09.09.2007.M
[networks]_user activity & transportation
z-1
"
-0
0'
92
R7
"
-0
0'
60
"
-0
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28
R5
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-0
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96
R3
z-7
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-0
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64
R2
R6
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R1
R6
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60
z-2
C
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D3776'-0"
D1834'-0"
D12051'-3"
1000'-0"
D5829'-8"
B
D16266'-7"
1 inch
A
F
1
D4657'-6"
2
D3976'-4"
_broad street + ridge express subway _market + frankford El _patco train _regional rail
z-6
_activation zones - [retail + commercial + residential] _bus routes _lucy green shuttle _lucy gold shuttle _surface trolleys _phlash bus
3
D0000'-0"
z-3
4
z-4 z-5
5
D2009'-0"
D3381'-0"
z -1
_center city activation boundary
z -2
_university city activation boundary
z -3
_old city activation boundary
z -4
_society hill activation boundary
z -5
_south street activation boundary
z -6
_chinatown activation boundary
z -7
_cc residents association activation boundary
_user activity [retail 1999-2006] _user activity [dining / sidewalk cafes / bars] _user activity [residential +] _user activity [residential -] _user activity [office and institutional]
E
F
G
H
I
J
_user activity [services / arts / entertainment]
6
D6251'-8"
D7990'-0"
D5137'-0"
D3761'-0"
D1963'-0"
D0000'-0"
D1834'-0"
_user activity [existing coffee distribution]
[networks]_urban voids & activity sectors
C
H
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B
z -2
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z -1
E
J G ’
60
A
32
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96
R3
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64
R2
R6
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D12051'-3"
D5829'-8"
1000'-0"
D
E D1834'-0"
C
D3776'-0"
B
D16266'-7"
1 inch
A
F
1
D4657'-6"
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 A
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D3976'-4"
B C D E F G
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S
_urban
voids
-
large
_concentration sectors
[primary
_urban
voids
-
small
_communication streams
[information & networking pathways]
T
_distribution
[central activation & displacement hub]
U
[market
_corridor
of
_activated
zones]
walnut]
V
zones
[center city + old city + university city]
W
markers
[distancing of proposed appendages]
E
F
G
H
I
J
D5137'-0"
D7990'-0"
+
D3761'-0"
chestnut
D1963'-0"
+
D0000'-0"
congestion
D1834'-0"
_radiating
zone
displacement
R D3381'-0"
X 6
D6251'-8"
Y [a-y] _ activity sector [1-15] _ void cycle
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RGB_saturation[retail/cafe]
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activity saturation[hybrid mosaic] 4
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activity saturation[existing layering]
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RGB_saturation[on + off the clock]
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RGB_saturation[residential +/-]
PHASE THREE: [PARAMETRIC MAPPING & MATERIALS ] PHASE THREE BEGINS WITH USING PARAMETRIC MAPPING AS A MEANS TO INTERPRET THE DATA COLLECTED INTO A DESIGN FORMULA. IT TOOK THE LEVELS OF SATURATION WITHIN THE AREAS OF INTEREST AND TRANSFORMED IT INTO A SERIES OF THREE DIMENSIONAL MAPPING STUDIES [PLASTER, SILICONE & RESIN]. THE PROPERTIES AND FABRICATION TECHNIQUES DEVELOPED AND RESEARCHED THROUGH THESE STUDIES BEGAN THE DEVELOPMENT INTO HOW THE BODY AND MATERIALS TOGETHER DEFINED THE DESIGN PROCESS. THE EXISTING ACTIVITY DATA MAP IS THE DEPARTURE POINT FOR CREATING A PHYSICAL DESIGN CONNECTION. THE COLOR CODED INFORMATION WAS “DILUTED” AND “SATURATED” THROUGH A PROGRAM FILTER TO ANALYZE THE MOST ACTIVATED CITY PROGRAMS. THE Z-1 SECTOR WAS THEN FOCUSED ON DUE TO IS CENTRAL LOCATION THROUGH THE CITY’S ACTIVATION CORRIDORS. THIS INFORMATION WAS THEN SEPARATED INTO RGB COLOR GROUPS AND ANALYZED AGAIN THROUGH LEVELS OF INTENSITY. WHAT THIS DOES IS CREATE A LEVEL OF INFORMATION THAT CAN BE PLUGGED INTO A THREE DIMENSIONAL MODELING STUDY. THE DATA USED HAD FOUR LEVELS OF SATURATION INTENSITY WITHIN EACH COLOR GROUP, AND THEN WERE ASSIGNED HEIGHT MAXIMUMS FOR THE USE OF THREE DIMENSIONAL MAPPING.
2 inch
1
1-3/4 inch
2
1-1/2 inch
3
1-1/4 inch
4
[saturation] intensity map
pure
diluted
parametric[mapping] These three dimensional mapping studies are parametric models created using the intensity data as variables for curvature manipulation. The data collected was represented by nails and inserted as a physical variable for the RGB levels analyzed in the saturation maps. Once the three individual boards were created, a process involving the properties of plaster and fabric formed the parametric data through the use of weight, density, and elasticity. The liquid plaster was poured onto a fixed elastic fabric, which then shaped the spacial environment and presented the conceptual framework for the skin system [habitation dents]. These materials represented how the body and skin could conceptually form space through weight and mass.
RGB_saturation[parametric studies]
RGB_saturation[parametric studies]
RGB_saturation[parametric studies]
habitation_dents[parametric point locations]
RGB_saturation[parametric studies - resin prep]
RGB_saturation[parametric studies - inverted]
habitation_dents[parametric studies - details]
habitation_dents[material studies] Resin and Silicone casted parametric models which continued the study of space and form, as well as investigating light, translucency, and elasticity.
PHASE FOUR:
[TECHNOLOGY AND MECHANICS] :CREATING AN INTERACTIVE AND RESPONSIVE SKIN SYSTEM:
PHASE FOUR IS THE REALIZATION OF THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND MATERIAL INVESTIGATIONS STUDIED THROUGHOUT ALL THE PREVIOUS DESIGN PHASES. IT BEGINS BY DIGITALLY RECREATING THE PARAMETRIC MODELS TO FURTHER STUDY THE POINTS OF INTENSITY. THESE MOMENTS I CALL “HABITATION DENTS,” BECOME THE PRIMARY DESIGN FOCUS AS AREAS IN WHICH A PERSON CAN ALTER AN EXISTING STATE BY MANIPULATING THE SURFACE AND CREATING A USER SPECIFIC DEFINED SPACE. THIS ALLOWS FOR A UNIQUE EXPERIENCE WHERE THE HUMAN BODY CAN DICTATE THE SPACE IN WHICH IT INHABITS. HOW A PERSON APPLES WEIGHT AND PRESSURE IN COMBINATION WITH THEIR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, DEFINES THE VARIABLES WHICH WILL ACTIVATE AND FORM THE “SKIN SYSTEM.” IN ADDITION, AS MORE PEOPLE INTERACT WITH A SINGLE “SKIN SYSTEM” THE PROPERTIES OF THE MATERIALS FLUCTUATE TO ADAPT TO MULTIPLE USERS. THIS IS SIGNIFICANT IN INSTIGATING AN INTERACTION BETWEEN MULTIPLE USERS AS THEIR PERSONALIZED SPACE BECOME ALTERED DUE TO THE ADDITION OF NEW PARAMETRIC PROPERTIES AND THEREFORE CHANGING THE ENVIRONMENT ONE IS EXPERIENCING. THIS “SKIN SYSTEM IS TESTED IN A WALL ASSEMBLY AND A FLOOR ASSEMBLY [LOUNGE]. THE WALL ASSEMBLIES ARE INTENDED TO BE MOBILE AND USED WITH THE AUTOMATED DISTRIBUTION MODULES AS WAITING STATIONS. THE FLOOR ASSEMBLY IS LOCATED IN THE CENTRAL DISTRIBUTION HUB AS AN INTERACTION NODE AND LOUNGE. THE DISTRIBUTION HUB IS ALSO COMPRISED OF A MODULATING “SKIN SYSTEM” THAT IS DEFINED AND FORMED BY THE PLUGGING AND UN-PLUGGING OF DISTRIBUTION MODULES. THIS SYSTEM WORKS WITH THE SAME PRINCIPALS OF THE BODY / SKIN SYSTEM, BUT USES THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE DISTRIBUTION MODULES AS THE VARIABLES TO ALTER THE SHAPE OF THE SKIN. AS THE MODULES DISPERSE OR RE-CHARGE THE INTERIOR SKIN BECOMES MANIPULATED BY THE INDIVIDUAL MODULES AND ALTERS THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT WITHIN THE HUB. MATERIALS THAT WERE FOCUSED ON PREVIOUSLY ARE NOW GIVEN SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS FOR THEIR RESPECTIVE PROPERTIES. RESIN BECOMES THE FUNDAMENTAL STRUCTURE FOR ALL THE INSTALLATION MODULES AND A TRANSLUCENT SILICONE IS USED FOR THE “SKIN.” ADDITIONAL MATERIALS SUCH AS ALUMINUM RODS, STEEL SPRING COMPONENTS, AND HYDRAULICS WERE USED AS THE MECHANICAL SYSTEM. SEVERAL WALL PROTOTYPES WERE CREATED: A DUAL SKIN_HAND PROTOTYPE AND A FULL SCALE WALL SYSTEM.
skin_surface-4 [negative]
skin_surface-4 [positive]
skin_surface-3 [negative]
skin_surface-3 [positive]
skin_surface-2 [negative]
skin_surface-2 [positive]
skin_surface-1 [positive/negative
pure
diluted
dent fields[intensity_markers]
dent fields[surface_manipulation - cross legged]
human pressure deformation
field activation map
dent field spot plan & rendering
dent fields[surface_manipulation - lounged]
human pressure deformation
field activation map
dent field spot plan & rendering
dent fields[surface_manipulation]
human pressure deformation
field activation map
dent field spot plan & rendering
prototype_one[material studies] This initial prototype was a study in creating a responsive mechanical system while benefitting from material properties such as translucency.
injection molded poly-carbonate structural frame
7’-6”
habitation dent
steel springboard system
translucent silicone skin
lighting bay
docking bay
5’
waiting station[factory_unit]
waiting station[factory_settings]
scale: 11/32”=1’ surface habitation[defining the dent]
7’-6”
conceptual diagram[dual_skin]
2’
10’
waiting station[factory_unit]
2’
activation[user specific]
scale: 11/32”=1’
activation[random_response]
prototype_two[mechanial development] This dual-skin hand prototype tested the mechanical components of the “skin system� for the waiting staions and lounges.
user programs[individualized space v-1]
user programs[individualized space v-2]
user programs[hybridized provocation]
Storage & Restrooms
Areas of Responsive Interaction [lounges]
Docking Bays Interior Responsive Skin System
1 2 3 4 5 distribution_hub[responsive field map]
6 7 un-plugging[facade re-configuration]
modulating roof system removable coffee brewing & dispensing unit
removable stocking containers [coffee beans, water, cream, & sugar]
modulating aluminum rod mechanism
7'- 0"
aluminum rod & locking clamp mechanism 2'
4'
injection molded poly-carbonate structural frame
modulating silicone skin
5'0"
distribution units[factory_settings]
scale: 1/2�=1’
modulating roof system
removable stocking containers [coffee beans, water, cream, & sugar]
modulating alluminum rod mechanism
removable coffee brewing & dispencing unit compartment aluminum rod & locking clamp mechanism
injection molded poly-carbonate structural frame
dual-modulating silicone skin system
distribution units[un-plugged section studies]
scale: 1/2�=1’
distribution hub docking frame
modulating silicone skin
distribution units[factory_settings] - not to scale
mobile dispensing unit and/or waiting station
distribution hub docking station
distribution units[docking & deformation diagram]
scale: 1/2�=1’