Sanjana Ahmed_Retrieving the synchronicity between people and water by EMU European post-master in Urbanism at TU Delft

u r ce

: a u th o r

etrieving the synchronicity between people and water

Colophon

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Title: R e t r i e iv n g t h e s yn hc r o n i ci t y b e t w e e n p e o p l e a n d w a t e r A sp a t i a l ts u d y o f w a t e r r e si l i e n t m e g a ic t y , a ps r a w l i n g u n p l a n n e d u r b a n t i su

S a n j a n a A h m e d I s a n j a n a . a r ch

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e D h a ka

I S tu d e n t n u m b e r: 4 5 0 4 6 3 1

Mentor Team H a n M e ye r , B i r g i t H a u sl e i t n e r ,

Exchange University (IUAV) examiner P a o la P e llig r in i External examiner L e o va n d e n B u r g External advisor M a h b u b u r R . M e e n a r T h e si F a cu D e lft E u ro

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re p o o f A n i ve r a n P

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u a ry u re a e c h n st e r

2 0 1 n d o lo in U

7 t h e B u i l t E n vi r o n m e n t g y r b a n i sm (E M U )

Studio: Frontiers

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: a u th o r

Content

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1_Introduction 1 . 1 _ M o t i va

tio n

1 . 2 _ F r a m i n g t h e co

n t e xt

1.3_Problem field 1 .4 _ P r o b le m 1 . 5 _ R e se

st a t e m e n t

a r ch

1 . 6 _ R e l e va

q u e st i o n s

n ce

2_Methodology 2 .1 _ A im 2 . 2 _ R e se

a r ch

st r u ct u r e

2 .3 _ M e th o d s

3_Metropolitan Fabric 3 . 1 _ A n a l yt i c F r a m e w o r k 3 .1 .1 _ F o rm

R e l e va

/ M o r p h o l o g i ca n t ca

l st r u ct u r e I P e o p l e

3 . 1 . 2 _ C e n t r a l i t i e s a n d a ct i vi t i e s

3 . 1 . 3 _ W a t e r D yn R e l e va

n t ca

a m i cs se

4_Project Structural Framework

5_Design development: territorial scale

6_Design development: local scale

7_Reflections

8_Bibliography

Acknowledgements

I h a ve b e e n e x ce p t i o n a l l y f o r t u n a t e t o h a ve t w o o f m y m o st f a vo r i t e t e a ch e r s a s m y t h e si s m e n t o r , H a n M e ye r a n d B i r g i t H a u sl e i t n e r , w h o m I a d m i r e d f r o m t h e b e g i n n i n g o f m y E M U st u d i e s n o t o n l y a s b r i l l i a n t e d u ca t o r s b u t m o st l y b e ca u se o f t h e w a y t h e y co n s t a n t l y i n sp i r e d m e t o e n j o y su ch a n i n t e n si ve se m e st e r , n o t f r e a ki n g o u t a n d st i l l w o r k o n su ch a ch a l l e n g i n g si t e . M y e xt e r n a l a d vi so r , M e e n a r M a h b u b u r , w h o w i l l i n g l y h e l p e d m e a l l t h r o u g h w i t h n e w i d e a s w h i ch really helped me looking at my project from a different perspective. My external mentor, Paola Pelligrini who sincerely h e l p e d h e r b e st d e sp i t e o f b e i n g i n C h i n a . M y f r i e n d s a n d co l l e a g u e s w h o h a ve b e e n w o r ki n g w i t h m e w i t h t h e sa m e tension and anxiety and making this final semester full of fun. Special thanks to my parents and my brother who have su p p o r t e d m e w i t h e v e r y d e ci si o n I t a ke , m y b o yf r i e n d , N a ye e m w h o h a s b e e n a co n st a n t su p p o r t a n d h e l p e d m e w i t h a l l t h e b e a u t i f u l p i ct u r e s t h a t h e h a s t a ke n o f D h a ka . A l l t h e p e o p l e w h o h a ve su p p o r t e d m e g a t h e r i n g d a t a a n d a ct u a l l y m a d e i t p o si b l e f o r m e t o w o r k f o r D h a ka . F i n a l l y , I w o u l d l i ke t o t h a n k t h e f a cu l t y i t se l f f o r g i vi n g u s t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o b e a p a r t o f su ch a p r o g r a m t h a t a l l o w e d u s t r a ve l a l o t a n d l e a r n t h i n g s f r o m p e o p l e w e m e t t h a t w e co u l d h a ve n e ve r l e a r n t f r o m t h e p a g e s o f a n y b o o k. I t h a s t r u l y t u r n e d o u t t o b e a n u n e xp e ct e d l y w o n d e r f u l j o u r n e y o f e xp e r i e n ce i n D e l f t .

fig: a

4 km

fig: b

4 km

All the drawings of this report is based on the two scales of the Metropolitan region of dhaka, fig: a; and the Dhaka city corporation area fig: b. The Metropolitan region incorporates the peripheral major towns and the Dhaka city corporation a r e a i s co m p o s e d o f t w o a d m i n i st r a t i ve p a r t s. T h e N o r t h c i t y co r p o r a t i o n a n d t h e S o u t h ci t y co r p o r a t i o n u n d e r t w o d i f f e r e n t m a yo r s.

H 1

1_Introduction ______________________________________________________________________________ 1.1_Motivation The city as a landscape of a set of natural and artificial structuring elements grows as an accumulation of these traces over time in shaping the territory in its bodily form as well as the behavior of its inhabitants. The construction of the territories of these urbanized landscapes in the urbanistic discourse finds its position in different typo-morphological categories which are often termed as sprawl, diffused, dispersed, isotropy or densified compact cities. The natural features, for example water and topography by setting the course and limit of the human occupation in the initial phase, often becomes the backdrop of some cities. Over densification or unplanned urbanization leaves very little room for a porous soft layer to be traced in a spread of continuous hard/asphalt urban tissue.Therefore,this very important structuring element, the water, becomes a challenge for urban environment when it comes to extreme events like heavy rainfall or flooding. The compact urban fabric doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t allow a porous surface for the water permeability that causes unprecendet flooding events. In the present world of liquid modernity where the future is more and more uncertain, (as discussed by Bauman, 2000) and where the trend clearly shows that territories are getting urbanized and people are inclined to be more and more urbanized/modernized every day (more than 50% of the world population lives in cities, U.N. 2007), the complexity of urban processes threatens the natural structuring elements (like the waterscape) of the territory ever more than any time before which naturally backfires in the long run.Therefore, in this project, my attempt is to examine this global challenge of urbanization process and its affects on the natural water system, in a very unique context of a city, Dhaka, where the city itself struggles with a lot of challenges like limitations of resources , climate change threats, economic challenges etc apart from the process of unplanned urbanization and its adverse effects on the water system. In the end, trying to find solutions or adapting principles of the western strategies of resilient metropolitan growth keeping an adaptable greenblue system in this particular context.

1.2_Framing the context General urbanization and the growth of Dhaka: The story of the city of Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh which is 90% urban (Islam 2006), one of the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s most densely populated megacities with a population of 17 million, is a very similar prototype of a highly urbanized city that neglects the water system to find room for its growth, if seen from a morphological point of view. The city is geographically situated in the deltaic plain of three major rivers, Padma, Brahmaputra and Meghna, (see fig:1) and surrounded by the tributaries of these major rivers. Dhaka traces back its origin in the 17th century as a trading hub of the Mughals. Water playing the major role of transportation at that time period not only made it possible for the city to structure along the course of it but also in a way created the metaphorical image of the city. The limit of the city was clearly defined by the tributaries, Buriganga in the south, Turag in the north and west, and Balu in the east, and also the swampy lands all around the initial city clearly defined the urban-rural limit of the territory. (see Fig:2 & 3) The city underwent different phases of development where the pre-Mughal period was all about dispersed settlement spreading all around the territory. (see fig:2) The 16th century during the Mughal rule, the development followed the river Buriganga on the east-west axis. The big change was noticed during the British rule of the 17th century where the city started growing slowly towards the north because of the relocation of the industrial zone up north and the connection to that by railway line, at the same time, during the second half of the 17th century, the population started decreasing as well when Calcutta started getting more importance that Dhaka. After the liberation war of 1971, the city started growing in all its direction and the tradition of a centralized capital city with a concentration of all governmental and private development started from this time period. This tradition follows the trajectory till the present day and therefore, Dhaka faces such pressure of rural to urban migation pressure for all its valid reasons.

source: author

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The pictures above show the conditions of the river course over different time period. The 19th century was all about t h e co e xi st e n ce o f t h e ci t y a n d t h e r i ve r w h e r e t h e ci t y d e ve l o p m e n t r e sp e ct e d t h e r i ve r co u r se a n d u se d i t a s t h e n e t w o r k o f m a i n t r a n sp o r t a t i o n syt e m . T h e r i ve r b a n k w a s f o u n d n a t u r a l w i t h o u t m u ch m a n - m a d e i n t e r ve n t i o n s . A f t e r t h e severe flooding of the 1988, the riverbank was protected by dam construction which in the later phases caused dense u r b a n i za t i o n p r o ce s a l o n g t h e d a m , ke e p i n g n o r o o m f o r r i ve r a n d w i t h t h e d e ve l o p m e n t o f a l l t h e o t h e r i n f r a st r u ct u r e s, t h e w a t e r e ve n t u a l l y b e ca m e t h e b a ckya r d o f t h e ci t y . T h i s p r o ce s g a ve r i se t o a l o t o f n e g a t i ve C o n se q u e n ce s b o t h p h ysi ca l a n d m e t a p h o r i ca l . A s p l a ce d o n t h e b a ck si d e o f a l l t h e d e ve l o p m e n t , p e o p l e st a r t e d p e r ce i vi n g t h e w a t e r a s a n element to neglect, pollute and encroaching its banks indiscriminately without any concern of the environmental effect o n t h e o ve r a l l l a n d sca p e o f t h e ci t y .

H o w e ve r , t h i s n a t u r a l l o g i c o f r a t i o n a l i t y i n st r u ct u r i n g t h e t e r r i t o r y t o d a y i s t o t a l l y i g n o r e d b y t h e u r b a n i za t i o n p r o ce s. T h e p h e n o m e n o n o f r u r a l - u r b a n m i g r a t i o n t o t h e ci t y m a d e t h e ci t y d o u b l e i n si ze f r o m 1 9 9 0 t o 2 0 0 5 a n d t h e U . N . predicts, by 2025, the population of Dhaka will be more than 20 million (see fig: 4.1) which is larger than Mexico City, Jakarta or Shanghai. All these extra amount of population is added everyday spatially in the low lying lands, by filling up the water retention basins, in some cases filling up the rivers in extreme, reclaiming river beds etc (see fig:5). As a result of such activities, frequent flooding events have increased in the last decade to a great number. The rivers that used to clearly define the limit of the urban-rural condition of the city, today is blurred and the city keeps on growing in all its directions in different morphlogical pattern keeping bare minimum porosity or fracture in the urban tissue. Therefore, a ci t y o n ce ca l l e d t h e V e n i ce o f t h e e a s t st r u g g l e s r e l e n t l e sl y f o r t h e su r vi va l o f i t s f e w r e m a i n i n g w a t e r co u r se s a n d ve r y o f t e n f a i l s t o w i t h s t a n d t h e b r u t a l p r e su r e o f t h e t r e m e n d o u s u r b a n i za t i o n p r o ce s t h a t co m p l e t e l y i g n o r e s a n d m o st l y r e p l a ce s t h e n a t u r a l s yst e m o f t h e ci t y w i t h co m p l e t e a sp h a l t su r f a ce s.

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Legend

Value High: 15944

2.5

10 miles

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F i g 5 : E l e va

t i o n m a p D h a ka

Low lying areas specifically on the eastern part of the city is mostly getting urbanized filling up the marsh areas.

T h e co T h e o f th ve r y m o rp lo w in sh o w co n d

re : co r e o f t h e is m i l a r co m p a ct h o l o g i ca l g t h e sp s ve r y h i g itio n .

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T h e m o st co m m o n t e n d e n cy i s t o b u i l d i n sm a l l e r p l o t s w h i ch h a s b u ild in g r e g u la tio n s o f 6 0 % o r h i g h e r m a xi m u m g r o u n d co ve r a g e l a w s f o r b u i l t st r u ct u r e s t h a t cr e a t s t h e v e r y co m p a ct si t u a t i o n ke e p i n g ve r y l o w r a t i o o f o p e n sp a ce o n t h e g r o u n d i n e a ch p l o t . A s a r e su l t o f t h i s ki n d o f d e ve l o p m e n t , t h e city grows keeping insufficient por o u s sp a ce f o r w a t e r t o r e ch a r g e th e g ro u n d . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e co r e a l so f a ce s t h e ch a l l e n g e o f a co m m o d a t i n g h i g h l y co n t r a st i n g d e m o g r a p h ic g r o u p o f p e o p le in th e sa m e a r e a s . I n o n e h a n d , t h e i n cr e a si n g n u m b e r o f h i g h r i se d e ve l o p m e n t s in co m p a r a t i ve l y sm a l l e r p l o t s w i t h e xp e n si ve co m m e r ci a l u se s , o n t h e o t h e r h a n d i n f o r m a l se t t l e m e n t s i n a n e xt r e m e l y co m p a c t co n d i t i o n cr e a t e s t h e m e t a p h o r i ca l i m a g e o f t h e ci t y w h i ch u n f o l d s t h e st o r y o f h i g h contrast in its spatial configuration. D u r i n g 1 9 8 5 - 1 9 9 3 , t h e vo l u m e o f road traffic increased by 88 % w h e r e a s t h e vo l u m e o f w a t e r a n d rail traffic declined in almost equal p r o p o r t i o n . ( t h e d a i l y st a r )

Dhaka aerial view: source_ http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=407912&page=53

G r o w i n g st r e e t cas p e i n oc m p a tc oc n d i t i o n : so sh a w - ca p i t a l - t o - e l e va t e d - ca p i t a l - d h a ak - t

C o n t r a st

b e t w e e n so

ci a l g r o u p s:

u r ce

_ h t t p s: / / w w w . e ca

_ d e a d p o e t p h o to g ra p h y

- i n t e r n a t i o n a l . co

m / i n si g h t s/ b l o g s/ m a r ch

- 2 0 1 5 / f r o m - r i ck

T h e e d g e : T h e e d g e o f t h e ci t y w h i ch t o d a y i s i n co n st a n t p r e su r e o f g e ttin g o cu p i e d b y t h e e xp a n si o n o f t h e co r e a r e a i s co m p o se d o f a l a n d sca p e w h i ch i s u n d e r t r a n si t i o n . T r a d i t i o n a l l y co m p o se d o f sm a l l e r vi a l l a g e s su r r o u n d e d b y a g r i cu l t u r al fields for mostly rice cultivation i s t o d a y a p l a ce o f t r a n si t i o n t h a t i s l o si n g i t s p r o d u ct i vi t y d u e t o l a ck o f l a b o u r f o r ce s w h i ch i s m o r e a n d m o r e i n cl i n e d t o m i g r a t e t o t h e ci t y o n o n e h a n d , a n d o n th e o th e r, in va si o n o f t h e i n d u st r i a l se ct o r o n t h e o u t ski r t s o f t h e ci t y . T h e re fo re , th e w a s o r ig in a lly fo b i n a t i o n o f r i ve va t e d l a n d w i t h t l e m e n t s a r e ch its fu n c tio n a l a n d u e t o co n st a n t l a t i o n f r o m t h e co

l a n d sca p e rm e d b y th r sca p e a n sm a l l vi l l a a n g i n g ve d vi s u a l ch p r e su re o re a re a .

w h i ch e oc m d cu l t i g e se t r y f a st a r a ct e r f p o p u -

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T h e o c cu p a t i o n o f t h e r i ve r e d g e by brick fields and industrial activi t i e s, t h e h i g h l y d e n s e n e w t o w n s o cu p yi n g t h e m a r sh l a n d s o n t h e e d g e o f t h e ci t y a n d t h e d i sa p p e a r a n ce o f t h e a g r i cu l t u r a l l a n d s i n o r d e r t o a co m m o d a t e n e w d e ve l o p m e n t s i s t h e r e g u l a r st o r y o f t h e e d g e o f D h a ka t o d a y .

Brick field along water course on the periphery of Dhaka: source_ dead poet photography

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A s m e n tio n e d in th e d r a ft, â&#x20AC;&#x153;The vision stands upon three pillars- Livability, Functionality and Resilience. It also has two conditions, a. respect towards a local socio-cultural fabric and b. environmental sustainability.â&#x20AC;?

F i g 6 : S t r u ct u r e p l a n 2 0 3 5 , n a t u r a l p r o t e ct e d a r e a s D h a ka

: D h a ka

S t r u ct u r e P l a n D r a f t 2 0 1 6 - 2 0 3 5

T h e st r u ct u r e p l a n o f 2 0 3 5 i s b a si ca l l y co m p o se d o f t h r e e m a j o r l a ye r w h i ch l a t e r su b d e vi d e s i n se ve r a l su b l a ye r s. T h e urban promotion area occupies the layer of the city that will be considered for different kind of urban development with varying densities, the urban control area will be reclaimed as flood flow zones and other natural and environmental purposes and the existing and reclaimed water bodies to flow the water from the upstream to the downstream retention a r e a s.

0 .5

F i g 7 : M a p o f e xi st i n g w a t e r n e t w o r k a n d b u i l d i n g s,

D h a ka

T h e a b o ve m a p sh o w s t h e co m p a r a t i ve p r o p o r t i o n o f t h e b u i l t a n d t h e u n b u i l d su r f a ce o f t h e ic t y . T h e f e w f r a tc u r e s o n t h e b o d y o f t h e ci t y a r e b a si ca l l y a i r p o r t s, a r m y o cu p i e d a r e a s, p a r l a m e n t b u i l d i n g a r e a s o w n e d a n d r e ts r i ct e d b y g o v e r n m e n t , f e w p a r ks, g r a ve ya r d , n a t i o n a l zo o e t .c T h e ms a l l sca t t e r e d w a t e r b o d i e s a r e t h e m o st uv l n e r a b l e o n e s t h a t a r e getting filled up illegally every passing day.

1.3_Problem Field T h e i m p a ct s o f e xt r e m e u r b a n i za t i o n a r e se ve r e i n t h i s p a r t i cu l a r ca se o f D h a ka . O n o n e h a n d , i t f a ce s e xt r e m e fast population growth, on the other hand severe flooding issues create challenges for current and future urbanization. The city as a system fails to accommodate and drain periodical rain water causing severe flooding issues (see fig: 5 & 6) more often these days. Rural to urban migration in the recent years and also in the projected fut u r e h a s b e e n a ch a l l e n g e t o m a n a g e d u e t o se ve r a l st r a t e g i c d e ci si o n s co n ce r n i n g t h e w h o l e co u n t r y . F o r e xa m p l e , l a ck o f d e ce n t r a l i z a t i o n o f e co n o m i c, e d u ca t i o n a l , p r o d u c t i ve a n d a d m i n i st r a t i o n a l se ct o r s a n d co n ce n t r a t i n g e ve r y t h i n g i n D h a ka . T h e r e f o r e , p e o p l e h a ve n o ch o i ce b u t t o co m e t o D h a ka f o r b e t t e r l i ve l i h o o d a n d b e t t e r o p p o r t u n i t i e s.

Population Growth According to the draft of Dhaka Structure plan report 2016-2035, “63% of the total growth of Dhaka’s population i s d u e t o m i g r a t i o n a n d o n l y 3 7 % g r o w t h co m e s f r o m n a t u r a l i n cr e a se . F r o m 1 9 6 1 t o 2 0 0 1 , i n e a ch o f t h e f o u r d e ca d e s, a b o u t 7 3 % , 7 7 % , 7 3 % a n d 5 7 % r e sp e ct i ve l y o f t h e t o t a l g r o w t h o f p o p u l a t i o n h a ve b e e n d u e t o i n - m i g r a t i o n . ” T h e r e f o r e , a m o n g u n co u n t a b l e n u m b e r o f p r o b l e m a t i c i su e s, t h e f o cu s o f t h e p r o j e ct w i l l b e t o d e a l w i t h t h i s o b vi o u s pressure of inward migration in the local scale (see fig:7 & 13) and in a territorial scale work with strategies to reduce t h e p r e su r e i n t h e l o n g t e r m . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , r e a d i n g t h e w a t e r sca p e o f t h e ci t y , t h e syn t h e t i c r e l a t i o n sh i p b e t w e e n t h i s u r b a n i za t i o n p r o ce s a n d d e g r a d a t i o n o f t h e w a t e r syt e m w i l l b e t h e b yp r o d u ct o f t h i s p r o ce s o f r e d i st r i b u t i o n .

Fig 8: Total population up to 2010 from UN estimates. Notes: NI= Natural Increase; NI rates for both base population and migrants a su m e d a s sa m e , i n t e r p o l a t e d f r o m U N n a t i o n a l N I r a t e s p r o j e ct i o n so u r ce : D h a ka S t r u ct u r e P l a n D r a f t 2 0 1 6 - 2 0 3 5

Water Dynamics As mentioned before, the flooding issue mainly caused by the heavy rainfall coupled with peak river flow (see fig:10, 11) cr e a t e s a l l t h e ch a l l e n g e s i n t h e u r b a n a r e a s r e l a t e d t o w a t e r . T h e u n p l a n n e d u r b a n i za t i o n i n t h e l o w l yi n g m a r sh l a n d s (see fig: 9), illegal occupation of river banks, insufficient sewage system etc add up to this challenge creating bigger r i sk f o r t h e f u t u r e d e ve l o p m e n t . T h e ch a l l e n g e o f t h e w a t e r syt e m i n su ch a co n t e xt o f h i g h l y d e n se u r b a n a r e a s a r e cr u t i a l . T h e p o p u l a t i o n g r o w t h r a t e is much higher for the water (increasing flooding risk) to compete with. In the densly developed urban tissue, the rainwater runoffs never get enough space to permiare or flow safely towards the water storing areas, and therefore causes flooding in the urban areas.

Ledend

F i g 9 : S l o p e m a p , D h a ka

u r ce

: a u th o r

Legend 4 - 1 0

1 1 - 1 5

1 6 - 2 1

2 2 - 2 8

2 9 - 4 3

F i g 1 0 : C o n t o u r m a p o f D h a ka

, D h a ka

u r ce

: a u th o r

Legend

E xi st i n g d a m E xi st i n g r o a d s E xi st i n g r a i l w a y Area under flood, 1998 E xi st i n g w a t e r b o d y

F i g 1 1 : F l o o d p r o n e a r e a s,

D h a ka

( 1 9 8 8 ) : so

u r ce

: a u t h o r , b a se

d o n D h a ka

, A n U rb a n R e a d e r, M a h b u b u r R a h m a n

Legend

D e p r e si

o n

M a d h u p u r C la y

F lo o d p la in

A b a n d o n e d C h a n n e l

H ig h F lo o d p la in

Fig 12: Types of soil, Dhaka: source: author, based on http://file.scirp.org/Html/5-9400102_1074.htm

T h e a b o ve m a p sh o w s t h e so i l co m p o si t i o n o f t h e ci t y w h e r e a l m o st t h e h a l f o f t h e ci t y o n t h e e a st e r n si d e i s co m p o se d o f depressed marsh lands, flood plains having the Balu river as the edge. Interestingly, the abandoned channel very much unf o l d s t h e h i st o r y o f t h e d i sa p p e a r a n ce o f w a t e r b o d i e s o f t h e ci t y w h e r e f e w l a ke s a n d ca n n a l s su r vi ve d t i l l t h e p r e se n t d a y as a reminiscent of the past. The western part of the city with flood prone areas close to the river and the topographically depressed areas are also either already urbanized or under the pressure of the spill out effect of the city.

Fig 13: Types of soil,Dhaka and urbanization areas: source: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/293487877_fig3_Figure-8-Historical-changes-in-type-and-depth-of-water-wells-in-Dhaka-city

Legend

e xi st i n g w a t e r b o d i e s

lower flooding areas

higher flooding areas e xi st i n g m a j o r se

w e r a g e s yst

e m

0 .7 5

1 .5

3 m ile s

Fig 14: 1998 flooding, Dhaka: source_ author based on https://www.slideshare.net/arjenzegwaard/proposal-dhaka-wotro2112012template

For a period of two months, the flood of the year 1998 lasted. Around 75% of the whole city was inundated. The reason of this flooding was heavy rainfall together with a combination of very high levels of water flows of all the three major rivers of the country in only three days time period. After this flooding,a lot of the low lying areas on the easter part of t h e ci t y g o t d e ve l o p e d a s u r b a n i n h a b i t a t e d a r e a s w h i ch w e r e m a r sh a r e a s b e f o r e .

Legend

e xi st i n g w a t e r b o d i e s

lower flooding areas

higher flooding areas e xi st i n g m a j o r se

w e r a g e syt

e m

0 .7 5

1 .5

3 m ile s

Fig 15: 2009 flooding, Dhaka: source_ author, based on, https://www.slideshare.net/arjenzegwaard/proposal-dhaka-wotro2112012template

An estimated highest railfall of 333mm in 24 hours between 27th-28th of July aggravated the flooding. In 2009, the maximum rainfall estimated during this time period was around 448mm in a day. Therefore, these maps (fig : 14 and 15) both shows the risk areas that are prone to flooding in case of severe rainfall.

1 0

1.4_Problem Statement Exhaustive densification due to inward migration in Dhaka city not only resulted in degradation of the spatial quality of the city, but also severely affected the water system. The quest of this urbanization process, without t h i n ki n g a b o u t t h e q u a l i t y o f t h e l a n d ( e i t h e r w a t e r r e t e n t i o n b a si n o r l o w l yi n g m a r sh ) g r e w l i ke m o s o n a l l p o s si b l y a va i l a b l e l a n d o ve r t i m e l e a vi n g n o r o o m f o r w a t e r . S u ce si ve sp a t i a l d e ve l o p m e n t st r a t e g i e s h a ve b e e n i n i t i a t e d w h i ch l a cks t h e st r e n g t h o f m o r p h o l o g i ca l r i ch n e s t o e n su r e f a i r l i va b l e co n d i t i o n s a l o n g w i t h a h o l i st i c w a t e r r e si l i e n t syt e m . T h i s o p e n s u p t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o r e t h i n k h o w t o a co m m o d a te th e n e w in h a b it a n t s o f t h e ci t y i n 2 0 3 5 w i t h o u t d i st u r b i n g t h e n a t u r a l st r u ct u r a l syt e m o f t h e ci t y , n e e d l e s t o m e n t i o n , t h e w a t e r .

Fig 16: Pictures of flooding, Dhaka: source: http://file.scirp.org/Html/5-9400102_1074.htm

1.5_Research Questions The idea of the project is to read the city as a palimpsest of different natural and manmade infrastructures over centuries and understand the dynamics behind the growth direction of the urban area and the spatial and functional effect o n w a t e r o f t h i s u r b a n i za t i o n p r o ce s . T h e r e se a r ch q u e st i o n s t o b e a n sw e r e d d u r i n g t h e st u d y co u l d b e t h e f o l l o w i n g . W h a t w o u l d b e t h e sp a t i a l r e q u i r e m e n t s t o i m a g i n e a f u t u r e o f D h a ka ci t y i n 2 0 3 5 w h e r e t h e st r u ct u r e o f t h e ci t y scape allows to co-exist two liquid elements, an efficient water system and increasing demographic pressure? T h e su

b q u e st i o n s a s a su

1 _ W h e re a n d h o w

p p o r t i ve

e l e m e n t o f t h i s q u e st i o n a r e ,

w i l l b e t h e a d d i t i o n a l 1 1 m i l l i o n m i g r a n t s a co

m m o d a t e d i n D h a ka

ci t y i n 2 0 3 5 ?

2_How can it be possible to ensure room for water in order to address the existing flooding issue when the population r e a ch e s 2 6 m i l l i o n ? 3 _ H o w ac n t h e u r b a n ts r u ct u r e b e a d a p t e d t o m e d i a t e b e t w e e n t h e n e e d t o a co t h e sa m e t i m e g i ve r o o m f o r w a t e r ?

m m o d a te p o p u la tio n g r o w th a n d a t

4_How is it possible to redefine the traditional way of practicing strategies in a territorial scale to reduce the inward m i g r a t i o n p r o ce s?

1.6_Relevance The issue of flooding in a mega city like Dhaka with an ever increasing population, has been a discourse in both governmental and societal level in the recent years through the media (see fig: 11). The evidence of its importance is clear in the recent initiative taken by the government, which is, â&#x20AC;&#x153;Dhaka Structure Planâ&#x20AC;?, 2016-2035, where significant spatial st r a t e g i e s h a ve b e e n t h o u g h t o u t t o r e - o r g a n i ze t h e f u t u r e g r o w t h d e ve l p o m e n t p a t t e r n b y i d e n t i f yi n g sp e ci a l zo n e s f o r protecting and preserving natural areas both flood management and recreational purposes. Strategies for reclaiming the illegally occupied flood-flow zones in the city is one of those strategies (see fig: 12) to be implimented in the following ye a r s a co r d i n g t o t h e d r a f t r e p o r t p r o d u ce d b y t h e g o ve r n m e n t , t h a t i s st i l l u n d e r p r o ce s.

u r ce

: a u th o r

1 1

Fig 17: Newspaper articles,flooding in Dhaka: source: http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-3883

P o p u la tio n 2 0 3 5 _ 3 .9 1 M G r o s d e n si t y ( P P A ) _ 4 4 G r o s u r b a n d e n si t y ( P P A ) _ 8 3

P o p u la tio n 2 0 3 5 _ 1 .0 8 M G r o s d e n si t y ( P P A ) _ 2 0 G r o s u r b a n d e n si t y ( P P A ) _ 3 6

P o p u la tio n 2 0 3 5 _ 3 .4 4 M G r o s d e n si t y ( P P A ) _ 5 5 G r o s u r b a n d e n si t y ( P P A ) _ 9 8

P o p u la tio n 2 0 3 5 _ 1 3 .0 5 M G r o s d e n si t y ( P P A ) _ 1 7 6 G r o s u r b a n d e n si t y ( P P A ) _ 2 0 2

P o p u la tio n 2 0 3 5 _ 1 .3 1 M G r o s d e n si t y ( P P A ) _ 2 9 G r o s u r b a n d e n si t y ( P P A ) _ 8 0

P o p u la tio n 2 0 3 5 _ 3 .1 5 M G r o s d e n si t y ( P P A ) _ 5 9 G r o s u r b a n d e n si t y ( P P A ) _ 1 1 2 Legend

P o p u la tio n 1 9 9 1 P o p u la tio n 2 0 0 1

P o p u la tio n 2 0 1 1

P o p u la tio n 2 0 1 5

P o p u la tio n 2 0 2 0 P o p u la tio n 2 0 2 5

P o p u la tio n 2 0 3 0

P o p u la tio n 2 0 3 5

F i g 1 8 : D e m o g r a p h i c p r o j e ct i o n , 2 0 3 5 D h a ka

T h e p o p u l a t i o n i n cr o f m a jo r ju m p in th se r vi ce a n d j o b se o f t h e ci t y f a l l s se c n o r n u m b e r i n co m w h i ch a l so a t t r a ct s

e a e c ct o o n p a a

: so

u r ce

: a u t h o r , b a se

d o n D h a ka

se o f t h e ci t y n a t u r a l l y d o r e a r e a i t se l f w h e r e t h e r co n ce n t r a t i n g i n t h e co d i n t h i s p o si t i o n b y h a vi r i so n t o t h e co r e a r e a . T l o t o f i n d u st r i a l w o r ke r s

S t r u ct u r e P l a n D r a f t 2 0 1 6 - 2 0 3 5

o e s p ro re n g h e fro m

n o t d i st j e ct i o n a r e a is a p r o je m a jo r r a l l a cr

r ib u te e fo r th e m a in ly ct i o n o f e ce n t d o s th e

q u a lly th r o u g h a r o f 2 0 3 5 is ca u si n g t h i s p 3 .9 1 a n d 3 .4 4 e ve l o p m e n t i n co u n t r y . ye

o u t t h e ci t y . R a t h e r i t f o l l o 1 3 .0 5 m illio n . T h e p u ll fa r o ce s. T h e n o rth a n d n o m i l l i o n su b se q u e n t l y , w h t h e se a r e a s a r e g r o w i n g

w s ct o rth i ch in d

th e te n r o f th e - w e st e i s a ve u st r i a l

d e m rn ry se

n cy a jo r p a rt m ict o r

1 2

2_Methodology ______________________________________________________________________________ 2.1_Aim T h e a i m o f t h e st u d y i s t o d e ve l o p st r a t e g i e s t o a d d r e s t h e o b vi o u s p r e su r e o f i n w a r d m i g r a t i o n t o w a r d s D h a ka ci t y from the rest of the country and to reduce the environmental affects on the waterscape of the city due to this urbanization p r o ce s. T h e sym b i o t i c r e l a t i o n sh i p b e t w e e n w a t e r a s a s t r u ct u r i n g e l e m e n t o f t h e t e r r i t o r y a n d t h e p r e su re o f u rb a n g r o w t h o n i t w i l l b e t h e ke y f o cu s o f t h i s p r o j e ct i n a p r o j e ct e d f u t u r e sce n a r io o f 2 0 3 5 . 2.2_Research Structure

Metropolitan growth

Elaborate spatial analysis: morphological study

Relevance cases

Structure map

F i g 1 9 : M e t h o d o l o g y C h a r t , S o u r ce

: a u th o r

2.3_Methods To answer the research questions identified in the initial phase, the following methods will be used to translate the research findings in the space to guide the design process in the later phases of the project. (see fig:19) 1 _ W h e re a n d h o w A co rd th e fu tu ch a l l e n st r e e t n

in g to re . T o g e s. I e tw o r

th d w k

e p o th ill a b y

w i l l b e t h e a d d i t i o n a l 1 1 m i l l i o n m i g r a n t s a co

m m o d a t e d i n D h a ka

ci t y i n 2 0 3 5 ?

o p u l a t i o n p r o j e ct i o n d a t a f o r 2 0 3 5 , I w i l l m a ke p o si b l e ts r u tc u r e p l a n sh o w i n g t h e n e w d e n s i t y m a p o f i s, I w i l l st u d y t h e ps a t i a l m o r p h o l o g i ac l a n a l ysi s t o u n d e r st a n d p o t e n t i a l l o ca t i o n s o f d e ve l o p m e n t a n d l so a n a l yze t h e F S I , G S I f r o m t h e ps a ce m a t r i x a n a l ysi s t o u n d e r st a n d t h e u r b a n t i su e , in te g r a tio n o f sp a ce syn t a x, e t c.

2_How can it be possible to ensure room for water in order to address the existing flooding issue when the population r e a ch e s 2 6 m i l l i o n ? In this step, I would study the detailed topographic configuration of the territory in order to identify the water sensitive areas and create maps for locating future reserved areas for flood mitigation. Also, understand the dynamics of the water flow in the city and identify the hidden stream lines of the city to address the issue of flooding. 3 _ H o w ac n t h e u r b a n ts r u ct u r e b e a d a p t e d t o m e d i a t e b e t w e e n t h e n e e d t o a co t h e sa m e t i m e g i ve r o o m f o r w a t e r ?

m m o d a te p o p u la tio n g r o w th a n d a t

The findings from the spacematrix analysis will be combined with the spacesyntax integration maps and take precedence from relevance cases to find solutions. 4_How is it possible to redefine the traditional way of practicing strategies in a territorial scale to reduce the inward m i g r a t i o n p r o ce s? In this final phase, I will overlap the findings/maps of a. reserved areas for room for water and b. new density/ expansion a r e a s f o r 2 0 3 5 a n d t r y t o se t b o u n d a r i e s o r l i m i t s t o r e g u l a t e i l l e g a l e n cr o a ch m e n t b y d e ve l o p i n g a d e si r a b l e sce n a r io and also talk about guidelines/strategies for decentralization according to the findings of the first research question. Reflection Phase: _What are the major reasons of flooding and water logging in the city of Dhaka and how can they be addressed? I n o r d e r t o a n sw e r t h i s q u e st i o n , I w i l l r e - e va l u a t e t h e p l a n n i n g p o l i ci e s, st r a t e g i e s i n a t e r r i t o r i a l sca l e a n d o ve r l a p t h e findings with my research colclusion and try to answer the critical questions and fill the mising gaps between the existing st r u ct u r e m a p o f t h e c i t y a n d t h e o n e g e n e r a t e d i n m y d e si g n p r o ce s. T h i s w i l l h e l p m e i d e n t i f yi n g t h e o ve r a l l f r a m e w o r k of the flood management system in a territorial scale. The latter would be to re-evaluate the smallest parcels of the city a n d a d j u st so m e ch a n g e s i n t h e b u i l d i n g co d e r e g u l a t i o n t o e n su r e r o o m f o r w a t e r i n t h e sm a l l e st g r a i n s o f t h e ci t y . _ H o w D h a ka

sh ?

o u l d t h e f u t u r e e xp

a n si o n t a ke

p l a ce

? W h i ch

e l e m e n t s sh

o u l d b e t h e g u i d i n g p r i n ci p l e s o f t h e n e w

to w n s o f

I w i l l m a ek h i st o r i ca l r e iv e w s a n d u n d e r st a n d t h e a r ch e t yp e o f t h e t r a d i t i o n a l u r b a n e n vi r o n m e n t o f t h e ic t y a n d l i st t h e m a j o r g u i d i n g p r i n ci p l e s t o b e f o l l o w e d i n t h e f u t u r e e xp a n si o n p r o ec s i n o r d e r t o co n t e xt u a l i ze t h e g r o w t h o f t h e ic t y .

1 3

source: author

3.1.1_Form / Morphological structure

3_Metropolitan Fabric ______________________________________________________________________________ 3.1_Analytic Framework

3.1.1_Form / Morphological structure

1600s_Mughal capital, city as the trading hub

1800s_British empire, industrial zone outside connected by railway

T h e ci t y a s a M u g h a l ca p i t a l i n t h e e a r l y 1 6 0 0 s w a s m a i n l y a t r a d i n g sp o t w i t h a se t t l e m e n t o f t r a d e r s a l o n g t h e river Buriganga. The first major change of relocating the i n d u st r i a l zo n e o n t h e n o r t h e r n si d e o f t h e ci t y i n t h e m i d 1 8 0 0 s b y t h e B r i t i sh e m p i r e i n i t i a t e d t h e p r o ce s o f n o r t h w a r d s e xp a n si o n . T h e r a i l w a y co n n e c t i o n sp r e a d i n g f r o m t h e so u t h t o t h e f a r n o r t h ca t e r e d t o t h i s p r o ce s o f n o r t h w a r d s e xp a n si o n w h e r e t h e e a st e r n si d e o f t h e ci t y w a s st i l l u n o cu p i e d t i l l t h e m i d o f t h e l a st ce n t u r y . 1900s_North wards expansion along the flood free areas

1 4

4 6

7 3 2

F i g 1 9 : M o r p h o l o g i ca

l st r u ct u r e o f D h a ka

T h e m o r p h o l o g i ca d a te d fro m th e 1 6 t h e p l o t s a r e ch a n n o r t h e r n a n d e a st h a vi n g sm a l l p l o t t h e se t w o t yp o l o g th e o th e r p a rts o f

l st 0 0 s g in e rn si ze ie s th e

a n d l o ca

t i o n s o f ca

r u tc u r e o f D h st i l l h a s i t s ve g w ith th e p r e n e w to w n s a s b u t th is tim w e r e e ith e r g ci t y .

st u d y:

u r ce

a ak sp e a ry n a rro w se n t d a y n r e t yp i ca l e w i d e r st ro w n o rg a

: a u th o r

o f th e o r g a n ic e e d b u t e xa m p l e re e ts th a n i ca l l y , o

u r b a n i za t i o w e b l i ke st r e t h e st r e e t s m o f g r id - ir o n n th e o ld p a w n e d b y th e

n p r o ce e t p a tte o st l y r e p a tte rn rts o f th ca n t o n

s i t se l f . T h e so u t h e r n r n w i t h sm a l l e r p l o t s. T h m a i n t h e sa m e . O n t h e a s a m e t h o d o f f a st a n d e ci t y . T h e m o r p h o l o g i ca m e n t, o r b u ilt ille g a lly , a

p a r t o f t h e ci t y e b u i l d i n g s o cu o th e r h a n d , th e e a sy e xp a n si o l p a tte rn s o th e n d la te r b le n d e

w h i ch p yi n g u p p e r n , st i l l r th a n d w ith

The locations chosen for the Space-matrix analysis are based on different different morphological pattern and in some cases with different economic groups based on their geographical position in the city.

13 12

FSI 5.00

4.00

OSR 0.08

3.00 0.37

2.00

0.13 1.00

0.25 1.00 0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

GSI

1: Keraniganj

T h e sp a ce - m a t r i x a n a l ysi s t o u n d e r st a n d t h e co m p o si t i o n o f b u i l t a n d u n b u i l t a r e a s i s d o n e b y t a ki n g p l o t s a s t h e sm a l l e st a g g r e g a t i o n u n i t . T h e l o ca t i o n o f K e r a n i g a n j sh o w s ve r y h i g h G S I ( g r o u n d sp a ce i n t e n si t y) va l u e s w i t h b u i l d i n g s r a n g i n g f r o m o n e t o si x st o r e y h i g h i n a f a i r l y i n t e grated street grid. The FSI (floor space intensity) values are relatively low in this particular area which creates the opportunity of future densification t o m e e t t h e p r e su r e o f p o p u l a t i o n i n cr e a se .

2: Rayerbazar

T h e sp a ce - m a t r i x a n a l ysi s t o u n d e r st a n d t h e co m p o si t i o n o f b u i l t a n d u n b u i l t a r e a s i s d o n e b y t a ki n g p l o t s a s t h e sm a l l e st a g g r e g a t i o n u n i t . T h e l o ca t i o n o f R a ye r b a za r sh o w s l o w e r G S I ( g r o u n d sp a ce i n t e n si t y) va l u e s w i t h b u i l d i n g s r a n g i n g f r o m t h r e e t o t e n st o r e y h i g h i n a l o w e r i n t e g r a t e d street grid. The FSI (floor space intensity) values are relatively higher in t h i s ca se w h i ch cr e a t e s t h e o p p o r t u n i t y o f m a n a g i n g e xce s w a te r o n th e g r o u n d l e ve l .

3: Lalmatia

0.0275

0.055

0.11 miles

T h e sp a ce - m a t r i x a n a l ysi s t o u n d e r st a n d t h e co m p o si t i o n o f b u i l t a n d u n b u i l t a r e a s i s d o n e b y t a ki n g p l o t s a s t h e sm a l l e st a g g r e g a t i o n u n i t . T h e l o ca t i o n o f L a l m a t i a sh o w s m o d e r a t e l y h i g h G S I ( g r o u n d sp a ce i n t e n si t y) va l u e s w i t h b u i l d i n g s r a n g i n g f r o m t w o t o t e n st o r e y h i g h i n a m o d e r a t e l y integrated street grid. The FSI (floor space intensity) values vary in this ca se f r o m l o w e r t o h i g h e r w h i ch sh o w s t h e ch a r a ct e r o f t h e n e w d e ve l o p m e n t s t h a t a r e t a ki n g p l a ce n o w a d a ys.

1 5

4: Pirerbagh

0.0275

0.055

0.11 miles

T h e sp a ce - m a t r i x a n a l ysi s t o u n d e r st a n d t h e co m p o si t i o n o f b u i l t a n d u n b u i l t a r e a s i s d o n e b y t a ki n g p l o t s a s t h e sm a l l e st a g g r e g a t i o n u n i t . T h e l o ca t i o n o f P i r e r b a g h sh o w s l o w e r t o m o d e r a t e l y h i g h G S I ( g r o u n d sp a ce i n t e n si t y ) va l u e s w i t h b u i l d i n g s r a n g i n g f r o m si n g l e t o si x st o r e y high in a low integrated street grid. The FSI (floor space intensity) values are mostly low which also shows the possibility of future densification.

5: Mirpur

0.0275

0.055

0.11 miles

T h e sp a ce - m a t r i x a n a l ysi s t o u n d e r st a n d t h e co m p o si t i o n o f b u i l t a n d u n b u i l t a r e a s i s d o n e b y t a ki n g p l o t s a s t h e sm a l l e st a g g r e g a t i o n u n i t . T h e l o ca t i o n o f M i r p u r sh o w s l o w e r t o m o d e r a t e l y h i g h G S I ( g r o u n d sp a ce i n t e n si t y) va l u e s w i t h b u i l d i n g s r a n g i n g f r o m t h r e e t o t e n st o r e y h i g h i n a highly integrated street grid. The FSI (floor space intensity) values are on th e h ig h e r e n d .

6: Gulshan 1

0.0275

0.055

0.11 miles

T h e sp a ce - m a t r i x a n a l ysi s t o u n d e r st a n d t h e co m p o si t i o n o f b u i l t a n d u n b u i l t a r e a s i s d o n e b y t a ki n g p l o t s a s t h e sm a l l e st a g g r e g a t i o n u n i t . T h e l o ca t i o n o f G u l sh a n sh o w s m o d e r a t e l y h i g h G S I ( g r o u n d sp a ce i n tensity) values with buildings ranging from six to fifteen storey high in a highly integrated street grid. The FSI (floor space intensity) values are on t h e h i g h e r e n d . T h e O S R ( o p e n sp a ce r a t i o ) w h i ch i s a l so o n t h e h i g h e r e n d o f t h e g r a p h su g g e st s t h e p o t e n t i a l o f u si n g t h e b u i l d i n g vo l u m e f o r m a n a g i n g w a t e r si n ce sp a ce i s sca r ce o n t h e g r o u n d l e ve l .

7: Rampura

0.0275

0.055

0.11 miles

T h e sp a ce - m a t r i x a n a l ysi s t o u n d e r st a n d t h e co m p o si t i o n o f b u i l t a n d u n b u i l t a r e a s i s d o n e b y t a ki n g p l o t s a s t h e sm a l l e st a g g r e g a t i o n u n i t . T h e l o ca t i o n o f R a m p u r a sh o w s l o w e r t o m o d e r a t e l y h i g h G S I ( g r o u n d sp a ce i n t e n si t y) va l u e s w i t h b u i l d i n g s r a n g i n g f r o m t w o t o n i n e st o r e y h i g h i n a low integrated street grid. The FSI (floor space intensity) values are mostly low which also shows the possibility of future densification.

8: Uttara

0.0275

0.055

0.11 miles

T h e sp a ce - m a t r i x a n a l ysi s t o u n d e r st a n d t h e co m p o si t i o n o f b u i l t a n d u n b u i l t a r e a s i s d o n e b y t a ki n g p l o t s a s t h e sm a l l e st a g g r e g a t i o n u n i t . T h e l o ca t i o n o f U t t a r a sh o w s m o d e r a t e l y h i g h G S I ( g r o u n d sp a c e i n t e n si t y) va l u e s w i t h b u i l d i n g s r a n g i n g f r o m t w o t o n i n e st o r e y h i g h i n a h i g h l y integrated street grid. The FSI (floor space intensity) values are mostly o n t h e m i d t o h i g h e r e n d w h i ch a l so sh o w s t h e p o si b i l i t y o f f u t u r e d e n sification.

9: Bangshal

0.0275

0.055

0.11 miles

T h e sp a ce - m a t r i x a n a l ysi s t o u n d e r st a n d t h e co m p o si t i o n o f b u i l t a n d u n b u i l t a r e a s i s d o n e b y t a ki n g p l o t s a s t h e sm a l l e st a g g r e g a t i o n u n i t . T h e l o ca t i o n o f B a n g sh a l sh o w s m o d e r a t e l y h i g h G S I ( g r o u n d sp a ce i n t e n si t y) va l u e s w i t h b u i l d i n g s r a n g i n g f r o m t w o t o si x st o r e y h i g h i n a l o w integrated street grid. The FSI (floor space intensity) values are mostly o n t h e l o w e r a n d h i g h e r e n d w h i ch a l so sh o w s t h e ch a r a ct e r o f t h i s p l a ce t h a t i s i n t h e t r a n si t i o n o f ch a n g e .

1 6

2: Rayerbazar

3: Lalmatia

4: Pirerbagh

5: Mirpur

6: Gulshan 1

7: Rampura

8: Uttara

9: Bangshal

1 7

Theoretical background: Space, Density and Urban Form, Spacematrix_the spatial logic of urban density: Meta Berghauser Pont, Per Haupt T h e sp a ce m a t r i x a n a l ysi s i s ve r y i m p o r t a n t f o r t h i s p r o j e ct t o u n d e r st a n d t h e sca l e o f d e n si t y o f t h e u r ban tissue. The readings of the floor space index (FSI), ground space index (GSI) along with the open sp a ce r a t i o ( O S R ) s h o w s a p i ct u r e o f h o w d e n se t h e u r b a n b l o cks a r e a n d w h a t is th e a m o u n t o f p r e s su r e i n t h e o p e n sp a ce o n t h o se b l o cks. T h e se r e a d i n g s a l l o w m e t o ca t e g o r i ze t h e b l o cks a co r d in g to different qualities to densify in the future or restrict development in the future. It also helps to understand what kind of solutions is necessary for water management in different typologies of urban densities.

F i g 2 0 : S p a ce

m a t r i x p a r a m e t r i c m o d e l : so

u r ce

: S p a ce

m a t r i x,

M e t a B e r g h a u se

r P o n t, P e r H a u p t

Urban density calculation is a crucial parametric measure in the realm of urbanism which can be done efficiently b y t h e m e t h o d o f S p a ce m a t r i x. I t i s a m u l t i - va r i a b l e p h e n o m e n o n t o u n d e r st a n d t h e co r r e l a t i o n o f d e n si t y a n d u r b a n f o r m . S p a ce m a t r i x f o l l o w s t h e f o l l o w i n g p a r a m e t e r s : F l o o r S p a ce I n d e x ( F S I ) , G r o u n d S p a ce I n d e x ( G S I ) , a n d N e t w o r k D e n si t y ( N ) . T h e se t h r e e m e a su r e s a r e r e p r e se n t e d i n a t h r e e - d i m e n si o n a l d i a g r a m , t h e S p a ce m a trix. The Open Space Ratio (OSR), the average numbers of floors (L) and the size of urban blocks (w) can be u n d e r st o o d f r o m t h a t ( B e r g h a u se r P o n t a n d H a u p t , 2 0 1 0 ) . F S I o n t h e y a xi s g i ve s a n i m p r e si o n o f t h e i n t e n si t y o f t h e b u i l t e n vi r o n m e n t o f a p a r t i cu l a r a r e a a n d G S I o n t h e x a xi s sh o w s t h e co m p a ct n e s o r o p e n n e s o f t h a t a r e a . O S R r e p r e se n t s t h e sp a ci o u sn e s o r t h e p r e su r e o n t h e u n b u i l t a r e a a n d t h e L su b se q u e n t l y r e p r e se n t s t h e average number of floors. The calculation is done as following: for details see (Berghauser Pont and Haupt, 2010)

F i g 2 0 . 1 : F S I a n d G S I co

m b i n e d r e a d i n g o f D h a ka

: so

u r ce

: a u th o r

1 8

F i g 2 1 : E xi st i n g g r e e n a r e a s:

u r ce

: a u th o r

Street network integration_Spacesyntax analysis T h u n id e to lo w

e sp a ce syn ta x d e r st a n d t h e r e n t i f y st r e e t s t h a cr e a t e a n i n t e g e r t o h i g h e r va

F i g 2 2 . 1 : S p a ce

syn

a n a l ysi l a t i o n hs t a re n ra te d w l u e s.

t a x a xi a l a n a l ysi

s r 3 : so

s is im p ip b e tw o t g lo b a a t e r syt

u r ce

o r e e lly e

_ a u th o r

ta n a m

n t in th is n d lo . T h

th is p l e ev l o ca l l y h e co l o

r o j e ct t o u f in te g r a tio i g h l y co n n r ra n g e fro

n d n e ct m

e r st a n d w i t h t yp e d a n d b lu e to

w h i ch p a r t s e s o f u rb a n d w h i ch ca n b e o r a n g e i n d i ca

o f e n co te

th e si t i e n ve s th

ci t y a T h rte d e l e ve s.

r e h ig h ly is r e a d in g t o w a t e r ca l o f st r e e

in te g r a te d w ill la te r h r r yi n g st r u t in te g r a tio

a n d e lp ct u n fr

to m e re s o m

1 9

F i g 2 2 . 2 : S p a ce

syn

t a x a xi a l a n a l ysi

s f o r g l o b a l i n t e g r a t i o n : so

u r ce

_ a u th o r

The axial analysis in the global integration method identifies the major north-south corridors as highly integrated streets i n t h e co n t e xt o f t h e w h o l e ci t y . T h e e a st - w e st co n n e ct o r s t h a t a r e a p p e a r i n g h i g h l y i n t e g r a t e d a r e t h e o n e s t h a t i s b a si ca l l y co n n e ct i n g t h e ci t y t o t h e m a j o r ci t i e s su r r o u n d i n g t h e ci t y o f D h a ka . S o m e o f t h e a r e a s cl o se r t o t h e h i g h l y i n t e g r a t e d m a i n st r e e t s a l so a p p e a r a s m o d e r a t e l y i n t e g r a t e d w h i ch a r e p o st l y l a i d o u t i n g r i d - i r o n p a t t e r n .

F i g 2 2 . 3 : S p a ce

syn

t a x a n g u l a r a n a l ysi

s f o r g l o b a l i n t e g r a t i o n : so

u r ce

_ a u th o r

The segment analysis in the global integration method identifies the areas that are composed of highly integrated streets i n t h e c o n t e xt o f t h e w h o l e ci t y . I t i s i n t e r e st i n g t o n o t i ce t h a t i n t h i s m e t h o d t h e l e ve l o f i n t e g r i t y i s ve r y h i g h i n m o st o f t h e ca se s a n d f e w st r e e t s a p p e a r a s l o w i n t e g r a t e d w h i ch a r e l o ca t e d i n u n d e r - d e ve l o p e d a r e a s i n t h e p e r i p h e r y .

2 0

F i g 2 2 . 4 : S p a ce

syn

t a x a xi a l a n a l ysi

s r 3 : so

u r ce

_ a u th o r

F i g 2 2 . 5 : S p a ce

syn

t a x a n g u l a r a n a l ysi

s r n : so

u r ce

_ a u th o r

2 1

F i g 2 2 . 6 : S p a ce

syn

t a x a n g u a l a n a l ysi

s r 3 : so

u ce

_ a u th o r

The angular analysis with a radious of 3 identifies the areas that are highly integrated in the local context of the city. T h e a r e a s t h a t a p p e a r a s h i g h l y i n t e g r a t e d a r e m o st l y t h e a r e a s w i t h st r e e t s l a i d o u t i n g r i d - i r o n p a t t e r n a n d a l so t h e so u t h e r n p a r t o f t h e o l d ci t y w h e r e t h e st r e e t s a r e a l so f o l l o w i n g a ce r t a i n g r i d f o r f u n ct i o n a l p u r p o se s. T h e a r e a s t h a t a r e co m p o se d o f o r g a n i c o r t r e e l i ke st r e e t st r u ct u r e s a r e r e l a t i ve l y l o w i n i n t e g r a t i o n l e ve l i n t h i s p a r t i cu l a r e xe r ci se .

Theoretical background_Streets and patterns_Stephen Marshal The reading of the different structures of street patterns help to understand the effect of different types of st r e e t p a t t e r n s i n u r b a n a r e a s i n t e r m s o f t h e i r f u n ct i o n a l i t y . T h i s r e a d i n g l a t e r co u p l e d w i t h sp a ce syn ta x a n a ly sis provide rational background for proposing new development areas and thus their effects can be presumed.

F i g 2 3 : T h e M o d e r n i st i n ve r si o n o f t h e r e l a t i o n sh i p b e t w e e n u r ban movement and urban place; source: Streets and Patterns, S t e p h e n M a r sh a l 2 0 0 5

Fig 24: Different typologies of street patterns of different time; so u r ce : S t r e e t s a n d P a t t e r n s, S t e p h e n M a r sh a l 2 0 0 5

Fig 25: Different typologies of street patterns of different time; source: Streets and Patterns, Stephen Marshal 2005

According to Buchanan, the founding principle of Traffic in Towns is the distniction between roads for traffic and t h e r o a d s p r o vi d i n g a ce s t o b u i l d i n g s. I n t h e w o r d s o f S t e p h e n M a r s h a l ( 2 0 0 5 ) i n h i s b o o k “ S t r e e t s a n d P a t t e r n s” ,

“Formerly major streets became backwater access roads or pedestrian precincts. The most important traffic routes were no longer streets. The relationship between main routes and central places was reversed.The historic pattern of accessibility focused on the centres of settlements became replaced by accessibility distributed around the urban periphery. Whole settlements became, in the words of the writer Alex Marshall, ‘appendages off a freeway ramp’.11 At the scale of urban streets and blocks, modern road systems also turned pockets of the urban fabric ‘inside out’, inverting streetspace as the focus of public space.” T h e r e ev r sa l o f u r b a n m o ve m e n t a n d u r b a n p l a ce r a n g e m e n t s a n d t h e m o d e r n i st i c o n e s.

o f a ct i vi t y m a d e a l l t h e ch

a n g e s b e t w e e n t h e o l d m o r p h o l o g i ca

l a r-

2 2

Fig 26: Adminidtrative boundaries, (ward);

The city of Dhaka is divided into different administrative areas named as Wards that are incorporated under the jurisdiction of Dhaka City Corporation which is responsible for managing the different affairs of the city. Each of these Wards a r e m a n a g e d b y a w a r d co m m i si o n e r w h o w o r ks u n d e r t h e t w o m a yo r o f t h e ci t y f r o m t h e N o r t h a n d t h e S o u t h ci t y co r p o r a t i o n . T h e r e a r e 3 6 w a r d s i n t h e N o r t h ci t y C o r p o r a t i o n a n d 5 7 i n t h e S o u t h C i t y C o r p o r a t i o n .

Legend: Dhaka building count Bulding density 203-1462 1463-2920 2921-4445 4446-5913 5914-8480

0.75

1.5

Fig 27: Building density map based on adminidtrative boundaries, (ward);

3 miles

2 3

source:author

3.1.2_Centralities and activities

Fig 29: Density map: Amenity

0.75

1.5

3 miles

2 4

Fig 30: Service areas: Amenity clusters

0.75

1.5

3 miles

Fig 31: Density map: Craft

0.75

1.5

3 miles

2 5

Fig 32: Service areas: Craft clusters

0.75

1.5

3 miles

Fig 33: Service areas: Parks & Recreation clusters

0.75

1.5

3 miles

The cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s green landscape is only a distant memory, with the more than 1,000 ponds, canals and parks replaced by houses, workplaces and markets for its more than 8 million people. ( h t t p : / / w w w . i p sn e w s. n e t / 2 0 0 0 / 0 8 / e n vi r o n m e n t - b a n g l a d e sh - sa vi n g - d h a ka s- r e m a i n i n g - g r e e n - ch a r m / ) I t i s as i d t h a t o n l y 5 % i n o l d p a r t s o f D h a ak ci t y a n d 1 2 . 5 % i n n e w D h a ka co r d i n g t o A iz zu l H u q , C h a i r m a n o f t h e D h a ka D e ev l o p m e n t A u t h o r i t y .

i s co

m p o se

d o f g r e e n a r e a s, â&#x20AC;? a c -

2 6

Population distribution

Legend: Dhaka population density

0.0-33519.6 33519.6-60663.2 60663.2-88184.1 88184.1-117040.8 117040.8-157671.8 0

Fig 34: Population density based on ward

0.75

1.5

3 miles

F i g 3 5 : A p a r t m e n t u n i t s i n cr e a se

t r e n d , D h a ka

: so

u r ce

: h t t p : / / w w w . m d p i . co

m /2 0 7 1 -1 0 5 0 /8 /2 /1 1 9 /h tm

According to the study named, “The Contribution of Energy-Optimized Urban Planning to Efficient Resource Use–A C a se S t u d y o n R e si d e n t i a l S e t t l e m e n t D e ve l o p m e n t i n D h a ka C i t y , B a n g l a d e sh ” , “Dhaka city is facing acute housing demand due to continuous urbanization. As a result the housing business has grown progressively over the last 20 years. Since 2006, the main reasons for exponential growth of the real estate business are mostly related to land market issues, such as vacant land scarcity, higher land value, land speculation, and remittance inflow for land purchases. The increasing number of nuclear families and growing public confidence about living standards in apartment building also have played significant roles. Studies have estimated that the housing demand may persist or even rise in the coming years. For instance, by 2020 more than five million new residents need to be accommodated in Dhaka.”

2 7

3.1.3_Water Dynamics

u r ce

: a u th o r

3.1.3_Water Dynamics

75’

95’

90’

85’

80’

Pakistan China

30’

Nepal tra pu ma

Bhutan

er riv

ah Br

India Ganges ri

ver

Bangladesh

gna Meh

25’

r rive

Dhaka

India Myanmar

Ganges basin Brahmaputra basin Meghna basin Rivers

F i g 3 6 : W a t e r sh

300 km

Bay of Bengal

20’

e d m a p

D h a ka , b e i n g 4 m o ve r se a l e ve l i s o n e r i ve r b a si n w h i c h i s l o ca t e d i n t h e ce n t r a l p o si t i o n o f t h e co u n t r y w h e r e t o n g i ca n a l i s i n t h e n o r t h e r n si d e , T u r a g - B u r i g a n g a r i ve r syt e m o n t h e w e st , B a l u r i ve r o n t h e e a st a n d S h i t a l akhya river on the south. Flooding in Dhaka is caused by either heavy rainfall in the city or by flooding from the surrounding rivers and canals. The western part which is densely developed is protected from river flooding by raised roads and an encircling embankment built after the 1988 flood. The eastern part of the city which is is more more vulnerable vulnerable is is expanding expanding on on low-lying low-lying floodplains floodplains that that are are submerged submerged during during the the monsoon monsoon season. season. High High rainfall rainfall coinciding coinciding with with a a high high water water level level in in the the river, river, mainly mainly floods floods the the city city since since stormwater stormwater cannot cannot be be naturally naturally d r a i n e d t h r o u g h t h e w a t e r syt e m . F l o o d i n g n o r m a l l y o cu r s d u r i n g t h e m o n so o n se a so n f r o m Ju n e t o S e p t e m b e r . T h e co n ve ct i o n a l r a i n f a l l o f t h e m o n so o n i s i n cr e a se d b y r e l i e f r a i n f a l l ca u se d b y t h e m e l t w a t e r o f t h e H i m a l a ya s.

u r ce

: a u th o r

2 8

Permanent wetland 1978 F ig 3 7 : P e r m a n e n t w e tla n d lo s

Permanent wetland 1988

Wetland Loss 1978-2009

m a p

The above diagrams show the loss of permanent wetland of the city over the last five decades. The major wetland area o n t h e e a st e r n p a r t o f t h e ci t y m o st l y g o t o cu p i e d o ve r t h e ye a r s b y p r i va t e d e ve l o p e r s w h i ch r e su l t e d i n se ve r e sca r c ity of exposed earth for water to permeate the ground. The shrinkage of wetlands caused severe flooding problems in the following years which in the present day is a problem for the whole city. Since the surface runoff cannot accumulate on t h e e a st e r n l o w e r si d e o f t h e ci t y , i t c a u se s h i g h w a t e r cl o g g i n g a l l a r o u n d t h e ci t y d u r i n g m a j o r r a i n e ve n t s.

F i g 3 8 : C i t y e xp

a n si o n a l o n g t h e w a t e r

Tongi canal

Turag river

Balu river

Dhaka Shitalakhya river

Buriganga river

Dhaleshwari river

F i g 3 9 : T h e m a i n w a t e r b o d i e s su

r r o u n d i n g t h e ci t y

E ev n t h o u g h t h e ci t y i s su r r o u n d e d w i t h r i ve r s, t h e i n n e r p a r t o f t h e ci t y t h a t u se d t o h a ve w a t e r ch a n n e l s co n n e ct i n g t h e r i ve r s o n b o t h t h e s i d e s h a ve b e e n o cu p i e d o ve r t i m e . T h e w e t l a n d s o n t h e e a st e r n p a r t a l so sh r u n k w i t h t h e i n cr e a si n g population. Therefore, there is not sufficient surface water corridors to channel the water from the inner part of the city t o t h e d o w n st r e a m a r e a s.

2 9

F i g 4 0 : A n n u a l r a i n f a l l d a t a , D h a ka

: so

u r ce

: h t t p s: / / w w w . w o r l d w e a t h e r o n l i n e . co

m / d h a ka

- w e a t h e r - a ve

r a g e s/ b d . a sp

D h a ka h a s a d i st i n ct m o n so o n a l se a so n , t h e a n n u a l a ve r a g e r a i n f a l l i s m o r e t h a n 1 2 4 8 m m w h e r e n e a r l y 8 0 % o f t h e a n n u a l a ve r a g e r a i n f a l l o f 1 , 8 5 4 m i l l i m e t e r s o cu r s d u r i n g t h e m o n so o n se a so n st a r t i n g f r o m M a y t i l l t h e end of September. Wetlands and water bodies around Dhaka are being filled up by real estate developers to build high rise constructions causing severe floodig issues in the present days.(Climate_of_Dhaka: wikipedia)

YEAR 1956

RAINFALL (MM) About 326 mm

INCIDENT Recorded in 24 hours in Dhaka

1970

Category 3 typical cyclone

Killed 500,000 people

1989

Tornado

1991

Category 5 typical cyclone

2004

About 341 mm

Killed 1,300 people in Dhaka division Killed 138,866 people in the country Recorded in 24 hours in Dhaka

2009

About 333 mm

Recorded in 24 hours in Dhaka

F i g 4 1 : E xt r e m e w e a t h e r d a t a , D h a ka

: so

u r ce

: h t t p s: / / e n . w i ki p e d i a . o r g / w i ki / C l i m a t e _ o f _ D h a ka

D u r i n g t h e b e g i n n i n g o f Ju l y , b e ca u se o f h e a vy r a i n f a l l a r o u n d t h e l a r g e p a r t s o f t h e G a n g e s, B r a h m a p u t r a a n d M e g h na catchment areas severe flooding events occured accumulating over 300mm in less than 7 days. (https://www.ncbi. n l m . n i h . g o v/ p m c/ a r t i cl e s/ P M C 4 3 4 4 6 6 2 / )

According to the report of “Trends in water level and flooding in Dhaka”, “We hypothesized that water levels have changed in frequency, magnitude and duration during the past century, and that mortality increases with or following extreme water levels. Our analysis suggests that water levels have indeed changed over the course of the past century. While the magnitude and duration of average flood events decreased, the frequency of extreme flood events has increased. Low water levels have also changed, with a significant decrease in the annual minimum water level most noticeable when we compare the time periods 1909–1939 and 1979–2009. A rise in mortality following extreme flood events could not be substantiated, but an increase in relative risk of death was found as water levels decrease.”

Fig 42: Ground water depletion,Dhaka: source: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/259923841_fig1_Groundwater-depletion-in-Dhaka-City-1

W a t e r cr i si s i m a g e _ so

u r ce

: h t t p s: / / f r e sh

cl i ck.

w o r d p r e s.

m / 2 0 0 9 / 0 4 / 2 4 / w a t e r - cr i si s - o f - d h a ka

- b a n g l a d e sh

D h a ka b e i n g a m e g a ci t y o f 1 4 2 5 sq km a ch i e ve s 7 5 % o f t h e t o t a l d e m a n d o f w a t e r i n w h i ch 8 7 % i s a cu m u la te d fr o m g r o u n d water and the remaining 13% from different treatment plants. (https://www.researchgate.net/figure/259923841_fig1_ G r o u n d w a t e r - d e p l e t i o n - i n - D h a ka - C i t y- 1 ) . T h e r e f o r e , t h e g r o u n d w a t e r l e v e l i s g o i n g l o w e r a n d l o w e r e ve r y p a si n g d a y .

3 0

F i g 4 3 : E xi st i n g t o p o g r a p h y a n d w a t e r b o d i e s_

u r ce

: a u th o r

F i g 4 4 : S u b ca

t ch

m e n t a r e a s_

u r ce

: a u th o r

3 1

F ig 4 5 : S tr e a m

d e l i n e a t i o n _ so

u r ce

: a u th o r

Stream delineation model helps to identify the hidden water network of the area based on the topographical configurat i o n o f t h e ci t y . T h i s a l a n ysi s w i l l h e l p m e l a t e r i n t h e p r o p o sa l p h a se t o i d e n t i f y t h e a r e a s f o l l o w i n g t h e se st r e a m l i n e s where the peripheral water network can be conected through the existing urban fabric in order to drain extra run off d u r i n g t h e h e a vy r a i n f a l l o f t h e m o n so o n p e r i o d .

F ig : 4 6 S tr e a m

l i n ks

d e l i n e a t i o n _ so

u r ce

: a u th o r

3 2

F i g 4 7 : O ve

r l a p o f e xi st i n g w a t e r b o d i e s a n d d e l i n e a t e d st r e a m s_

u r ce

: a u th o r

F i g 4 7 sh o w s t h e p o si b l e o p t i o n s f o r n e w b l u e co r r i d o r s co m b i n i n g t h e e xi st i n g w a t e r n e t w o r k a n d t h e d e l i n e a t e d streams which together can work as a system of blue network that can drain extra run off in the case of heavy rainfall and thus reduce floodin in the existing urban areas.

F ig 4 8 : F lo w

d i r e ct i o n s_

u r ce

: a u th o r

Fig 48 shows the the flow directions of rain water on ground based on their elevation level. This map will help me identify t h e l o ca t i o n s f o r w a t e r r e t e n t i o n i n u p , m i d a n d d o w n st r e a m t o sl o w d o w n t h e p r o ce s o f t h e n a t u r a l d r a i n a g e syt e m .

3 3

F i g 4 9 : O ve

r l a p o f e xi st i n g w a t e r b o d i e s,

b b a si n s a n d d e l i n e a t e d st r e a m s_

u r ce

: a u th o r

F i g 5 0 : T o p o g r a p h i ca

l st r u ct u r e o f D h a ka

o ve

r l a p p e d w i t h h i d d e n st r e a m s:

u r ce

: a u th o r

3 4

Relevance Cases

The relevance case studies will help understanding different solutions for water management for different context. R o o m f o r t h e r i ve r p r o j e ct i n t h e N e t h e r l a n d s i s b a se d o n t h e g o a l t o p r o v i d e m o r e r o o m f o r h i g h w a t e r l e ve l s o f t h e r i ve r s i n m o r e t h a n 3 0 l o ca t i o n s. T h e i d e a i s t o cr e a t e so ci a l l y i n cl u si ve i n i t i a t i ve s i n o r d e r t o m a ke t h e se p r o j e ct s p a r t o f t h e u r b a n r e a l m . I t i s m e n t i o n e d t h a t , e ve r y r i ve r i s u n i q u e a n d n e e d s a t a i l o r m a d e so l u t i o n . T h e b a si c p r i n ci p l e s used in these projects are following;

F ig 6 0 : R o o m

f o r t h e i ve

r , p r i n ci p l e s:

u r ce

: h t t p s: / / w w w . r u i m t e vo

o r d e r i v i e r . n l / e n g l i sh

Room for the river project: Nijmegen, Netherlands

Fig 61: The Dutch city of Nijmengen flood - control channel for the River Waal: source: http://citiscope.org/story/2015/dutch-city-makes-room-its-river-and-new-identity

Due to heavy rainfall in the upstreams in France and Germany, where the river is known as Rhine, severe floodi n g i s su e s o c u r r e d i n N i j m e g e n w a a l r i ve r b a si n . T h e p r o j e ct i n N i j m e g e n i s kn o w n a s T h e r o o m f o r t h e r i ve r , that takes into account not only flood protection measures, but also urban regeneration processes included in it. T h i s p a r t i cu l a r ca se i s r e l e va n t f o r m y p r o j e ct b e ca u se so m e p a r t s o f D h a k a h a s si m i l a r co n t e xt w i t h co m p a r a t i ve l y l o w dense areas on the upstream with flooding problem. The solution in such urban fabric could be similar to this solution.

Fig 62: The dikes are moved back and a new channel allows more water to flow: source: http://citiscope.org/story/2015/dutch-city-makes-room-its-river-and-new-identity

3 5

Flood management: The Soft Path New Orleans

Fig 63: The Soft Path, New Orleans: source: https://www.internationalrivers.org/flood-management-the-soft-path

The Greater New Orleans Urban Water Plan is a water-based landscape and urban design proposal that illustrates how the region can live with water rather than fight against it. (GNO urban water plan) T h e t r a d i t i o n a l p r a ct i ce o f p u t t i n g u p a d a m n o t o n l y cr e a t e s r i sk o f f a i l u r e a n d se ve r e ca t a st r o p h e , b u t a l so t u r n s i n t o se r i o u s l a n d sp e cu l a t i o n s. T h e so f t path project of New Orleans, in the context of climate change, proposes a flexible solution to the ever changing flood r i sk. A c o r d i n g t o t h e d e scr i p t i o n o f t h e p r o j e ct , “ Soft-path” flood risk management is flexible, in that it seeks to reduce damage to any size of flood, and adaptive in that it seeks to respond to the hydrological changes caused by changing land use and river morphology. Flood risk management assumes that floods will happen and that we need to learn to live with them as best we can, reducing their speed, size and duration where possible, doing our best to protect our most valuable assets, and get out of their destructive path. It assumes that all flood protection infrastructure can fail and that this failure must be planned for.” (https://www.internationalrivers.org/flood-management-the-soft-path) A s m e n t i o n e d i n t h e p r o j e ct d e scr i p t i o n o f t h e G N O u r b a n w a t e r p l a n r e p o r t , “ Building on existing infrastructure onestep at a time, the long-term vision of the Urban Water Plan is to increase water storage capacity by layering a system of waterways on street grids that supplements the current drainage system.” This is a similar case like Dhaka where the building of a dam not only increased the urban densification on the protecte d a r e a s b u t a l so i n c r e a se d a l o t o f l a n d sp e cu l a t i o n i su e s. T h e so l u t i o n o f t h i s p r o j e ct co u l d a l so b e p e r t i n e n t f o r t h e co n t e xt o f D h a ka i n p a r t i cu l a r t yp o l o g i e s o f u r b a n f a b r i c.

3 6

Flood management, Dong Nai river basin: Ho Chi Minh City - Vietnam

F i g 6 4 : F l o o d p r o n e a r e a s,

H o C h i M i n h C i t y:

u r ce

: P B L p r o j e ct s

L a ck o f sp a ce a n d sh o r t - t e r m t h i n ki n g i n t h e p r o ce s o f t h e d e ve l o p m e n t o f t h e H o C h i M i n h ci t y ca u se d a l a r g e amount of development on dry riverbeds resulting in water drainage flooding. Another phenomenon is that, informal u r b a n i sa t i o n i s i n cr e a si n g w i t h i n g r e e n i n f r a st r u ct u r e s: t h e r i ve r b e d s a n d ca n a l s. T h e n e w h i g h r i se d e ve l o p m e n t s a r e d r a i n i n g t h e ca n a l s a n d b u i l d i n g st r u ct u r e s o n t o a t h i ck f o u n d a t i o n o f sa n d , w i t h n o t m u ch r o o m f o r w a t e r st o r a g e . A n i m p o r t a n t ci t y st r a t e g y i s t h a t o f r e co n st r u ct i o n o f t h e ca n a l syt e m . C a n a l s a r e b e i n g d i sco n n e ct e d f r o m t h e S a i g o n River by the placement of sluice gates. that prevent the tidal flows from reaching the urban areas, which thus become polders. As a compensation measure, the government is building a system of 103 water reservoirs; some of which are designed as park-like areas with open bodies of water. (Ton Dassen; PBL)

F i g 6 5 : C i t y S t r a t e g y , H o C h i M i n h C i t y:

u r ce

: P B L p r o j e ct s

The emerald necklace, Boston, massachusetts - USA

Fig 66: The emerald necklace project, Boston: source: http://www.sustainablecitiescollective.com/kaidbenfield/199141/bostons-emerald-necklace-sets-standard-linked-city-parks

The Emerald Necklace project is a 445 hectare chain park system encompassing waterways and fluvial parks desi g n e d b y F r e d e r i ck L a w O l m st e a d . T h e i d e a w a s t o cl e a n u p t h e m a r sh y a r e a . O l m st e a d p r o p o se d t o i n c l u d e t h e Muddy river which flowed from Jamaica pond through the Fens to be included in the system by dedging the current i n t o a w i n d i n g st r e a m a n d d i r e ct e d i n t o t h e C h a r l e s r i ve r .

F i g 6 7 : T h e e m e r a l d n e ckl

a ce

p r o j e c t , B o st o n : so

u r ce

: h t t p : / / b l o g . t h e - b a c. e d u / 2 0 1 5 / 0 4 / i n - b a ckg

r o u n d - b a ck-

b a y- f e n s. h t m l

3 7

Model of Metropolitan growth

D h a k a ic t y f o r t h e f u t u r e d e ve l o p m e n t i n a m e t r o p o l i t a n sca l e r e q u i r e s l a r g e r sca l e d e ve l o p m e n t a e a s t o a co m m o d a t e a d d i t i o n a l p o p u l a t i o n p r e su r e . T h e se m o d e l o f m e t r o p o l i t a n g r o w t h w i l l h e l p m e p r o p o es m o d e l s f o r sa t e l l i t e d e ve l o p m e n t s. Garden City Movement: Ebenezer Howard

F i g 6 8 : G a r d e n ci t y d i a g r a m s:

u r ce

: h t t p s: / / e n . w i ki p e d i a . o r g / w i ki / G a r d e n _ ci t y_

m o ve

m e n t

The Garden city movement was initiated in the late 1900s by sir Ebenezer Howard to create self sufficient cities surr o u n d e d b y g a r d e n b e l t s co n t a i n i n g p r o p o r t i o n a t e a m o u n t o f r e si d e n t i a l a r e a s, i n d u st r i a l a r e a s a n d a g r i cu l t u r a l a r e a s. T h e v i si o n f o l l o w e d t h e u t o p i a n i d e a s o f g a r d e n c i t y t h a t w o u l d h o u se 3 2 , 0 0 0 p e o p l e o n a si t e o f 6 , 0 0 0 a cr e s ( 2 , 4 0 0 h a ) , o r g a n i ze d i n a c o n ce n t r i c p a t t e r n w i t h a co m b i n a t i o n o f o p e n sp a ce s, p u b l i c p a r ks a n d si x r a d i a l b o u l e va r d s, 1 2 0 f t ( 3 7 m ) w i d e . T h e g a r d e n c i t y w h e n i t w i l l r e a ch f u l l p o p u l a t i o n , a n o t h e r m o d e l g a r d e n ci t y w o u l d b e d e ve l o p e d i n a p p r o p r i a t e si t e . H o w a r d p r o j e ct e d a f u t u r e w h e r e a cl u st e r o f se ve r a l g a r d e n ci t i e s w o u l d b e b u i l t a s sa t e l l i t e s o f a ce n t r a l ci t y o f 5 8 , 0 0 0 p e o p l e , co n n e ct e d b y r o a d a n d r a i l . .

F i g 6 9 : G a r d e n ci t y , S vi t i n S l o va m o ve m e n t

ki a : so

u r ce

: h t t p s: / / e n . w i ki p e d i a . o r g / w i ki / G a r d e n _ ci t y_

F i g 7 0 : G a r d e n ci t y , Z l i n i n C ze ci t y_ m o ve m e n t

R e p u b l i c:

u r ce

: h t t p s: / / e n . w i ki p e d i a . o r g / w i ki / G a r d e n _

Chinese New Town model: Songjiang New Town

F i g 7 1 : C h i n e es n e w t o w n m o d e l : S o n g j i a n g n e w t o w n , l o ac t i o n , oc n n e ct i vi t y , a xe T o w n M o d e l i n g _ Y u Y e _ U r b a n i sm t r a k_c D e l f t U n i ve r si t y o f T e hc n l o g y

l a n d u se

: so

u r ce

: m a st e r t h e si s r e p o r t _ N e w

S o n g j i a n g i s a co m p a r a t i ve l y sm a l l ci t y i n t h e f r i n g e o f S h a n g h a i t h a t w a s p l a n n e d t o r e d u ce t h e p r e su re o f th e ce n t r a l ci t y o f S h a n g h a i i n 1 9 9 9 . T h e p l a n n e d f o l l o w e d a h i e r a r ch i ca l m o d e l o f a ci t y w i t h ce n t r a l co r e t o w a r d s t h e se r vi c e se ct o r , n i n e n e w d e ce n t r a l i ze d ci t i e s ( 3 0 0 , 0 0 0 - 1 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 r e si d e n t s) , si xt y sm a l l t o w n s, a n d si x h u n d r e d vi l l a g e s ( 2 0 0 0 r e si d e n t s) . T h i s m o d e l o f t h e ci t y w a s ca l l e d â&#x20AC;&#x153; o n e ci t yâ&#x20AC;? a n d i t w a s b u i l t a l o n g t h e h i g h w a y w h i ch l a t e r co n n e ct e d b y a m e t r o l i n e t o S h a n g h a i ci t y ce n t r e . I n t e n ye a r s, t h e ci t y g r e w i n a n a r e a o f 2 2 . 4 sq km w i t h se ve n universities, central green belt and a financial centre . In order to attract people from Shanghai, the living quality of t h i s n e w t o w n n o t o n l y p r o vi d e s a p a r t m e n t f o r m i d d l e cl a s f a m i l i e s, b u t a l s o l u xu r i o u s vi l l a s f o r t h e p e o p l e o f t h e h i g h e r e c o n o m i c e n d . T h e t o w n h a s a m o d e l o f se ve r a l a ct i ve n o d e b a se d d e ve l o p m e n t , t o i n cr e a se m u l t i f u n ct i o n a l i t y .

F i g 7 2 : C h i n e se

n e w

t o w n m o d e l : M u l t i n o d e b a se

d m o d e l , a e r i a l vi e w : so

u r ce

: m a st e r t h e si s r e p o r t _ N e w T o w n M o d e l i n g _ Y u Y e _ U r b a n i sm

t r a ck_

D e l f t U n i ve

r si t y o f T e ch

n lo g y

3 8

4_Project Structural Framework ____________________________________________________________________________________ APPROPRIATE SOLUTIONS FOR WATER MANAGEMENT IN HIGHLY DENSED URBAN AREAS WITH VERY HIGH FSI VALUE AND VERY LOW GSI INDEX. STRATEGIES TO IDENTIFY AREAS OF GROUND WATER RECHARGE INTEGRATED WITH THE DESIGNED BLUEGREEN NETWORK. IDENTIFYING STREETS WITH LOW GLOBAL INTEGRATION VALUE AND TURNING THEM TO CARRYING STRUCTURES OF THE BLUEGREEN NETWORK. MULTI SCALER RAINWATER STORAGE AREAS TO SUPPLY WATER IN THE URBAN AREAS AND REDUCE PRESSURE ON THE GROUND WATER RESOURCE. DETENTION AREA IN THE DOWNSTREAM INTEGRATED WITH THE HIGHLY URBAN TISSUE. nEW SOLUTION FOR BUILDINGS IN THE DOWNSTREAM. USING THE LOSE URBAN TISSUE ON THE UPSTREAM TO CREATE BIGGER RETENTION AREAS AND PRESERVATION STRATEGIES BEFORE GETTING URBANIZED

F i g 7 3 : F r a m e w o r k f o r d e si g n p h a se

_ so

u r ce

: a u th o r

____________________________________________________________________________________

DECENTRALIZATION OF CENTRALITY OF AMENITIES IN THE PERIPHERAL AREAS TO REDIRECT POPULATION PRESSURE FROM THE CORE AREAS. DENSIFICATION IN THE AREAS WITH LOW FSI INDEX AND DEVELOPMENT CONTROL IN THE AREAS WITH HIGH FSI INDEX. NEW SATELLITE TOWNS INTEGRATED WITH THE PROPOSED METRO LINE STOPAGES FOR ACCOMMODATING INCOMING RURAL MIGRANTS IN THE CITY. IDENTIFYING AREAS OF PRESERVATION TO RELOCATE URBAN OCCUPATIONS TO CONTINUE THE GAP BETWEEN THE BLUE NETWORK OF THE CITY. IDENTIFYING URBAN EXPANSION ZONES AND URBAN CONTROL ZONES BASED ON THE RISK FACTORS IDENTIFIED IN THE ANALYSIS PHASE. LONG TERM STRATEGY FOR DECENTRALIZATION ON A TERRITORIAL SCALE TO REDUCE PRESSURE IN THE CITY OF DHAKA.

3 9

p o si

b l e b l u e - g r e e n n e t w o r k o f t h e ci t y

p o si b l e l o ac t i o n s o f n e w as t e l l i t e d e ve l o p m e n t f o l l o w i n g m a j o r i n f r a st r u ct u r e s

e xi st i n g m a j o r s e w a g e l i n e s

e xi ts i n g w a t e r b o d i e s a n d g re e n

F i g 7 4 : M u l t i sca

l a r st r a t e g i e s_

u r ce

: a u th o r

p o si b l e o p t i o n f o r p a r k s yst in g r in g r o a d

e m

fo llo w -

t e l l i t e ci t i e s

T h e f r a m e w o r k f o r t h e d e si g n d e o p m e n t p h a se n e e d s to fo llo w st r u ct u r e o f a b i l a t e r a l p r o ce s a d r e se s t w o m a j o r co n ce r n s o f p r o j e ct , t h e w a t e r d yn a m i cs a n d m e t r o p o l i t a n st r u ct u r e i n t e r m s b u i l d i n g d e n si t y o r m o r p h o l o g ch a r a ct e r i st i cs.

lth e th a t th e th e o f i ca l

T h e t w o i su e s r e g a r d in g w a te r d y n a m i cs a n d m o r p h o l o g i ca l ch a r a c t e r n e e d t o f o l l o w t h e m u l t i - sca le r p r o ce s o f so l u t i o n s a t t h e sa m e t i m e . S t a r t i n g f r o m a st r u ct u r e i n a t e r r i t o r i a l sca l e t o g u i d e t h e d e ve l o p m e n t o f t h e f u t u r e sa t e l l i t e t o w n s t o ch a n n e l t h e n a t u r a l w a t e r syt e m o f t h e w h o l e t e r r i t o r y . A co m b i n a t i o n o f t h e se e l e m e n t s ca n p r o vi d e a d i r e ct i o n a n d l i m i t a t i o n s f o r t h e f u t u r e g r o w t h p a t t e r n o f t h e ci t y i n a l o g i ca l m a n n e r f o cu si n g n a t u r e a s t h e m a i n g u i d i n g a n d l i m i t i n g f a ct o r . o p tio n fo r b lu e n e tw o r k in h i g h l y d e n se d a r e a s a n d a syt e m o f g r e e n r o o f s u si n g existing flat roofs

T h e st r u ct u r e o f t h e t e r r i t o r i a l sca le b y se t t i n g i t s b a si c p a r a m e t e r s f o r f u t u r e d e ve l o p m e n t a l l o w s m e t h e n t o d e l ve f u r t h e r i n t o t h e l o ca l sca le s t h a t va r y a co r d in g to th e ir g e o g r a p h i ca l l o ca t i o n s a n d m o r p h o l o g i ca l co n d i t i o n s. T h e b a si c i su e s o f t h e p r o j e ct , t h e w a t e r d yn a m i cs a n d t h e m o r p h o l o g i ca l p a t t e r n u n f o l d their possibilities differently in differe n t si t e s i n a l o ca l sca le fo llo w in g th e m a i n st r u ct u r e o f t h e t e r r i t o r i a l sca le . T h e f r a ct a l q u a l i t y o f t h e w a t e r sy te m a n d th e u rb a n g ro w th p a tte rn thus finds its trajectory in different sca l e s f o l l o w i n g t h e sa m e l o g i c i n e a ch ca se . T h e b a si c p r i n ci p l e o f l o o ki n g a t t h e ci t y a s a b o d y o f l a y e r s st a r t i n g f r o m t h e n a t u r a l t o m a n m a d e , t e m p o r a l a n d p e r m a n e n t ca n b e n o t i ce d i n t h e w h o l e p r o c e s o f t h e d e si g n b e i t a t e r r i t o r i a l o r a l o ca l sca le .

possible densification/infill b a se d o n F S I - G S I r e a d i n g

T h i s p r o j e ct i s t h e r e f o r e a n a t t e m p t t o se t so m e p r i n ci p l e s a s w e l l a s p h ysi ca l st r u ct u r a l m e t h o d s fo r the city that will allow the different st a ke h o l d e r s t o f o l l o w a sr u ct u r a l b a ckg r o u n d f o r t h e f u t u r e d e ve l o p m e n t o f t h e ci t y . T h e p o l i ci e s a n d t h e st r u ct u r e m a p o f t h e t e r r i t o r i a l sca le w i l l h e l p p r o t e ct i n g a n d l i m i t i n g d e ve l o p m e n t i n w a t e r se n si t i ve a re a s , w h e r e a s t h e g u i d e l i n e s i n t h e l o ca l sca l e w i l l g u i d e t h e d e ve l o p e r s t o f o l l o w a n e w m o d u l a r syt e m fo r th e n e w l y d e ve l o p e d a r e a s i n t h e f r i n g e s o f t h e ci t y w h i c h w i l l g e n e r a t e a d i f f e r e n m o r p h o l o g i ca l p a t t e r n t h a t ca n co h e r e n t l y a co m m o d a te w a te r a n d p e o p le in h a r m o n y .

4 0

5_Design development: territorial scale ____________________________________________________________________________________

F i g 7 5 : E xi st i n g w a t e r n e t w o r k,

r o a d n e t w o r k a n d u r b a i ze

d a re a s

____________________________________________________________________________________

F i g 7 6 : P r o p o se

d m e t r o l i n e a n d l o ca

t i o n s f o r sa

t e l l i t e d e ve

l o p m e n t b y g o ve

r n m e n t _ so

u r ce

: D h a ka

st r u ct u r e p l a n d r a f t 2 0 1 6 - 2 0 3 5

4 1

F i g 7 7 : O ve

r l a p o f d e l i n e a t e d st r e a m s f r o m

D E M

a n d e xi st i n g w a t e r n e t w o r k

Fig 77 shows the exercise of the stream generation as an idea to identify the hidden stream lines of the city and find o u t t h e p o si b i l i t i e s o f r e - su r f a ci n g t h e m t o m e d i a t e t h e sh o r t a g e o f su r f a ce w a t e r ch a n n e l s i n t h e co r e o f t h e ci t y . O n the other hand, to identify the hidden streams on the areas where there is a high probablity of future densification, and re-surface them before those particular locations get occupied by urban inhabitation and creates flooding problems like t h e co r e a r e a t o d a y .

F i g 7 8 : P r o p o se

d n e w

w a t e r co

r r i d o r s_

u r ce

: a u th o r

F i g 7 8 sh o w s t h e w a t e r syt e m a s a co m b i n a t i o n o f t h e e xi st i n g o n e s a n d n e w l y p r o p o se d co r r i d o r s f o r t h e b l u r - g r e e n network of the city. The new water corridors while crossing the existing urban areas follow different logics to find its way t h r o u g h t h e h i g h l y d e n se d a r e a s, so m e t i m e s f o l l o w i n g t h e l e s i n t e g r a t e d st r e e t s, so m e t i m e s ch a n n e l i n g u n d e r g r o u n d , so m e t i m e s i n co r p o r a t i n g e xi st i n g sm a l l e r o p e n w a t e r b o d i e s t o a co m m o d a t e e xce s w a t e r i n e xt r e m e ca se s.

4 2

F ig 7 9 : N e w

st r u ct u r e f o r u r b a n g r o w t h ( g r e e n - b l u e n e t w o r k)

_ so

u r ce

: a u th o r

F i g 7 9 sh o w s t h e p r o p o se d g r e e n - b l u e st r u ct u r e o f t h e ci t y w h e r e t h e g r e e n n e t w o r k t h a t f o l l o w s t h e w a t e r ch a n n e l s h a ve multi-functionality. Sometimes in the case of overflow of water in heavy rainfall, it can work as fluvial park, agriculture l a n d , e n e r g y p a r k, m e a d o w , i n so m e a e a s cl o se r t o u r b a n a r e a s i t a co m m o d a t e s co l l e ct i ve r e cr e a t i o n a l a ct i v i t i e s i n o r der to bring people closer to green, since the public green areas of the city is diminishing each passing day, (see fig 33).

Fig 80: Locations of proposed green-blue network on the topographical figure of the city _ source: author

T h e b l u e - g r e e n co r r i d o r n o t o n l y a l l o w s m a n a g i n g t h e w a t e r syt e m o f t h e ci t y , b u t a l so l i m i t s t h e d e ve l o p m e n t o f t h e se particular areas that are water sensitive to get developed illegally by allowing different programs along its trajecory w h i ch a r e m o s t l y r e l a t e d t o so f t p o r o u s q u a l i t y t h a t ca n a co m m o d a t e w a t e r a n d w o r k a s p r o d u ct i ve a n d r e cr e a t i o n a l a r e a s a t t h e sa m e t i m e .

4 3

F i g 8 1 : S u i t a b i l i t y st u d y o f a p p r o p r i a t e a r e a s f o r w a t e r m a n a g e m e n t p r o j e ct s _ so

u r ce

: M e e n a r M a h b u b u r

F i g 8 1 sh o w s su i t a b l e l o ca t i o n s f o r p o si b l e g r e e n st o r m w a t e r m a n a g e m e n t p r o j e ct s. T h i s i s a G I S b a se d a n a l ysi s t h a t i s done using different criterias to identify the structure of the blue-green network of the project. The criterias are following,

_ E l e va t i o _ W a te rw _ R i ve r s: _ H id d e n _ P a r ks a

n : a re a s a s:y a re a a r e a s cl o st r e a m s: n d o p e n

w i t h l o w e r e l e va s c l o se r t o w a t e se r t o r i ve r s a r e a r e a s cl o se r t o sp a ce s: a r e a s w

t i o n a r e h i g h l y su r w a ys a r e h i g h l y h i g h l y su i t a b l e h i d d e n st r e a m s a i t h i n p a r ks a n d o

ita b le ita b le

r e h i g h l y us i t a b l e p e n ps a ce s a r e h i g h l y su

ita b le

L e g e n d

p r o p o se

d b l u e - g r e e n co

r r id o r

e xi st i n g w a t e r b o d i e s e xi st i n g u r b a n i ze

d a re a s

p r o p o se

d l o ca

tio n s o f n e w

t o w n s b y t h e g o ve

p r o p o se

d m e t r o l i n e b y t h e g o ve

rn m e n t

F i g 8 2 : N e w ts r u ct u r e f o r u r b a n g r o w t h ( g r e e n - b l u e n e t w o r k) so u r ce : a u t h o r

d e ve

l o p e d b y a u t h o r , i n f r a st r u ct u r e p r o p o se

d b y t h e g o ve

r n m e n t a n d l o ca

tio n s o f n e w

t e l l i t e ci t i e s p r o p o se

d b y t h e g o ve

rn m e n t _

4 4

F i g 8 3 : U r b a n m o d e l p r e ce

d e n ce

st u d y:

u r ce

_ a u th o r

F i g 8 4 : U r b a n m o d e l p r e ce

d e n ce

st u d y:

u r ce

_ a th o r

The urban model precedence study is used as a tool for the project to organize the configuration of the new town developments of Dhaka. The different urban model in this case unfolds some principles and situations that were developed in different socio-political settings with specific needs to be addressed. The study of these precedence models therefore illustrates some specific methods to be tested in Dhaka as well. For example, the Garden city model that is based upon logics of expansion to be organized among clusters of Garden town, village or cities among green buffer is a way to balance the proportion of inhabited and open space. This logic of organization is tested in Dhaka for accommodating the additional population of 2030 as a test case and the possibility and effectiveness of this case was later evaluated inthe case of Dhaka (see fig 85). This model was chosen based on the fact that Dhaka as a growing megapolis has the very tendency of sprawl that is posing threat to open green space as well as open water bodies as a reaction of the extreme need of expansion. Therefore, a structuring principle or logic is needed for the city in order to protect its remaining natural environment which is not only important for environmental causes but also for maintaining a better living conditions for the residents. On the other hand, the linear city model which is originally structured along linear configuration of infrastructure, in a setting of open green environment is also applied in the expansion scenario of Dhaka as a test case. Dhaka as a growing city of rural migrants faces the problem of informal settlement along most of the negative spaces of the city (see fig 84.1) that are either underused or work as a backyard of the city. For example, the waterbodies that are not put on the fore of the urban environment are the ideal situation for these kind of informal settlement to develop. Therefore, the linear city model is applied as an expansion model for Dhaka by putting the water corridors as the linear backbone along which the city can expand and making these corridors both physically and visually connected to people and finally bringing them to the fore of the urban environment to avoid these kind of spaces to be informally occupied. The finger plan of Copenhagen is also studied and tested in the case of Dhaka to find a logic of maintaining urban inhabited land and open space in a scenario where land is extremely scarce. The major challenge of Dhaka is the scarcity of land and the threat to the open spaces remaining around the city to be occupied very fast causing severe environmental issues such as flooding and heavy pollution. Therefore, the city needs to protect its open green spaces to function as a system where the future expansion does not pose threat to the natural layer of the city. The finger plan of Copenhagen is a logical case in such situation to be applied to maintain the open spaces in a structured way for the future expansion. Similarly, the case of Ranstad and Belgium is studied to understand the distribution of polycentric form of urban areas as well as the distribution of green space in such situation which is also relevant for Dhaka. Dhaka, as a home of 17 million inhabitants naturally formed the morphology of a polycentric city for simply functional reasons. The new expansion areas therefore also need to follow similar logics to sustain as a part of such system. The functional distribution of different programs and green spaces in the territory of Ranstad therefore is a precedence example for Dhaka that can be tested to redistribute programs in a way to promote decenrality. For example, in the new expansion areas, the new towns can house universities, hospitals, public administrative programs, IT clusters etc that are booming in the city which draw flux of urban inhabitants to concentrate in an area. These programs can be distributed in a balanced manner in all the new expansion areas to avoid over densification in the future. In the end, all these urban model as a precedence study feeds the project for a structure plan of Dhaka 2030, as a combination of tools and methods that can be applied and contextualized for achieving a balanced scheme of expansion in the future. The combination of different models and principles as required for the case of Dhaka is developed further in the structure plan proposed for 2030. (see fig 89)

F i g 8 4 . 1 : I n f o r m a l se

t t l e m e n t s o f D h a ka

: so

u r ce

_ a th o r

4 7

te llite g a r d e n to w n

r in

agriculture buffer

T O D

b l u e - g r e e n co

r r id o r

m e tr o lin e b l u e - g r e e n co

N e w

t e l l i t e d e ve

a re a s

l o p m e n t _ G a r d e n ci t y m o d e l

N e w

t e l l i t e d e ve

r r id o r

l o p m e n t _ T r a n s i t o r i e n t e d d e ve

lo p m e n t

Fig 85: Possible structure map of Dhaka following different urban model precedence cases: source_athor

The figure showing satellite development following the Garden city model actually f o l l o w s t h e b a s i c p r i n ci p l e o f t h e g a r d e n ci t i e s a s a co n ce n t r i c m o d e l o f p o l yce n tr ic sa t e l l i t e syt e m t h a t i n t h i s p a r t i cu l a r ca se o f D h a ka a l so t a ke s i n t o a c co u n t t h e p r o p o se d g r e e n - b l u e st r u ct u r e o f t h e ci t y . T h i s o p t i o n o f t h e st r u ct u r e p l a n b r i n g s t h e g r e e n co r r i d o r i n t h e f o r e f r o n t a n d u se s t h i s co r r i d o r a s a so f t co n n e ct i o n a s well as a corridor that accommodates different programs which is always placed in t h e h e a r t o f e a ch g a r d e n sa t e l l i t e ci t y . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e si ze o f e a ch g a r d e n sa t e l l i t e w i l l b e r e g u l a t e d t o ke e p t h e a g r i cu l t u r a l l a n d a n d t h e w o o d l a n d s i n b e t w e e n t h e se a r e a s w h i ch w i l l h e l p cr e a t i n g a b a l a n ce b e t w e e n t h e p r o p o r t i o n o f t h e b u i l t a n d n o n b u i l t a r e a s o f t h e ci t y .

The figure showing satellite developme ve l o p m e n t m e t h o d i s a ct u a l l y t h e m e t h o ci t y . I n t h i s p a r t i cu l a r ca se , h e d e ve l o p m g r e e n - b l u e co r r i d o r a n d u se s i t a s t h e a r ve l o p m e n t . T h e sp a c e s i n b e t w e e n e a ch r i n g r o a d s w i l l b e a g a i n ke p t a s a g r i cu l t n e t w o r k i n t h i s ca se i s t h e p r o p o se d r i n p r o p o se d m e t r o l i n e r u n n i n g n o r t h - so u t h

l i n e a r u r b a n co

r r id o r s

g ro a d

agriculture buffer agriculture buffer

b l u e - g r e e n co

r r id o r

m e tr o lin e

ent following the transit oriented ded t h a t i s m o st n a t u r a l l y se e n i n t h e e n t t a ke s i n t o a co u n t t h e p r o p o se d e a s t o b e p r e se r ve d i n t h e f u t u r e d e u r b a n co r r i d o r f o l l o w i n g t h e m a j o r u r a l l a n d a n d w o o d l a n d . T h e t r a n si t g r o a d s b y t h e g o ve r n m e n t a n d t h e t h r o u g h t h e e xi st i n g f a b r i c.

New satellite development _ Linear development (filament)

The figure showing satellite development following the Linear development model focu se s o n t h e st r i p l i ke d e ve l o p m e n t a l o n g t h e p r o p o se d b l u e - g r e e n n e t w o r k w h e r e t h i s so f t p a t h i s a l w a ys t h e ce n t e r o f h e u r b a n co r r i d o r s w h e r e a l l t h e a m e n i t i e s a n d p u b l i c p r o g r a m s a r e p l a ce d a l o n g t h e w a t e r co u r se . T h i s i s a st r a t e g y t o b r i n g b a ck t h e u se a n d m e t a p h o r o f t h e w a t e r l i ke t h e h i st o r i ca l t i m e s a n d n o t l e t i t t o b e t r e a t e d a s a g a r b a g e d i sp o s a l b a ckya r d e l e m e n t w h i ch i s n e g l e ct e d a n d e xp l o i t e d m o st o f t h e t i m e , r a t h e r , t h i s o p t i o n h e l p s t o b r i n g t h e i m a g e o f t h e w a t e r i n t h e ci t y o f D h a ka i n t h e p sy ch e o f t h e p e o p l e a s a n e l e m e n t t o a p p r e ci a t e a n d e n j o y i n t h e i r d a i l y l i ve s w h i ch h a s b e e n ch a n g e d o ve r t h e ye a r s o f u n p l a n n e d g r o w t h .

4 8

F i g 8 6 : o ve

r l a p o f st r e a m

d e l i n e a t i o n , u r b a n f a b r i c a n d e xi st i n g w a t e r n e t w o r k:

u r ce

_ a u th o r

L e g e n d proposed fluvial park e xi st i n g w a t e r b o d i e s r e - su

r f a ce

p r o p o se

d w a t e r co

r r id o r s

d u n d e r g r o u n d w a t e r ch

F i g 8 8 : g r o w t h st r u ct u r e t o b e f o l l o w e d f o r f u t u r e d e ve

a n n e ls

l o p m e n t : so

u r ce

_ a u th o r

4 9

L e g e n d a g r i cu

ltu r a l la n d

proposed fluvial park e xi st i n g w a t e r b o d i e s r e - su

r f a ce

p r o p o es p r o p o es F i g 8 9 : P r o p o se

d w a t e r co

r r id o r s

d u n d e r g r o u n d w a t e r ch d ro a d s

d st r u ct u r e m a p f o r D h a ka

, 2 0 3 0 : so

a n n e ls u r ce

_ a th o r

e xi st i n g r o a d n e t w o r k

p r o p o se

d r o a d s in n e w

e xi st i n g w a t e r b o d i e s

p r o p o se

d w a t e r co

e xi st i n g g r e e n

p r o p o se

d g re e n n e tw o rk

F i g 8 9 . 1 : co

m p a r i so

n b e t w e e n e xi s t i n g a n d p r o p o se

d l a ye

r s o f t h e P r o p o se

d st r u ct u r e m a p f o r D h a ka

, 2 0 3 0 : so

u r ce

_ a th o r

e xp

a n si o n a r e a s

r r id o r s

5 0

p u b l i c t r a n sp

o r t a t i o n a xi s u n d e rg ro u n d ca n a l s r e te n tio n a r e a s

st o r a g e a r e a s

u l t r a d e n se

u r b a n e n vi r o n m e n t

e xi st i n g ci t y

1_Major public transportation connector

2_water system

e xi ts i n g iv l l a g e se t t l e m e n t s agricultural field p r o p o se

d w a t e r co

r r id o r

b lu e - g r e e n n e tw o r k

4_Existing landscape qualities of expansion areas

Fig 89.2: diagrams showing different elements of Proposed structure map for Dhaka, 2030: source_athor

a i n w a t e r co

p r o p o se

r r id o r

d w a t e r co

n e w l i n e a r e px a n is o n a r e a s a l o n g w a t e r co r r i d o r s

r r id o r s

m u l t i f u n ct i o n a l h u b s

a g r i cu l t u r a l buffer area

3_Future expansion areas

p r o p o se d r o a d s p r e se r vi n g e xi st i n g vi l l a g e se t t l e m e n t s

n e w

u r b a n e xp

a n si o n a r e a s

agricultural fields

ro o m

fo r w a te r

5_New configuration of infrastructures preserving existing landscape elements

5 1

F i g 8 9 . 2 : P r o p o se

d st r a t e g i c zo

n e s f o r D h a ka

M e t r o p o l i t a n R e g i o n , 2 0 3 0 : so

u r ce

_ D h a k a st r u ct u r e p l a n 2 0 1 6 - 2 0 3 5

Fig 89.3: Proposed flood flow zones for Dhaka Metropolitan Region,

The proposal from the government for the structure plan of Dhaka cosists of different ideas of managing future population growth a as well as the proposed ring roads to serve the flow of traffic outside the core area. This scheme is taken into consideration in the he government for flood flow zones along the main rivers. This proposal of the flood flow zones of Dhaka in my project have been o f t h e ci t y . F i g 8 9 . 4 b a si ca l l y sh o w s t h e p r o p o sa l f r o m t h e g o ve r n m e n t f o r a p a r k syt e m t o i m p r o ve t h e q u a l i t y o f u r b a n e n vi r o n m city which works as a metropolitan park in the territorial scale and then breaks itself into different scale parks for neighborhoods, b is therefore not only for environmental purposes, but rather it serves as a place where everyday life of the city can take place in d all kind of morphological configuration of the city, starting from the edge of the city to the hyper dense core areas to the water fron

2030: source_Dhaka structure plan 2016-2035

F i g 8 9 . 4 : P r o p o se

d g r e e n n e t w o k f o r D h a ka

M e t r o p o l i t a n R e g i o n , 2 0 3 0 : so

u r ce

_ D h a ka

st r u ct u r e p l a n 2 0 1 6 - 2 0 3 5

and flood management possibilities. Fig 89.2 shows the proposals for different strategic zones with different density of programs e project since the construction of these bypass roads are already under construction. Fig 89.3 mainly shows the proposal from n evolved based on the analysis of the water dynamics that identified the major problems and possibilities of the water structure e n t i n t h e ci t y . T h i s p r o p o sa l o f t h e p a r k syt e m i n m y p r o j e ct i s a ct u a l l y i n co r p o r a t e d w i t h t h e m a i n g r e e n - b l u e n e t w o r k o f t h e blocks and individual houses and works as a multi-functional system of parks for the whole city. The idea of a park in the project different manner. The flexibility of this park system therefore houses different productive and recreational programs that reaches nt and so on.

5 2

a g r i cu

ltu r a l la n d

w e ta n d landfill sites u rb a n a re a s f u t u r e u r b a n e xp

a n si o n a r e a s

w a te rb o d y

u r b a n e xp 1 9 6 0

a n si o n 1 9 8 0

w a t e r b o d y , w e t l a n d , a g r i cu 1 9 6 0 F i g 8 9 . 5 : E vo

1 9 8 0 l u t i o n o f u r b a n a r e a s,

1 9 9 0

2 0 0 2

2 0 1 6

2 0 3 0 g ro

2 0 0 2

2 0 1 6

2 0 3 0 g ro

ltu r a l la n d 1 9 9 0

w a t e r n e t w o r k a n d p r o d u ct i ve

g r e e n a r e a s D h a ka

, 2 0 3 0 : so

u r ce

_ a th o r

w t h sce

n a r i o b a se

d o n t e n d e n cy

o f e xp

a n si o n

2 0 3 0 g r o w t h sce

n a r i o b a se

d o n p r o p o se

d b lu e - g r e e n n e tw o r k

w t h sce

n a r i o b a se

d o n t e n d e n cy

o f e xp

a n si o n

2 0 3 0 g r o w t h sce

n a r i o b a se

d o n p r o p o se

d b lu e - g r e e n n e tw o r k

5 3

F i g 8 9 . 6 : E st i m a t i o n o f t h e n u m b e r p e o p l e i n t h e f u t u r e sa

S i t e a r e a : 5 1 sq

= 5 1 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 sq

C o n si d e r i n g m i n i m u m

3 0 %

g r o u n d co

B u i l t u p a r e a = 7 , 6 5 0 , 0 0 0 sq

l o p m e n t s o f D h a ka

, 2 0 3 0 : so

u r ce

_ a th o r

o f t h e si t e i s co

B u i l d a b l e l a n d a r e a = 1 5 , 3 0 0 , 0 0 0 sq A s t h e m a xi m u m

t e l l i t e d e ve

n st r u ct e d a s i n f r a st r u ct u r e ,

r a g e a co

r d i n g t o t h e a n a l ysi

s i s co

n si d e r e d 5 0 % , t h e r e f o r e ,

N u m b e r o f p e o p l e t h a t ac n b e a co m m o d a t e d i n e a ch l e ev l = 4 , 2 5 , 0 0 0 p e r so n co n si d e r i n g 1 8 qs m a r e a i s n e e d e r p e r p e r so n i n a h o u is n g d e ev l o p m e n t ( B N B C , p a g e : 6 3 , ch

a rt:1 )

Therefore, if the number of floors are 6, then the number of people that can be accommodated on this site = 2 ,5 5 0 ,0 0 0

T h e t o t a l n u m b e r o f p e o p l e t h a t ca

n b e a co

m m o d a t e d i n a l l t h e sa

t e l l i t e ci t i e s i s = 1 2 , 7 5 0 , 0 0 0

6_Design development: local scale ______________________________________________________________________________

5 4

The study of the transect is basically an exercise to examine the different morphological character of the proposed structure plan. The proposal consists of linear configuration of new towns along the proposed blue-green corridors which are located around the periphery of the city. These locations for new towns/ future expansion sites are identified on the highe r t o p o g r a p h i c l o ca t i o n s o f t h e ci t y a n d a t t h e sa m e t i m e a d j a ce n t t o t h e r e - su r f a ce d w a t e r co r r i d o r s. T h e i d e a o f t h e se n e w t o w n s i s t o b r i n g w a t e r i n t h e ce n t e r o f t h e d e ve l o p m e n t t o b r i n g i t b a ck t o p h ysi ca l a n d m e t a p h o r i ca l l i f e o f t h e ci t y . A f t e r c r o s si n g t h e p e r i p h e r y o f t h e n e w t o w n s, t h e t r a n se ct l o o ks i n t o t h e e xi st i n g co r e a r e a w h e r e t h e i d e a i s t o m a i n l y r e cyl e t h e l o w i n t e g r a t e d st r e e t s i n t o w a t e r co r r i d o r s t o c h a n n e l t h e w a t e r i n si d e t h e ci t y . F i n d i n g t h e p o r o u s l a ye r o f this existing fabric to show new possibilities or scenarios of densification was another intention of studying the existing u r b a n f a b r i c o f t h e ci t y . The Western edge of the transect is kind of a repetition of the Eastern new town typology but slightly different based o n t h e i r g r o - m o r p h o l o g i ca l ch a r a ct e r . T o e xp l a i n t h e d e si g n p r o p o sa l s i n e a ch o f t h e se t yp o l o g i e s, se ve r a l l o ca t i o n s a r e chosen on the transect to study further in detail and propose site specific solutions for water management projects and possiblities for densification for the future. Each of these projects even though different in their functionality and scale, is actually part of the structure plan which a s a sy st e m w o r ks a s a co m m o n p l a t f o r m f o r w a t e r a n d p e o p l e . B a se d o n t h e i r g e o g r a p h i ca l l o ca t i o n i n t h e ci t y a n d t h e i r relationship to their surrounding, these projects aim to house the fluid character of water and population in the coming ye a r s a s t h e ci t y o n o n e h a n d n e e d s t o e xp a n d a n d o n t h e o t h e r , n e e d s t o a co m o d a t e w a t e r a n d i n cr e a si n g p o p u l a t i o n i n a co h e r e n t m a n n e r .

n e w

te llite to w n

agricultural field

R o a d l a ye

W a t e r l a ye

zo w a q u w

G r e e n l a ye

r F i g 9 0 : T r a n se

a r e a f o r zo

o m

i n st u d y:

u r ce

_ a th o r

o m te r fr lity o a te r r e la

3 _ w o n t f th a n d tio n

n e w

b l u e - g r e e n co

te llite to w n

r r id o r

fluvial park

e st e r n o w in g e e d g e , u rb a n sh i p . sh

o m 2 _ h i g h d e n se u r b a n a r e a s w ith ve r y l i t t l e p o r o u s surface; mostly cove r e d w i t h a sp h a l t .

zo o m 4 _ d e n se u r b a n a r e a s w ith p o te n tia l o f n e w densification.

zo o m 1 _ f r i n g e a r e a sh o w i n g n e w sa t e l l i t e d e ve l o p m e n t a n d in b e tw e e n vi l l a g e s a n d t o w n s a m i d st a g r i cu l t u r a l fields.

5 5

6_Design development: local scale ____________________________________________________________________________________ T h e sa t e l l i t e d e ve l o ca t i o n f o l l o w s l a n sca p e ke e p i n g m e n ts in b e tw e e m e n t. T h e b lu e - g t i cu l a r a r e a s w o r t h e vi l l a g e l i ke ch a s w e ll a s th e n e l i t e t o w n s.

lo p m e n t t h e l o ca l t h e e xi st n t h e i r co re e n n e tw k a s a co a r a ct e r o w u rb a n a

o f t h i s p a r t i cu l a r co n d i t i o n o f t h e i n g vi l l a g e se t t l e u r se o f d e ve l o p o r k i n t h e se p a r n n e ct o r b e t w e e n f th e fr in g e a r e a s r e a s i n t h e sa t e l -

T h e p r o p o se d m e t r o l i n e b y t h e g o ve r n m e n t o n t h e e a st e r n si d e o f t h e ci t y r u n s i n t h e n o r t h - so u t h d i r e ct i o n w h i ch a l so cr e a t e s p o si b i l i t y f o r t h e e a st e r n p a r t o f t h e ci t y t o g e t d e ve l o p e d i n t h e f u t u r e . H o w e ve r , t h e e a st e r n si d e i s m o st l y co m p o se d o f l o w l y ing marsh lands (see fig: 80) which poses a threat of flooding in these areas. Therefore, t h e n e w sa t e l l i t e d e ve l o p m e n t s o n t h e e a st e r n si d e o f t h e ci t y a r e p r o p o se d i n a m a n n e r th a t o n ly a llo w s d e v e lo p m e n t in th e a r e a s t h a t a r e sa f e f o r u r b a n d e ve l o p m e n t , a n d a t t h e sa m e t i m e l i m i t i g t h e g r o w t h o f t h e l o w l yi n g a r e a s b y o cu p yi n g t h e m w i t h t h e p r o p o se d b l u e - g r e e n co r r i d o r .

T h e f r i n g e a r e a s i n b e t w e e n t h e i n n e r ci t y a n d t h e p r o p se d sa t e l l i t e t o w n s b a si ca l l y co n si st of filament like urban corridors following the main infrastructures and agricultural fields where small homesteads are configured as vi l l a g e s l o o se l y sp r e a d o u t a l o n g t h e t e r r i t o r y . T h e s e f r i n g e a r e a s , i n t h e p r o p o se d st r u c t u r e m a p f o r D h a ka 2 0 3 0 i s ke p t a s i t i s b y maintaining its character as a buffer between t h e i n n e r ci t y a n d t h e p r o p o se d sa e l l i t e a r e a s w h i ch a r e co n n e ct e d b y p u b l i c t r a n sp o r t a t i o n r o u t e s a n d m a j o r i n f r a st r u ct u r e co r r i d o r s.

F ig 9 1 : Z o o m

1 _ A xo

n o m e t r i c vi e w

o f f r i n g e a r e a a n d p r o p o se

d n e w

u r b a n a r e a : so

u r ce

_ a th o r

____________________________________________________________________________________

4 1

m u l t i f u n ct i o n a l h u b _ m e t r o s t o p , l o ca co m m e r ci a l a ct i vi t i e s

agricultural fields of the local villagers

a g r o t o u r i sm _ i n t e r a tc i ve f a r m i n g a ct i v i t i e s f o r r e si d e n t s a n d t o u r i st s

r e te n tio n a r e a

fluvial park

r e cr e a t i o n a l p a r k

p r e es r vi n g l o ac l l a n d cas a n d iv l l a g e es t t l e m e n t s.

ru ra l a re a s

p e e le m e n ts

5 6

The street pattern of this new settlement is derrived from the co u r a l l a n d sca p e o f t h e si t e . T h e a r e a s t h a t a r e d e ve l o p e d a s u r b are used as small agricultural fields and the green pockets consis vi l l a g e se t t l e m e n t s a r e ke p t a s i t i s b y r e st r i ct i n g m a i n i n f r a st r u ct t i o n s so t h a t t h e n e w u r b a n a r e a s ca n n o t e xp a n d a f t e r a ce r t a i r e g u l a t i o n s i n t h e st r u ct u r e m a p .

n e w

u rb a n a re a s

The urban fringe areas with filament like develop ricultural fields are kept as it is in the proposal an d e n se i n n e r ci t y a n d n e w l y p r o p o se d m o d e r a t e l y

n e w

u rb a n a re a s

F ig 9 2 : Z o o m

i n st u d y:

u r ce

_ a th o r

onfiguration of the nata n a re th e a re a s th a t sting dense green and u r e a n d u t i l i t y co n n e c n l i m i t w h i ch i s se t b y

p r o p o se

d m e t r o s t o p w i t h m i xe

d u se

d p ro g ra m s

pment and villages surrounded by agnd used as a transition between hyper d e n se d sa t e l l i t e t o w n s.

urban fringe areas as buffer

5 7

Fig 93: Perspective view showing proposed green-blue corridor conditions in low water level: source_athor

The above illustration portrays the image of a city where the transition from a hyper dense inner city to new satellite towns are s very flat inhabited landscape where the main occupation of the inhabitants is farming. These areas are protected in the proposa of the city toa certain extent. The fresh produces of these areas are usually transported to Dhaka and therefore, these areas a main city, the fringe areas and the new satellite towns that are seen as a background of the image and allows recreational slow fields in the dry seasons.

series of agriculture fields, pasture lands and traditional village settlements that are commonly seen in the outskirts of Dhaka, a al not only in terms of environmental implications but also they are identified as productive landscape that ensures food security r e ve r y i m p o r t a n t t o b e p r o t e ct e d i n t h e f u t u r e . T h e p r o p o se d b l u e - g r e e n co r r i d o r i n a w a y w o r ks a s a co n n e ct i o n b e t w e e n t h e w movement of people and allows water to flow downstream in case of extreme rainfall or can be merged with the agricultural

5 9

Fig 93.1: Perspective view showing proposed green-blue corridor conditions in high water level: source_athor

5 8

P lo R o F A M G

t si a d R : C

ze : 1 3 4 qs m w id th : 6 m 3 .1 5 : 6 7 .5 %

P lo R o F A M G

t si a d R : C

ze : 3 3 5 qs m w id th : 6 m 3 .7 5 : 6 0 .0 %

P lo R o F A M G

t si a d R : C

ze : 8 0 4 qs m w id th : 9 m 4 .7 5 : 5 5 .0 %

P lo R o F A M G

t si a d R : C

ze : 1 2 0 6 sq w id th : 9 m 5 .2 5 : 5 0 .0 %

Fig 94: Visualizing different options of building code application based on Bangladesh National Building Code regulations: source_athor

Fig 95: Bangladesh National Building Code regulations for different types of residential development: source_BNBC guide

S to ra g e a re a : 1 0 % o f th e si t e a r e a f o r su r p l u s o f rainwater run-off

S i t e a r e a : 1 1 a cr e

M G C : 5 0 %

F i g 9 6 : A p p l i ca

t i o n o f se

l e ct e d B N B C

r e g u l a t i o n o n t h e p r o p o se

d n e w

b l o cks

o f t h e sa

t e l l i t e d e ve

l o p m e n t s:

u r ce

_ a th o r

Fig 97: Peak flow calculation method _ source: ftp://ftp.odot.state.or.us/techserv/Geo-Environmental/Hydraulics/Hydraulics%20Manual/Chapter_07/Chapter_07_appendix_F/CHAPTER_07_app e n d i x_ F . p d f

The storage capacity, (peak flow rate of run off) for the retention scheme/reservoirs calculated in a typical block as shown in the diagram for the newly developed areas based on the parameters (specific building code, specific MGC, i n a r e t u r n p e r i o d o f 1 0 ye a r s) i s, 1 5 9 4 0 2 . 9 f t 3 / s The sum of the different areas of different materials of this block is, 220282.979 m2 T o t a l a m o u n t o f w a t e r f a l l i n g i n t w o h o u r s f o r t h i s b l o c k i s,

6 6 0 8 .4 7 8 m m

Water flow calculation formula: (0,03-(depression storage *0,001)-(2*infiltration loss*0,001))*surface Total surplus of rainwater run-off in this block is, 1709.875 m2 w h e n t h e r e i s o p e n w a t e r oy u ac n ts o r e 0 , 5 m 3 p e r m 2 , t h e r e f o r e , t h e a r e a r e q u i r e d f o r su p a r t i cu l a r b l o ck o f 1 1 a cr e i s, 3 4 1 9 . 7 5 m 2 w h i ch i s 1 0 % o f t h e b l o ck.

r p l u s w a t e r st o r a g e i n t h i s

6 0

M a i n i n f r a st r u ct u r e p r o iv d e d

M a in w a te r i n f r a st r u tc u r e p r o iv d e d

F i g 9 8 : M o d e l o f p u b l i c a n d p r i va

t e d e ve

l o p m e n t st r a t e g i e s i n e a ch

b l o ck

fo r th e n e w

t e l l i t e a r e a s:

u r ce

_ a th o r

Fig 94 shows different existing options of plot development in Dhaka where the majority of the residential areas have smaller plot sizes like the first two options of the image. The maximum ground coverage (MGC) of the built surface d e cr e a se s a s t h e p l o t si ze g r o w s l a r g e r w h i ch m e a n s t h e r a t i o n o f o p e n g r e e n o r p o r o u s sp a ce a l so i n cr e a se s a s t h e block size increases, (see fig 95). Therefore, in the case of the new satellite towns, the proposal for the minimum block si ze i s 1 2 0 6 sq m . Fig 96 illustrates the quality of a typical block in the proposed satellite town where the MGC is 50% . The rainwaterrun-off calculation following the peak flow calculation method (see fig 97) shows that a minimum of 10% storage space is needed for surplus run-off in such block size. Therefore, the policy for these satellite towns will be regulated in a way that a l l o w s 5 0 % M G C a n d a 1 0 % o f w a t e r st o r a g e a r e a f o r e a ch b l o ck. T h e o ve r a l l i m p a ct o n t h e o p e n p o r o u s g r e e n s u r f a ce of the city in this way will be very different from the inner city. The smaller plot sizes in the inner city with unusable ratio of green fragments which are often insufficient to infiltrate water can be altered by changing the block sizes and overall i m p a ct o f t h i s i f se e n i n a a cu m u l a t i ve m a n n e r i s g o i n g t o b e a ve r y p o si t i ve o n e . F i g 9 8 hs o w s t h e m a i n i n f r a ts r u tc u r e s t h a t w i l l b e p r o vi d e d b y t h e g o ve m a i n t a i n e d b y t h e i n h a b i t a n t s o f e a hc b l o ck.

r n m e n t a n d t h e i n n e r st o r a g e a r e a s n e e d t o b e

4 5 1 2 3

Fig 99: Axonometric view showing new satellite areas with the fluvial park: source_athor

T h e i d e a o f t h e n e w t o w n s i s m a i n l y t o r e - cr e a t e t h e t r a d i t i o n a l n e i g h b o r h o o d t yp e d w e l l i n g cl u st e r s f a ci n g t h e w a t e r t o r e - co n n e ct t h e p h ysi ca l a n d m e t a p h o r i ca l r e l a t i o n sh i p b e t w e e n p e o p l e a n d w a t e r . T h e n e i g h b o r h o o d sca l e cl u st e r s f o l l o w t h e b l o ck based development system (see fig 96) that allows maximum 50% ground coverage for the built structures and 10% water storage areas to be kept inside the blocks for extra rain water run off as a mandatory rule. T h e o h e lp in m a jo r w h i ch

r a ll g th e re a s o is a lte

id e a o w a te r n s b e h r e d in

f f a ci e d g in d th is

n g a l l t h e n e w l y oc n ts r u ct e d ts r u ct u r e s f a ci n g t h e w a t e r oc r r i d o r lc o es t o t h e m a i n b a ckb o n e i s a ct u a l l y e t o p r o t e ct f r o m i n f o r m a l t py e i l l e g a l se t t l e m e n t s a n d u n w a n t e d p o l l u t i o n o f t h e w a t e r b o d y . O n e o f t h e t h e i l l e g a l e n rc o a ch m e n t a n d p o l l u t i o n o f t h e w a t e r e d g e s i s p u t t i n g t h e w a t e r o n t h e b a ksic d e o f b u ild in g s ca se .

T h e n e t w o r k o f w a t e r sq u a r e s, r a i n g a r d e n s, b i o - sw a l e s e t c co n n e ct s t o t h e m a i n b l u e - g r e e n co r r i d o r w h i ch i s t h e n co n n e ct e d t o t h e m a j o r w a t e r co r r i d o r s o f t h e ci t y . T h e m a i n co m m e r ci a l a ct i vi t i e s a r e cl u st e r e d a l o n g t h e m o st i n t e g r a t e d s t r e e t s a n d a r e facing the water. The inner courts transform themselves to water squares for surplus rain water run offs and the intermediate sp a ce s i n b e t w e e n t h e b l o cks a r e u se d a s u r b a n f a r m i n g a r e a s t h a t a r e m a i n t a i n e d b y t h e l o ca l co m m u n i t y m e m b e r s .

m a i n b l u e g r e e n co

u r b a n fa r m in g

e xi st i n g r u r a l se

r a i n w a t e r st o r a g e sp

n e t w o r k o f b i o sw

b l o kc o f t py

r r id o r

ttle m e n ts

a ce

f o r b l o ck

a le s a lo n g r o a d s

b a se d us p e r b l o kc d e ev l o p m e n t i n st e a d i ca l p l o t b a es d a p a r t m e n t s

6 1

F i g 9 9 . 1 : S t a n d a r d s f o r f u t u r e l a n d d e ve

l o p m e n t : so

u r ce

_ D h a ka

st r u ct u r e p l a n 2 0 1 6 - 2 0 3 5

F i g 9 9 . 2 : S t a n d a r d s f o r f u t u r e h o u si n g d e ve

l o p m e n t : so

F i g 9 9 . 3 : S t a n d a r d s f o r f u t u r e n e i g h b o r h o o d d e ve

u r ce

l o p m e n t : so

_ D h a ka

u r ce

st r u ct u r e p l a n 2 0 1 6 - 2 0 3 5

_ D h a ka

st r u ct u r e p l a n 2 0 1 6 - 2 0 3 5

6 2

M e tro s to p

F ig 1 0 0 : Z o o m

2 _ A xo

n o m e t r i c vi e w

o f e xi st i n g u r b a n a r e a s h i g h l i g h t i n g e l e m e n t s t o b e a d d r e se

d i n d e si g n : so

u r ce

_ a th o r

e t ro

lin e

F i g 1 0 1 : E xi st i n g F S I - G S I co

n d i t i o n o f t h e a r e a : so

u r ce

_ a th o r

M a jo r a x is

F i g 1 0 2 : E xi st i n g r o a d i n t e g r a t i o n o f t h e a r e a : so

u r ce

_ a th o r

a jo r a x is

6 3

F i g 1 0 3 : P r o p o se

d b l u e co

r r id o r s fo llo w in g le s

i n t e g r a t e d st r e e t s i n h i g h l y d e n se

d a r e a s : so

u r ce

_ a th o r

F i g 1 0 4 : C o n d i t i o n o f t h e b l u e - g r e e n n e t w o r k i n m o n so

o n w i t h h i g h l e ve

l o f w a t e r : so

u r ce

_ a th o r

T h e a b o ve i m a g e sh o w s t h e co n d i t i o n o f t h e n e t w o r k i n m o n so o n w h e n t h e w a t e r l e ve l i s h i g h a n d t h e l o w i n t e g r a t e d st r e e t s t h a t a r e converted to blue-green corridor are filled with water in extreme case a n d t h e p o cke t s o f g r e e n a r e a s a l o n g t h e i r w a y a r e u se d f o r sm a l l e r retention areas. (see fig 106)

F i g 1 0 5 : C o n d i t i o n o f t h e b l u e - g r e e n n e t w o r k w i t h t h o u t h i g h l e ve

l o f w a t e r : so

T h e a b o ve i m a g e sh o w s t h e w h e n t h e n e t w o r k i s u se d a s T h e se co r r i d o r s i n t h i s ca es w h e r e su ch sp a ce l i ke r e cr e a luxary. (see fig 107)

o f b lic n e k o

n d g re e p r o iv tio n a

itio n n p u d e s l p a r

u r ce

th e n e tw sp a ec w g re e n r g re e n

_ a th o r

o r k in in h y p e a re a s is r e a lly

d r y es a so n s r d e n se ic t y . i n l o ac t i o n s sca r ec o r a

6 4

Fig 106: Perspective view showing condition of the blue-green network (low integrated street in highly dense urban environment converted to blue-green corridor) in monsoon with high level of wate

r : so

u r ce

_ a th o r

6 5

Fig 107: Perspective view showing condition of the blue-green network (low integrated street in highly dense urban environment converted to blue-green corridor) without high level of water: sou

r ce

_ a th o r

6 6

E d g e q u a l i t y: _ i l l e g a l se t t l e m e n t s a l o n g t h e e d g e o f w a te r. _ m o ts l y i n f o r m a l se a l o n g t h e r i ve r .

ttle m e n ts

_ r o a d p a r a l l e l t o t h e r i ve p o o r co n d i t i o n .

r in

_ u p p e r n o rth e rn p a rt o f th e r o a d p a r a l l e l t o t h e r i ev r co n st r u ct e d a s a d yke . _ w a te r q u a lity is h ig h ly p o ll u t e d w i t h d o m e st i c w a ts e p r o d u ct . _ m o st l y lo w e r e l e va t i o n therefore flooding occurs in h i g h l e ve l o f w a t e r f r o m t h e r i ve r . _ w a te r is m a in tio n a l p p l e l i vi n t h e r i ve

o n ly u u rp g o r.

th se o n

i s is d fo s e s th e

d e r tr fo r o th

o f a n th e r

th sp e si

e ic t y o rta p e o d e o f

_the first layer of the built st r u ct u r e s a l o n g t h e r o a d m a i n l y a co m m o d a t e s m i xe d u se d t yp e p ro g ra m s l i ke sm a l l l o c a l sh o p s, ki t ch e n m a r ke t e t c o n t h e l o w e r l e v e l s a n d r e si d e n t i a l f a ci l i t i e s o n th e u p p e r. _ l o ca l b o a t ts o p s w i t h l o w f r e q u e n cy o f w a t e r t r a n sp o r ta tio n . _ d e m o g r a p h i c d i st r i b u t i o n i s m a in ly m id d le a n d lo w e r m id d l e i n co m e g r o u p . _ n o sp a ce w a y u r e cr e a f a b r i c.

p ro p e o r th e se d o r tio n a l

_ t h e vi th e u r i s m o ts se t t l e m

su b a ly e

r e cr w a te r d e si g n e le m e n

e a tio is in e d a t o f

n a l n o s a th e

a l c o n n e ct i o n f r o m to th e w a te rfro n t b l o c ke d b y i n f o r m a l n t s. n

F ig 1 0 8 : Z o o m 3 _ W a te r fr o n t a r e a o n th e n o r th o f B u r i g a n g a r i ve r : so u r ce _ a t h o r

6 7

F i g 1 0 9 : P e r sp

e ct i ve

vi e w

o w i n g t h e e xi st i n g co

n d i t i o n o f t h e w a t e r f r o n t : so

u r ce

_ a th o r

_ i n f o r m a l se

_ n e w

_ sm

ttle m e n t a lo n g th e w a te r e d g e

n st r u ct i o n o f r e si d e n t i a l u se

a l l l o ca

l sh

o p s o n t h e g r o u n d l e ve

_illegal reclamation by filling up with sand

_ l o ca

l st r e e t q u a l i t y

6 8

6 5

1 3

F i g 1 1 0 : P r o p o se

ro o m

2 3

d i n t e r ve

n t i o n s o n t h e w a t e r f r o n t : so

u r ce

_ a th o r

temporary fish selling stalls

w a te r tr e a tm e n t p la n t

l o ca

l b o a t st o p

w a t e r f r o n t ca

l o ca

l b o a t st o p

f o r t h e r i ve

The proposal for the water front provides room for the river since the over flow of the river in this part of the city is seen i n ca se o f e xt r e m e r a i n f a l l . T h e r o a d p a r a l l e l t o t h e w a t e r i s co n st r u ct e d a s a d yke w h i ch i s a l r e a d y e xi st i n g o n t h e u p p e r n o r t h o f t h e ci t y b u t a b se n t i n t h i s p a r t , w h e r e a s t h i s p a r t n e e d s t h e sa m e t r e a t m e n t w h i ch h a s n o t b e e n d o n e ye t . T h e w a t e r f r o n t w i l l i n cr e a se t h e q u a l i t y o f p u b l i c sp a ce i n t h i s a r e a a n d ca n b e u se d a s a m o d e l f o r t h e w a t e r f r o n t o f t h e so u t h e r n a n d e a st e r n p a r t o f t h e ci t y .

6 9

2 4

Fig 111: zoom_4, Existing urban area,(Uttara; sector 8) identifying potential sites for future development: source_athor

T h e N o r t h - w e st e r n p a r t o f t h e ci t y , a d e n se l y b u i l t r e si d e n t i a l a r e a , U t t a r a i s a t yp i ca l e xa m p l e o f t h e r e si d e n t i a l zo n e s o f D h a ka w h i ch i s co m p a r a t i ve l y n e w a n d st i l l u n d e r d e ve l o p m e n t . T h e i n d e p e n d e n t r e si d e n t i a l b u i l d i n g s o w n e d b y si n g l e st e a k h o l d e r s t h a t w e r e b u i l t a r o u n d t h e e a r l y 9 0 s w h i c h a r e m o st l y 3 / 4 st o r e ys h i g h , a r e g e t t i n g r e d e ve l o p e d b y p r i va t e b u i l d e r s i n t h e co n t e xt o f recent booming real estate market. Fig 111 identifies these type of independent housings as well as vacant sites of this particular area as porous layer that has the high potential to be developed as high rise apartment buildings as a profitable investment of these land owners. Even though highly profitable for the real estate developers and the landowners, these kind of gated individal a p a r t m e n t b u i l d i n g co n st r u ct i o n h a s a st r o n g co l l e ct i ve i m p a ct i n t h e so c i a l l a n d sca p e o f t h e ci t y . T h e t r a d i t i o n a l n e i g h b o r h o o d s w h i ch u se d t o h a ve a st r o n g se n se o f co m m u n i t y i s g e t i n g t o t a l l y l o st w i t h t h e co n st r u ct i o n o f t h e se ki n d s o f g a t e d i n d i vi d u a l a p a r t m e n t s. W i t h t h e p r e s su r e o f i n cr e a si n g h o u si n g n e e d i n t h e ci t y , i t i s m o r e a n d m o r e l i ke l y t h a t a l l t h e p o r o u s si t e s o f t h e ci t y w i l l e ve n t u a l l y b e d e ve l o p e d a s su ch g a t e d a p a r t m e n t b u i l d i n g s ke e p i n g ve r y l i t t l e o r n o p h ysi ca l o r so ci a l co n n e ct i o n t o i t s su r r o u n d i n g s.

2 / 3 st o r e y b u i l d i n g s a s p o t e n t i a l spaces for future densification

2 va

n t p lo ts

e xi st i n g sch

3 4

o o l a re a

e xi st i n g w a t e r b o d y

T h e g r w h e re b u ild in va l u e s g ro u n d in te g r a

a p h sh th e re g s. T h w h i ch co n d t e d st

o w is a e n m itio re e

s th e m o rp cl e a r d i st i n e w a p a rtm e a n s b o th n a n d w h i ch t s.

h o l o g i ca ct i o n b e n t s sh ta lle r a re

l ch a r a ct e e tw e e n th e o w h ig h e r b u ild in g s a m o st l y a l o n

r o n e F S n d g

f th is w a n I a n d co m th e h

a re a d o ld G S I p a ct ig h ly

L e g e n d h i g h va lo w

l u e o f st r e e t i n t e g r a t i o n l u e o f st r e e t i n t e g r a t i o n

b u i l d i n g l o ca

tio n in F S I/G S I g r a p h

T h e t yp i ca l p l o t si ze s o f t h i s a r e a r a n g e s f r o m a r o u n d 1 3 4 t o 3 3 5 sq m . T h e b u i l d i n g co d e a l l o w s co n st r u ct i o n o f r e si d e n t i a l b u i l d i n g s w i t h a m a xi m u m g r o u n d co ve r a g e ( M G C ) of 67.5% to 60% subsequently, with a floor to area ratio (F A R ) o f 3 .1 5 to 3 .7 5 . T h e r e su l t o f su ch co d e i s ve r y l i t t l e o p e n sp a ce f o r w a t e r t o p e n e t r a t e t h e g r o u n d i n i n d i vi d u a l p l o t s, w h i ch i s m o st of the time not sufficient for rain water run off managem e n t syt e m . T h e o ve r a l l i m p a ct o n t h e w h o l e a r e a o f su ch sm a l l e r p l o t s w i t h h i g h M G C va l u e s i n cr e a se s t h e a m o u n t o f a sp h a l t su r f a ce i n t h e ci t y t h a t n e e d s f u r t h e r a t t e n t i o n o f a d j u st m e n t s t o i n cr e a se g r e e n su r f a ce e i t h e r o n t h e g r o u n d o r w i t h i n t h e b u i l d i n g s.

P lo R o F A M G

t si a d R : C

ze : 1 3 4 qs m w id th : 6 m 3 .1 5 : 6 7 .5 %

P lo R o F A M G

t si a d R : C

ze : 3 3 5 qs m w id th : 6 m 3 .7 5 : 6 0 .0 %

To manage rain water run off within the individual plots in the context of climate change where the problem of floodi n g i s i n cr e a si n g e ve r y m o n so o n , i t i s h i g h t i m e t h a t t h e e n vi r o n m e n t a l f a ct o r sh o u l d b e i n t e g r a t e d a s a m a n d a t o r y f a ct o r w i t h i n t h e b u i l d i n g co d e r e g u l a t i o n .

A n o t h e r e l e m e n t su r r o u n d i n g t h e p l o t s a r e t h e b o u n d a r y w a l l s co n st r u ct e d w i t h b r i ck o r co n cr e t e , u su a l l y 2 t o 3 m e t e r h i g h , n o t o n l y cr e a t e a p h ysi ca l b a r r i e r , b u t a l so m a ke i t l e s t r a n sp a r e n t . A s a r e su l t , m o st o f t h e t i m e , t h e o p e n sp a ce o n t h e g r o u n d t h a t sh o u l d b e ke p t g r e e n i s p a ve d i l l e g a l l y ke e p i n g n o r o o m f o r w a t e r t o p e n e t r a t e t h e g r o u n d . T h e r e f o r e , t h e b u i l d i n g r e g u l a t i o n sh o u l d b e a l t e r e d t o r e st r i ct co n st r u ct i o n o f su c h h a r d b a r r i e r , r a t h e r e n su r e cr e a t i n g n a t u r a l b o u n d a r y w i t h v e g e t a t i o n t h a t w i l l a l l o w vi su a l t r a n sp a r e n cy a n d a t t h e sa m e t i m e p r e se r ve p r i va cy .

7 0

(a )

O r ig in a l r e g u la tio n : P l o t si ze : 4 2 0 sq m R o a d w id th : 6 m F A R : 3 .7 5 M G C : 6 0 %

(b )

O r ig in a l r e g u la tio n : P l o t si ze : 1 2 0 6 qs m R o a d w id th : 9 m F A R : 5 .2 5 M G C : 5 0 .0 %

P r o p o se d r e g u l a t i o n : P l o t si ze : 4 2 0 qs m R o a d w id th : 6 m F A R : 3 .7 5 M G C : 4 0 %

Fig 112: Proposals for individual plots for future development based on the size of each parcel; (a) single parcel, (b) combination of two or more parcels, (c) incorporating green surace within the buildings: source

Fig 112 illustrates the different options of future development possibilities based on the proposed building code regulation. The p for rain water to permeate the ground. On the other hand, if different stakeholders and land owners combine their plots and con open green space for rain water management projects, but also can provide effective usable green spaces for multipurpose use ( c)

O r ig in a l r e g u la tio n : P l o t si ze : 4 2 0 sq m R o a d w id th : 6 m F A R : 3 .7 5 M G C : 6 0 %

P r o p o se d r e g u l a t i o n : P l o t si ze : 4 2 0 qs m R o a d w id th : 6 m F A R : 3 .7 5 M G C : 6 0 % G r e e n su r f a ce w i t h i n t h e b u i l d i n g : 1 0 %

T h e o t h e r o p t i o n f o r f u t u r e co n st r u ct code regulation. The additional adju the ground level (see fig 96). The gr size for extra rain water run off man a d j u st m e n t p r o p o se d h e r e i s t h e d e m

O r ig in a l r e g u la tio n : P l o t si ze : 1 9 8 0 qs m R o a d w id th : 1 2 m F A R : 5 .5 0 M G C : 5 0 .0 %

P r o p o se d r P l o t si ze : 1 R o a d w id th F A R : 5 .5 0 M G C : 5 5 .0

e g u la tio n : 9 8 0 sq m : 8 m %

e_athor

parcels that are less than 420 sqm with a MGC of 60% is reduced to 40% to ensue bigger open green space on the ground level nstruct in bigger parcels, they get higher MGC which will be up to 55%. This kind of parcel clustering will not only ensure more es like children play area and so on in a city where green parks are very rare and deminishing every day.

i o n i s ke e p i n g t h e 6 0 % m a xi m u m g r o u n d co ve r a g e f o r t h e i n d i vi d u a l p a r ce l s t h a t a r e l e s t h a n 4 2 0 sq m a s i t i s i n t h e b u i l d i n g ustment in this case would be adding a 10% of the total floor area of the building to be kept as green to substitute the green on reening of the roof is a mandatory for such kind of development. The 10% open space is a mandatory requirement for any plot nagement project in each parcel based on the calculation done following the rational method as illustrated in fig 96. The other o l i t i o n o f h a r d b o u n d a r y w a l l s a n d cr e a t i n g g r e e n scr e e n s f o r p r i va cy p u r p o se . 7 1

I n t h e r e ce n t ye a r s t h e a t t e m p t b y t h e n o t a b l e a r ch i t e ct s o f t h e co u n t r y h a s b e e n t o i n co r p o r a t e g r e e n w i t h i n t h e b u i l d i n g i n a n e xt e n si ve m a n n e r a s well as finding the cultural roots in the a r ch e t yp a l e xp r e s i o n o f t h e b u i l d i n g s. T h e u se o f t r a d i t i o n a l m a t e r i a l l i ke l o ca l l y m a d e b r i ck a n d r e - i n t r o d u ci n g co u r t ya r d sp a ce s w i t h i n t h e b u i l d i n g h a ve b e e n t h e m a j o r e l e m e n t s t h a t a r e co m i n g b a ck i n t h e a r ch i t e ct u r e o f t h e r e ce n t ye a r s.

A p a r t m e n t b u i l d i n g , A r ch

i t e ct _ M a r i n a T a b a su

m , ( M T A ) , so

u r ce

_ h t t p s: / / w w w . p i n t e r e st . co

m /p in /5 4 8 5 2 4 4 2 9 5 8 8 1 7 6 0 9 4 /

F o l l o w i n g t h e cu r r e n t b u i l d i n g co d e r e g u l a t i o n s, w h i ch a l l o w s u p t o 6 0 % o f m a xi m u m g r o u n d co ve r a g e ( M G C ) o r i n so m e ca se s m o r e t h a n t h a t f o r t h e b u i l d i n g i t se l f , t h e se ki n d o f co u r t ya r d a n d sm a l l e r se m i p u b l i c g r e e n sp a ce s i n d i se t h e p l o t h a ve b e e n i m p o si b l e t o p r o p o se b y t h e a r ch i t e ct s si n ce t h e o w n e r o f t h e p l o t w o u l d i n si st t o h a ve t h e m a xi m u m b u i l t u p vo l u m e i n t h e i r p ro p e rty . T h e r e f o r e , t h e b i g g e r p l o t s t h a t h a ve a different regulation than the smaller p l o t s a l l o w t h e a r ch i t e ct s t o i n co r p o r a t e g r e e n sp a ce s w i t h i n t h e i r si t e a n d t h u s b r i n g b a ck t h e t r a d i t i o n a l co u r t ya r d s i n t h e l i vi n g e n vi r o n m e n t . T h e se t r a d i t i o n a l co u r t ya r d s w e r e u se d i n t h e p a st n o t o n l y a s a n e xt e n si o n o f i n d o o r sp a c e b u t a l so t h e y h a d f u n ct i o n a l e n vi r o n m e n t a l p u r p o se s f o r e xa m p l e co o l i n g o f t h e i n t e r i o r sp a c e s b y ve n t i l a t i o n t h e h o t t e r a i r t h r o u g h t h e se vo i d s o f t h e co u r t ya r d s so r r o u n d e d b y b u i l d i n g m a s e s. T h e se se l f sh a d e d c o u r t ya r d s b y b u i l d i n g m a se s w o u l d t h e n a l l o w se m i p r i va t e a ct i vi t i e s f o r t h e r e si d e n t s t o b e ca r r i e d o u t w h i ch i n cl u d e d p l a y a r e a f o r ki d s, t e e n a g e r s o r e ve n m e e t i n g p o i n t s f o r e ve r yo n e o n sp e ci a l o ca si o n s.

Apartment building, DOMUS architects , source_ http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=241806&page=38

A p a r t m e n t b u i l d i n g , S h a t o t t o r ch

i t e ct u r e , so

u r ce

_ h t t p : / / w o r l d a r ch

i t e ct u r e . o r g / a r ch

i t e ct u r e - p r o j e ct s/ p g m h / g u l f e sh

a n _ a p a r t m e n t _ b u i l d i n g - p r o j e ct - p a g e s. h t m l

O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e t yp i ca l r e si d e n t i a l a p a r t m e n t b u i l d i n g s b y m o st o f t h e r e g u l a r r e a l e s t a t e d e ve l o p e r s i s a ct u a l l y a p h ysca l m a n i f e st a t i o n o f o n l y u si n g t h e b u i l d i n g co d e r e g u l a t i o n t o i t s m a x i m u m l i m i t . T h e se ki n d o f b u i l d i n g s o cu p y t h e m a xi m u m l i m i t o f t h e b u i l d i n g co d e w h i ch i s m o st o f t h e t i m e t h e d e m a n d o f t h e cl i e n t a n d d o e s n o t h a ve a n y ki n d o f p h ysi ca l o r vi su a l r e l a t i o n t o i t s su r r o u n d in g . T h e o p e n g r e e n sp a ce w ith in th e p lo ts o f these kind of apartments are not sufficient f o r d r a i n i n g e xt r a r a i n w a t e r o n si t e l e t a l o n e o p e n sp a ce f o r r e c r e a t i o n a l p u r p o se s f o r t h e r e si d e n t s. The flexibility of changing the spaces of the r e si d e n t s o r t h e o w n e r s r e si d i n g i n t h e se ki n d o f b u i l d i n g s a r e r a t h e r r i g i d . T h e e xt e r i o r e n ve l o p e sh o u l d b e ke p t i n t a ct a co r d in g to th e d e si g n o f t h e d e ve l o p e r , w h e r e a s o n l y t h e i n t e r i o r sp a ce s ca n b e r e - o r g a n i ze d i f r e q u i r e d .

S i n ce l a n d va l u e i n t h e ci t y o f D h a ka i s cr e a si n g e ve r y p a si n g ye a r , t h e se ki n d r e si d e n t i a l b u i l d i n g s a r e a l so sp r a w l i n g a a r e t h e o n e s t h a t a r e d e m a n d e d t h e m o st cl i e n t s t o m a ke t h e f u l l u se o f t h e l a n d t h own since they are post profitable ones.

Apartment building , source_ http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=420728&page=23

in o f n d b y e y

T h e r e fo r e , if th e r e g u la tio n is a lte r e d to p r o m o te b u ild in g in b ig g e r p lo ts a n d lo w e r th e p e r ce n t a g e o f t h e m a xi m u m b u i l d a b l e l i m i t s o n t h e e xi st i n g sm a l l e r p l o t s, t h e o ve r a l l i m p a ct o n t h e l i vi n g co n d i t i o n s w i l l b e a l o t different than today and it will also bring envi r o n m e n t a l ch a n g e s f o r e xa m p l e r e d u ci n g h e a t o f t h e m i cr o - cl i m a t e , g r o u n d w a t e r r e ch a r g e r a t e e t c. M o st i m p o r t a n t l y , i n a f a st g r o w i n g h yp e r d e n se ci t y w h e r e r e cr e a t i o n a l g r e e n sp a ce s l i ke p a r ks a r e e xt r e m e l y sca r ce , t h e se s m a l l p o cke t s o f g r e e n u sa b l e sp a ce s ca n b r i n g a ch a n g e i n t h e l i vi n g co n d i t i o n s o f t h e ci t y .

Apartment building , source_ http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=420728&page=23

Apartment building , source_ http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=1562596&page=58

7 2

F i g 1 1 3 : F u t u r e d e ve

l o p m e n t sce

n a r i o w i t h m u l t i p l e o p t i o n s b a se

d o n th e n e w

b u i l d i n g r u l e s:

u r ce

_ a th o r

The idea behind the densification of the existing urban areas is ensuring n st r u ct i o n i n b i g g e r p l o t s i n t h i s p a r t i cu l a r ca se co m b i n i n g va ca n t p l o t s t h a t a r e a d j a ce n t t o e a ch o t h e r o r r e cyl i n g o l d b u i l d i n g s t h a t w i l l e ve n t u a l l y b e d e m o l i sh e d a n d co n ve r t e d t o h i g h - r i se a p a r t m e n t b u i l d i n g s. T h e a d va n t a g e of combining plots is having more open space on the ground floor following t h e b u i l d i n g co d e r e g u l a t i o n ( b i g g e r p l o t s h a vi n g m o r e o p e n sp a ce a n d l e s e r m a xi m u m g r o u n d co ve r a g e o f b u i l t st r u ct u r e ) w h i ch w i l l a l l o w t o p r o vi d e g r e e n sp a ce s f o r r e cr e a t i o n a l p u r p o se s a s w e l l a s f o r w a t e r m a n a g e m e n t p r o j e ct s. co

T h e si n g l e p l o t s ca n b e d e ve l o p e d f o l l o w i n g t h e e xi st i n g b u l d i n g co d e r e g u l a t i o n b u t a d d i n g 1 0 % o f g r e e n a r e a w i t h i n t h e b u i l d i n g vo l u m e b a se d o n t h e calculation done following the rational method for excess rain water run off m a n a g e m e n t. T h e co n n e ct e d syt e m o f b i o sw a l e s a l o n g t h e si d e w a l ks w i l l w o r k a s a ca r r y ing structure of the surface run offs to drain the water to the main blue-green st r u ct u r e o f t h e ci t y . l o ac l co p lo t

S u p e r su r i n g m e n t b u ild in

m m e r ci a l d e ve

b lo b ig p ro g o

D e m o l i sh

cks

b g e r o j e ct , r a t th

a es d p e n co m m e g ro sp

l o p m e n t o n i n d i vi d u a l

o n n e a ce u n ity u n d le

b u i l d i n g oc d e e n fo r w a te r m a n a g e sp a ce s w i t h i n t h e ve l

in g b a r r ie r o f b o u n d a r y w a lls

S ch

o o l a r e a , O p e n ps a ce i n f r o n t o f chs o o l fo r m u ts i p u r p o se u se , l o ca l w a t e r r e t e n t i o n a r e a a s w e ll a s p la y a r e a

P a r ki n g ts r u tc u r e w i t h 6 0 % M G C t o m e e t t h e n e e d o f p a r ki n g ps a ec s i n t h e es a r e a s

Syatem of bioswales draining rain water run off f r o m t h e st r e e t s t o t h e w a t e r b o d i e s.

7 3

F i g 1 1 4 : L o ca

E a hc ci a l m h a vi n p ro g r u se s

l w a t e r m a n a g e m e n t syt

o f th ix in g o p a m s w ill h

e es th e e n b y e lp

n e w su s e a re a g r e e n is h a vi n g n t o e n su s.

e m

p e r G n o t o t o re a

a n d n e w b u i l d i n g t yp

b lo re e p o n ly tra

o l o g i e s f o l l o w i n g p r o p o se

c ks n e e d s t o p r o vi n r o o f s i n t h e se ki si b l e o n t h e g r o u r e si d e n t i a l u se s b n sp a r e n t a n d i n t e

d b u i l d i n g r u l e s:

d e 3 0 % o n d o f d e n se n d l e ve l . E u t a l so p r o r a ct i ve r e l a

f i t s vo u rb a a ch o v id in g tio n w

u r ce

lu m n e f th r e cr ith

_ a th o r

e fo r n iv r o n e se su e a tio t h e i r su

a co m m e n t p e r b n a l a n rro u n

o d a tin g h w ill h e lp a l o cks w ill d l o ca l co d in g .

o u is n g ch i e vi n e n su r e m m e r ci

fo r g m m ix a l u

lo w o re o f se s

e r g so o

in re ci n

co e n a l th e

m e g ro u p s to su r f a ce i n t h e g ro u p s a s w e l o w e r l e ve l s.

e n ci ll a T h

su ty s is

r e so w h e re m ix o f m ix o f

1 3

The new urban infills

10% open green space for excess rain water run off

3 0 %

ground floor for parking space and first floor for collect i ve a m e n i t i e s

l o ca

l co

m a n d a to r y g r e e n r o o f in a ll n e w m e n ts

m u l t i l a ye

p e r b l o ck

d e ve

lo p -

b si d i se

d so

ci a l h o u si n g p r o vi si o n f o r so

m m e r ci a l sp r p a r ki n g sp

ci a l m i x

a ce a ce

7 4

1 3

F i g 1 1 5 : A e r i a l vi e w

o f l o ca

l w a t e r m a n a g e m e n t s yst

e m

a n d n e w

m u l t i f u n ct i o n a l o p e n sp

s yst

m a i n b l u e - g r e e n co

e m

o f co

a ce

n n e ct e d b i o sw r r id o r

b u i l d i n g t yp

o l o g i e s f o l l o w i n g p r o p o se

d b u i l d i n g r u l e s:

u r ce

_ a th o r

f o r w a t e r a n d a ct i vi t i e s

si d e w a l ks

a l e s a l o n g si d e w a l ks

5 sch

r a in g a r d e n

o o l p l a yg

r o u n d a s r e t e n t i o n sp

a ce

a n d p la y a r e a

4 6 5

7 5

F i g 1 1 6 : A e r i a l vi e w

1 0

8 9

o f n e w

d e ve

l o p m e n t a r e a s f o l l o w i n g p r o p o se

d b u i l d i n g r u l e s:

u r ce

_ a th o r

2 1

1 1

7 6

F i g 1 1 7 : A e r i a l vi e w

o f n e w

d e ve

l o p m e n t a r e a s f o l l o w i n g p r o p o se

d b u i l d i n g r u l e s:

u r ce

_ a th o r

m a in b lu e - g r e e n co r r i d o r

e xi ts i n g d e n es u r b a n e n iv r o n m e n t

e xi ts i n g a g r i cu a l la n d

h o sp

3 se

p ro p o lin e b b ig g e cl o se co r r i d

transition/buffer p r o t e ct e d a r e a p r o p o se d w a t e r co r r i d o r

ita l

n d a ry w a te r r r id o r s

se y g r b to o r

d m e tro o vt . l o cks m a in

ltu r -

1 0 a ir p o r t 1 1 r a ilw a y 1 2 p r o p o se d 3 0 % l a n d a r e a w i t h b a si c i n f r a st r u ct u r e f o r i n f o r m a l se

ttle r s

1 2

7 7

The idea of the new expansion areas of dhaka in a linear configuration along the blue-green corridor is a way to revive the neighborhood character of the traditional settlements of the city. In the wake o f t h e m a r ke t d r i ve n e co n o m y i n t h e l a st d e ca d e , t h e n e w i n d i vi d u a l i st i c a p a r t m e n t co n st r u ct i o n w i t h o u t a n y r e l a t i o n t o t h e i r su r r o u n d i n g , h a s b e e n a co m m o n p r a ct i ce a l l a r o u n d t h e ci t y . T h i s e xp a n si o n m o d e l i s t h e r e f o r e a w a y t o r e t r i ve t h e se n se o f co m m u n i t y t h a t u se d t o h a ve i n t h e t r a d i t i o n a l n e i g h b o r h o o d s ( m o h o l l a s) , w h e r e p e o p l e sh a r e o p e n co m m o n p u b l i c a n d se m i p u b l i c sp a ce s i n co r p o r a t e d i n si d e e a ch n e i g h b o r h o o d . A n o t h e r i m p o r t a n t r e g u l a t i o n f o r t h e co n st r u ct i o n o f t h e se ki n d o f su p e r - b l o cks i n t h e n e w e xp a n si o n a r e a s i s t o a d d 3 0 % o f su b si d i se d so ci a l h o u si n g i n e a ch r e si d e n t i a l u n i t to ensure the possible mix of different social groups in each block. The buildings close to the blue green corridor gets more Maximum ground coverage to build on their site where as the buildings farther f r o m t h e b l u e - g r e e n c o r r i d o r g e t l e s m a xi m u m g r o u n d co ve r a g e t o co n st r u ct w i t h i n t h e i r si t e b o u n d a r y . T h i s p r o ce s a l l o w s t h e st a ke h o l d e r s o f t h e b u i l d i n g s t h a t a r e cl o se t o t h e b l u e - g r e e n co r r i d o r to invest their share of water-management investments on the corridor itself making it possible to finance the whole blue-green structure of the city. The more construction is carried out along the main co r r i d o r , t h e m o r e i n ve st m e n t ca n b e a cq u i r e d f r o m t h e se st a ke h o l d e r s. O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e p l o t s t h a t a r e f u r t h e r f r o m t h e m a i n co r r i d o r sh o u l d f o l l o w t h e b u i l d i n g co d e r e g u l a t i o n s r e co m e n d e d f o r t h e n e w t o w n s o r i n co r p o r a t e t h e r e q u i r e d a m o u n t o f g r e e n w i t h i n t h e b u i l d i n g vo l u m e . Each of these blocks therefore is composed of different social groups since 30% of these buildings are built as subsiised social housing to ensure different economic groups co-residing in the whole area. Another measure to be carried out in the expansion areas of Dhaka is to allocate 30% of the overall land as flexible area with basic infrastructure provided for informal settlers to settle for a certain period o f t i m e . T h i s w a y o f a l l o ca t i n g l a n d ca n h e l p t o p r o t e ct t h e w a t e r e d g e s f r o m g e t t i n g i l l e g a l l y o cu p i e d b y i n f o r m a l se t t l e r s. O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h i s a r e a ca n b e u se d f o r f u t u r e d e ve l o p m e n t / e xp a n si o n w i t h t h e i n cr e a si n g n u m b e r o f p e o p l e co m i n g t o t h e ci t y e ve r y d a y .

3 0 % us b si d i se h o u si n g

p r e se

b a si c i n f r a st r u ct u r e ( co

l u m n s,

r va

t i o n o f l o ca

d so

r a in w a te r h a r v s tin g s y s te m

S m a l l sca l e w a t e r m a n a g e m e n t p r o j e ct s a t t h e b u i l d i n g l e ve l f e e d s t h e b l o ck a n d f r o m t h e b l o ck, t h i s w a t e r i s d r a i n e d t o t h e m a i n b l u e - g r e e n co r r i d o r w i t h t h e b i o sw a l e s t h a t a r e i n t e g r a t e d w i t h t h e sidewalks of each block. The proposed block level development instead of plot level development as a whole provides a different physical environment for the collective life of the residents where these different scaler green areas can accomodate people and the uncertainity of the water level rise when needed.

ci a l

b i o sw

a le

l g re e n a ry

w a g e ) p r o vi d e d

g r o u n d w a t e r r e ch

a r g i n g syt

e m

10% of the block (based on rational method) open for water management pro

co co

m m u n i t y sp

a ce

3 0 % us b si d i se h o u si n g

d so

ci a l

la n d fo r in fo r m a l s e ttle r s

geound floor and first floor open for parking and amenities

3 0 %

1 0 % g r e e n a r e a i n oc r p o r a t e d i n si d e t h e b u i l d i n g

F i g 1 1 8 : S e ct i o n o f n e w

d e ve

l o p m e n t a r e a s f o l l o w i n g p r o p o se

d b u i l d i n g r u l e s:

u r ce

_ a th o r

ci st e r n

g re e n ro o f

b i o sw

a le

oject, (extra rain water runoff)

m m u n i t y sp

a ce

3 0 % s u b s id is e d s o c ia l h o u s in g

ro o m

fo r w a te r

7 8

r a i n w a t e r st o r a g e

s yst

s u b si d i se

fluvial park

c o m m u n ity fa r m s

m u l t i f u n ct i o n a l a ct i vi t y sp

p la y a r e a s

underground rain water run off storage

garound floor for parking

e m

o f b i o sw d so

a le s ci a l h o u si n g

a ce

1 1

1 0 si d e w a l ks 9

1 1 first floor open for amenities 1 2 co l l e ct i ve

a ct i vi t y sp

a ce

5 s

7 1 0

F i g 1 1 9 : A xo

n o m e t r i c vi e w

o f a b l o ck

f o l l o w i n g p r o p o se

d b u i l d i n g r u l e s:

u r ce

_ a th o r

3 4 2

1 2

7 9

1 3

l i vi n g sp

c o l u m s p r o vi d e d

o p e n sp

shops in the ground floor

c i r cu

a ce

l a t i o n sp

f o r l o ca

l m a r ke

t a n d a ct i vi t y

a ce

Fig 120: Axonometric view of proposed informal settlement areas with basic structure given (column beam structure provided for infill) : source_athor

8 0

F i g 1 2 1 : A e r i a l vi e w

M a i n b l u e - g r e e n co

a g r i cu

ltu r a l la n d

m a i n b l u e - g r e e n co

r r i d o r : so

p r o p o se

u r ce

_ a th o r

d w a t e r co

r r id o r

p r o p o se

fluvial park

b u i l d i n g lc o es r t o t h e b l u e - g r e e n co r r i d o r h a iv n g h i g h e r ic st e r n M G C

d n

e ig h b o r h o o d s

i n n e r sh

a r e d co

ro o m

u r t ya

p r o t e ct i n g e xi st i n g vi l l a g e s

p r o p o se

d ro a d s

b u ild in fro m g re e n in g lo w

f o r e xp

a n si o n

fu rth e r th e b lu e oc r r i d o r h a v e r M G C

8 1

7_Reflections ______________________________________________________________________________ As mentioned in chapter_2 at the Methodology section of the paper, the idea was to reflect upon the following questions,

_What are the major reasons of flooding and water logging in the city of Dhaka and how can they be addressed? _How should the future expansion take place? Which elements should be the guiding principles of the new towns of Dhaka?

To answer these questions, the project initiates to attempt a design research perspective on the traditional scheme of planning and designing methods. Throughout the process, the idea was to first look at the territory as a palimpsest of layers starting from the subsoil through the topography and all the man-made and natural layers on top of them over time. The idea of time works here as a variable that suggests clue for the future proposals to be contextualized and grounded to the roots. The major reasons of flooding and water logging of the city, as unfolded through my research process are loss of wetlands mainly on the eastern side of the city which causes water logging issues all around the city in the monsoon period when there is a combination of heavy rainfall and high level of river. Another rather implicit reason is actually the morphological character of the city that is getting more and more profit oriented due to the extremely high value of land price. Each of the parcels of the city is built to its maximum limit, which needs immediate attention in order to increase the ratio of open space in the city through its smallest parcels. If not, the overall impact will never be positive in environmental aspect, livabality context or recreational purposes. The main dichotomy of the conflicting issue of inward migration in Dhaka and its effect on the water system causing serious flooding problems is addressed in all the scales. From the territorial expansion to the new development areas to the existing hyper dense inner city, it illustrates different methods that can be applied in different context of these locations. All these methods and possible solutions connect to the main backbone of the territory and spreads all around in different scales as a fractal system. The multi scalar approach of the project is equally important in this case as it not only provides a structure map as a backbone, but also zooms in a way to set limitations for the fine grain module of the urban fabric. To be particular in this case, the practice of Dhaka is to build in smaller plot sizes whereas this project sets guidelines for the new expansion areas to build blocks as the smallest module of the urban fabric as the smallest gain and creating neighborhoods as clusters as an intermediate scale. The building codes and guidelines are taken from the existing building code regulation of the city, but rather fixed by choosing certain limits to provide actual usable room for water management in each block. The project does not negate the proposals and guidelines generated by the government, rather it sheds a critical reflection on taking them to one step farther. It address the issues found in the analysis phase for example the analysis of the territory from the perspective of the layer approach, historical analysis and precedence study comparison, morphological study, hydrological study etc and thus updates and proposes a new adaptive structure for the territory that can work as a backbone of Dhaka for expanding in the future years to come. Therefore, in a nutshell, it is an attempt to take the proposals of the government as a starting point and contextualizing it on the aspect of flexibility to accommodate environmental and demographical pressure for the future. The traditional way of living in urban neighborhoods where the sense of community was strongly evident in their physical urban spaces that used to house local market place, play areas, courtyards etc are totally lost in he present day Dhaka. The new areas are mostly monofunctional, for example zoning based development strategies like residential areas, commercial areas, administrative areas etc which have shaped the city in the last five to six decades are actually very different from the traditional way of promoting multi-functionality which is still found in the old part of the city. Therefore, the idea of the future expansion areas of the project is to promote new regulations for building to ensure neighborhood kind of development and bringing water to the fore again. The major guiding principles of this project in the case of future expansion are addressing the environmental challenges as the first step, in this particular case make room to let it flood and then reviving the traditional way of living in the city by promoting clusters of neighborhood with a social mix. The way of clusturing the neighborhoods not only provides a new way of urban living, but also provides room for water in the smallest parcels of the city. In short, by creating an adaptable structure for the territory and setting some principles for accommodating nature and people coherently in the city, the project opens up whole new array of design research possibilities in all different scales respecting the main structure of the city in the future days to come.

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B a y F e n s.

2 1 , 2 0 1 7 , fro m

A D u t ch ic t y m a ke s r o o m f o r i t s r i ve r - a n d a n e w i d e n t i t y . ( n . d . ) . R e t r i e ve o r g / ts o r y/ 2 0 1 5 / d u t hc - ci t y- m a ke -s r o o m - i t s- r i ev r - a n d - n e w - i d e n t i t y E n g l i sh

. ( n . d . ) . R e t r i e ve

C l i m a t e o f D h a ka D h a ka

d M a r ch

2 1 , 2 0 1 7 , fro m

. ( 2 0 1 7 , F e b r u a r y 1 5 ) . R e t r i e ve

h t t p s: / / w w w . r u i m t e vo d M a r ch

. d h a ka

t r i b u n e . co

d M a r ch

m /lo n g -

d F e b ru a ry 2 2 , 2 0 1 7 , fro m

h t t p s: / / e n . w i ki p e d i a . o r g / w i ki / G a r d e n _ R e t r i e ve

d M a r ch

2 1 , 2 0 1 7 , fro m

h t t p s: / / w w w . i n t e r n a t i o n a l r i ve d M a r ch

2 1 , 2 0 1 7 , fro m

o r d e r i vi e r . n l / e n g l i sh

2 1 , 2 0 1 7 , fro m

D h a ka M o n t h l y C l i m a t e A ev r a g e , B a n g l a d e sh . ( n . d . ) . R e t r i e ve o n l i n e . co m / d h a ka - w e a t h e r - a ev r a g e s/ b d . a sp x

i ve

ci t y d r a i n a g e . R e t r i e ve

2 1 , 2 0 1 7 , fro m

L i f e , B . S . ( 1 9 7 0 , Ja n u a r y 0 1 ) . I n t h e B A C gk r o u n d : : T h e B a kc b l o g . t h e - b a c. e d u / 2 0 1 5 / 0 4 / i n - b a ckg r o u n d - b a ck- b a -y f e n .s h t m l F l o o d M a n a g e m e n t : T h e S o f t P a t h . ( n . d . ) . R e t r i e ve flood-management-the-soft-path

h t t p : / / a r ch

h ttp ://

r s. o r g /

h t t p : / / ci t i sco

p e .

h t t p s: / / e n . w i ki p e d i a . o r g / w i ki / C l i m a t e _ o f _ 2 1 , 2 0 1 7 , fro m

h t t p s: / / w w w . w o r l d w e a t h e r -

8 2

Marshall, S. (2015). Streets and patterns. Place of publication not identified: Routledge. Sikder, S., Eanes, F., Asmelash, H., Kar, S., & Koetter, T. (2016, February 05). The Contribution of Energy-Optimized Urban Planning to Efficient Resource Use–A Case Study on Residential Settlement Development in D h a ka C i t y , B a n g l a d e sh . R e t r i e ve d M a r ch 2 1 , 2 0 1 7 , f r o m h t t p : / / w w w . m d p i . co m / 2 0 7 1 - 1 0 5 0 / 8 / 2 / 1 1 9 / h t m S u n , T . D . ( n . d . ) . D h a ak a n i m p o r t a n t a tc o r o f cl i m a t e n e g o t i a t i o n s. R e t r i e ev d M a r hc 2 1 , 2 0 1 7 , f r o m h t t p : / / d a i l y- su n . oc m / a r cp r i n t / d e t a i l s/ 6 3 1 0 3 / l sq u o D h a ka - a n - i m p o r t a n t - a tc o r - o f - cl i m a t e - n e g o t i a t i o n rs sq u o / 2 0 1 5 - 0 8 - 0 1 S t u u r m a n , R . ( 2 0 1 4 ) . G r e a t e r N e w O r l e a n s U r b a n W a t e r P l a n : U r b a n G r o u n d w a t e r , S u b is d e n ce a n d S a l i n i za t i o n . P r o ce e d i n g s o f t h e W a t e r E n iv r o n m e n t F e d e r a t i o n , 2 0 1 4 ( 1 7 ) , 3 7 3 6 - 3 7 4 1 . d o i:1 0 .2 1 7 5 /1 9 3 8 6 4 7 1 4 8 1 5 9 4 3 4 1 2 M a p ze d e sh

n . ( n . d . ) . R e t r i e ve

d M a r ch

2 7 , 2 0 1 7 , fro m

h t t p s: / / m a p ze

n . co

m / d a t a / m e t r o - e xt r a ct s/ m e t r o / d h a ka

_ b a n g la -

Canniffe, Eamonn. “Tony Garnier: Une Cite Industrielle (1917).” Tony Garnier: Une Cite Industrielle (1917). N.p., 0 1 Ja n . 1 9 7 0 . W e b . 1 0 A p r . 2 0 1 7 . B o ms a , K o o s. P r in t.

M a st e r i n g t h e ci t y:

N o r t h - E u r o p e a n ci t y p l a n n i n g 1 9 0 0 - 2 0 0 0 . T h e H a g u e : E F L P u b l i ca

t i o n s,

1 9 9 7 .

“Le plan d’aménagement de la région parisienne de 1934: le plan Prost.” Paris projet ou vandalisme. N.p., n.d. W e b . 1 0 A p r. 2 0 1 7 . S w a n ky H o u se s a n d A p a r t m e n t B u i l d i n g s i n D h a ka city.com/showthread.php?t=241806&page=38 M e t r o D h a ka - P a r t 3 . ( n . d . ) . R e t r i e ve php?t=420728&page=23 B a ck

d Ju

. ( n . d . ) . R e t r i e ve

n e 1 3 , 2 0 1 7 , fro m

d Ju

h t t p : / / w w w . sk

n e 1 3 , 2 0 1 7 , fro m yscr

a p e r ci t y . co

h t t p : / / w w w . skycr m / sh

a p e r-

o w th re a d .

B a y B o st o n : t h e ci t y a s a w o r k o f a r t . ( 1 9 6 9 ) . B o st o n .

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a , K . ( 1 9 9 7 ) . M a st e r i n g t h e ci t y:

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t i o n s.

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