Anna Sans Orriols_Constructing the in-between metropolitan landscapes by EMU European post-master in Urbanism at TU Delft

Constructing the in-between metropolitan landscapes An open space strategy for the Barcelona Metropolitan Region

[E.M.U_European Postgraduate Master in Urbanism] dh ĞůŌͬ<h>ĞƵǀĞŶ Anna Sans Orriols

ƚŚĞƐŝƐ ƟƚůĞ͗

Constructing the in-between metropolitan landscapes. An open space strategy for the Barcelona Metropolitan Region Acknowledgements ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚ͗ ŶŶĂ ^ĂŶƐ KƌƌŝŽůƐ annasans @ gmail.com ŵĞŶƚŽƌƐ͗ ^ƚĞƉŚĞŶ ZĞĂĚ͕ dƵ ĞůŌ ĂĂŶ ĂŶĚďĞůƚ͕ dƵ ĞůŌ Antonio Font, UPC Barcelona ƌĞĂĚĞƌƐ͗ ĞƌŶĂƌĚŽ ^ĞĐĐŚŝ͕ /h s sĞŶŝĐĞ Antonio Font, UPC Barcelona

>ĞƵǀĞŶ͕ :ƵŶĞ ϮϬϭϬ 2

Thanks to family and friends who supported me in the process of the European Postgraduate Masters, ĂŶĚ ĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůǇ ĚƵƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĨŽƌŵƵůĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ dŚĞƐŝƐ͘ ^ƉĞĐŝĂů ƚŚĂŶŬƐ ƚŽ <ĞǀŝŶ ĨŽƌ ďĞŝŶŐ ƐŽ ƉĂƟĞŶƚ͘ ůƐŽ ƚŽ María and Carlos for their constant support. dŚĂŶŬƐ ĂůƐŽ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ĞŶƚŚƵƐŝĂƐƟĐ ĂŶĚ ŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞĂďůĞ ƐƚĂī ŽĨ dh ĞůŌ ĂŶĚ <h >ĞƵǀĞŶ ĨƌŽŵ ǁŚŽŵ / ŚĂǀĞ enormously learned during these two years of hard work. / ƐƚƌŽŶŐůǇ ĂƉƉƌĞĐŝĂƚĞĚ ƚŚĞ ĞīŽƌƚ ŽĨ ŵǇ ŵĞŶƚŽƌƐ ^ƚĞphen Read, Daan Zandbelt and Antonio Font for their ŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟǀĞ ĐŽŵŵĞŶƚƐ͘

[Table of content] [1. Introduction] 4

[7. Concept_Systems interface: urban/open spaces] 58

ͲdĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝĞƐ ŽĨ ĚŝƐƉĞƌƐŝŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ

[8. El Vallès Plain _(dis)connected territories] ϲϬ

[2. The research program] 6

[9. Strategy_Connecting territories] ϳϬ

[3. Studies on dispersion] 8

- Connect open space - Connect urban systems - Connect urban-rural interface

-Metropolitan form and open space project -The open space as part of the metropolitan project

[4. BMR. Regional conditions] 12

[10. Test. Anchor park design] 86

Ͳ^ŝƚƵĂƟŽŶ Ͳ ĐŝƚǇ ŽĨ ĐŝƟĞƐ ͲdŚĞ ĂĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƟǀĞ ƌĞŐŝŽŶ ͲEĂƚƵƌĂů ĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ͖ ƚŽƉŽŐƌĂƉŚǇ ĂŶĚ ǁĂƚĞƌ ƐǇƐƚĞŵ

-Design tools -Design diagrams -Design components -Design

[5. Metropolitan expansion] ϮϬ ͲϭϴϱϬǲƐͲϭϵϱϬǭƐ &ŝƌƐƚ ŵŽĚĞƌŶ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůŝǌĂƟŽŶ ͲϭϵϱϬǭƐͲϭϵϳϬ͛Ɛ ĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĂů ďŽŽŵ ĂŶĚ ƐƵďƵƌďĂŶ ĞǆƉĂŶƐŝŽŶ ͲϭϵϳϬ͛ƐͲϮϬϭϬ &ƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ͖ ĚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůŝǌĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ƉŽůĂƌŝǌĂƟŽŶ ͲWĂƩĞƌŶƐ ŽĨ ŐƌŽǁƚŚ Ͳ DĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞƐ ŽĨ ĞǆƉĂŶƐŝŽŶͬƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞ

[11. Conclusions] ϭϮϬ [12. References] 122

[6. Hypothesis] 44 Ͳ ŐƌŽǁŝŶŐ ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƐͺWŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ ƐĐĞŶĂƌŝŽƐ Ͳ ƵŝůƚͬŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞͺtŚŝĐŚ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ĨƵƚƵƌĞ ƌĞůĂƟŽŶ -The open space as a system -Models of metropolitan growth -BMR regional formula

[1. Introduction]

ƐŽƵƌĐĞ͖ ŝŶƚĞƌŶĞƚ ĂŶĚ ; ͘ &ŽŶƚ͕ ͘ >ůŽƉ͕ :͘ D͘ sŝůĂŶŽǀĂ͕ ϭϵϵϵͿ͘

Territories of dispersion and fragmentation

The prolonged use of the metropolitan territory has ƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐŝǀĞůǇ ƐŚĂƉĞĚ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚǇ ŽǀĞƌ Ă ǀĂƐƚ ŐĞŽŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂů ĂƌĞĂ͕ ŐŝǀŝŶŐ ƌŝƐĞ ƚŽ Ă ŚŝŐŚůǇ ĂŶƚŚƌŽƉŝƐĞĚ ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝĂů ŐĞŽŐƌĂƉŚǇ͕ ĂŶĚ Ă ƐǇƐƚĞŵ ŽĨ ĐŝƟĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ĂƌĞ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐůǇ ĐůŽƐĞƌ ĂŶĚ ŵŽƌĞ ƵƌďĂŶŝƐĞĚ ;>ůŽƉ͕ ϮϬϬϴͿ͘ dŚĞ ƵƌďĂŶ ĞǆƉĂŶƐŝŽŶ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶ ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌǇ͕ ƚŚĞ ŽǀĞƌ ŽĐĐƵƉĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĞĚ ǁĂǇƐ ŽĨ ŽĐĐƵƉǇŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌǇ ƌĞƐƵůƚĞĚ ŝŶ Ă ŵƵůƟƚƵĚĞ ŽĨ ĚŝƐĐŽŶnected and banal in-between landscapes in which ƚŚĞ ŝŶƚĞŐƌŝƚǇ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌǇ ŶŽ ůŽŶŐĞƌ ĞǆŝƐƚƐ͘ ŽŶĐĞƉƚƵĂů ďŽƵŶĚĂƌŝĞƐ ŚĂǀĞ ďĞĞŶ ďůƵƌƌĞĚ ĂƐ ĚŝƐƟŶĐƟŽŶƐ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƵƌďĂŶ ĂŶĚ ƌƵƌĂů͕ ĐŝƚǇ ĂŶĚ ĐŽƵŶƚƌǇƐŝĚĞ͕ ďĞĐŽŵĞ ůĞƐƐ ƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ĚŝƐĐƵƐƐŝŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶtemporary city. The landscapes of dispersion are inŚĂďŝƚĞĚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞŝƌ ĞŶƟƌĞƚǇ ĂŶĚ ĐƌĞĂƚĞ ĂƌĞĂƐ ƚŚĂƚ ĂƌĞ ĚŝĨĮĐƵůƚ ƚŽ ĐůĂƐƐŝĨǇ ĂƐ ƵƌďĂŶ Žƌ ƌƵƌĂů͕ ĂƌĞĂƐ ŝŶͲďĞƚǁĞĞŶ the countryside and the city, in-between countryside and countryside, and in-between city and city, in ŵƵůƟƉůĞ ƐŝƚƵĂƟŽŶƐ ƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐ ŽŶ ĐŽŶƚĞŵƉŽƌĂƌǇ ƌĞĂůŝƟĞƐ͗ ĐŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂů ƐƚƌŝƉƐ͕ ůŽǁ ĚĞŶƐŝƚǇ ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƟĂů ĂƌĞĂƐ͕ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂů ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞƐ͕ ďƌŽǁŶ ĮĞůĚƐ͕ ǁĂƐƚĞůĂŶĚƐ͕ major areas occupied by industry, transport and mobility hubs, and marginal landscapes. The main area of research is the Barcelona Metropolitan Region, with a closer approach to the highly ƵƌďĂŶŝǌĞĚ sĂůůğƐ ƉůĂŝŶ ͘ ƵƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ůĂƐƚ ƚŚƌĞĞ ĚĞĐĂĚĞƐ͕ the region has been transformed by a big process of urban dispersion which can be understood, among other reasons, as the result of the lack of supra-municipal instruments on land use planning. This is ilůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚ ďǇ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ŝŶ ƚŽƚĂů ƵƌďĂŶ ůĂŶĚ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚ ĨƌŽŵ ĂƉƉƌŽǆŝŵĂƚĞůǇ Ϯϯ͘ϬϬϬ ŚĂ ƚŽ ϱϲ͘ϬϬϬ ŚĂ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ϭϵϳϮ ĂŶĚ ϮϬϬϰ͘ ƵƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƐĂŵĞ ƉĞƌŝŽĚ͕

ƚŚĞ ƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚŝƐ ƌĞŐŝŽŶ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚ ĨƌŽŵ ϯ͘ϲ ƚŽ ϰ͘ϲϳ ŵŝůůŝŽŶ ;/ĚĞƐĐĂƚ͕ ϮϬϬϰͿ͘ The metropolitan landscape of dispersion needs new instruments and strategies to deal with its future deǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͘ dŽ ĨĂĐĞ ƚŚŝƐ ƌĞĂůŝƚǇ͕ ƚŚŝƐ ƚŚĞƐŝƐ ĞǆƉůŽƌĞƐ ƚŚĞ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ͕ ƚŚĞ ƵŶͲďƵŝůƚ͕ ƚŽ ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ ĂŶĚ ŐƵŝĚĞ ƚŚĞ ĨƵƚƵƌĞ ƵƌďĂŶ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƐ͘ dŚĞ ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ŚĂǀĞ ƚŚĞ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ƚŽ ďĞĐŽŵĞ ŵƵĐŚ more than the remaining spaces in between urbanŝǌĂƟŽŶ Žƌ ƚŚŽƐĞ ůĂŶĚƐ ǁĂŝƟŶŐ ƚŽ ďĞ ƵƌďĂŶŝǌĞĚ͘ The open space becomes part of the metropolitan projĞĐƚ ĂŶĚ ŶĞĞĚƐ ƚŽ ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞ ŶĞǁ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ĂŶĚ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĐŽƌƌĞƐƉŽŶĚ ƚŽ ŝƚƐ ŶĞǁ ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶ ĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶ. The regional territory is understood from its ŐĞŽŐƌĂƉŚǇ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŵƉůĞǆ ŝŶƚĞƌǁĞĂǀŝŶŐ ŽĨ ŶĂƚƵƌĂů ecologies with the social, cultural and infrastructural ůĂǇĞƌƐ͘ dŚĞ ƵƌďĂŶŝǌĂƟŽŶ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ ŚĂǀĞ ĚŝƐƉĞƌƐĞĚ ĂŶĚ ĐĂŵŽƵŇĂŐĞĚ ƚŚĞ ŶĂƚƵƌĂů ƐƵďƐƚƌĂƚĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞŝƌ ƐŝƚĞƐ ĂŶĚ fractured the boundaries between urban fabric and open space and nature. dŚĞ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ĨŽĐƵƐĞƐ ŵĂŝŶůǇ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ŽĨ ƌĞstructuring the fragmented open spaces in order to ĂƐƐƵƌĞ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚǇ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌǇ͘ hŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝĂů ĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶ ĨƌŽŵ ŝƚƐ ŐĞŽŐƌĂƉŚǇ and from an ecological approach, the idea of territoƌŝĂů ŵŽƐĂŝĐ ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞƐ ƚŚĞ ƉĂƩĞƌŶ ŽĨ ƉĂƚĐŚĞƐ͕ ĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌƐ ĂŶĚ ŵĂƚƌŝǆ ƚŚĂƚ ĨŽƌŵ Ă ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ŝŶ ŝƚƐ ĞŶƟƌĞƚǇ͘ ;&ŽƌŵĂŶ͕ Z͘d͘d ϮϬϬϴͿ The project design focuses on the urban and open space system interface. The in-between open metropolitan landscapes are understood as an opportunity ƚŽ ĐƌĞĂƚĞ ŶĞǁ ŝŶƚĞƌĨĂĐĞƐ ǁŚŝĐŚ ƉƌŽĮƚ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ƵƌďĂŶ ƉƌŽǆŝŵŝƚǇ ĂŶĚ ĐƌĞĂƚĞ ŶĞǁ ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶ ĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ͘

tŚŝĐŚ ĂƌĞ ƚŚĞ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ƚŽ ŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞ ŶĞǁ ƐƉĂƟĂů ƋƵĂůŝƟĞƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĞĚ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞƐ ƚŽ ĂƐƐƵƌĞ ƚŚĞ ůŝǀŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů ĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌǇ͍ Can we think in a territorial planning approach which ƉƌŽŵŽƚĞƐ ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚ ĂŶĚ ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ŝŶ ǁŚŝĐŚ ƚŚĞ ƋƵĂůŝƚǇ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ŝƚƐ ĞĐŽůŽŐǇ ƚĂŬĞƐ ŽǀĞƌ ƚŚĞ ŵĂƌŬĞƚ ŐƵŝĚĞĚ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͍ /Ɛ ŝƚ ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞ ƚŽ ŝŵĂŐŝŶĞ ĂŶ ŝŶƚĞƌĨĂĐĞ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƵƌďĂŶ ĂŶĚ ƌƵƌĂů ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ŝŶ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŝƚƐ ƉƌŽǆŝŵŝƚǇ ŝŶ Ă ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶ ĐŽŶƚĞǆƚ ďĞĐŽŵĞƐ ĂŶ ĂĚǀĂŶƚĂŐĞ͍ /Ɛ ŝƚ ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞ ƚŽ ĚĞĮŶĞ Ă ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐǇ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ƚŽ ŐƵŝĚĞ ƚŚĞ ĨƵƚƵƌĞ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƐ͍ tŚŝĐŚ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ĨŽƌŵ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĨƵƚƵƌĞ ƵƌďĂŶ ŐƌŽǁƚŚ͍

[2. The research program] The thesis attempts to understand the processes of ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝǌĂƟŽŶ ŽĐĐƵƌƌĞĚ ĚƵƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ůĂƐƚ ĚĞĐĂĚĞƐ in the Barcelona Metropolitan Region in terms of ĐŚĂŶŐĞ ŽĨ ƐĐĂůĞ͕ ŶĞǁ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ƉŚǇƐŝĐĂů ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƵƌďĂŶ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ͘ dŚĞ ĚŝƐƉĞƌƐĞĚ ĂŶĚ ĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĞĚ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞƐ ŽĨ ĞǆƉĂŶƐŝŽŶ ĂƌĞ ĂŶĂůǇǌĞĚ ƚŽ ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĂƌĞ ƚŚĞ ĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ ŽĨ ĐŽŶŇŝĐƚ ĂŶĚ ĚŝƐĐƵƐƐŝŽŶ ŝŶ ŽƌĚĞƌ ƚŽ ĚĞĮŶĞ ŶĞǁ ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞ ĨƵƚƵƌĞƐ for the region. dŚĞ ŵĂŝŶ ŽďũĞĐƟǀĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƚŚĞƐŝƐ ŝƐ ƚŽ ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚ how the fragmented in-between metropolitan landƐĐĂƉĞƐ ŚĂǀĞ ďĞĞŶ ĐƌĞĂƚĞĚ͕ ƚŽ ĂŶĂůǇƐĞ ƚŚĞ ƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ ŽĨ ŽĐĐƵƉĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ƚŽ ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞ ƚŚĞ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ ƚŚĞǇ ŚĂǀĞ ƚŽ ďĞ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚĞĚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ future in a much more integrated and sustainable way. The methodology of the regional analysis carried ŽƵƚ ŐŽĞƐ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ƚŚĞ ŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĂů ĞǀŽůƵƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƌĞŐŝŽŶ ĨŽĐƵƐŝŶŐ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ ŽĨ ƵƌďĂŶŝǌĂƟŽŶ͕ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůŝǌĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ͘ dŚĞ ƐƚƵĚǇ ƐŚŽǁƐ ŚŽǁ ĂůŽŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĚĞĮŶĞĚ ƐƚĂŐĞƐ͕ ƚŚĞ ƌĞůĂƟŽŶ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ĐŝƚǇ ĂŶĚ ŶĂƚƵƌĞ ŚĂƐ ĞǀŽůǀĞĚ ƵŶƟů ƚŚĞ ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ ƐŝƚƵĂƟŽŶ ǁŚĞƌĞ ŝƚƐ ďŽƵŶĚĂƌŝĞƐ ĂƌĞ ĨƌĂŐmented and blurred. dŚĞ ĂŶĂůǇƐŝƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ ŽĨ ŐƌŽǁƚŚ ĂŶĚ ŝƚƐ ĞǆƚƌĂƉŽůĂƟŽŶ ĂůůŽǁƐ ƚŽ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞ ŵŽĚĞůƐ ŽĨ ŐƌŽǁƚŚ͘ ĐůŽƐĞƌ ƵƉ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ sĂůůğƐ WůĂŝŶ ĂƌĞĂ ĂůůŽǁƐ ƚŚĞ ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ ĂůŝŐŶĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ƌĞŐŝŽŶĂů ĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚ ƐĐĞŶĂƌŝŽ͘ /Ŷ ŽƌĚĞƌ ƚŽ ƐŚŝŌ ĨƌŽŵ ůĂƌŐĞ ƐĐĂůĞ ĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐ ĂŶĚ ƐĐĞŶĂƌŝŽƐ ƚŽ Ă closer approach on reality, an area is designed as a ƚĞƐƚ ŽĨ ŝƚƐ ƐƉĂƟĂů ƋƵĂůŝƚǇ͘ 6

dŚĞ ƉƌŽƉŽƐĞĚ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ ĂƩĞŵƉƚƐ ƚŽ ĂƉƉůǇ Ăƚ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ scales, from the regional to the smaller scale of deƐŝŐŶ͕ ƚŚĞ ĚĞĮŶĞĚ ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐ ŽĨ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ĞĐŽůŽŐǇ͘ dŚĞ ƚŚĞƐŝƐ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ ĐŽŵďŝŶĞƐ ƚŚĞ ƚŚĞŽƌǇ ĂĐƋƵŝƌĞĚ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ƌĞĂĚŝŶŐ ůŝƚĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ͕ ǁŝƚŚ ŵĂƉƉŝŶŐ͕ ĮĞůĚ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ĂŶĚ more applied strategies and designs. My main approach is based on the geography and ecology of the territory by understanding the importance of the remaining open spaces and territorial ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ ƵŶĚĞƌ ƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ŽĨ ƵƌďĂŶŝǌĂƟŽŶ͘ dŚĞ ŽƉĞŶ space is understood as a system responding to the ŵĂŝŶ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ĞĐŽůŽŐǇ ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐ ŽĨ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚǇ which guides the future regional growth. Urban and ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ĂƌĞ ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚŽŽĚ ĂƐ ŽǀĞƌůĂƉƉŝŶŐ ƐǇƐƚĞŵƐ ĂŶĚ ƐƉĞĐŝĂů ĞŵƉŚĂƐŝƐ ŝƐ ƉĂŝĚ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ design of its interfaces. dŚĞ ƉŚĞŶŽŵĞŶĂ ŽĨ ĚŝƐƉĞƌƐŝŽŶ͕ ĚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůŝǌĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ ĂƌĞ ĚĞƐĐƌŝďĞĚ ďǇ ŵĂŶǇ ĂĐĂĚĞŵŝĐƐ as a common feature, together with the process ŽĨ ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝǌĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ĐŽŶƚĞŵƉŽƌĂƌǇ ƵƌďĂŶŝƚǇ͘ /ŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚ ĂƩĞŶƟŽŶ ƚŽ ƚŚĞƐĞ ĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚƐ ĂůůŽǁƐ ƚŚĞƐĞ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ ƚŽ ŚĂǀĞ Ă ŶĞǁ ƌŽůĞ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ European city and ĚŝƐĐŽǀĞƌ ƚŚĞ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƐ ŽĨ ŝƚƐ ƉĞƌĞŶŶŝĂů ĚŝƐĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐ ĂŶĚ ĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĂƌǇ ĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌ ;^ĞĐĐŚŝ͕ ͕ ϮϬϬϯ Ϳ ďƌŝĞĨ ĐŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶ ďǇ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŝŶŐ ŽŶ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƵƌŽƉĞĂŶ ĐŝƟĞƐ ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ ĐĂƌƌŝĞĚ ŽƵƚ ǁŝƚŚ Ă ƐƉĞĐŝĂů ĂƩĞŶƟŽŶ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ ƚŚĞǇ ĂƌĞ ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƟŶŐ ƚŽ ĨĂĐĞ ŝƚƐ ĨƵƚƵƌĞ ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝĂů ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͘

PROBLEM FIELD

METHODOLOGY

EVALUATION

LITERATURE PROBLEM FIELD & RESEARCH QUESTIONS -Territorial dispersion and fragmentaƟon -UrbanizaƟon and ecology/nature relaƟon

CONCEPTS - In-between metropolitan landscapes - Open space as a system - Systems’ interface

- Territorial dispersion - Landscape ecology - Networked city regions - BMR_MetropolizaƟon process

SCENARIOS - PopulaƟon growth - Models of metropolitan expansion

SITE ANALYSIS - Mapping - Interviews - Field work - Photography REFERENCES/COMPARISON - Comparison Cases study - Randstad Milan Ruhrgebiet

TOOLS AND STRATEGIES

DESIGN

CONCLUSIONS

[3.Studies on dispersion] the landscapes of dispersion are inhabited in their entirety; the contemporary European city and its project are facing a new urban form and new relations are being established with the traditional forms of town and city. ;sŝŐĂŶž͕ W ϮϬϬϭͿ

BMR

Studies on dispersion / The open space as part of the metropolitan project TŚĞƌĞ ŝƐ ŝŶ ĂŶ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐ ĐŽŶĐĞƌŶ ŝŶ ƵƌŽƉĞ ƚŽ ĮŶĚ Ă new meaning for open metropolitan spaces which ĂůůŽǁƐ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĨƵƚƵƌĞ ĐŝƟĞƐ͘ tĞ ĂƌĞ ŶŽ ůŽŶŐĞƌ ĚĞĂůŝŶŐ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂů ĐŽŵƉĂĐƚ ĐŝƚǇ ĂŶĚ ŝƚƐ ƐƚƌĞĞƚƐ͕ ƐƋƵĂƌĞƐ ĂǀĞŶƵĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƉĂƌŬƐ͕ ďƵƚ ƌĂƚŚĞƌ Ă ŶĞǁ ǀŝƐŝŽŶ ǁŚĞƌĞ ƚŚĞ ŶĞǁ ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ĐĂŶ ŚĂǀĞ Ă ŶĞǁ ƌŽůĞ͕ ĂĐƚ ĂƐ Ă ĐŽŚĞƐŝǀĞ ĨĂĐƚŽƌ͕ ďĞĐŽŵĞ ĂĐĐĞƐƐŝďůĞ ĂŶĚ ďĞĐŽŵĞ ƚŚĞ ŶĞǁ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐǇ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĚĞĮŶĞƐ ƚŚĞ ƐŚĂƉĞ ŽĨ the future metropolitan regions. ůŽŶŐ ƚŚĞ ůĂƐƚ ĐĞŶƚƵƌǇ Ă ŶĞǁ ƌĞůĂƟŽŶ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƵƌďĂŶͲ ƌƵƌĂů ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ŚĂƐ ƌĂŝƐĞĚ ĂƐ Ă ŶĞǁ ĨŽƌŵ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚǇ͖ an increasingly fractured form of the boundaries beƚǁĞĞŶ ƵƌďĂŶ ĨĂďƌŝĐ ĂŶĚ ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ĂŶĚ ŶĂƚƵƌĞ͖ ƚŚĞ ŐƌĂĚƵĂů ĚŝƐĂƉƉĞĂƌĂŶĐĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂů ŚŝĞƌĂƌĐŚŝĐĂů ƉĂƩĞƌŶ͕ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ŵƵƚƵĂů ƉĞŶĞƚƌĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ďƵŝůƚ ĨŽƌŵƐ ĂŶĚ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞƐ͘ ;^ŝĞǀĞƌƚƐ͕ d ϭϵϵϳͿ The most common form of urban planning in CataůŽŶŝĂ ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ ƚŽ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉ ƌĞůĂƟǀĞůǇ ƐŵĂůů ƐĞĐƚŽƌƐ ĂĐcording to an urban model which tackles problems ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂůůǇ ůŝŶŬĞĚ ƚŽ ƚŚĂƚ ƐƉŽƚ ĂĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐ ƚŽ ƉƌĞǀŝously established parameters and guidelines. dŚĞ ƚǇƉŝĐĂů ůĂŶĚ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ ĨŽĐƵƐĞƐ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ďĞƐƚ ƉƌŽƉĞƌƚǇ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ŽƉƟŽŶ͖ ƚŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞ͕ ŵĂŬŝŶŐ ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ĂŶĚ ĨĂĐŝůŝƟĞƐ ƚĂŬŝŶŐ Ă ǀĞƌǇ ƐĞĐondary and fragmented role within this logic (Batlle, ϮϬϬϴͿ ͘ dŚĞ ŵŽĚĞůƐ ŽĨ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐ ĂƵƚŽŶŽŵŽƵƐ ƉŝĞĐĞƐ ŽĨ ůĂŶĚ ŚĂǀĞ ƌĞŐƵůĂƌůǇ ůĞŌ ŽƵƚ ƚŚĞ ƐƵƌƌŽƵŶĚŝŶŐƐ ƌĞũĞĐƟŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƉŽƐƐŝďŝůŝƟĞƐ ŽĨ ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ĂƐ ŝŶƚĞƌĨĂĐĞƐ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ĚĞŶƐĞůǇ ƉŽƉƵůĂƚĞĚ ĐŝƟĞƐ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŶĞĞĚĞĚ ŐƌĞĞŶ ǌŽŶĞƐ͘ ƚ ƚŚĞ ƐĂŵĞ ƟŵĞ͕ ŶĞĂƌďǇ ŶĂƚƵral or agricultural landscapes are losing their meanŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ǀĂůƵĞ͘ A more sustainable urban planning model should ϭϬ

treat the open spaces of an area in a much more inƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚ ǁĂǇ͕ ŝƚ ƐŚŽƵůĚ ƉƌŽŵŽƚĞ ƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶ Žƌ ĐŚĂŶŐĞ between the already-built city and the nearby landƐĐĂƉĞ͕ ŝƚ ƐŚŽƵůĚ ƚĂŬĞ ĂĚǀĂŶƚĂŐĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĞǆŝƐƟŶŐ ŐĞŽgraphical or landscape features as generators of new open spaces, and it should try to connect these ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ƚŽ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌƐ ǁŚŝĐŚ ǁŽƵůĚ ůŝŶŬ ƚŚĞ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ŽĨ ŶĂƚƵƌĂů ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ďƵŝůƚ ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƐ ; ĂƚůůĞ͕ ϮϬϬϴͿ tĞ ŶĞĞĚ ƚŽ ƚŚŝŶŬ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ŶĞǁ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞƐ͕ ďƵƚ ŶŽƚ ŽŶůǇ ƚŚŽƐĞ ǁŚŝĐŚ ƌĞƐƵůƚ ŝŶ ĂƌƟĮĐŝĂůůǇ ƉƌĞƐĞƌǀŝŶŐ ƐŽŵĞ ĨŽƌŵ ŽĨ ŶĂƚƵƌĞ Žƌ ƐŽŵĞ ƌĞůĂƟǀĞ ŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĂů ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͘ tĞ ŶĞĞĚ ƚŽ ƚŚŝŶŬ about the cultural landscape suited to our society, ďĞĐĂƵƐĞ ŝƚ ǁŝůů ŚĂǀĞ ƚŽ ďĞ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ŽůĚ ĐƵůtural landscape for which we are so nostalgic. This cultural landscape will be an urbanised landscape in the urban regions, a landscape between culture and ŶĂƚƵƌĞ͘ ;^ŝĞǀĞƌƚƐ͕ d ϭϵϵϳͿ dŚĞ ŶĞǁ ĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ŚĂƐ ƚŚĞ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ƚŽ ďĞĐŽŵĞ Ă ƐƉĂĐĞ ŽĨ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ŽĨ ĨŽŽĚ͕ Ă ƐƉĂĐĞ ĨŽƌ ƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ďĂůĂŶĐĞ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĨŽƌŵƐ Ă ŶĞǁ unity between the built-up and the open areas. dŚŝƐ ƐĞĂƌĐŚ ĨŽƌ Ă ƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ƵŶĚĞƌůǇŝŶŐ ƉĂƌĂĚŽǆ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƵƌďĂŶ ĐĞŶƚƌĂůŝƚǇ and contact with the countryside was also shared by early socialists Owen and Fourier, by the reformers ĞƌĚă ĂŶĚ ,ŽǁĂƌĚ ĂŶĚ ďǇ ƚŚĞ ǀŝƐŝŽŶĂƌǇ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐ &ƌĂŶŬ >ůŽǇĚ tƌŝŐŚƚ ĂŶĚ ,ŝůďĞƌƐĞŝŵĞƌ͘ /ƚ ŝƐ ĂůƐŽ ƐƟůů ďĞŝŶŐ ƉƵƌƐƵĞĚ ďǇ ŝŶŶƵŵĞƌĂďůĞ ŚŽŵĞ ĂŶĚ ůĂŶĚ ŽǁŶĞƌƐ ĂŶĚ ŝƐ ůĞĂĚŝŶŐ ƚŽ Ă ŵĂǆŝŵŝƐĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŝŶƚĞƌĨĂĐĞ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ďƵŝůƚͲƵƉ ĂƌĞĂ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ

countryside. /Ŷ ƵƌŽƉĞ ƚŚĞƌĞ ĂƌĞ ŐƌŽǁŝŶŐ ĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƐ ƚŽ ƉƌĞƐĞƌǀĞ ĂŶĚ ĐƌĞĂƚĞ ƚǇƉŝĐĂů ƵƌŽƉĞĂŶ ĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƐ ŶŽƚ ŽŶůǇ for the city but also in the urbanised landscape or landscaped city. There is an increasing transformaƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚŝƐ ƵƌďĂŶ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ŝŶƚŽ ͞ƌĞŐŝŽŶĂů ƉĂƌŬƐ͕͟ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŐŝǀĞƐ ƚŚĞ ƌĞŵĂŝŶŝŶŐ ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ Ă ĚŝƐƟŶĐƚ ĨŽƌŵ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŵƉůĞǆ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĐƌĞĂƚĞƐ ƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞ ƚŽ ĨƵƌƚŚĞƌ ƐƉƌĂǁů͘ WŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ ĚĞŶƐŝƟĞƐ ĂƌĞ ĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚĞĚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ďƵŝůƚͲƵƉ ĂƌĞĂƐ͕ ǀŝĂďůǇ ƐĞƌǀĞĚ ďǇ ƉƵďůŝĐ ƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚ͕ ĂƐ ŝƚ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ĐĂƐĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƌĞŐŝŽŶĂů ͞&ŝŶŐĞƌ WůĂŶ͟ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ƌĞŐŝŽŶ ŽĨ ŽƉĞŶŚĂŐĞ͘ dŚĞ ĮǀĞ ĮŶŐĞƌƐ ǁĞƌĞ ŝŶƚĞŶĚĞĚ ƚŽ ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶ ĂŶĚ ďƵīĞƌ ŶĞǁ ƐĞƩůĞŵĞŶƚƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌǇ infrastructure in the form of roads and railways. The ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƚŚĞ ĮŶŐĞƌƐ ǁŽƵůĚ ƌĞŵĂŝŶ ŽƉĞŶ͕ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐ ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͕ ƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĂŵĞŶŝƚǇ ƉƵƌƉŽƐĞƐ͘ 'ƌĞĞŶ ǁĞĚŐĞƐ ƉƌŽƚĞĐƚĞĚ ĨƌŽŵ ƵƌďĂŶ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ Įůů ƚŚĞ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƚŚĞ ƵƌďĂŶ ĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌƐ͘ hƌďĂŶ ĂƌĞĂƐ ĂƌĞ ĐŽŶĮŶĞĚ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ůŝŶĞĂƌ ĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌƐ͘ dŚŝƐ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐ ĞĸĐŝĞŶƚ ƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚ ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ ƚŚŽƵŐŚ ƚŚĞ ĮŶŐĞƌƐ ĂŶĚ ĂƐƐĞƐƐĂďůĞ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ĐůŽƐĞ ƚŽ ŵŽƐƚ people. /ƚ ŝƐ ĂůƐŽ ƚŚĞ ĐĂƐĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƚŚĞ ƵƚĐŚ ZĂŶĚƐƚĂĚ͕ ǁŚĞƌĞ ŵƐƚĞƌĚĂŵ͕ hƚƌĞĐŚƚ͕ ZŽƩĞƌĚĂŵ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ,ĂŐƵĞ ƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞŝƌ ƐĂƚĞůůŝƚĞ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐ ƚŽĚĂǇ ĨƌŽŵ ĂŶ ƵƌďĂŶŝǌĞĚ ƌŝŶŐ ĂƌŽƵŶĚ Ă ůĞƐƐͲĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚ ͞ 'ƌĞĞŶͲ ,ĞĂƌƚ͟ ƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐ ŝŶ Ă ĐƵƌŝŽƵƐ ŝŶǀĞƌƐŝŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ >ŽŶĚŽŶ model of central core surrounded by greenbelt. tĞ ĐĂŶ ĮŶĚ ĞǆĂŵƉůĞƐ ŽĨ ƌĞŐŝŽŶĂů ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ŝŶ ǁŚŝĐŚ ƚŚĞ ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ƚĂŬĞƐ Ă ŶĞǁ ƌŽůĞ͘ dŚĞ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů ƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ǆŚŝďŝƟŽŶ ŵƐĐŚĞƌ WĂƌŬ ŚĂƐ ůĂŝĚ ƚŚĞ ĨŽƵŶ-

ĚĂƟŽŶ ĨŽƌ Ă ŶĞǁ ĨŽƌŵ ŽĨ ƌĞŐŝŽŶĂů ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŝƐ no longer oriented towards growth, but to a recyĐůŝŶŐ ĞĐŽŶŽŵǇ ĂŶĚ ŝŶŶĞƌ ƋƵĂůŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĨŽƌŵ ŽĨ ƵŶĐĞĂƐŝŶŐ ŝŶƚĞƌŶĂů ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ͘ dŚĞ ĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůůǇ ŽƌŝĞŶƚĞĚ ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ŚĂƐ ůĞĚ ƚŽ Ă ƉŽƐŝƟǀĞ ƌĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ŽůĚ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂů ĨĂĐŝůŝƟĞƐ͘ ƌĞŐŝŽŶĂů ƐĐĂůĞ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ƌĞĂůŝǌĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƉĂƌŬ͕ Ă ŐƌĞĞŶ ĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟŶŐ ƚŚĞ ϭϳ ĐŝƟĞƐ ĂůŽŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůůǇ ƌĞĐŽǀĞƌĞĚ ŵƐĐŚĞƌ ZŝǀĞƌ ĂŶĚ ŝƚƐ ϯϱϬ ŬŝůŽŵĞƚƌĞƐ͘ dŚĞ WĂƌŬ ŶŽƚ ŽŶůǇ ůŝŶŬƐ Ă ƉƌĞǀŝŽƵƐůǇ ĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĞĚ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ͕ ďƵƚ ĂůƐŽ ŝĚĞŶƟĮĞƐ ĂŶĚ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐ ƌĞŐŝŽŶĂůůǇ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐ ƐŝƚĞƐ ĨŽƌ ŶĞǁ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ͘ ŶŽƚŚĞƌ ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƟŶŐ ĞǆĂŵƉůĞ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ͚ ŵĞƌĂůĚ EĞĐŬůĂĐĞ͛ ŝŶ ŽƐƚŽŶ ďǇ KůŵƐƚĞĚ͘ ,Ğ ĞŶǀŝƐŝŽŶĞĚ ŚŝƐ ƉĂƌŬƐ ĂŶĚ ƉĂƌŬǁĂǇ ƐǇƐƚĞŵƐ ĂƐ ŵĞĂŶƐ ŽĨ ĞǆƚĞŶĚŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƌƵƌĂů character of the countryside into the city. His work ŝƐ ǀŝĞǁĞĚ ĂƐ ƚŚĞ ƉƌĞĐƵƌƐŽƌ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ŵŽĚĞƌŶ ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚ ŽĨ ŐƌĞĞŶǁĂǇƐ͖ ƚŚĞ ƐƉĂƟĂů ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚ ǁŚĞƌĞ Ă string of green areas are connected into a system of ƉƌŽƚĞĐƚĞĚ ůĂŶĚƐ͕ ŵĂŶĂŐĞĚ ĨŽƌ ŵƵůƟƉůĞ ƵƐĞƐ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ŶĂƚƵƌĞ ĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ Žƌ ƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ͘ The proposal for the Barcelona Metropolitan region ŽĨ ǁŽƌŬŝŶŐ ŽŶ ŶĞǁ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐǇƐƚĞŵƐ ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞƐ ĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚŝŶŐ ŵƵůƟƉůĞ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟŽŶƐ Žƌ ŐƌĞĞŶ ůŝŶŬƐ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƚŚĞ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ĂƌĞĂƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚǇ͕ ƚŚĞ ƌĞŐŝŽŶ ĂŶĚ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƚŚĞ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ĞǆŝƐƟŶŐ ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ͘ 'ƌĞĞŶ ůŝŶŬƐ ĂƌĞ Ă ŵŽĚĞƌŶ ǀĞƌƐŝŽŶ ŽĨ KůŵƐƚĞĂĚ͛Ɛ ƐǇƐƚĞŵƐ ŽĨ ƉĂƌŬƐ Žƌ ŝŶƚĞƌĐŽŶŶĞĐƟŶŐ ƉĂƌŬǁĂǇƐ͘ dŚĞǇ ĞŶĐŽƵƌĂŐĞ ǁĂůŬƐ͕ engender a great deal of interest in the metropolis ďĞĐĂƵƐĞ ƚŚĞǇ ĂůůŽǁ ĐŝƟǌĞŶƐ ƚŽ ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƚ ǁŝƚŚ Ăůů ƚŚĞ ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞǇ ĂƌĞ ƚŚĞ ĨŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐ ŽĨ Ă ŶĞƚ-

ǁŽƌŬ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŽīĞƌƐ ƚŚĞ ƉŽƐƐŝďŝůŝƚǇ ŽĨ ďĞŝŶŐ ĂďůĞ ƚŽ choose and creates new routes. ŝƚǇ ĂŶĚ ĐŽƵŶƚƌǇƐŝĚĞ ǁŝůů ŚĂǀĞ ƚŽ ďĞ ŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚ ŝŶ Ă ŶĞǁ ƐǇŵďŝŽƐŝƐ͘ ^ŝĞǀĞƌƚƐ͕ ƐƵŐŐĞƐƚƐ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚǇ ŽĨ ƚŽŵŽƌƌŽǁ ǁŝůů ĐŽŶƐŝƐƚ ŽĨ Ă ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ĐŽŵƉĂĐƚ ƐĞƩůĞŵĞŶƚƐ ƐƵƌƌŽƵŶĚĞĚ ĂŶĚ ƐƵƌƌŽƵŶĚŝŶŐ ĐŽƵŶƚƌǇƐŝĚĞ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŵĞĞƚƐ ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐ ĐŝƚǇ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ͘ KƉĞŶ ůĂŶĚ ĂƐ ĂŶ ŝŶƚĞƌŶĂů ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚǇ ŚĂƐ ƚŚĞ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ĨŽƌ ǁĂƚĞƌ ĂŶĚ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů ĐǇĐůĞƐ͘ dŚĞƐĞ ŶĞǁ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂů ƉĞƌƐƉĞĐƟǀĞƐ ŚĂǀĞ ƌĞƚƌŽĂĐƟǀĞ ĞīĞĐƚƐ ŽŶ ĐŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂů ĂŶĚ ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƟĂů ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽĮůĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ĂƐ ĂŶ ĂƐƉĞĐƚ ŽĨ ƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ͘ dŚĞ ŝĚĞŶƟƚǇ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚǇ ŝƐ ĚĞƌŝǀĞĚ ŶŽƚ ŽŶůǇ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ ĂŶĚ ŵŽĚĞ ŽĨ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶŝŶŐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ďƵŝůƚͲƵƉ ĂƌĞĂ͕ ďƵƚ ĂůƐŽ from the un-built areas.

‘Emerald Necklace’ in Boston by Olmsted, 1878

Greater Copenhaguen “Finger Plan” 1947

[4. BMR Regional conditions]

ĂůĚĞƐ ƐƚƌĞĂŵ͕ >Ă dŽƌƌĞ ĚĞů ZĞĐƚŽƌ͕ ^ƚĂ͘WĞƌƉğƚƵĂ ĚĞ ůĂ DŽŐŽĚĂ ƉŚŽƚŽ͖ ďǇ ƚŚĞ ĂƵƚŚŽƌ

Natural conditions: topography and water system dŚĞ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ DĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶ ZĞŐŝŽŶ ŽĨ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ ŶŽƚĂďůǇ ĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶĞĚ ďǇ ŝƚƐ ƉŚǇƐŝĐĂů ĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ͕ ŐŝǀĞŶ ŝƚƐ ƉƌŽŶŽƵŶĐĞĚ ƌĞůŝĞĨ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĚŝƐƉŽƐŝƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŵĂŝŶ ĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŐŝǀĞ ŝƚƐ ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ͘ dŚĞƐĞ ĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ ŚĂǀĞ ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞĚ ƚŚĞ ƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŝŶŐ ŽĨ ŝƚƐ ĐĞŶƚƌĞ͕ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ŵŽƌƉŚŽůŽŐǇ ŽĨ ŝƚƐ ĞǆƉĂŶƐŝŽŶ͘

dŚĞ ĐŽĂƐƚĂů ƉůĂŝŶ ŝƐ ĂůƐŽ ĐƌŽƐƐĞĚ ďǇ ƐŵĂůů ƌŝǀers and creeks, which are more abundant and abrupt in the Maresme and are shorter than the ones found in the Prelitoral depression. Their ŇŽǁ ŝƐ ĞǆƚƌĞŵĞůǇ ŝƌƌĞŐƵůĂƌ ŐŝǀĞŶ ƚŚĞ ƐƵĚĚĞŶ ƚŽƌƌĞŶƟĂů ƌĂŝŶ ĨĂůůƐ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĂƌĞ ĐŽŵŵŽŶ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĂƌĞĂ͘

The main structuring element of the metropoliƚĂŶ ƌĞůŝĞĨ ŝƐ ĐŽŶƐƟƚƵƚĞĚ ďǇ ƚǁŽ ŵŽƵŶƚĂŝŶ ƌĂŶŐĞƐ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĂƌĞ ƐŝƚƵĂƚĞĚ ƉĂƌĂůůĞů ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ĐŽĂƐƚ͗ ƚŚĞ ^ĞƌƌĂůĂĚĂ >ŝƚŽƌĂů ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ^ĞƌƌĂůĂĚĂ WƌĞůŝƚŽƌĂů͘ The Serralada Prelitoral is higher with peaks beƚǁĞĞŶ ϭ͘ϭϬϬŵ ĂŶĚ ϭ͘ϳϬϬŵ͕ ĂŶĚ ŝƐ ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚ ďǇ ƚŚƌĞĞ ŵŽƵŶƚĂŝŶƐ ŽĨ ǀĞƌǇ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ŶĂƚƵƌĞƐ͗ ƚŚĞ DŽŶƚƐĞŶǇ͕ ^ĂŶƚ >ůŽƌĞŶĕ ĚĞů DƵŶƚ ĂŶĚ DŽŶƚƐĞƌƌĂƚ͘ dŚĞ ^ĞƌƌĂůĂĚĂ >ŝƚŽƌĂů͕ ǁŝƚŚ ŵĂǆŝŵƵŵ ŚĞŝŐŚƚƐ ŽĨ ϱϬϬ ĂŶĚ ϳϬϬŵ͕ ĂůƐŽ ŚĂƐ ƚŚƌĞĞ ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚĞĚ ĞůĞments which include the mountain range between Montnegre to Sant Mateu, the Collserola mountain range and the Garraf massif which interrupts the coastal plain reaching abruptly the coast.

tŝƚŚŝŶ ƚŚŝƐ ĨƌĂŵĞǁƌŽŬ ĂƌĞ ƚǁŽ ŵĂũŽƌ ƌŝǀĞƌƐ͕ ƚŚĞ >ůŽďƌĞŐĂƚ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ŽŶŐŽƐƚͲ ĞƐžƐ͕ which link the inner areas of Catalonia, with the Prelitoral depression and the coastal plain. The high percentage of the territory on slopes ŚŝŐŚĞƌ ƚŚĂŶ ϮϬй͕ ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƟŶŐ ϰϭй ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƚŚĞ region, has reduced the spaces suitable for ƵƌďĂŶŝǌĂƟŽŶ͕ ĂŶĚ ŚĂƐ ĨŽƌĐĞĚ ŝŶƚĞŶƐŝǀĞůǇ ŚƵŵĂŶ ĂĐƟǀŝƚǇ ĂŶĚ ƐĞƩůĞŵĞŶƚƐ ŽŶ ŝƚƐ ƉůĂŝŶƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůǇ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ĞǆŝƐƟŶŐ ŶĂƚƵƌĂů ĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌƐ͘

Between both mountain chains, two natural corridors ĞǆƚĞŶĚ͗ ƚŚĞ WƌĞůŝƚŽƌĂů ĚĞƉƌĞƐƐŝŽŶ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐ ƚŚĞ WĞŶĞĚğƐ ĂƌĞĂ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ sĂůůğƐ ƉůĂŝŶ͕ ƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞĚ ďǇ Ă ƐŵĂůů ĞůĞǀĂƟŽŶ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ůĞŌ ƐŝĚĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ >ůŽďƌĞŐĂƚ͘ tŚŝůĞ ŵŽƐƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƌŝǀĞƌƐ ŇŽǁ ĂůŽŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĚŝƌĞĐƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ WƌĞůŝƚŽƌĂů ĚĞƉƌĞƐŝŽŶ ;ĨƌŽŵ ŶŽŝĂ ƚŽ WĞŶĞĚğƐ͕ ƚŚĞ dŽƌĚĞƌĂ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ DŽŐĞŶƚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ sĂůůğƐͿ͕ ƚŚĞ ĐĞŶtral part of the plain is crossed by other secondĂƌǇ ƌŝǀĞƌƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ŶŽƌƚŚͲƐŽƵƚŚ ĚŝƌĞĐƟŽŶ ; ŽŶŐŽƐƚ͕ Tenes, ƌŝĞƌĂ ĚĞ ĂůĚĞƐ͕ ZŝƉŽůů͕ ƌŝĞƌĂ ĚĞ ZƵďş͕ >ůŽďƌĞŐĂƚͿ͕ ĐƌĞĂƟŶŐ Ă ƐĞƌŝĞƐ ŽĨ ƚƌĂŶƐǀĞƌƐĂů ƐƵďĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌƐ͘ ϭϳ

[5. Metropolitan expansion] DŽƐƚ ůĂƌŐĞ ĐŽŶƚĞŵƉŽƌĂƌǇ ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƐĞƐ ĂƌĞ ĂīĞĐƚĞĚ ďǇ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ ŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƐƉƌĞĂĚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞŝƌ ƵƌďĂŶ ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ ŝŶƚŽ ƚŚĞ ƐƵƌƌŽƵŶĚŝŶŐ ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌǇ͘ /Ŷ ƚŚĞ ĐĂƐĞ of the Barcelona Metropolitan Region these processĞƐ ŐŝǀĞ ƌŝƐĞ ƚŽ ĚŝǀĞƌƐĞ ƚǇƉĞƐ ŽĨ ŐƌŽǁƚŚ͘

ĚĞĐůŝŶŝŶŐ ĂƐ ƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ ĚĞŶƐŝƟĞƐ ĨĂůů ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐ ĐŽƌĞ ĂŶĚ ƌŝƐĞ ŝŶ ƐŽŵĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŵŽƌĞ ĨĂƌͲŇƵŶŐ ƉĂƌƚƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƵƌďĂŶ ĂƌĞĂƐ͕ ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌůǇ ĂůŽŶŐ ƚŚĞ WͲϳ ŚŝŐŚǁĂǇ ĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ sĂůůğƐ WůĂŝŶ ŽǀĞƌ ƚŚĞ ŚŝůůƐ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚǇ of Barcelona.

dŚĞ ŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĂů ĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞ ŽĨ Ă ƉŽǁĞƌĨƵů ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬ ŽĨ ĞǆŝƐƟŶŐ ƐĞƩůĞŵĞŶƚƐ ŚĂƐ ŐŝǀĞŶ ƌŝƐĞ ƚŽ ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚ ƉĞĐƵůŝĂƌŝƟĞƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ Ăƌcelona metropolis. The region has emerged as a polynuclear metropolis ŝŶ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ ĐŝƚǇ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ ĂƐ ŵĂŝŶ ĐĞŶƚƌĂůŝƚǇ͘ ,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ ŝŶ ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ĐĞŶƚƌĂů ĐŝƚǇ ĂŶĚ ŝƚƐ ĂĚũĂĐĞŶƚ ŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůŝƟĞƐ͕ ŽƚŚĞƌ ƵƌďĂŶ ĂƌĞĂƐ ĂƌĞ ƉůĂǇŝŶŐ Ă ďŝŐ ĐĞŶƚƌĂů ƌŽůĞ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƌĞŐŝŽŶ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ^ĂďĂĚĞůů͕ dĞƌƌĂƐƐĂ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ sĂůůğƐ ƉůĂŝŶ͕ Žƌ DĂtaró in the Maresme.

The process of urban dispersion has been described ďǇ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ĂƵƚŚŽƌƐ ĂƐ ŝƚ ŝƐ Ă ĐŽŵŵŽŶ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ ƚŚĂƚ took place in a similar way in most of the European metropolitan regions.

dŚĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƵƌďĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ Metropolitan Region, in which rural inhabitants ŵŽǀĞ ƚŽǁĂƌĚƐ ƵƌďĂŶ ĐĞŶƚƌĞƐ ǁŚŝůĞ ĐŝƟĞƐ ĐŽůŽŶŝǌĞ ƚŚĞƐĞ ƌƵƌĂů ĂƌĞĂƐ͕ ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ ǀĞƌǇ ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚ ƐŝŶĐĞ ŵŽĚĞƌŶ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ƐƚĂƌƚĞĚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ďĞŐŝŶŶŝŶŐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ϮϬƚŚ ĐĞŶƚƵƌǇ͘ >ĞĨĞďǀƌĞ ĞǆƉůĂŝŶƐ ŚŽǁ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ ŽĨ ƵƌďĂŶŝǌĂƟŽŶ ĂƌĞ ĐůŽƐĞůǇ ůŝŶŬĞĚ ƚŽ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůŝǌĂƟŽŶ͘ dŚĞ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂů ƌĞǀŽůƵƟŽŶ ŝŶŝƟĂƚĞĚ Ă ůŽŶŐ͕ ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĞĚ ŵŝŐƌĂƟŽŶ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ĐŽƵŶƚƌǇ ŝŶƚŽ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƟĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ĐĂƵƐĞĚ ƵƌďĂŶ ĂƌĞĂƐ ƚŽ ƐƉƌĞĂĚ͘ >ĞĨĞďǀƌĞ ƐĞĞƐ ƵƌďĂŶŝǌĂƟŽŶ ĂƐ ĂŶ ƵƌďĂŶ ĨĂďƌŝĐ ƚŚĂƚ ŝƐ ƌĞƐŚĂƉŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ĐŽůŽŶŝǌŝŶŐ ƌƵƌĂů ĂƌĞĂƐ͘ /Ŷ ƚŚĞ ĐĂƐĞ ŽĨ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ͕ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚǇ ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶƐ ůĞƐƐ ƚŚĂŶ ŚĂůĨ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƌĞŐŝŽŶ ĂŶ ŝƚƐ ƐŚĂƌĞ ŝƐ ϮϬ

dŚĞ ĚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůŝǌĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚǇ ǁĂƐ ƉƌŝŵĂƌŝůǇ ƚŚĞ ƌĞƐƵůƚ ŽĨ ĨĂŵŝůŝĞƐ ŇĞĞŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚǇ͕ ŝŶ ĨĂĐƚ ŝƚ ǁĂƐ ŽŌĞŶ ƚŚĞ ĐĂƐĞ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ ũŽďƐ͕ ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌůǇ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂů ũŽďƐ͕ ǁĞŶƚ ĮƌƐƚ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ĨŽůůŽǁĞĚ͘ ůƚŚŽƵŐŚ ƚŚĞƐĞ ĨĂŵŝůŝĞƐ ĐŽƵůĚ ŶŽƚ ĞǆƉĞĐƚ ƚŚĞ ƐĂŵĞ ŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂů ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͕ ĨŽƌ ŵĂŶǇ ŽĨ ƚŚĞŵ͕ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ůŽǁ ůĂŶĚ ƉƌŝĐĞƐ ĂůůŽǁĞĚ ƚŚĞŵ ƚŽ ďĞĐŽŵĞ ŚŽŵĞŽǁŶĞƌƐ͘ ; ƌƵĞŐŵĂŶŶ͕ y ϮϬϬϱͿ dŚĞ ŶŽƚĂďůĞ ĞǆƉĂŶƐŝŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ ǁĂƐ one of the factors that made all of this growth and ŵŽǀĞŵĞŶƚ ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞ͘ ůŽŶŐ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƟĂů ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƐ ŚĂǀĞ ĂƉƉĞĂƌĞĚ ŶĞǁ ƐŚŽƉƉŝŶŐ ĐĞŶƚĞƌƐ͕ ďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐ ƉĂƌŬƐ͕ ŽĸĐĞ ƉĂƌŬƐ͕ Ăůů ĐŽŶŶĞĐƚĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ ĨƌĞĞways. /Ŷ ŽŶĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŵŽƐƚ ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƟŶŐ ǁŽƌŬƐ ŽŶ ƵƌďĂŶ ĚŝƐpersal, the German architect and planner Thomas ^ŝĞǀĞƌƚƐ͕ ůŽŽŬŝŶŐ ƉƌŝŵĂƌŝůǇ Ăƚ 'ĞƌŵĂŶ ĐŝƟĞƐ͕ ŚĂƐ ĐĂůůĞĚ ƚŚŝƐ ƚŚĞ ǁŝƐĐŚĞŶƐƚĂĚƚ͕ Ă ƚĞƌŵ ƚŚĂƚ ŵĞĂŶƐ ͞ŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞ͟ Žƌ ͞ŝŶͲďĞƚǁĞĞŶ͟ ĐŝƚǇ͘ ĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐ ƚŽ ^ŝĞǀĞƌƚƐ͕ the old image of the European city that many planŶĞƌƐ ĂŶĚ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƐ ĐůĂŝŵ ŚĂƐ ĂĐƚƵĂůůǇ ďĞĞŶ ůĂƌŐĞůǇ

ƐƵƉĞƌƐĞĚĞĚ ďǇ Ă ŶĞǁ ƉĂƩĞƌŶ ƚŚĂƚ ŽĐĐƵƉŝĞƐ ƚŚĞ ůĂŶĚ between the old core and the countryside and that ŚĞ ĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝǌĞƐ ĂƐ ƚŚĞ ͞ƵƌďĂŶŝǌĞĚ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ Žƌ ƚŚĞ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞĚ ĐŝƚǇ͘͟ >ĞĨĞďǀƌĞ ;ϭϵϳϬͿ ƐƚĂƚĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ ǁŚŽůĞ ǁŽƌůĚ ŝƐ ĐĂƵŐŚƚ ƵƉ ŝŶ Ă ĐŽŵƉƌĞŚĞŶƐŝǀĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ ŽĨ ƵƌďĂŶŝǌĂƟŽŶ͘ dŽĚĂǇ͛Ɛ ƌĞĂůŝƚǇ ĐĂŶ ŶŽ ůŽŶŐĞƌ ďĞ ŐƌĂƐƉĞĚ ƵƐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĞƐ ͞ĐŝƚǇ͟ ĂŶĚ ͞ĐŽƵŶƚƌǇ͟ ďƵƚ ŵƵƐƚ ďĞ ĂŶĂůǇǌĞĚ using the concepts of urban society. There are important reasons to think that the recent ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶ ĞǆƉĂŶƐŝŽŶ ŝƐ Ă ůŽŐŝĐĂů ƌĞƐƵůƚ ŽĨ ĐĂƉŝƚĂůŝƐŵ ĂƐ ƚŚĞ ŵĂƌŬĞƚ ƌƵůĞƐ ŚĂǀĞ ďĞĞŶ ŐƵŝĚŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ůŽĐĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ͘ &Žƌ ůŽƚƐ ŽĨ ŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůŝƟĞƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ DĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶ ZĞŐŝŽŶ͕ ƚŚĞ ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ŚĂǀĞ ďĞĐŽŵĞ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ĂƌĞĂƐ ƚŽ ďĞ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ ďŝŐ ǀĂůue in the real estate market. The open land has not been understood as part of the metropolitan project ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ŚĂǀĞ ďĞĐŽŵĞ ŵŽƌĞ ĂŶĚ ŵŽƌĞ fragmented. The open space as a structure of the ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶ ƌĞŐŝŽŶ ŚĂƐ ƚŚĞ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ĨŽƌ ƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ͕ agriculture, but it is also of ecological importance. /Ŷ ƚŚĞ ŶĞǆƚ ĐŚĂƉƚĞƌ Ă ĚĞƐĐƌŝƉƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŵĂŝŶ ƐƚĂŐĞƐ ŽĨ ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶ ĞǆƉĂŶƐŝŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ ZĞŐŝŽŶ ĂƌĞ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚ ĞǆƉůĂŝŶŝŶŐ ŚŽǁ ƚŚĞ ƌĞůĂƟŽŶ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ĐŝƚǇ ͕ ĐŽƵŶƚƌǇƐŝĚĞ ĂŶĚ ŶĂƚƵƌĞ ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ ĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐ ŽǀĞƌ ƟŵĞ͘

ϭϴϴϬ

ϭϵϳϮ

ϭϵϮϬ

ϭϵϴϲ

ϭϵϱϲ

ϮϬϬϵ

1850-1950’s First modern industralization

^ŽƵƌĐĞ͗ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ ϮϮΛ

The area of the plain of Barcelona as a whole was ŽƌŐĂŶŝǌĞĚ ĚƵƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĮƌƐƚ ŚĂůĨ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ϭϵƚŚ ĐĞŶƚƵƌǇ ŝŶ accordance with the arrangement of infrastructure ďĂƐĞĚ ŽŶ Ğǆŝƚ ƌŽƵƚĞƐ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ŶĂƚƵƌĂů ŐĞŽŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂů ƉĂƐƐĞƐ ĂŶĚ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ůĂƌŐĞůǇ ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĂƌĞĂƐ ĂƌŽƵŶĚ ƚŚĞŵ͘ ; ͘ &ŽŶƚ͕ ͘ >ůŽƉ͕ :͘ D͘ sŝůĂŶŽǀĂ͕ ϭϵϵϵͿ͘ At the end of 1854 work had begun to knock down ƚŚĞ ǁĂůůƐ͘ /Ŷ ƚŚĞ ƉĞƌŝŽĚ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƚŚĞ ŬŶŽĐŬŝŶŐ ĚŽǁŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ǁĂůůƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĂŶŶĞǆŝŶŐ ŽĨ ŵŽƐƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůŝƟĞƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ ƉůĂŝŶ ;ϭϴϵϳͿ͕ ƚŚĞ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŝǆĂŵƉůĞ ŝŶ ĂĐĐŽƌĚĂŶĐĞ ǁŝƚŚ /ůĚĞĨŽŶƐ ĞƌĚă͛Ɛ ƉůĂŶ ďĞŐĂŶ ƚŽ ďĞ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚ͘ dŚĞ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůŝǌĂƟŽŶ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ ƐĞƩůĞƐ ĂƌŽƵŶĚ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ ŵĂŝŶůǇ ŝŶ ĂŐŐƌĞŐĂƟŽŶ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ďŝŐŐĞƐƚ ĐŝƟĞƐ͘ Sabadell, Terrassa, Badalona and Mataró, were important manufacturing centres. There was a clear ƐƉĞĐŝĂůŝǌĂƟŽŶ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ŵĞƚĂů ĂŶĚ ƚĞǆƟůĞ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ƐĞĐƚŽƌƐ͘ /Ŷ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ͕ ƚŚĞ ƚĞǆƟůĞ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌǇ ǁĂƐ ŽĨ ůĞƐƐĞƌ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞƌĞ ǁĂƐ Ă ŐƌĞĂƚĞƌ ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĮĞůĚƐ ŽĨ ƉƵďůŝƐŚŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ŐƌĂƉŚŝĐ ĂƌƚƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĐŚĞŵŝĐĂů ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌǇ͘ dŚĞ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůŝǌĂƟŽŶ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ ƐŝŐŶŝĮĞƐ ƚŚĞ ĮƌƐƚ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ŵŝŐƌĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ĨƌŽŵ the rural to urban areas. ƵƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ϭϵƚŚ ĐĞŶƚƵƌǇ ƚŚĞ ƌĂŝůǁĂǇ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ ĂƌĞ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚ ďĞŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂͲDĂƚĂƌſ ;ϭϴϰϴͿ ůŝŶĞ ƚŚĞ ĮƌƐƚ ŽŶĞ ƚŽ ďĞ ƌĞĂůŝǌĞĚ͘

ĞƌĚă͛Ɛ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ ĞǆƉĂŶƐŝŽŶ WůĂŶ͕ ϭϴϱϳ͘ dŚĞ ŐƌĞĞŶ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚǇ͘

ĞƌĚă͛Ɛ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ ĞǆƉĂŶƐŝŽŶ WůĂŶ͕ ϭϴϱϳ

dŚĞ ƌŵǇ DĂƉ ^ĞƌǀŝĐĞ ; ^ Ϳ͕ ϭϵϱϯͲϭϵϱϰ

^ĂďĂĚĞůů ĂŶĚ dĞƌƌĂƐƐĂů ĞǆƉĂŶƐŝŽŶ ƉůĂŶƐ y/yƚŚ

The idealization of nature hŶƟů ƚŚĞ ůĂƚĞ ŶŝŶĞƚĞĞŶƚŚ ĐĞŶƚƵƌǇ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚ ŽĨ ĐŝƚǇ ǁĂƐ ĐŽŶĐĞŝǀĞĚ ŝŶ ŽƉƉŽƐŝƟŽŶ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ĐŽƵŶƚƌǇƐŝĚĞ͗ ƚŚĞ countryside was situated between the city and naƚƵƌĞ͘ >ĞĨĞďǀƌĞ ĞǆƉůĂŝŶƐ ŚŽǁ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ϮϬƚŚ ĐĞŶƚƵƌǇ ƚŚŝƐ ŽƉƉŽƐŝƟŽŶ ǁĂƐ ƌĞǀĞƌƐĞĚ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĐŽƵŶƚƌǇ ŝƐ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞŶ ƐĞĞŶ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶĐĞŝǀĞĚ ŝŶ ƌĞůĂƟŽŶ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚǇ͘ dŚĞ ƐŚŝŌ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƌĞůĂƟǀĞ ƉŽƐŝƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƚŽǁŶ ŽǀĞƌ ƚŚĞ ĐŽƵŶƚƌǇ ŝƐ ůŽĐĂƚĞĚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƌŝƐĞ ŽĨ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůŝǌĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĂĚǀĂŶĐĞ ŽĨ ƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐǇ͘ Naturalizing the city ƵƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůŝǌĂƟŽŶ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚǇ ŝƐ ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĞĚ and new social and urban problems appear. The ƐŽĐŝĞƚǇ ĐůĂŝŵƐ ĨŽƌ ŶĞǁ ƵƌďĂŶ ͟ŶĂƚƵƌĂů͟ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ĂƐ Ă ƐŽůƵƟŽŶ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ĚĞŐƌĂĚĞĚ ĐŝƚǇ ƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐ ĨƌŽŵ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůŝǌĂƟŽŶ͘ /Ŷ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶƚĞǆƚ ŽĨ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůŝǌĂƟŽŶ͕ ͞ŶĂƚƵƌĞ͟ ĂĐƋƵŝƌĞƐ ĂŶ ŝĚĞĂůŝǌĞĚ ŵĞĂŶŝŶŐ͕ ŶŽƚ ŽŶůǇ ĂƐ ƐƉĂĐĞ ĨŽƌ ƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ͕ ďƵƚ ĂůƐŽ ĂŶ ĂĞƐƚŚĞƟĐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞƌĂƉĞƵƟĐ ǀĂůƵĞ͘ dŚĞ ĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƉĂƌŬƐ͕ ĂǀĞŶƵĞƐ͕ ŐĂƌĚĞŶƐ ŝƐ ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚŽŽĚ ĂƐ ĂŶ ƵƌďĂŶŝǌĞĚ ŶĂƚƵƌĞ Žƌ ƚŚĞ ŶĂƚƵƌĂůŝǌĞĚ ĐŝƚǇ͘ /ƚ ŝƐ ĚƵƌŝŶŐ ƚŚŝƐ ƟŵĞ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ ŝƵƚĂĚĞůůĂ WĂƌŬ ŝƐ created. Cerdà with his urban plan for the city of Barcelona inƚĞŶƟŽŶĞĚ ƚŽ ͞ƵƌďĂŶŝǌĞ ƚŚĞ ĐŽƵŶƚƌǇƐŝĚĞ͟ ĂŶĚ ͞ƌƵƌĂůŝǌĞ ƚŚĞ ƵƌďĂŶ͟ ďǇ ĐƌĞĂƟŶŐ Ă ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬ ŽĨ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ŝŶƚĞƌǁŽǀĞŶ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ƵƌďĂŶ ŐƌŝĚ͘ dŚĞ ƐŝŐŶƐ ŽĨ ͞ŶĂƚƵƌĞ͟ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚǇ ƉƌŽůŝĨĞƌĂƚĞ ŝŶ ĨŽƌŵ ŽĨ ƌĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ŽĨ ŶĂƚƵƌĞ͘

The Ciutadella Park

dŚĞ dŝďŝĚĂďŽ ƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂů ƉĂƌŬ

Living in the nature

ůŝƐŚ ŐĂƌĚĞŶͲĐŝƟĞƐ͘

/Ŷ ƚŚĞ ďĞŐŝŶŶŝŶŐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ϮϬƚŚ ĐĞŶƚƵƌǇ ƚŚĞ ĮƌƐƚ ƚƌĂŵways linking the central city with the surrounding hills were created. The increase of accessibility enĐŽƵƌĂŐĞĚ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĮƌƐƚ ŚŽƵƐĞƐ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ hills and Collserola, following the models of the Eng-

Nature as recreation As the city grew outwards , the natural areas on the ŽƵƚƐŬŝƌƚƐ ǁĞƌĞ ĂĐƋƵŝƌŝŶŐ Ă ŚŝŐŚ ǀĂůƵĞ ĨŽƌ ŝƚƐ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ƚŽ ŽīĞƌ ŶĞǁ ůŝǀŝŶŐ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚƐ ƐƵƌƌŽƵŶĚĞĚ ďǇ

The Park Güell by Gaudí.

The tramway to the Tibidabo

͞ŶĂƚƵƌĞ͟ ĂŶĚ ĂůƐŽ ĂƐ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ĨŽƌ ƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ͘ KŶ ϭϵϬϲ͕ the opening of the tramway line to the Tibidabo Hill ; ŽůůƐĞƌŽůĂͿ ŵĂĚĞ ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞ ƚŚĞ ĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ZĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ WĂƌŬ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ŵŽƵŶƚĂŝŶ͕ ƚŚĞ ƉůĂĐĞ ǁŚĞƌĞ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ ĐŝƟǌĞŶƐ ŵĞƚ ǁŝƚŚ ŶĂƚƵƌĞ͘

1950’s-1970’s Economical boom and suburban expansion

Singlerin neighbourhood, Sta. coloma de Gramenet ƉŚŽƚŽ͖ ŇŝĐŬƌ

ŌĞƌ ƚŚĞ ƉĞƌŝŽĚ ĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ Đŝǀŝů ǁĂƌ͕ ƚŚĞ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŽƵŶƚƌǇ ƚŽŽŬ ƉůĂĐĞ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ůĂƌŐĞ ĐŝƟĞƐ ďƌŝŶŐŝŶŐ ǁŝƚŚ ŝƚ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂďůĞ ŵŝŐƌĂƚŽƌǇ ŇŽǁ ĂŶĚ Ăůů kinds of urban demands. Housing needs and industrial growth itself created ĂŶ ĞŶŽƌŵŽƵƐ ƉƌŽƉĞƌƚǇ ďŽŽŵ͘ dŚŝƐ ĐĂƵƐĞĚ ƚŚĞ ĮƌƐƚ ƉĞƌŝƉŚĞƌĂů ĞǆƉĂŶƐŝŽŶ͘ ,ŝŐŚ ĚĞŶƐŝƚǇ ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƟĂů ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐ͕ ĂƌĞĂƐ ŽĨ ŵĂƌŐŝŶĂů ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ƐŽĐŝĂů housing created a new urban peripheral landscape ǁŝƚŚ ƉƌĞĐĂƌŝŽƵƐ ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ͕ ƐĐĂƌĐĞ ĨĂĐŝůŝƟĞƐ͕ ŝŶĨƌĂstructure and transport. ƵƌŝŶŐ ƚŚŝƐ ƉĞƌŝŽĚ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƟĞƐ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚ ŝŶ ƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ͕ ƐƉĞĐŝĂůůǇ ƚŚĞ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůŝǌĞĚ ŽŶĞƐ͘ KŶ ƚŚĞ ŽƚŚĞƌ ŚĂŶĚ͕ ƚŚĞ ƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ ŝŶ ĂƌĞĂƐ based on agriculture decreased. ů ĂƌĐĞůŽŶğƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂͲdĞƌƌĂƐƐĂ ĂǆŝƐ ĂůŽŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĐŽƵƌƐĞƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĞƐſƐ ĂŶĚ ZŝƉŽůů ƌŝǀĞƌƐ ƌĞĐŽƌĚĞĚ ƚŚĞ ůĂƌŐĞƐƚ ŝŶŇƵǆĞƐ ŽĨ ŝŵŵŝŐƌĂŶƚƐ͘ dŚĞ ĞǆƉůŽƐŝŽŶ ŽĨ ĚŝƐƉĞƌƐĞĚ ŐƌŽǁƚŚ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚ ƚŚĞ ƌĞŐŝŽŶ ǁĂƐ ďĂƐĞĚ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ƵƌďĂŶ ĞǆƉůŽŝƚĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƉůŽƚƐ of rural land, and on the growing importance of priǀĂƚĞ ƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚ ĂŶĚ ƐĞĐŽŶĚ ŚŽŵĞƐ ŝŶ ĐŽĂƐƚĂů ĂƌĞĂƐ ĂŶĚ ŝŶ ĐŽƵŶƚƌǇ ƐŝĚĞ ĂƌĞĂƐ ƐƟůů ƐĞĞŶ ĂƐ ͞ŶĂƚƵƌĂů͘͟ &ƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ϳϬ͛Ɛ͕ ƐĞĐƟŽŶƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĂƌƚĞƌŝĂů ƌŽƵƚĞ ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬ were gradually built and thus there was an increase ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƵƐĞ ŽĨ ƉƌŝǀĂƚĞ ƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶƐĞƋƵĞŶƚ ƵƌďĂŶ ĞǆƉĂŶƐŝŽŶ͘

ĞůůǀŝƚŐĞ

Ϯϳ

The urbanization of “nature” ƵƌŝŶŐ ƚŚŝƐ ƉĞƌŝŽĚ͕ ƚŚĞ ƵƌďĂŶŝǌĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŶĂƚƵƌĂů ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ƚĂŬĞƐ ƉůĂĐĞ ŝŶ Ă ǀĞƌǇ ƌĂĚŝĐĂů ĂŶĚ ŶŽŶͲƌĞƐƉĞĐƞƵů ǁĂǇ͘ dŚĞ ďŝŐ ŚŽƵƐŝŶŐ ďůŽĐŬƐ Ăƚ ƚŚĞ ƉĞƌŝƉŚĞƌŝĞƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƟĞƐ ĂƌĞ ƐĞƩůĞĚ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ŵŽƵŶƚĂŝŶƐ ǁŝƚŚŽƵƚ ĂŶǇ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶ ƚŽǁĂƌĚƐ ƚŚĞ ƐƵƌƌŽƵŶĚŝŶŐ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ĂŶĚ ŝƚƐ ƚŽƉŽŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂů ĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ͘ /ƚ ŝƐ ĂůƐŽ ĚƵƌŝŶŐ ƚŚŝƐ ƟŵĞ ƚŚĂƚ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ůŝǀŝŶŐ ŝŶ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůŝƐĞĚ ĐŝƟĞƐ ďĞŐĂŶ ƚŽ ǀĂůƵĞ ƚŚĞŝƌ ŶĂƚƵƌĂů ƐƵƌƌŽƵŶĚings and became aware of the constant threat on ƚŚĞ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů ĂŶĚ ƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂů ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƌƵƌĂů ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͘ tĞ ĐĂŶ ĮŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĮƌƐƚ ƚŚĂƵŐŚƚƐ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ŽĨ the metropolitan region in the plans of N.M. Rubió ŝ dƵĚƵƌş ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ͞ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ ĨƵƚƵƌĂ͟ ŝŶ ϭϵϮϵ͕ ǁŚĞƌĞ͕ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ĮƌƐƚ ƟŵĞ͕ ƚŚĞ ĂƌĞĂ ǁŚŝĐŚ ǁŽƵůĚ ƚŚĞŶ ďĞĐŽŵĞ the Àrea Metropolitana de Barcelona was drawn. /Ŷ ƚŚŽƐĞ ƐĐŚĞŵĞƐ ǁĞ ĐĂŶ ĮŶĚ ďŽƚŚ ƚŚĞ ĚĞůƚĂ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ >ůŽďƌĞŐĂƚ ĂƐ ǁĞůů ĂƐ ƚŚĞ ŽůůƐĞƌŽůĂ ŵĂƐƐŝĨ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ǁĂƐ ƋƵĂůŝĮĞĚ ĂƐ Ă ŝŐ ĞŶƚƌĂů WĂƌŬ͘ dŚĞ ŽŵĂƌĐĂ WůĂŶ ĨŽƌ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ ŝŶ ϭϵϱϯ ƉŝĐŬĞĚ ƵƉ ŽŶ ƚŚĞƐĞ ƉƌĞůŝŵŝŶĂƌǇ ƉƌŽƉŽƐĂůƐ ǁŝƚŚ Ă ŶŽƌŵĂƟǀĞ ĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌ ĂŶĚ͕ ďĞƐŝĚĞƐ its unfortunate management, these two areas will ƌĞƐƵůƚ ŝŶ ƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚ ĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ ŽĨ ĨƵƌƚŚĞƌ ƉůĂŶƐ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ƌĞŐŝŽŶ͘ ,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ ƚŚĞ ŝĚĞĂ ŽĨ ŶĂƚƵƌĂů ŝƐůĂŶĚƐ ŝƐ ŶŽǁ ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚŽŽĚ ĂƐ ŽďƐŽůĞƚĞ͕ ĂŶĚ Ă ŵŽƌĞ ĐŽŵƉůĞǆ ƌĞĂĚŝŶŐ of the landscape is taking place, considering that all the natural areas should be connected and related.

dŚĞ ŽŵĂƌĐĂ WůĂŶ ĨŽƌ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ϭϵϱϯ Rubió i Tudurí

Ciutat Meridiana at Collserola mountain

>Žǁ ĚĞŶƐŝƚǇ ĚŝƐƉĞƌƐĞ ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƟĂů ƵƌďĂŶ ĂƌĞĂƐ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĂƉƉĞĂƌ ĂƐ ƐĞĐŽŶĚ ŚŽŵĞƐ͘ dŚĞǇ ŽĐĐƵƉǇ ƚŚĞ ŚŝŐŚĞƌ ƉĂƌƚƐ ŽĨ ŽůůƐĞƌŽůĂ ŵŽƵŶƚĂŝŶ ĞŶŚĂŶĐĞĚ ďǇ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ &ĞƌƌŽĐĂƌƌŝů ŽĨ ƚŚĞ 'ĞŶĞƌĂůŝƚĂƚ ;ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶ ƌĂŝůǁĂǇͿ Ăƚ ƚŚĞ ďĞŐŝŶŶŝŶŐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ϮϬ ƚŚ ĐĞŶƚƵƌǇ͘ dŚĞ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐ ǁĞůĨĂƌĞ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ǁŝůůŝŶŐŶĞƐƐ ƚŽ ůŝǀĞ ƐƵƌƌŽƵŶĚĞĚ ďǇ Ă ŶĂƚƵƌĂů ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ ǁĞƌĞ ƚŚĞ ŵĂũŽƌ ƌĞĂƐŽŶƐ ĨŽƌ ƐƵĐŚ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƐ͘

Ϯϵ

1970’s - 2010 Fragmentation: decentralisation and polarisation

ϯϬ

dŚĞ ĚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůŝǌĂƟŽŶ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚŽŽĚ ĂƐ ƚŚĞ ĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ŽƵƚ ŽĨ ƚŽǁŶ ĐĞŶƚƌĞƐ ƚĂŬĞƐ ƉůĂĐĞ ĂƌŽƵŶĚ ŚŝŐŚůǇ ĂĐĐĞƐƐŝďůĞ Žƌ ǀŝƐƵĂůůǇ ŽďǀŝŽƵƐ sites along the main highways and road infrastrucƚƵƌĞƐ͘ >ĂƌŐĞ ƐŚŽƉƉŝŶŐ ŵĂůůƐ͕ ŵĂŶƵĨĂĐƚƵƌŝŶŐ ĐŽŵƉĂŶŝĞƐ͕ ůŽŐŝƐƟĐƐ͕ ŚŽƐƉŝƚĂůƐ͕ ƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƟĞƐ ǁĞƌĞ Ăůů ƐŝƚƵĂƚĞĚ ŝŶ ĐůŽƐĞ ƌĞůĂƟŽŶ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶ ŵŽƚŽƌǁĂǇ ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬ͕ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ĞǆƚĞŶƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ >ůŽďƌĞŐĂƚ ĂŶĚ ZŝƉŽůů ŚŝŐŚǁĂǇƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ͲϯϬ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ sĂůůğƐ ĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌ ůŝŶŬŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ Ͳϳ ŵŽƚŽƌǁĂǇ͘ ŶĞǁ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ŝƐ ďĞŝŶŐ ĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĞĚ ĂůŽŶŐ ƚŚĞ ŵĂŝŶ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ͖ ůĂƌŐĞ ĨĂĐƚŽƌŝĞƐ͕ ůŽŐŝƐƟĐ ĂŶĚ ƐƚŽƌĂŐĞ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐ ůŽĐĂƚĞ ŽŶ ǀĂĐĂŶƚ ƉůŽƚƐ Žƌ ŝŶ ŝƐŽůĂƟŽŶ ŝŶ rural areas, as well as specialised polarised clusters ŽĨ ůĂƌŐĞ ƐŚŽƉƉŝŶŐ ĐĞŶƚƌĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞŵĂƟĐ ƉĂƌŬƐ ;ƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂů ƉĂƌŬƐ͕ ďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐ ƉĂƌŬƐ͕ ƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ƉĂƌŬƐ͕ ĞƚĐͿ͘ dŚĞ ĚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ͕ ƚŚĞ change of accessibility models, and the fragmented ĂŶĚ ƐĐĂƩĞƌĞĚ ƵƌďĂŶ ŐƌŽǁƚŚ ĂƌĞ ƚŚĞ ŵĂŝŶ ĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌ-

ŝƐƟĐƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĞǆŝƐƟŶŐ ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶ ƌĞŐŝŽŶ͘ (&ŽŶƚ͕ ͕͘ >ůŽƉ͕ ͕͘ Θ sŝůĂŶŽǀĂ͕͘ :͘ D͘ ϭϵϵϵͿ dŚĞ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌǇ ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶĐĞƐ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƐ ĐŽŶƟŶƵĞĚ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞǇ ǁŽƵůĚ ƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐŝǀĞůǇ ďĞ ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĞĚ ŝŶƚŽ ƉĞƌŵĂŶĞŶƚ ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶĐĞƐ ƉƌŽĮƟŶŐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŐƌŽǁŝŶŐ ƉƌŽǆŝŵŝƚǇ ŽĨ ĚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůŝƐĞĚ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ͘ ŌĞƌ ƚŚĞ ƌĞƐƚŽƌĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ĚĞŵŽĐƌĂĐǇ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĐŽƵŶƚƌǇ ͕ ĚĞŵŽĐƌĂƟĐ ƚŽǁŶ ĐŽƵŶĐŝůƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶ ƌĞŐŝŽŶ ďĞŐĂŶ ƚŽ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ƵƌďĂŶ ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐ ŵĂŝŶůǇ ĨŽĐƵƐĞĚ ŽŶ ƉƵďůŝĐ ƐƉĂĐĞ ĂŶĚ ƉƵďůŝĐ ĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚƐ͘ dŚĞ ϭϵϴϲ KůǇŵƉŝĐ ŶŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ ǁĂƐ ĂŶ ŽĐĐĂƐŝŽŶ ƚŽ ƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚĞŶ ƚŚĞ ƌŽůĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚǇ ƉƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶ ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌǇ͘ dŚĞ ĂĐĐĞƐƐŝďŝůŝƚǇ ŵŽĚĞů ǁŽƵůĚ ĂůƐŽ ĐŚĂŶŐĞ ĂƐ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ͛Ɛ ƌŝŶŐ ƌŽĂĚƐ were constructed, bringing the territory together ĂŶĚ ƌĞŝŶĨŽƌĐŝŶŐ ŝŶƚƌĂͲ ŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂů ŵŽǀĞŵĞŶƚƐ͘

WͲϳ ŵŽƚŽƌǁĂǇ͕ ƚŚĞ sĂůůğƐ ƉůĂŝŶ͘

>Žǁ ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƟĂů ƵƌďĂŶŝǌĂƟŽŶͺ ^ĂŶƚ YƵŝƌǌĞ WĂƌĐ

'ĞŶĞƌĂů DĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶ WůĂŶ ϭϵϳϲ

^ƉĞĐŝĂůŝǌĞĚ ůŽŐŝƐƟĐƐ ĐůƵƐƚĞƌ

dŚĞ ŵŽƐƚ ƌĞĐĞŶƚ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ŝŶ some European urban areas is the rise and proŐƌĞƐƐŝǀĞ ĐŽŶƐŽůŝĚĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ŶĞǁ ƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ůŽĐĂůŝǌĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶƐƵŵƉƟŽŶ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ͕ ŵĂŝŶůǇ ďĂƐĞĚ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ mobility and the arterial transport infrastructures. /Ŷ ƚŚĞ ǁŽƌŬ ŽĨ ŶƚŽŶŝŽ &ŽŶƚ ĂŶĚ >ŽƌĞŶĂ sĞĐƐůŝƌ ;ϮϬϬϴͿ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ DĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶ ZĞŐŝŽŶ͕ ƚŚĞǇ ĞǆƉůĂŝŶ ŚŽǁ ƚŚĞ ŶĞǁ ƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ ŽĨ ĚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůŝǌĂƟŽŶ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƌĞŐŝŽŶ ĐŽŶƐŝƐƚ ŽŶ ŶĞǁ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶƐƵŵƉƟŽŶ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĂƌĞ ďƵŝůƚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ nodes or along the main roads and motorways ůŽŽŬŝŶŐ ĨŽƌ ŶĞǁ ĂĐĐĞƐƐ ƉŽŝŶƚƐ͕ ǀŝƐŝďŝůŝƚǇ͕ ĐŚĞĂƉĞƌ ůĂŶĚ ƉƌŝĐĞ ĂŶĚ ƐǇŶĞƌŐǇ ǁŝƚŚ ŽƚŚĞƌ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ͘ dŚĞ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ŽĨ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞ Ăůů ŬŝŶĚ ŽĨ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂů ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ;ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ŝƐŽůĂƚĞĚ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌǇ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂů ĐůƵƐƚĞƌƐ Žƌ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂů ƉĂƌŬƐͿ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ƚĞƌƟĂƌǇ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ƌĞůĂƚĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ ƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚĂƟŽŶ͕ ůŽŐŝƐƟĐƐ ĂŶĚ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ ƚŽ ďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐ ĂŶĚ ŽĸĐĞƐ͘ dŚĞ ŐƌŽǁŝŶŐ ƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƚŚĞ ƚĞƌƟĂƌǇ ĂŶĚ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂů ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ͕ ĂƐ ǁĞůů ĂƐ ƚŚĞ ƌĞŐŝŽŶĂůŝǌĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ĂƌĞ ƐŽŵĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚ ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŶĞǁ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ŽĨ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͘

ƟǀŝƟĞƐ ŝŶ ŶĞǁ ƐŚŽƉƉŝŶŐ ŵĂůůƐ Žƌ ƚŚĞŵĂƟĐ ƉĂƌŬƐ͘ dŚĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ ŽĨ ĚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůŝǌĂƟŽŶ ŝƐ ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵŝŶŐ the metropolitan landscapes a product of global ĂŶĚ ůŽĐĂů ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƚ ĂŶĚ ŽŌĞŶ ĐŽŶŇŝĐƚ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ƐĂŵĞ ƉŝĞĐĞ ŽĨ ůĂŶĚ͘ dŚŝƐ ŝƐ ƐĞĞŶ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĂƌǇ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƐ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŚĂǀĞ ĐŚĂŶŐĞĚ ĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞůǇ ƚŚĞ ƐƉĂƟĂů ĂŶĚ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂů ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƌĞŐŝŽŶ ĂŶĚ ŚĂǀĞŶǲƚ ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞŝƌ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ Žƌ ƚŚĞ ƐǇƐƚĞŵ ŽĨ ƌĞŐŝŽŶĂů ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ͘ dŚĞƐĞ ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐ ŚĂǀĞ ƚĂŬĞŶ ƉůĂĐĞ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ Ă ďŽƩŽŵ ƵƉ ƐĞůĨͲŽƌŐĂŶŝǌĞĚ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ ƌƵůĞĚ ďǇ ƚŚĞ ŵĂƌŬĞƚ ůĂǁƐ͕ ŽŌĞŶ ƉƌŽĮƟŶŐ ŽĨ ǁĞĂŬ ƵƌďĂŶ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ ĂŶĚ ƌĞŐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ͘ /ƚ ŝƐ ĂůƐŽ ǁŽƌƚŚ ƚŽ ŵĞŶƟŽŶ ƚŚĂƚ ƐŽŵĞ ƌĞĐĞŶƚ ƚƌĞŶĚƐ ŽĨ ĐĞŶƚƌĂůŝǌĂƟŽŶ ŚĂǀĞ ďĞĞŶ ƚĂŬŝŶŐ ƉůĂĐĞ ďĂƐĞĚ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ŝŶƚĞƌŶĂů ƵƌďĂŶ ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐ ŽĨ ƵƌďĂŶ ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂů ŶƵĐůĞƵƐ ŝŶƚŽ ŶĞǁ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĂů ĂƌĞĂƐ ŐŝǀŝŶŐ ĨŽƌŵ ƚŽ ŶĞǁ ƵƌďĂŶ ĂǆĞƐ ;^ĂŐƌĞƌĂ ŝŶ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ͕ ŝǆ DĂĐŝă ŝŶ ^ĂďĂĚĞůůͿ͕ ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ďƌŽǁŶĮĞůĚƐ͕ ĂƌĞĂƐ ŽĨ ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ;ϮϮΛͿ ĂŶĚ ƉƵŶĐƚƵĂů ŝŶƚĞƌǀĞŶƟŽŶƐ ;EĞǁ WůĂĕĂ ƵƌŽƉĂ ŝŶ ,ŽƐƉŝƚĂůĞƚ ĚĞ >ůŽďƌĞŐĂƚ͕ ͞/ůůĂ ŝĂŐŽŶĂů͟ ŝŶ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂͿ͘

dŚĞ ĐŽŶƐƵŵƉƟŽŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ŝŶĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƚĞ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂů ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ;ƐŚŽƉƉŝŶŐ ŵĂůůƐ͕ ĐŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂů ŚƵďƐ͙Ϳ͕ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͕ ŚŽƚĞůƐ͕ ƌĞƐƚĂƵƌĂŶƚƐ ĂŶĚ ůĞŝƐƵƌĞ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ;ƐƉŽƌƚƐ͕ ƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ͕ ĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͙Ϳ͘ dŚĞ ƉƌŝǀĂƚĞ ŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ƐŽŵĞ ĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚƐ ĂƌĞ ĂůƐŽ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞĚ ŝŶ ƚŚŝƐ ĐĂƚĞŐŽƌǇ͘ dŚĞƐĞ ŶĞǁ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ŽĨ ĐŽŶƐƵŵƉƟŽŶ ƚĞŶĚ ƚŽ ůŽĐĂƚĞ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ƌŽĂĚ ŶŽĚĞƐ ĂƐ Ă ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐ ůŽĐĂƟŽŶ on the entrance towards the urban fragments or ŶƵĐůĞƵƐ͘ dŚĞƐĞ ŶĞǁ ͞ŶŽĚĞƐ ŽĨ ĐĞŶƚƌĂůŝƟĞƐ͟ ďĞĐŽŵĞ places which combine commercial and leisure ac35

Towards a complete urbanization? ^ŝŶĐĞ ƚŚĞ ƐŝǆƟĞƐ͕ ŚƵŐĞ ůĂŶĚ ŽĐĐƵƉĂƟŽŶ ŚĂƐ ƚĂŬĞŶ place in the Region, occupying open areas in a manner of dispersed growth. These territorial dynamics ŚĂǀĞ ůĞĂĚ ƚŽ Ă ƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐŝǀĞ ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶ͕ ĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĚĞŐƌĂĚĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ͘ /Ŷ ŵĂŶǇ areas, the peri-urban phenomenon has blurred the boundaries between urban and rural areas and has ŽĐĐƵƉŝĞĚ ǀĂƐƚ ĂƌĞĂƐ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŚĂǀĞ ƐĞĞŶ ŝƚƐ ĚĞĐůŝŶĞ ŽĨ ŶĂƚƵƌĂů͕ ƌƵƌĂů ĂŶĚ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ǀĂůƵĞƐ͘ >ĞĨĞďǀƌĞ ĞǆƉůĂŝŶƐ ŚŽǁ ǁĞ ĂƌĞ ŝŶ Ă ƐƚĂŐĞ ŝŶ ǁŚŝĐŚ ƵƌďĂŶŝǌĂƟŽŶ ŝƐ ƌĞƐŚĂƉŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ĐŽůŽŶŝǌŝŶŐ ƌƵƌĂů Ăƌeas. This phrase refers to the dominance of the city ŽǀĞƌ ƚŚĞ ĐŽƵŶƚƌǇ͘ ƐĞĐŽŶĚ ŚŽŵĞ͕ Ă ĨƌĞĞǁĂǇ Žƌ Ă supermarket is part of the urban fabric. The big city ŝƐ ĞǆƉůŽĚŝŶŐ͕ ƐĐĂƩĞƌŝŶŐ ĐŽƵŶƚůĞƐƐ ƵƌďĂŶ ĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚƐ throughout its surroundings. A rural area begins ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ ŽĨ ƵƌďĂŶŝǌĂƟŽŶ ǁŚĞŶ ŝƚƐ ďŽƵŶĚĂƌŝĞƐ lose their status. dŚĞ ƚĞŶĚĂŶĐĞ ƚŽǁĂƌĚƐ Ă ĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞ ƵƌďĂŶŝǌĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ the region has created a growing awareness of the need for a project of the open spaces and has moƟǀĂƚĞĚ ƚŚĞ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶ ƉŽůŝĐŝĞƐ͕ Ăƚ Ă ƐĞĐƚŽƌŝĂů ĂŶĚ ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝĂů ůĞǀĞů͘ Ɛ Ă ĐŽŶƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞ͕ ŶŽǁ ƚŚĞƌĞ ŝƐ Ă ŐƌŽǁŝŶŐ ĐŽŶĐĞƌŶ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ŶĂƚƵƌĂů ĂŶĚ ƌƵƌĂů ĂƌĞĂƐ͘ Newly-gained access to the territory and the posiƟǀĞ ƉĞƌĐĞƉƟŽŶ ŽĨ ŶĂƚƵƌĂů ĂƌĞĂƐ ƉĞƌŵŝƚƐ ƚŽ ĐŽŶǀĞƌƚĞĚ ƚŚĞŵ ŝŶƚŽ ŶĂƚƵƌĂů ĂƌĞĂƐ ƉƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐ ŶĞǁ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞƐ͕ ǁĂƚĞƌ ĂŶĚ ĨƌĞƐŚ Ăŝƌ ĨŽƌ ĂŶ ƵƌďĂŶ ƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ which is seeking closer contact with nature.

tŚĂƚ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ĨƵƚƵƌĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĞĚ ŝŶͲďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞƐ͍ ϯϳ

Patterns of growth Concerning the Barcelona regional growth it is ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞ ƚŽ ŝĚĞŶƟĨǇ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ ŽĨ ŐƌŽǁƚŚ ǁŝƚŚ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ŝŵƉĂĐƚƐ Ăƚ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƐƚĂŐĞƐ͕ ŵŽƐƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƟŵĞƐ ĐŽĞǆŝƐƚĂŶƚ͘ dŚĞ ƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ ŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚ ďǇ ŶƚŽŶŝŽ &ŽŶƚ ŝŶ ŚŝƐ ĂƌƟĐůĞ ͞ ŶĂƚŽŵǇ ŽĨ Ă ĚŝƐĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐ ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƐ͟ ;ϭϵϵϳͿ ĂƌĞ͗ ŶŽĚĂů ŐƌŽǁƚŚ͕ ŐƌŽǁƚŚ ďǇ ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ͕ ďǇ ƉŽůĂƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĚŝƐƉĞƌƐŝŽŶ͘ / ŝŶĐůƵĚĞ ƚŚĞ ůŝŶĞĂů ŐƌŽǁƚŚ ĂƐ Ă ĮŌŚ ƉĂƩĞƌŶ͘ dŚĞ ƌĞƐƵůƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĂŐŐƌĞŐĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞƐĞ ƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ ŝƐ Ă ĐŽŵƉůĞǆ ĚŝƐĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐ ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƐ ŝŶ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ůŽŐŝĐƐ ŽĨ ƵƌďĂŶŝǌĂƟŽŶ ĐƌĞĂƚĞ ƚŚĞ ǁŚŽůĞ ƵƌďĂŶ ŵŽƐĂŝĐ͘ 1. Nodal growth dŚŝƐ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ŐƌŽǁƚŚ ďǇ ĂŐŐƌĞŐĂƟŽŶ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ĐĞŶƚƌĂů ĂŶĚ ŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĂů ŶƵĐůĞƵƐ͘ DŽƐƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƟŵĞƐ ŝƚ ŝŵƉůŝĞƐ ƚŚĞ ĞǆƚĞŶƐŝŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŵĂŝŶ ƐƚƌĞĞƚƐ ĨŽůůŽǁĞĚ ďǇ ƚŚĞ ĚĞŶƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŶĞǁ ŐƌŝĚƐ ǁŝƚŚ ŵƵůƟƉůĞ ĂŶĚ ŵŝǆ ƵƐĞƐ͘ dŚŝƐ ƚǇƉĞ ŽĨ ŐƌŽǁƚŚ ƌĞƐƵůƚƐ ŝŶ Ă ĐŽŵƉĂĐƚ ƵƌďĂŶ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝǌĞƐ ƚŚĞ ƐŽƵƚŚĞƌŶ ƵƌŽƉĞĂŶ ĐŝƟĞƐ͘ 2.Substitution dŚĞ ƵƌďĂŶ ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐ ďǇ ƐƵďƐƟƚƵŝƟŽŶ ƌĞĨĞƌ ƚŽ ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĞǆŝƐƟŶŐ ŽůĚ ƵƌďĂŶ ĂƌĞĂƐ͕ ŽůĚ ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƟĂů ĐĞŶƚƌĞƐ Žƌ ĂƌĞĂƐ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ďƌŽǁŶ ĮĞůĚƐ Žƌ ĞǆŝƐƟŶŐ ƵƌďĂŶ ǀŽŝĚƐ͘ dŚŝƐ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ ŝƐ ŵĂŝŶůǇ ƚĂŬing place in Barcelona but also to some of the other main nucleus of the metropolitan region. 3.Polarisation dŚĞ ĞǆƉĂŶƐŝŽŶ ďǇ ƉŽůĂƌŝǌĂƟŽŶ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ŐƌŽǁƚŚ ŝŶ ǁŚŝĐŚ ƐƉĞĐŝĂůŝǌĞĚ ĐůƵƐƚĞƌƐ ĂƌĞ ůŽĐĂƚĞĚ ĂůŽŶŐ ƚŚĞ ŵĂŝŶ road infrastructures and public transport. Big shopƉŝŶŐ ŵĂůůƐ͕ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ͕ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͕ ďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐ ƉĂƌŬƐ͕ ŚŽƐƉŝƚĂůƐ͕ ƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƟĞƐ͘ dŚŝƐ ŬŝŶĚ ŽĨ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ĐƌĞĂƚĞƐ ŝƐůĂŶĚƐ͕ ĐůƵƐƚĞƌƐ ǁŚŝĐŚ ƉƌŽĮƚ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ 38

ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ ŝŶ ƚĞƌŵƐ ŽĨ ĂĐĐĞƐƐŝďŝůŝƚǇ ĂŶĚ ǀŝƐŝďŝůŝƚǇ͘

1. Nodal Cerda expansion

4. Linear >ŝŶĞĂƌ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĞǆƉĂŶĚƐ ĂůŽŶŐ Ă ůŝŶĞĂƌ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ Žƌ ĨĂĐŝŶŐ Ă ŶĂƚƵƌĂů ĨƌŽŶƚ͘ /ƚ ŝƐ ůŽĐĂƚĞĚ ŵĂŝŶůǇ ĂůŽŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĐŽĂƐƚ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ŵĂŝŶ ƌŝǀĞƌƐ͘ 5.Dispersion The phenomena of dispersion in the Barcelona MetƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶ ZĞŐŝŽŶ ƐƚĂƌƚĞĚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ďĞŐŝŶŶŝŶŐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ϮϬƚŚ ĐĞŶƚƵƌǇ ŵĂŝŶůǇ ĂƐ ƐĞĐŽŶĚ ŚŽŵĞƐ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŽĐĐƵƉŝĞĚ ĞǆƚĞŶƐŝǀĞ ůĂŶĚ ŽǀĞƌ ƚŚĞ ŚŝůůƐ ĂŶĚ ǁŚŝĐŚ ůĂƚĞƌ ŽŶ ďĞĐĂŵĞ ĮƌƐƚ ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƟĂů ŚŽŵĞƐ͘ dŚĞǇ ĂƌĞ ŵĂŝŶůǇ ůŽĐĂƚĞĚ ŝŶ ƉůĂĐĞƐ ǁŚĞƌĞ ƚŚĞ ƚŽƉŽŐƌĂƉŚǇ ŝƐ ƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚ͕ ůŽŽŬŝŶŐ ĨŽƌ ŶŝĐĞ ůŽĐĂƟŽŶƐ ǁŝƚŚ ǀŝĞǁƐ͕ ĨƌĞƐŚ Ăŝƌ ĂŶĚ Ă ŶĂƚƵƌĂů ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͘ /Ŷ ŽůůƐĞƌŽůĂ ;>ĞƐ WůĂŶĞƐ͕ sĂůůĚŽƌĞŝǆ͕ DŝƌĂͲ ƐŽůͿ ƚŚĞ ƐůŽƉĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ 'ĂƌƌĂĨ ŵĂƐƐŝĨ ĨĂĐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ >ůŽďƌĞŐĂƚ ; ŽƌďĞƌĂ ĚĞ >ůŽďƌĞŐĂƚ͕ WĂůůĞũă͕ sĂůůŝƌĂŶĂ͕ĞƚĐͿ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ƐƚƌŝƉ ĂůŽŶŐ ƚŚĞ sŝůĂĨƌĂŶĐĂ ĚĞů WĞŶĞĚğƐ ŚŝŐŚǁĂǇ ; ĂŶǇĞůůĞƐ͕ KůŝǀĞůůĂ͕ ĞƚĐͿ͘ dŚĞ ĚŝƐƉĞƌƐĞ ĂƌĞĂƐ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ƉƵŶĐƚƵĂů ŽĐĐƵƉĂƟŽŶƐ Žƌ ĐůƵƐƚĞƌƐ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĐŽŶƐŝƐƚ ŽŶ ůŽǁ ĚĞŶƐŝƚǇ ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƟĂů Žƌ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞ ĐůƵƐƚĞƌƐ ĨĂƌ ĂǁĂǇ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ƵƌďĂŶ ĐĞŶƚƌĞƐ͘ tĞ ĮŶĚ ƚŚĞŵ ŝŶ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ĂƌĞĂƐ͖ DĂƌĞƐŵĞ͕ Ăŝǆ >ůŽďƌĞŐĂƚ͕ 'ĂƌƌĂĨ͕ sĂůůğƐ ĞŶƚƌĂů͘

2. Substitution Poble Nou 22 @

3. Polarisation AP-7

4. Linear Maresme Coast

5. Dispersion Vallvidrera

Metropolitan Urban Landscapes

COMPACT Z ^/ Ed/ >

23,3 й

+36,5%

of urbanized land from 1977-2000

>Kt E^/dz Z ^/ Ed/ > 44,3 й

ƉŚŽƚŽ͗ ďǇ ƚŚĞ ĂƵƚŚŽƌ

22.000

new houses/year between 1987 and 2001 /E h^dZ/ > ϭϴ͕ϵ й

31,3% ϰϬ

ƉŚŽƚŽ͗ ŝŶƚĞƌŶĞƚ

Yh/WD Ed^ E d Zd/ Zz 13,5 й

of total houses built were single familiy houses between 1987 and 2001

Ƶŝůƚ ƚǇƉŽůŽŐŝĞƐ >ĂŶĚ hƐĞ ϮϬϬϬ ^ŽƵƌĐĞ͗ WůĂ dĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝĂů DĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚă ĚĞ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ͕ ϮϬϬϵͲ &ŽŶƚ͕ ͘ ϮϬϬϲ

Metropolitan Opentypologies Landscapes Urban landscapes

hZ E h/>T ϭϵ͕ϭϯй /E&Z ^dZh dhZ ϯ͕ϰϭй

Wh >/ W Z<^ Ϯ͕ϯй

'Z/ h>TURE Ϯϭ͕ϰϯй

^D >> s GETAd/KE AND BUSHES ϭϴ͕ϳϭй

FOREST ϯϰ͕ϱϮй

>ĂŶĚ hƐĞ ϮϬϬϮ

^ƚĂ͘ WĞƌƉğƚƵĂ ĚĞ ůĂ DŽŐƵĚĂͲďĞƐŝĚĞ WͲϳ ŵŽƚŽƌǁĂǇ 42ƉŚŽƚŽ͗ ďǇ ƚŚĞ ĂƵƚŚŽƌ

^ŽƵƌĐĞ͗ ^ŝǆƚĞůů

[6. Hypothesis] The Barcelona Metropolitan Region is a growing ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƐ͘ dŚĞ ŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞ ƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ ƐĐĞŶĂƌŝŽƐ ĞƐƟŵĂƚĞ Ă ĨƵƚƵƌĞ ƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ϱ͕Ϯϱ ŵŝůůŝŽŶ ŝŶŚĂďŝƚĂŶƚƐ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ǇĞĂƌ ϮϬϮϲ͕ ǁŝƚŚ ŝƚƐ ĐŽƌresponding demand of new houses and jobs. dŚĞ ŵŝŐƌĂƟŽŶ ƉŚĞŶŽŵĞŶŽŶ ƚŚĂƚ ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ ƚĂŬing place in the region during the last decades ĐĂŶ ďĞ ĞǆƉůĂŝŶĞĚ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ƚŚƌĞĞ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ͘ dŚĞƌĞ ŝƐ ĂŶ ŽŶͲŐŽŝŶŐ ƌĞĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶ ŽĨ ŝŶŚĂďŝƚĂŶƚƐ ŵŽǀŝŶŐ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ĐĞŶƚĞƌ ƚŽǁĂƌĚƐ ŵŽƌĞ ƉĞƌŝƉŚĞƌĂů ĐŝƟĞƐ ĐŽŶƟŶƵŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ŝŶƚĞƌŶĂů ŵŝŐƌĂƟŽŶ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ ƚŚĂƚ ƐƚĂƌƚĞĚ ĂƌŽƵŶĚ ƚŚĞ ϳϬ͛Ɛ͘ The metropolitan growth that has taken place ĚƵƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ůĂƐƚ ǇĞĂƌƐ ŝƐ ŵĂŝŶůǇ Ă ĐŽŶƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĂƌƌŝǀĂů ŽĨ ŶĞǁ ŶŽŶͲ ƵƌŽƉĞĂŶ ĐŝƟǌĞŶƐ͘ dŚĞƌĞ ŝƐ Ă ƚŚŝƌĚ ŵŝŐƌĂƟŽŶ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ͕ ĐŽŶƐŝƐƟŶŐ ŽŶ Ă ĐĞƌƚĂŝŶ ĂŵŽƵŶƚ ŽĨ ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶ ĐŝƟǌĞŶƐ ǁŚŽ ŵŽǀĞ ŽƵƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƌĞŐŝŽŶ ƚŽǁĂƌĚƐ ƚŚĞ ŶĞŝŐŚďŽƌŝŶŐ ĐŽƵŶƟĞƐ͘ ;WdD ͕ ϮϬϭϬͿ ,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ ŝƚ ŝƐ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ƚŽ ŽƵƚƐƚĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ŶƵŵĞƌŽƵƐ ĐŝƟĞƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ sĂůůğƐ ƉůĂŝŶ ; ĞƌĚĂŶǇŽůĂ͕ ZƵďş͕ DŽŶƚĐĂĚĂ ŝ ZĞŝǆĂĐ͕ DŽůůĞƚ ĚĞů sĂůůğƐͿ ĂŶĚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ Ăŝǆ >ůŽďƌĞŐĂƚ ; ĂƐƚĞůůďŝƐďĂů͕ ďƌĞƌĂ͕ DŽůŝŶƐ ĚĞ ZĞŝ͕ Ğů WĂƉŝŽůͿ ŽĨ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ƐŝǌĞ ĂŶĚ ǁŚŝĐŚ absorbed big part of the metropolitan growth ĂůŽŶŐ ƚŚĞ ůĂƐƚ ĚĞĐĂĚĞƐ͘ dŚĞƐĞ ĂƌĞ ƐƟůů ŐƌŽǁŝŶŐ ĐŝƟĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ďĞŶĞĮƚ ĨƌŽŵ ŐŽŽĚ ĂĐĐĞƐƐŝďŝůŝƚǇ͕ ŐŽŽĚ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟŽŶƐ ƚŽ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ ĐŝƚǇ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞŝƌ ĐůŽƐĞ ƌĞůĂƟŽŶ ƚŽ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞ ĂŶĚ ƚĞƌƟĂƌǇ ĂƌĞĂƐ ĐƵƌƌĞŶƚůǇ ďĞŝŶŐ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚ͘

A growing metropolis_Population Scenarios

ϮϬϮϲ

2026

5.250.000 in

ϮϬϬϴ

2008

4.863.161 in

BMR 2026 BMR 2026

ϱ͕Ϯϱ ŵŝůŝŽŶƐ ŝŶŚĂďŝƚĂŶƚƐ н ϰϴϲ͘ϰϴϲ ŶĞǁ ŚŽƵƐĞƐ ŶĞĞĚĞĚ н ϰϳϲ͘ϬϮϯ ũŽďƐ Extreme scenario

ϱ͘ϱϬϬ͘ϬϬϬ ŝŶ

ǆƚƌĞŵĞ ^ĐĞŶĂƌŝŽ Ͳ ϱ͘ϱϬϬ͘ϬϬϬ ŝŶŚĂď Intermediate scenario ϱ͘ϮϱϬ͘ϬϬϬ ŝŶ Intermediate Scenario- 5.250.000 inhab Low scenario ϱ͘ϬϬϬ͘ϬϬϬ ŝŶ

6.000.000

>Žǁ ^ĐĞŶĂƌŝŽͲ ϱ͘ϬϬϬ͘ϬϬϬ ŝŶŚĂď

5.000.000

4.000.000

3.000.000

2.000.000

1.000.000

1950

1960

1970

1981

1986

1991

1996

2001

2006

2008

2020

2026

^ŽƵƌĐĞ͗ WůĂ dĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝĂů DĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚă ĚĞ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ͕ ϮϬϬϵ

Built/Open space_ Which is the future relation?

BMR surface 323.966 ha

dŚĞ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ DĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶ ZĞŐŝŽŶ ŝƐ ƌĞŇĞĐƟŶŐ on which form will its future metropolitan growth ǁŝůů ŚĂǀĞ͘ dŚĞ ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶ ƐĐĂůĞ ŝƐ ĂůƌĞĂĚǇ Ă ƌĞĂůŝƚǇ ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĚ ďǇ ƚŚĞ ĚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůŝǌĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝĂů ĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĚŝƐĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐ ĂŶĚ ĚŝƐƉĞƌƐĞ ƵƌďĂŶ ŐƌŽǁƚŚ͘ dŚĞ ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝǌĂƟŽŶ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ ŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐ ŶĞǁ ůŝĨĞƐƚǇůĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŶĞǁ ƐƉĂƟĂů ŽƌŐĂŶŝǌĂƟŽŶƐ͘ The new metropolitan scale opens the debate about ǁŚŝĐŚ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ŵŽƐƚ ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞ ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝĂů ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ĐŽŶĐĞƌŶŝŶŐ ƐŽĐŝĂů͕ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů ĂŶĚ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂů ĂƐƉĞĐƚƐ͘ dŚĞ ƌĞŇĞĐƟŽŶ ŝƐ ŵĂŝŶůǇ ĂďŽƵƚ ƚŚĞ ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶ ǁŚĞƚŚĞƌ Ă ĐŽŵƉĂĐƚ Žƌ Ă ĚŝƐƉĞƌƐĞ ŵŽĚĞů is more sustainable. These are important aspects ǁŚŝĐŚ ĐŽŶĐĞƌŶ ƌĞŇĞĐƟŽŶƐ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚ ŽĨ ĐŝƚǇ͕ Ƶƌbanity and new modes of life. dŚĞ ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂů ĐŽŵƉĂĐƚ ĐŝƚǇ ŝƐ ŝŶ ĐŽŶŇŝĐƚ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ĞŵĞƌŐĞŶĐĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŶĞǁ ƐƉĞĐŝĂůŝǌĞĚ ĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚƐ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ďƌŝŶŐ ŶĞǁ ŵŽƌƉŚŽůŽŐŝĞƐ ĂŶĚ ůĂĐŬ ƚŚĞ ǀŝƚĂůŝƚǇ͕ ŝŶƚĞŶƐŝƚǇ͕ ĚĞŶƐŝƚǇ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶƟŶƵŝƚǇ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŵƉĂĐƚ ĐŝƟĞƐ͘ dŚĞ ŵƵůƟƉůĞ ĞǆŝƐƟŶŐ ƌĞĂůŝƟĞƐ ĂƌĞ ƚŚĞ ƌĞƐƵůƚ ŽĨ ĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚ ƉŽůŝƟĐƐ ĂŶĚ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ǀĂůƵĞƐ͕ ƌĞƐƉŽŶĚŝŶŐ ƚŽ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƐŽĐŝĂů͕ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĂů ĂŶĚ ĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ĨĂĐƚŽƌƐ͘ dŚĞ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƐĐĞŶĂƌŝŽƐ ŚĂǀĞ ŝƚƐ ƉŽƐŝƟǀĞ ĂŶĚ ŶĞŐĂƟǀĞ ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶƐ͘ dŚĞ ĚĞĨĞŶĚĞƌƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŵƉĂĐƚ ĐŝƚǇ read the new fragments as the result of the weak ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝĂů ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͕ ƚŚĞ ŝŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŵĂƌŬĞƚ ůĂǁƐ ĂŶĚ ƌĞĂů ĞƐƚĂƚĞ ƐƉĞĐƵůĂƟŽŶ ŽǀĞƌ ƚŚĞ ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ůĂŶĚ͕ ĂƐ ǁĞůů ĂƐ ƚŚĞ ŝŶĂĚĞƋƵĂƚĞ ƵƐĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ůĂŶĚ ĂŶĚ the natural resources. They also see in this model ƚŚĞ ĞŶĐŽƵƌĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ĂŶ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůŝǌĞĚ ůŝĨĞƐƚǇůĞ ƉƌŽŵŽƟŶŐ ƐŽĐŝĂů ƐĞŐƌĞŐĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞ ŽĨ ƉƌŝǀĂƚĞ ŵŽďŝůŝƚǇ͘ dŚĞ ĚĞĨĞŶĚĞƌƐ ŽĨ ĚŝƐƉĞƌƐŝŽŶ ƉƌŝŽƌŝƟǌĞ ƚŚĞ ůŝĨĞƐƚǇůĞ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĨĂĐŝůŝƚĂƚĞƐ ƚŚĞ ƌĞůĂƟŽŶ ǁŝƚŚ ŶĂƚƵƌĞ

ĂŶĚ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůŝǌĂƟŽŶ͕ ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐ ŝƚ ĂƐ Ă ƉƌŝŵĞ ǀĂůƵĞ ƚŽŐŚĞƚŚĞƌ ǁŝƚŚ ƉƌŝǀĂĐǇ ĂŶĚ ĚĞŵŽĐƌĂƟǌĂƟŽŶ͘ /ƚ ŝƐ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ƚŽ ĐůĂƌŝĨǇ ƚŚĞ ĚŝƐƟŶĐƟŽŶ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ͞ĚŝƐƉĞƌƐĞ͟ ĂŶĚ ͞ĚŝīƵƐĞ͟ ĐŝƚǇ͘ ŝƐƉĞƌƐŝŽŶ ƌĞĨĞƌƐ ƚŽ Ă ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂů ƐƉĂƟĂů ĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶ͕ ǁŚŝůĞ ĚŝīƵƐŝŽŶ ƌĞĨĞƌƐ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝĂů ĞǆƉĂŶƐŝŽŶ ŽĨ ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐ ƵƌďĂŶ ǀĂůƵĞƐ͘ ;&ŽŶƚ͕ ϮϬϬϳͿ dŚĞ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞ ƐĐĞŶĂƌŝŽƐ ĨƌŽŵ ĚŝƐƉĞƌƐĞ ĂŶĚ ĚŝīƵƐĞĚ ƵƌďĂŶŝǌĂƟŽŶ ƚŽ ĐŽŵƉĂĐƚ ĐŝƟĞƐ ĂƌĞ ĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝǌĞĚ ďǇ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ůĞǀĞůƐ ŽĨ ƵƌďĂŶŝǌĂƟŽŶ ǁŝƚŚ ĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂů ĞǆƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŝŵƉĂĐƚƐ ŽǀĞƌ ƚŚĞ ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌǇ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ͘ ;/ŶĚŽǀŝŶĂ͕ & ϮϬϬϳͿ dŚĞ ĚŝƐĐƵƐƐŝŽŶ ǁŝůů ďĞ ƚĂŬĞŶ ĨƵƌƚŚĞƌ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ŶĞǆƚ ƐƚĞƉƐ by an understanding of the open spaces as being ƉĂƌƚ ŽĨ Ă ƐǇƐƚĞŵ͕ ǁŝƚŚ ƌĞŇĞĐƟŽŶƐ ŽŶ ŝƚƐ ŶĞǁ ƌŽůĞ ĂƐ an ecological network guiding the future territorial ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͘ The hypothesis of the open space as a system concerning landscape ecological principals of connecƟǀŝƚǇ ǁŝůů ďĞ ƵƐĞĚ ƚŽ ŵĂŶĂŐĞ Ă ĐŽůůĞĐƟǀĞ ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝĂů ǀŝƐŝŽŶ ďĂƐĞĚ ŽŶ ĐŽŶƚƌŽůůŝŶŐ ĚŝƐƉĞƌƐŝŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƚŝŶŐ ƵƌďĂŶ ǀĂůƵĞƐ ŽĨ ĐĞƌƚĂŝŶ ŵŝǆŝƚǇ͕ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ ƉƌŽǀŝƐŝŽŶ͕ public transport and a moderate compacity promotŝŶŐ ƐŽĐŝĂů ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶ͘

Hypothesis_The open spaces as a system Ecological prinicipals

ƐƵƌƌŽƵŶĚŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ĐĂŶ ŚĂǀĞ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƐŚĂƉĞƐ͕ ƐŝǌĞƐ͙

The open spaces are understood as a system where ƚŚĞ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ ĂƌĞ ƉĂƌƚ ŽĨ Ă ǁŚŽůĞ͘ Ɛ Ă ƐǇƐƚĞŵ͕ ƚŚĞ ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ĐĂŶ ŚĂǀĞ Ă ďŝŐŐĞƌ ĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶĐĞ ĞŶŚĂŶĐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝĂů ƉĞƌŵĞĂďŝůŝƚǇ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚǇ͘ WĞƌŵĞĂďŝůŝƚǇ ĂƐ Ă ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚ ŝƐ ƵƐĞĚ ŝŶ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ĮĞůĚƐ͘ From the discipline of transport planning, permeability ŝƐ ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚŽŽĚ ĂƐ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚǇ ĂŶĚ ĂĐĐĞƐƐŝďŝůŝƚǇ͕ ƚŚĞ ĞǆƚĞŶƚ ƚŽ ǁŚŝĐŚ ƚŚĞ ƵƌďĂŶ ĨŽƌŵƐ ĞŶĂďůĞƐ ƉĞŽƉůĞ Žƌ ǀĞŚŝĐůĞƐ ƚŽ ŵŽǀĞ ŝŶ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ĚŝƌĞĐƟŽŶƐ͘ dŚĞ ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ƉĞĚĞƐƚƌŝĂŶ͕ ďŝĐǇĐůĞ ƉĂƚŚƐ ĂŶĚ public transport in a city or a region encourages the permeability and accessibility of people. The most ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ĂƐƉĞĐƚ ŽĨ ƚŚŝƐ ƋƵĂůŝƚǇ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ĐĂƉĂĐŝƚǇ ƚŽ Ăůlow freedom of choice and to be able to select alƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞ ĐŝƌĐƵůĂƟŽŶ ƌŽƵƚĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŵŽĚĞƐ͕ ůĞĂĚŝŶŐ ƚŽ Ă ƐƉĂƟĂů ĚĞŵŽĐƌĂƟǌĂƟŽŶ͘

Corridors- >ŝŶĞĂů ĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĚŝīĞƌ ĨƌŽŵ ŝƚƐ ƐƵƌrounding and connect patches or interconnect with one another to form networks, enclosing other landƐĐĂƉĞ ĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ͘ EĞƚǁŽƌŬƐ ŝŶ ƚƵƌŶ ĞǆŚŝďŝƚ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚǇ ĂŶĚ ĞŵƉŚĂƐŝǌĞ ƚŚĞ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶŝŶŐ ŽĨ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŵĂǇ ďĞ ƵƐĞĚ ƚŽ ĨĂĐŝůŝƚĂƚĞ Žƌ ŝŶŚŝďŝƚ ŇŽǁƐ ĂŶĚ ŵŽǀĞŵĞŶƚƐ ĂĐƌŽƐƐ Ă ŵŽƐĂŝĐ͘ ^ƚƌĞĂŵ Žƌ ƌŝǀĞƌ ĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌƐ ĂƌĞ important ecological features of a landscape and ĚĞŵĂŶĚ ĂƩĞŶƟŽŶ͘ EƵŵĞƌŽƵƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŵĂŶͲŵĂĚĞ ĐŽƌridors in the landscape (roads, railroads, powerlines, ĐĂŶĂůƐ͕ ĞƚĐ͘͘͘Ϳ ĐĂŶ ǁŽƌŬ ĂƐ ďĂƌƌŝĞƌƐ Žƌ ĮůƚĞƌƐ ƚŽ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚǇ͘

Landscape connectivity ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ ĚĞĮŶĞĚ ĂƐ ƚŚĞ degree to which the landscape facilitates or impedes ŵŽǀĞŵĞŶƚ ĂŵŽŶŐ ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞ ƉĂƚĐŚĞƐ͘ /ƚ ŝƐ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚ Ă ŬĞǇ ŝƐƐƵĞ ĨŽƌ ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇ ĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĨŽƌ the maintenance of natural ecosystems stability and integrity. &Žƌ ƚŚĞ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƐǇƐƚĞŵ ŝƚ ŝƐ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ƚŽ ƌĞĐŽŐŶŝǌĞ ƚŚĞ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ƌĞůĂƟŽŶ they establish amongst them and with its immediate ƐƵƌƌŽƵŶĚŝŶŐ͘ &ŽƌŵĂŶ ;ϮϬϬϴͿ ĞǆƉůĂŝŶƐ ŚŽǁ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ͕ ĂƐ Ă ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝĂů ŵŽƐĂŝĐ͕ ŝƐ ĐƌĞĂƚĞĚ ďǇ ƉĂƚĐŚĞƐ͕ ĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌƐ͕ ŵĂƚƌŝǆ ĂŶĚ ĞĚŐĞƐ͘

Patches- &ƌĂŐŵĞŶƚƐ͕ ŝĚĞŶƟĮĂďůĞ ƉŝĞĐĞƐ ŽĨ Ă ŵŽƐĂŝĐ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŚĂǀĞ ƐŝŵŝůĂƌ ĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƐ ƚŚĂƚ ĚŝīĞƌ ĨƌŽŵ ŝƚƐ 46

ĐƵƌƐ ŝƐ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ǁŚĞŶ ŝĚĞŶƟĨǇŝŶŐ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ ƚŽ cope with new projects and designs. The model ŽĨ ƉĂƚĐŚͲĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌͲŵĂƚƌŝǆ ŝƐ ĂƉƉůŝĂďůĞ ƚŽ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƐĐĂůĞƐ͘ >ĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶ ŵƵƐƚ ďĞ ĂĚĚƌĞƐƐĞĚ ĂĐƌŽƐƐ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƐĐĂůĞƐ͘ The landscape ecology principles for the biodiǀĞƌƐŝƚǇ ƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ ĂŶĚ ŶĂƚƵƌĂů ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ ĂƌĞ ĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶƐ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ĂƉƉůŝĞĚ ƚŽ ƵƌďĂŶ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƵƌďĂŶ ĂƌĞĂƐ͕ ĂƌƟĮĐŝĂů ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŶĂƚƵƌĞ͘ dŚĞǇ ǁŝůů ďĞ ƵƐĞĚ ĂƐ ƚŽŽůƐ ĨŽƌ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ Ăƚ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƐĐĂůĞƐ͖ ĨƌŽŵ ĚĞĮŶŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶ ĨŽƌŵ ŽĨ ĞǆƉĂŶsion to the more detailed design of the interfaces between urban areas and open spaces.

Edges and boundaries- dŚĞ ŽƵƚĞƌ ƉŽƌƟŽŶ ŽĨ Ă ƉĂƚĐŚ ǁŚĞƌĞ ƚŚĞ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ ĚŝīĞƌƐ ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚůǇ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ŝŶƚĞƌŝŽƌ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƉĂƚĐŚ͘ tŚĞƚŚĞƌ Ă ďŽƵŶĚĂƌǇ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƵƌďĂŶ ĂŶĚ ŶĂƚƵƌĞ ŝƐ ĐƵƌǀŝůŝŶĞĂƌ Žƌ ƐƚƌĂŝŐŚƚ ŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ŚƵŵĂŶͲŵĂĚĞ and natural habitats. ZŝĐŚ ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐ ĞǆŝƐƚ ƚŽ ƵƐĞ ƚŚŝƐ ŬĞǇ ĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶ ǌŽŶĞ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƚǁŽ ƚǇƉĞƐ ŽĨ ŚĂďŝƚĂƚ ŝŶ designs.

EĞƚǁŽƌŬ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚǇ and circuitry

ĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůůǇ ͞ŽƉƟŵƵŵ͟ patch shape

Mosaic- dŚĞ ŽǀĞƌĂůů ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ ŽĨ ĂŶ ĞĐŽƐǇƐƚĞŵ ĂŶĚ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂů ŝŶƚĞŐƌŝƚǇ ŽĨ Ă ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ĐƌĞĂƚĞĚ ďǇ ƉĂƚĐŚes and corridors. Corridors interconnect with one another, forming networks, and enclose landscape elements. NetǁŽƌŬƐ ĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞ ƚŚĞ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶŝŶŐ ŽĨ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞƐ ĂŶĚ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ŵĂŶŝƉƵůĂƚĞĚ ƚŽ ĨĂĐŝůŝƚĂƚĞ Žƌ ŝŶŚŝďŝƚ ŇŽǁƐ ĂŶĚ ŵŽǀĞŵĞŶƚƐ ĂĐƌŽƐƐ Ă ůĂŶĚ ŵŽƐĂŝĐ͘

Scale- dŚĞ ƐƉĂƟĂů ƐĐĂůĞ Ăƚ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ ŽĐ-

^ƚƌĂŝŐŚƚ ĂŶĚ ĐƵƌǀŝůŝŶŝĂƌ boundaries

/ŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶ ǁŝƚŚ surroundings

Patches

Corridors

Boundaries - Interface The open spaces are understood as a system where ƚŚĞ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ ĂƌĞ ƉĂƌƚ ŽĨ Ă ǁŚŽůĞ͘ Ɛ Ă ƐǇƐƚĞŵ͕ ƚŚĞ ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ĐĂŶ ŚĂǀĞ Ă ďŝŐŐĞƌ ĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶĐĞ ĞŶŚĂŶĐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝĂů ƉĞƌŵĞĂďŝůŝƚǇ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚǇ͘ WĞƌŵĞĂďŝůŝƚǇ ĂƐ Ă ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚ ŝƐ ƵƐĞĚ ŝŶ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ĮĞůĚƐ͘ &ƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ĚŝƐĐŝƉůŝŶĞ ŽĨ ƐƉĂƟĂů ĂŶĚ ƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚ ƉůĂŶning, permeability ŝƐ ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚŽŽĚ ĂƐ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚǇ ĂŶĚ ĂĐĐĞƐƐŝďŝůŝƚǇ͕ ƚŚĞ ĞǆƚĞŶƚ ƚŽ ǁŚŝĐŚ ƚŚĞ ůĂǇŽƵƚ ŽĨ ƵƌďĂŶ ĨŽƌŵƐ ĞŶĂďůĞƐ ƉĞŽƉůĞ Žƌ ǀĞŚŝĐůĞƐ ƚŽ ŵŽǀĞ ŝŶ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ĚŝƌĞĐƟŽŶƐ͘ dŚĞ ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ƉĞĚĞƐƚƌŝĂŶ͕ bicycle paths and public transport in a city or a region encourages the permeability and accessibility ŽĨ ƉĞŽƉůĞ͘ dŚĞ ŵŽƐƚ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ĂƐƉĞĐƚ ŽĨ ƚŚŝƐ ƋƵĂůŝƚǇ is the capacity to allow freedom of choice and seůĞĐƟŽŶ ŽĨ ĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞ ĐŝƌĐƵůĂƟŽŶ ƌŽƵƚĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŵŽĚĞƐ͕ ĚĞĂůŝŶŐ ƚŽ ƐƉĂƟĂů ĚĞŵŽĐƌĂƟǌĂƟŽŶ͘

Landscape connectivity ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ ĚĞĮŶĞĚ ĂƐ ƚŚĞ

Connectivity - permeability

degree to which the landscape facilitates or impedes ŵŽǀĞŵĞŶƚ ĂŵŽŶŐ ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞ ƉĂƚĐŚĞƐ͘ /ƚ ŝƐ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚ Ă ŬĞǇ ŝƐƐƵĞ ĨŽƌ ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇ ĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĨŽƌ the maintenance of natural ecosystems stability and integrity. &Žƌ ƚŚĞ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƐǇƐƚĞŵ ŝƚ ŝƐ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ƚŽ ƌĞĐŽŐŶŝǌĞ ƚŚĞ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ƌĞůĂƟŽŶ they establish among them and with its immediate ƐƵƌƌŽƵŶĚŝŶŐ͘ &ŽƌŵĂŶ ;ϮϬϬϴͿ ĞǆƉůĂŝŶƐ ŚŽǁ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ͕ ĂƐ Ă ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝĂů ŵŽƐĂŝĐ͕ ŝƐ ĐƌĞĂƚĞĚ ďǇ ƉĂƚĐŚĞƐ͕ ĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌƐ͕ ŵĂƚƌŝǆ ĂŶĚ ĞĚŐĞƐ͘

Patches- &ƌĂŐŵĞŶƚƐ͕ ŝĚĞŶƟĮĂďůĞ ƉŝĞĐĞƐ ŽĨ Ă ŵŽƐĂŝĐ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŚĂǀĞ ƐŝŵŝůĂƌ ĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƐ ƚŚĂƚ ĚŝīĞƌ ĨƌŽŵ ŝƚƐ ƐƵƌƌŽƵŶĚŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ĐĂŶ ŚĂǀĞ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƐŚĂƉĞƐ͕ ƐŝǌĞƐ͙ ϰϳ

[8. El Vallès Plain _(dis)connected territories]

ϲϬ

El Vallès Plain_ (dis)connected territories ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ DĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶ ZĞŐŝŽŶ ŝƐ ƌĞůŽĐĂƟŶŐ ŝƚƐ ƉŽƐŝƟŽŶ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ǁŽƌůĚ ĞĐŽŶŽŵǇ͘ dŚĞ ŐůŽďĂů ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĂů ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐ ŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞ ƚŚĞ ǁĂǇ ƚŚĂƚ ĐŝƟĞƐ ĂƌĞ ĐŽŵƉĞƟŶŐ in a global sphere. Barcelona region is one of the ŵŽƐƚ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞ ƌĞŐŝŽŶƐ ŝŶ ^ƉĂŝŶ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ sĂůůğƐ ƉůĂŝŶ ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞƐ ŵŽƐƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂů ĂŶĚ ƚĞƌƟĂƌǇ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƌĞŐŝŽŶ͘ dŚĞ ŶĞǁ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ŽĨ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶƐƵŵƉƟŽŶ ĂƌĞ ƌƵůĞĚ ďǇ ƚŚĞ ůŽŐŝĐƐ of the global market as well as by the regional logics ŽĨ ĂĐĐĞƐƐŝďŝůŝƚǇ͕ ůĂŶĚ ĂǀĂŝůĂďŝůŝƚǇ ĂŶĚ ǀĂůƵĞ͘ dŚĞ sĂůůğƐ ƉůĂŝŶ ŝƐ ŽŶĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŵĂŝŶ ĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƌĞŐŝŽŶ ŽĨ ƚĞƌƟĂƌǇ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞ ĂůŽŶŐ ƚŚĞ WͲϳ ŶƵŵĞƌŽƵƐ ĐŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂů ŚƵďƐ͕ ďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐ ƉĂƌŬƐ and technological parks. dŚĞ ŶĞǁ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ŽĨ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ƚĞŶĚ ƚŽ ĐƌĞĂƚĞ ƐƉĞĐŝĂůŝǌĞĚ ĨƌŽŶƚƐ Žƌ ĐůƵƐƚĞƌƐ ĂůŽŶŐ ƚŚĞ ŵĂŝŶ ĂƌƚĞƌŝĞƐ͕ ĂƐ ǁĞ ŽďƐĞƌǀĞ ŝƚ ŚĂƉƉĞŶŝŶŐ ĂůŽŶŐ ƚŚĞ WͲϳͬ ͲϯϬ͘ ůƐŽ ĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚƐ ƐĞƌǀŝŶŐ Ăƚ Ă ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶ ƐĐĂůĞ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƟĞƐ͕ ŚŽƐƉŝƚĂůƐ͕ ďŝŐ ƐƉŽƌƚ ĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚƐ͕ ĨŽůůŽǁ ƐŝŵŝůĂƌ ŝƐŽůĂƚĞĚ ůŽĐĂƟŽŶ ƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĂƌĞ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƚed to the infrastructure. dŚĞ ƌŽĂĚ ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ ĂƐ ƚŚĞ ŵĂŝŶ ĂƌƚĞƌǇ ĂƌƟĐƵůĂƟŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚƐ͘ dŚĞ ĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĞĚ ĨŽƌŵ ŽĨ ƚŚĞƐĞ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƐ ŝƐ ŽŌĞŶ ƚŚĞ ƌĞƐƵůƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ǁĞĂŬ ƌĞŐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĂƌĞ ŶŽƚ ĂůǁĂǇƐ ƐƵŝƚĂďůĞ ƚŽ the local surrounding territory and the demands of ƉĞŽƉůĞ ůŝǀŝŶŐ Žƌ ǁŽƌŬŝŶŐ ƚŚĞƌĞ͘ dŚĞ ŶĞǁ ůŽĐĂůŝǌĂƟŽŶ ƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ ŽĨ ĐŽŶƐƵŵƉƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ŶĞĞĚ ƚŽ ƐĂƟƐĨǇ ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ ŽĨ ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ Ăƚ Ă ĚŽƵďůĞ ƐĐĂůĞ͖ ůŽĐĂů ĂŶĚ ƌĞŐŝŽŶĂů͘ dŚĞ ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶ ůŽŐŝĐƐ ŽĨ ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ ďĂƐĞĚ ŽŶ ĂĐĐĞƐƐŝďŝůŝƚǇ ĂŶĚ ǀŝƐŝďŝůŝƚǇ ƐŚŽƵůĚ ďĞ ĂůƐŽ ƐĞŶƐŝďůĞ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ůŽĐĂů ƐƵƌƌŽƵŶĚŝŶŐƐ ŝŶ ǁŚŝĐŚ ƚŚĞǇ ĂƌĞ ƐĞƩůĞĚ͘ dŚĞ ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶ ůŽŐŝĐƐ ŽĨ ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚǇ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĚĞĮŶĞĚ ĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌƐ ŶĞĞĚƐ ƚŽ ďĞ ƌĞƐƉĞĐƚ66

ĞĚ ĂŶĚ ƐŚŽƵůĚ ŐƵŝĚĞ ĨƵƚƵƌĞ ƵƌďĂŶ ĞǆƉĂŶƐŝŽŶƐ͘ ƚ Ă ůŽĐĂů ƐĐĂůĞ͕ ƚŚĞƐĞ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƐ ƐŚŽƵůĚ ƌĞƐƉŽŶĚ ƚŽ ƚŚĞŝƌ ƐƵƌƌŽƵŶĚŝŶŐƐ ďǇ ƐŽůǀŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶƐ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƚŚĞ ƉƵďůŝĐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŝǀĂƚĞ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ͕ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶƟnuity of the open space network and the interface between the urban and rural spaces. Baricentro_ shopping mall_isolated fragment

isolated fragment

^ĂůǀĂƚĞůĂͺďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐ ƉĂƌŬͺƐƉĞĐŝĂůŝǌĞĚ ĐůƵƐƚĞƌ ƐƉĞĐŝĂůŝǌĞĚ ĐůƵƐƚĞƌ

ƐƉĞĐŝĂůŝǌĞĚ ůŝŶĞĂƌ cluster /DͺŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂů ƉĂƌŬͺƐƉĞĐŝĂůŝǌĞĚ ůŝŶĞĂƌ ĐůƵƐƚĞƌ

El Vallès Plain_ (dis)connected territories Protection of agricultural landscapes? dŚĞ ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ƐƵƌĨĂĐĞ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ sĂůůğƐ ƉůĂŝŶ ŚĂƐ been reduced during the last decades. The acĐĞůĞƌĂƚĞĚ ƵƌďĂŶŝǌĂƟŽŶ ĐĂƵƐĞĚ ƚŚĞ ĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ůĂŶĚ ŝŶ ƐŵĂůů ĮĞůĚƐ͕ ĐĂƵƐŝŶŐ ĂŶ ƵŶĐĞƌƚĂŝŶ ƐŝƚƵĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĂů ǀŝĂďŝůŝƚǇ ŽĨ ƚŚŝƐ ĂĐƟǀŝƚǇ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĚĞĐƌĞĂƐĞ ŽĨ ŝŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚ ĨŽƌ ŝƚƐ ŵŽĚĞƌŶŝǌĂƟŽŶ͘ /ŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƌŽĂĚƐ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ƚŚĞ WͲϳ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ sĂůůğƐ ƉůĂŝŶ ŚĂǀĞ ďĞĞŶ ĐƵƫŶŐ ƌƵƌĂů ƉĂƚŚƐ ĂŶĚ ƐƚƌĞĂŵ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟŽŶƐ͘ ƚ ƚŚĞ ƐĂŵĞ ƟŵĞ͕ ƚŚĞ ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇ ŝƐ ƌĞĚƵĐŝŶŐ ƚŽǁĂƌĚƐ ŵŽŶŽͲĐƌŽƉ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ƉŽůŝĐŝĞƐ ĂƌĞ ŶŽƚ ƐƵĸĐŝĞŶƚůǇ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐ ƚŚĞ ǀŝĂďŝůŝƚǇ ŽĨ ŽƚŚĞƌ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞƐĞ ĂƌĞĂƐ͘ dŚĞ ƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ŝƐ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ĂƐ ŝƚ ĐĂŶ ƌĞƐƵůƚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƉƌĞƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ͕ ƚŚĞ ƉƌĞƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇ ĂŶĚ ƉĞƌŵĂŶĞŶĐĞ ŽĨ ĂƌĞĂƐ ŽĨ ĨŽŽĚ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ĐůŽƐĞ ƚŽ ƵƌďĂŶ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚƐ͘ The agricultural landscapes are also of ecological importance and are part of the open space sysƚĞŵ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝĂů ŵŽƐĂŝĐ͘ WƌŽƚĞĐƟŶŐ ŝƐ ŶĞĐĞƐsary for those ecologically important areas. The ƌĞŝŶǀĞŶƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞƐ ĐĂŶ ĐƌĞĂƚĞ ŶĞǁ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ͕ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĞƐ ĂŶĚ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶments related to a new constructed open space. Strict policies are necessary to protect speĐŝĮĐ ĂƌĞĂƐ ĂŶĚ ŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞ ŶĞǁ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ͘ ^ĞďĂƐƟĞŶ DĂƌŽƚ ŚĂƐ ǁƌŝƩĞŶ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐ ƌŽůĞ ĂŶĚ ƌĞǀŝǀĂů ŽĨ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ͕ ĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůǇ ŝŶ &ƌĂŶĐĞ͘

dŚĞ ĐŽƵŶƚƌǇ͛Ɛ ĚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůŝǌĂƟŽŶ ŚĂƐ ůĞĚ ƚŽ Ă ƉƌŽůŝĨĞƌĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ŶĞǁ ƉƵďůŝĐ ĐŽŵŵŝƐƐŝŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ƌĞŐŝŽŶƐ ŚĂǀĞ ďĞŐƵŶ ƚŽ ǀŝĞǁ ƚŚĞ ƋƵĂůŝƟĞƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞŝƌ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ĂƐ ŶŽƚ ŽŶůǇ ŵĂƌŬĞƚĂďůĞ ĞŶƟƟĞƐ͕ ďƵƚ ĂůƐŽ ƌĞƐĞƌǀĞƐ ŽĨ ƉƵďůŝĐ ƐƉĂĐĞ͘ ;^ŚĂŶŶŽŶ͕ < ϮϬϬϰͿ KŶĞ ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚ ĞǆĂŵƉůĞ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ WĂƌĐŽ ĂŐƌŝĐŽůŽ ^ƵĚ Milano which forms a half-circle around Milan. The WĂƌŬ ĂŝŵƐ Ăƚ ƐĂĨĞŐƵĂƌĚŝŶŐ ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ͕ ĐƵůƟǀĂƚĞĚ ĮĞůĚƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ǁŽŽĚůĂŶĚƐ͕ ƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŶŐ ŶĂƚƵƌĂů places, enhancing the historical and architectural ŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ͕ ƌĞĐŽǀĞƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ŝŶ ĚĞŐƌĂĚĞĚ ĂƌĞĂƐ ĂŶĚ ŝŶĨŽƌŵ ĂŶĚ ůĞĂĚ ǀŝƐŝƚŽƌƐ ƚŽ Ă ƌĞƐƉĞĐƞƵů ƵƐĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ͘ ŶŽƚŚĞƌ ůŽĐĂů ĞǆĂŵƉůĞ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ Ăŝǆ >ůŽďƌĞŐĂƚ ĂŐƌŝcultural park in Barcelona. The high pressure from ƵƌďĂŶ ĂŶĚ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂů ĞǆƉĂŶƐŝŽŶ ŝŶ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ ĚĞŵĂŶĚĞĚ ĂŶĚ ĞĸĐŝĞŶƚ ƐŽůƵƟŽŶ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ƉƌĞƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ͕ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ƚŚŝƐ ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ĂƌĞĂ͘ dŚĞ ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ƉĂƌŬ ůĂǇƐ ƚŚĞ ĨŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ĂŶ instrument for managing agricultural areas that are ƐƵďũĞĐƚĞĚ ƚŽ ŐƌĞĂƚ ƵƌďĂŶ ƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ͘ dŚĞ ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐ Ăŝŵ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ Ăŝǆ >ůŽďƌĞŐĂƚ ŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů WĂƌŬ ŝƐ ƚŽ ĐŽŶƐŽůŝĚĂƚĞ ĂŶĚ ŵĂŶĂŐĞ ϮϵϬϬ ŚĞĐƚĂƌĞƐ ŽĨ ŚŝŐŚ ƋƵĂůŝƚǇ ĨƌƵŝƚ ĂŶĚ ǀĞŐĞƚĂďůĞ ĐƌŽƉƐ ;ŽƉĞŶ Ăŝƌ ĂŶĚ ŐƌĞĞŶŚŽƵƐĞƐͿ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ >ůŽďƌĞŐĂƚ ĚĞůƚĂ ŶĞĂƌ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ ĂŶĚ ƚŽ ƉƌŽŵŽƚĞ ƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂů ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ŝŶ ƚŚŝƐ ĂƌĞĂ͘

ůƐ ͞'ĂůůĞĐƐ͟ ƉƌŽƚĞĐƚĞĚ ŐƌŽͲWĂƌŬ͘ DŽůůĞƚ ĚĞů sĂůůğƐ

>Ă ^ĂůƵƚ͘ ^ĂďĂĚĞůů

>ůŝŶĂƌƐ ĚĞů sĂůůğƐ ^ĂďĂĚĞůů

68 Polinya.

[9. Strategy_Connecting territories]

ĎłĎŹ

El Vallès plain _Connecting territories

Strategy 1- Connect_Open Space

Strategy 2- Connect_Urban systems

Stratgy 3- Connect_ Urban-Rural Interface

ϳϭ

Strategy 1- Connect_Open Space

Sequence of anchor patches along the AP-7 motorway. The project proposes a series of protected anchor ƉĂƌŬƐ ĂƌŽƵŶĚ ƚŚĞ WͲϳ ŵŽƚŽƌǁĂǇ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĞǆŝƐƟŶŐ ƌĂŝůǁĂǇ ůŝŶĞ ;WĂƉŝŽůͲDŽůůĞƚͿ ǁŚŝĐŚ ǁŝůů ƌĞƋƵĂůŝĨǇ ƚŚĞ ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ĮĞůĚƐ͕ ŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞ ŶĞǁ ůĞŝƐƵƌĞ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ͕ ƉƵďůŝĐ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ŶĞǁ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƐ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ŝŶƚĞƌĨĂĐĞƐ ƵƌďĂŶͲƌƵƌĂů͕ ƚŚĞƐĞ ǁŝůů ďƌŝŶŐ ŶĞǁ ƋƵĂůŝƟĞƐ to the in-between landscapes. dŚĞ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌǇ ĂŶĐŚŽƌ ƉĂƌŬƐ ĂƌĞ ƉƌŽƚĞĐƚĞĚ ƚŽ ĂǀŽŝĚ ƚŚĞ ŵŽƚŽƌǁĂǇ ďĞĐŽŵŵŝŶŐ Ă ĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐ ůŝŶĞĂƌ ďƵŝůƚ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͘ dŚĞ ƉĂƌŬƐ ǁŝůů ďĞ ƉĞƌĐĞŝǀĞĚ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ motorway as open rooms and with accessible gates leading to the open territorial landscape. dŚĞƐĞ ƉĂƌŬƐ ǁŝůů ƐĂƟƐĨǇ ƐŽĐŝĂů͕ ĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ĂŶĚ ƐĐĞŶĂƌǇ purposes ŽĨ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞ Ăƚ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƐĐĂůĞƐ͘ ZĞŐŝŽŶĂůůǇ͕ ƚŚĞǇ ĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚ ŶĞǁ ĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐ ĂƐƐƵƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚǇ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝĂů ŵŽƐĂŝĐ ĂĐƌŽƐƐ ƚŚĞ infrastructure. dŚĞǇ ĂƌĞ ƵƐĞĚ ƚŽ ĂǀŽŝĚ ƵŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƟĂƚĞĚ ƵƌďĂŶ ĐŽŶƟŶƵƵŵƐ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ůŽŶŐ ƌƵŶ ǁŽƵůĚ ŵĂŬĞ ŝŵƉŽƐƐŝďůĞ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟŽŶ ŽĨ ŶĂƚƵƌĂů ĂƌĞĂƐ with the network of open metropolitan spaces. hŶĚĞƌƉĂƐƐĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŽǀĞƌƉĂƐƐĞƐ ĞŶĐŽƵƌĂŐĞ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶƟŶƵŝƚǇ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƌƵƌĂů ƉĂƚŚƐ ĂŶĚ ƐƚƌĞĂŵƐ ĂůůŽǁŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƉĞƌŵĞĂďŝůŝƚǇ ŽĨ ŇŽǁƐ ;ĂŶŝŵĂůƐ͕ ƉĞĚĞƐƚƌŝĂŶ͕ ĐǇĐůŝƐƚƐ͘͘Ϳ

ϳϰ

across the territory. The infrastructure integrates new cycling paths and becomes a landscaped motorway linking the new park system. The secondary anchor parks are surrounded by urban areas. They can be connected by public transƉŽƌƚ ĂŶĚ ďŝĐǇĐůĞ ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬƐ ĐŽŶǀĞƌƟŶŐ ƚŚĞŵ ŝŶƚŽ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ƉĂƌŬƐ ĂůƐŽ ďǇ ŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐŝŶŐ ƉƵďůŝĐ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ working at both a local and a metropolitan scale. ŵŽŶŐƐƚ ƚŚĞ ŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ƉĂƚĐŚĞƐ ĂƌŽƵŶĚ ƚŚĞ ŵŽƚŽƌǁĂǇ ǁĞ ĮŶĚ ƚŚĞ ƌĞĐĞŶƚůǇ ƉƌŽƚĞĐƚĞĚ ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ĂƌĞĂ ŽĨ ͞ ůƐ 'ĂůůĞĐƐ͟ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚĞĚ ůďĂ Park in Cerdanyola. They are both integrated in the ƐǇƐƚĞŵ ŽĨ ƉĂƌŬƐ ǁŚŝĐŚ ďƌŝŶŐ ŶĞǁ ƋƵĂůŝƟĞƐ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ƐƵƌƌŽƵŶĚŝŶŐ ƵƌďĂŶ ĂƌĞĂƐ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶǀĞƌƚ ƚŚĞ ŵŽƚŽƌǁĂǇ into a parkway.

What creates open space fragmentation?

Anchor

Infrastructure

Urban settlements

Ecological Corridor

Anchor

1. Infrastructure 2. Urban settlements

Fragmented Ecological Corridor

Anchor

Strategy 1- Connect_Open Space

L- Metropolitan Agro-Parks

M- Intermunicipal Parks

Rubí Stream Park 120 ha

ϳϲ

Alba Park 140 ha

Pla de Reixac Park 840 ha

Metropolitan secondary anchor parks _patches

Els Gallecs 740 ha

Mogent River Parkk 610 ha

rk Bell-lloc Park 1210 ha

ĎłĎł

Strategy 3 - Connect Urban-Rural Interface The design of the interface is understood as the blurring of boundaries- urban and rural- which implies Ă ŐƌĞĂƚĞƌ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƌŝƚǇ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƚŚĞ ǀĂƌŝŽƵƐ ƉĂƌƚƐ ŽĨ Ă ŐŝǀĞŶ ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌǇ͘

ǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚ ĐŽƐƚ͕ ŽƌŐĂŶŝǌĂƟŽŶĂů ƐŝŵƉůŝĐŝƚǇ͕ ŚŝŐŚ ĂĚĂƉƚĂďŝůŝƚǇ ƚŽ Ă ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌ ƐŽĐŝĂů Žƌ ĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͕ ƐƉĂƌŝŶŐ ƵƐĞ ŽĨ ŶĂƚƵƌĂů ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŚŝŐŚ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů for employment.

The rural and agricultural landscapes in the meƚƌŽƉŽůŝƐ ŽīĞƌ ƚŚĞ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ƚŽ ƚƵƌŶ ƵƌďĂŶ ƉƌŽǆŝŵŝƚǇ ĨƌŽŵ ĚŝƐĂĚǀĂŶƚĂŐĞ ƚŽ ĂŶ ĂĚǀĂŶƚĂŐĞ͘ /ƚ ŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐ ŶĞǁ ůŝǀŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ǁŽƌŬŝŶŐ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚƐ ǁŚŝĐŚ ďĞŶĞĮƚ ĨƌŽŵ ďŽƚŚ ƵƌďĂŶ ƉƌŽǆŝŵŝƚǇ ĂŶĚ ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ĂŶĚ ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞƐ ŝŶ Ă ƐǇŵďŝŽƟĐ ƌĞůĂƟŽŶ ;ĨŽŽĚ͕ ǁŽŽĚƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͕ ůĞŝƐƵƌĞ ĂŶĚ ƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶͿ͘ Z Forman ;ϮϬϬϴͿ ĞǆƉůĂŝŶƐ ŚŽǁ ƉƌŽǆŝŵŝƚǇ ŝƐ ĂŶ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ǀĂůƵĞ͖ a market ŶĞĂƌďǇ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐ ĨƌĞƐŚ ǀĞŐĞƚĂďůĞƐ ĂŶĚ ĨƌƵŝƚƐ for local markets.

ŶƌŝĐ ĂƚůůĞ ĞǆƉůĂŝŶƐ ƚŚĂƚ Ă ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌ ĐĂƐĞ ŽĨ ƵƌďĂŶ agriculture are the allotments located in public land in periurban areas. Although they are considered as marginal in areas such as the Barcelona metroƉŽůŝƚĂŶ ƌĞŐŝŽŶ͕ ƚŚŝƐ ŝƐ ŽŶĞ ĂĐƟǀŝƚǇ ǁŚŝĐŚ͕ ŝĨ ĐĂƌĞĨƵůůǇ ƌĞŐƵůĂƚĞĚ ĂŶĚ ĞǀĞŶ ƐƵŝƚĂďůǇ ƉƌŽŵŽƚĞĚ͕ ĐĂŶ ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞ ƚŽ ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌŝŶŐ ƉĞƌŝͲƵƌďĂŶ ĂƌĞĂƐ͕ ŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŶŐ ŝŶŶŽǀĂƟǀĞ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƐĂƟƐĨǇŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ŶĞĞĚƐ ŽĨ ŵĂŶǇ people.

dŚĞ ƵƌďĂŶͲƌƵƌĂů ƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶ ŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐ ŶĞǁ ǁĂǇƐ ŽĨ producing food closer to and within an urban conƚĞǆƚ͘ dŚĞ ůŽĐĂů ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ŝƐ ĚƌŝǀĞŶ ďǇ Ă ƐĞƚ ŽĨ connected, self standing projects on the interface urban-rural which promote a sustainable use of local resources. TŚĞ ŐůŽďĂů ƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶ ŽĨ ĨŽŽĚ ŝƐ ďĞŝŶŐ ƐƵƉƉůĞŵĞŶƚĞĚ ďǇ ůŽĐĂů ĐƌŽƉƐ͕ ƚŚŝƐ ƉŚĞŶŽŵĞŶŽŶ ŝƐ ĞǀŝĚĞŶƚ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ĨĂƌŵĞƌ͛Ɛ ŵĂƌŬĞƚƐ ƚĂŬŝŶŐ ƉůĂĐĞ ŝŶ ŵĂŶǇ ĐŝƟĞƐ͘ ^ŝŵŝůĂƌůǇ ƚŽ ƌĂŶǌŝ͛Ɛ ƉƌŽƉŽƐĞĚ ĂĚĂƉƟǀĞ ƵƌďĂŶŝƐŵ͕ Ă key feature of this type of urbanism is its capacity to ďĞ ƌĞǀĞƌƐŝďůĞ͕ ĞǀŽůǀŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ƉƌŽǀŝƐŽƌǇ͘ dŚĞƐĞ ƋƵĂůŝƟĞƐ are necessary in response to the changing needs of a ƐŽĐŝĞƚǇ ŝŶ Ă ƐƚĂƚĞ ŽĨ ĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ ƌĞŽƌŐĂŶŝǌĂƟŽŶ͘ hƌďĂŶ ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͕ ŚŽƌƟĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͕ ŽƌĐŚĂƌĚƐ͕ ƉůĂǇŐƌŽƵŶĚƐ ĂŶĚ ŽƚŚĞƌ ŇĞǆŝďůĞ ĂĐƟǀŝƚĞƐ ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞ ůŽǁ ŝŶ84

WƌŝǀĂƚĞ ĂůůŽƚŵĞŶƚƐ ĂƌĞ ĐŽŵƉĂƟďůĞ ǁŝƚŚ ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂů open spaces or incorporated into new metropolitan ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ͘ DĂŶǇ ƵƌŽƉĞĂŶ ĐŝƟĞƐ ĂƌĞ ŐŽŝŶŐ ďĂĐŬ to the policy of including allotments in public parks, ƚŚƵƐ ƌĞĐůĂŝŵŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶ ďĞŐƵŶ ŝŶ 'ĞƌŵĂŶǇ Ăƚ ƚŚĞ ĞŶĚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ϭϵƚŚ ĐĞŶƚƵƌǇ͘ Diferent prototype interfaces will be tested with deƐŝŐŶ ƌĞŇĞĐƟŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĂĐƚƵĂů ĞĚŐĞ ĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ ;ĐŽŵƉĂĐƚ ƵƌďĂŶ͕ ůŽǁ ĚĞŶƐŝƚǇ ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƟĂů͕ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ͕ ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͕ ĨŽƌĞƐƚ͘͘͘Ϳ͘

/ůůĞŐĂů ĂůůŽƚŵĞŶƚƐ͕ ZŝƉŽůůĞƚ

[10. Test_Anchor park design]

Pla de Reixac Agro-park

ǌŽŽŵĞĚ ŝŶ ƚŽ ŽŶĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŶĐŚŽƌ WĂƚĐŚĞƐ ǁŝůů ĂůŽǁ ƚŽ ƚĞƐƚ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĂƌĞ ƚŚĞ ƐƉĂƟĂů ƋƵĂůŝƟĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ ĐĂŶ ŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞ ƚŽ Ă ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐ ƉůĂĐĞ͘ /Ŷ ƚŚŝƐ ĐĂƐĞ ƚŚĞ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ ŐŝǀĞƐ ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌǇ ĂŶĐŚŽƌ ƉĂƌŬ ŽĐĐƵƉǇŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ WůĂŶƐ ĚĞ ZĞŝǆĂĐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ƐƵƌƌŽƵŶĚŝŶŐ ^ĂŶƚĂ WĞƌƉğƚƵĂ ĚĞ ůĂ DŽŐŽĚĂ͘ dŚĞ ƐƉĂƟĂů ƋƵĂůŝƟĞƐ͕ ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉĂůƐ ĂŶĚ ŝŶƚĞƌĨĂĐĞ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ ƐŚŽǁŶ ŝŶ ƚŚŝƐ ĐŚĂƉƚĞƌ ĂƌĞ ĂŶ ĞǆĂŵƉůĞ ŽĨ ĂŶ ŝŶƚĞƌǀĞŶƟŽŶ ƚŚĂƚ ĐŽƵůĚ ďĞ ĚŽŶĞ ŝŶ Ă ƐŝŵŝůĂƌ ǁĂǇ ŝŶ ŽƚŚĞƌ ŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚ ĂŶĐŚŽƌ ƉĂƌŬƐ͘

dŚĞ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐǇ ŽĨ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌǇ ĂŶĐŚŽƌ ƉĂƌŬƐ ĐŽŶǀĞƌƚƐ ƚŚĞ patch into a protected space for its ecological interĞƐƚ͕ ŝƚƐ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ĨŽƌ ĨŽŽĚ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ƚŽ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶ ĂƐ ŶĞǁ ƐƉĂĐĞ ĨŽƌ ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶ ůĞŝƐƵƌĞ ĂŶĚ ƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ transforming the abandoned plots used for military ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ͘ The open space is ecologically not only important at the local or intermunicipal scale. As shown before, the patch is also part of the territorial ecological corƌŝĚŽƌ͕ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ŇƵǀŝĂů ĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌƐ ŽĨ ZŝƉŽůů ƌŝǀĞƌ ĂŶĚ ĂůĚĞƐ ƐƚƌĞĂŵ ĂƌĞ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟŶŐ ƚŚĞ ůŝƚŽƌĂů mountains with Collserola and Serralada Marina.

dŚĞ ZĞŝǆĂĐ ƉůĂŝŶ ŝƐ ŽŶĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ďŝŐ ƌĞŵĂŝŶŝŶŐ ƌƵƌĂů ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ŝŶ ƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ sĂůůğƐ ƉůĂŝŶ ƐƵďŵŝƩĞĚ ƚŽ ƐƉĞĐƵůĂƟǀĞ ƵƌďĂŶŝǌŝŶŐ ƚƌĞŶĚƐ͘ /ƚ ƉƌĞƐĞƌǀĞƐ ĂŶ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ĂŶĚ ŶĂƚƵƌĂů ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ͘ /ƚ ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶƐ ĂŶ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ŵŽƐĂŝĐ ĐƌĞĂƚĞĚ ďǇ ďŝŐ ĞǆƚĞŶsions of meadows, dry-farmed crops and agriculture ĮĞůĚƐ͕ ƌŝǀĞƌƐŝĚĞ ůŝŶĞĂů ǀĞŐĞƚĂƟŽŶ͕ ƉŝŶĞ ĨŽƌĞƐƚƐ ĂŶĚ streams. /ƚ ŝƐ ƐƵƌƌŽƵŶĚĞĚ ďǇ ƐĞǀĞƌĂů ŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůŝƟĞƐ͕ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ZŝƉŽůůĞƚ͕ >Ă >ůĂŐŽƐƚĂ͕ Ğů DĂƐƌĂŵƉŝŶǇŽ͕ ZĞŝǆĂĐ͕ ^ĂŶƚĂ WĞƌƉğƚƵĂ͘͘͘ /ƚƐ ƐƵƌƌŽƵŶĚŝŶŐƐ ĐŽŶƐŝƐƚ ŽĨ ƵƌďĂŶ ĂƌĞĂƐ ŽĨ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ŶĂƚƵƌĞƐ ;ĐŽŵƉĂĐƚ ƵƌďĂŶ͕ ůŽǁ ĚĞŶƐŝƚǇ ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƟĂů͘͘͘Ϳ ĂŶĚ ĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚƐ ŽĨ ƐƉĞĐŝĂůŝǌĞĚ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ĂƌĞĂƐ͘

ϴϳ

Design tools

dŚĞ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ĞĐŽůŽŐǇ ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐ ĚĞĮŶĞĚ ďǇ Z͘d͘d &ŽƌŵĂŶ ;ϭϵϵϲͿ ĂƌĞ ĂĚĂƉƚĞĚ ĂŶĚ ĂƉƉůŝĞĚ ƚŽ ƵƌďĂŶ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚƐ ƚŽ ĚĞĮŶĞ ƚŚĞ ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉĞůƐ ŽĨ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚǇ ĂŶĚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŝŶƚĞƌĨĂĐĞ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ͘

1. Green connectors

2. Interface (Urban-Rural)

The green connectors are linear open spaces which ŐƵĂƌĂŶƚĞĞ ƚŚĞ ůŝŶŬ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ŽƉĞŶ ƉĂƚĐŚĞƐ ĂƐƐƵƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƉƵďůŝĐ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚǇ ĂŶĚ ƉĞƌŵĞĂďŝůŝƚǇ amongst the accessible open spaces. The green connectors create a network of green ůŝŶŬƐ͕ ƉĂƌŬǁĂǇƐ ĂŶĚ ƌŝǀĞƌͬƐƚƌĞĂŵ ĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌƐ ĂƌƟĐƵůĂƚŝŶŐ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƉƵďůŝĐ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ͘ The green connectors use the remaining un-built ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ĂŶĚ ĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚ ŶĞǁ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟŽŶƐ ďĞtween open spaces fragmented by infrastructures ;ƚŚŽƌŽƵŐŚ ŶĞǁ ƵŶĚĞƌƉĂƐƐĞƐ Žƌ ŽǀĞƌƉĂƐƐĞƐͿ ĂƐ ǁĞůů ĂƐ ĚĞƵƌďĂŶŝǌŝŶŐ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ĞǆŝƐƟŶŐ ďƵŝůƚ ŽďƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶƐ͘

dŚĞ ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŝŶƚĞƌĨĂĐĞ ƚĂŬĞƐ ƚŚĞ ĨŽƌŵ ŽĨ Ă permeable boundary which protects the open space ƉĂƚĐŚ ĨƌŽŵ ĨƵƚƵƌĞ ƵƌďĂŶ ŽĐĐƵƉĂƟŽŶƐ͘ dŚĞ ŝŶƚĞƌĨĂĐĞ ŝƐ ĚĞƐŝŐŶĞĚ ĂƐ Ă ĐŽŵƉĂĐƚͲŵŝǆĞĚ ĚĞǀĞůopment which introduces new models of accessible ŚŽƵƐŝŶŐ ;ŚŽƵƐŝŶŐ ĐŽŽƉĞƌĂƟǀĞƐͿ͕ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ůŝŶŬĞĚ ƚŽ ĨŽŽĚ ŵĂŶƵĨĂĐƚƵƌŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ƉƵďůŝĐ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ ;ƐƉŽƌƚ͕ ĐƵůƚƵƌĂů͕ ůĞŝƐƵƌĞ͙Ϳ The new threshold area between city and countryside becomes a hybrid territory. The urban agriculƚƵƌĞ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ƚĞŵƉŽƌĂƌǇ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ĂůůŽǁ ĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ ŽĨ ŇĞǆŝďŝůŝƚǇ͕ ĂůůŽǁŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƵƐĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƐƉĂĐĞ ĨĂĐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ uncertain speed of the process of ƵƌďĂŶŝǌĂƟŽŶ͘ Interface design_principals

Green connectors design_principals s

s XL

XL s L M XL

ϵϮ

ϭ͘ EĞƚǁŽƌŬ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚǇ Ϯ͘ >ŽŽƉƐ ĂŶĚ ĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞƐ and circuitry. The open space funcThe big patches are con- ƟŽŶƐ ĂƐ Ă ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬ ǁŝƚŚ nected to local public ŵƵůƟƉůĞ ĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞ linkspace system and be- ages. Green connectors come part of it. integrate bicycle, pedesƚƌŝĂŶ ƌŽƵƚĞƐ ĂŶĚ ĂƌƟĐƵůĂƚĞ ƉƵďůŝĐ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ŶĞǁ ĐĞŶƚƌĂůŝƟĞƐ͘

1. Gradient from urban to rural-natural. >ĞƐƐ ĞĚŐĞ ĂďƌƵƉƚŶĞƐƐ ĨĂǀŽƌƐ ŵŽǀĞŵĞŶƚ ĂĐƌŽƐƐ the edge. ,ǇďƌŝĚŝƚǇ͕ ĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇ ŽĨ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ͕ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ĂŶĚ inhabitants.

2. Gradient from urban ŐƌŝĚ ƚŽ ĐƵƌǀŝůŝŶĞĂƌ ƌƵƌĂů structures.

3. Mobility The open patch, the interface and the green connecƚŽƌƐ ŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞ ŶĞǁ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ͘ ƐĞƚ ŽĨ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĞŶĐŽƵƌĂŐĞ ƵƌďĂŶͲƌƵƌĂů ŝŶƚĞƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶ͘ 1. Urban agriculture Ϯ͘ KƌĐŚĂƌĚƐͬ,ŽƌƟĐƵůƚƵƌĞ ϯ͘ >ŽĐĂů ŝŶƚĞŶƐŝǀĞ ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŽƉĞƌĂƟǀĞ ĨŽŽĚ markets ϰ͘ ^ƉŽƌƚ ĨĂĐŝůŝƟĞƐ ϱ͘ ƵůƚƵƌĂů ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ŝƟŶĞƌĂƌŝĞƐ ϲ͘ >ĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ ϳ͘ >ĞŝƐƵƌĞ ;ďĂƌƐ͕ ƌĞƐƚĂƵƌĂŶƚƐ͕ ĐĂŵƉŝŶŐ͙Ϳ

Pedestrian and bycicle mobility The pedestrian and cycling paths network introduce sustainable mobiliy systems and are used as a tool to ĐŽŶŶĞĐƚ ƚŚĞ ƉƵďůŝĐ ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ĂŶĚ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ͘ They also make possible the intra-municpal trips by bycicle. Public Transport as a driver for development The new light rail lines will be used as the catalyst ĨŽƌ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ƚŽ ĚĞŶƐŝĨǇ ĂŶĚ ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵ ĞǆŝƐƟŶŐ ůŽǁ ĚĞŶƐŝƚǇ ƵƌďĂŶ ĂƌĞĂƐ ĂŶĚ ĚĞŶƐŝĨǇͬĞǆƉĂŶĚ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ edges with the open space. dŚĞǇ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞ ĂĐĐĞƐƐŝďŝůŝƚǇ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ŵĂŝŶ ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶ parks at the regional scale.

hƌďĂŶ ĞǆƉĂŶƐŝŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĚĞŶƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ĞĚŐĞͬŝŶƚĞƌface

3. Gradient from small public open spaces to bigger public patches. Gradient from local to intermunicipal and reŐŝŽŶĂů ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ƌĞůĂƚĞĚ ƚŽ ƉƵďůŝĐ ƐƉĂĐĞ ƐŝǌĞ͘

ϰ͘ DĂǆŝŵŝǌĞ ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶ between the limits of the built-open space. dŚĞ ŵŽƌĞ ĐŽŶǀŽůƵƚĞĚ ƚŚĞ shape of a patch the more ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ƐƵƌrounding. This principal is applied to all scales (plot, ďůŽĐŬ͕ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ͕ ĨĂĕĂĚĞ͘͘͘Ϳ The edge encourages the links with the landscape.

ϭ͘ ŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƉƵďůŝĐ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ĂůŽŶŐ ƚŚĞ ŝŶterface

/ŶƚĞŶƐŝĨǇ ĞǆŝƐƟŶŐ urban areas.

/ŶƚĞŶƐŝĨǇ ƐƉĞĐŝĂůŝǌĞĚ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞ clusters. ϵϯ

118

ϭϭϵ

[11. Conclusions] The Barcelona Metropolitan Region is going in a diƌĞĐƟŽŶ ŽĨ Ă ĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞ ƵƌďĂŶŝǌĂƟŽŶ͘ dŚĞ ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝǌĂƟŽŶ ĚǇŶĂŵŝĐƐ ĂƌĞ ƐƉƌĞĂĚŝŶŐ ƵƌďĂŶ ĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚƐ͕ ƌĞĚƵĐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĚŝƐƟŶĐƟŽŶ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ĐŝƚǇ ĂŶĚ ĐŽƵŶƚƌǇƐŝĚĞ ŝŶ Ă ĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐ ƵƌďĂŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞĚ ďǇ ƵƌďĂŶ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐ ŽǀĞƌ ƚŚĞ ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌǇ͘ dŚĞ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ ƉĂǇƐ ƐƉĞĐŝĂů ĂƩĞŶƟŽŶ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ůŽĐĂů ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƌĞŐŝŽŶ ŝŶ Ă ŐůŽďĂů ĐŽŶƚĞǆƚ ǁŚĞƌĞ ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ ĂƌĞ ďĞĐŽŵŝŶŐ ƐĐĂƌĐĞ ĂŶĚ ǀĂůƵĂďůĞ͘ >ŽĐĂů ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůŝƟĞƐ ĂƌĞ ƵƐĞĚ ĂƐ Ă ƚŽŽů ƚŽ ƉƌĞƐĞƌǀĞ ĂŶĚ ƉƌŽŵŽƚĞ ĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇ ŽĨ ƵƌďĂŶ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞƐ͖ ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞƐ͕ ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂů ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶƐ͕ ĨŽƌĞƐƚƐ͕ ƌŝǀĞƌƐ ĂƌĞ ƐĞĞŶ ĂƐ ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐ ƚŽ ĐƌĞĂƚĞ ĂŶ ĂƩƌĂĐƟǀĞ ĂŶĚ ĚŝǀĞƌƐĞ ŽīĞƌ ŽĨ ƵƌďĂŶ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚƐ͘ dŚĞ ŵĂŝŶ ĂƩĞŶƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ ŝƐ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ŽƉĞŶ space as a system. The open space is not an empty ůĂŶĚ ǁĂŝƟŶŐ ĨŽƌ ƵƌďĂŶŝǌĂƟŽŶ͕ Žƌ ŶĞŝƚŚĞƌ ŽŶůǇ Ă ƉƌŽtected land to stop it. The open space is the element ƐƵƌƌŽƵŶĚŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ŝŶĮůƚƌĂƟŶŐ ƵƌďĂŶŝǌĂƟŽŶ͕ ƉƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ͕ ƉƵďůŝĐ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ͕ ƉĞĚĞƐƚƌŝĂŶ ĂŶĚ ďŝĐǇĐůĞ ŵŽďŝůŝƚǇ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ƚŽŽů ƚŽ ĂƌƟĐƵůĂƚĞ ƚŚĞ ĞǆŝƐƟŶŐ ƵƌďĂŶ ďŽƌĚĞƌƐ ƚŽǁĂƌĚƐ ŶĞǁ ƐǇŶĞƌŐĞƟĐ ŝŶƚĞƌĨĂĐĞƐ͘ dŚĞ ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƌĞŐŝŽŶ ĂƌĞ ƐǇƐƚĞŵĂƟǌĞĚ ŝŶ ŽƌĚĞƌ ƚŽ ŐƵŝĚĞ ƚŚĞ ĨƵƚƵƌĞ ŐƌŽǁƚŚ ĂŶĚ ŽǀĞƌĐŽŵĞ ƚŚĞ ƵŶĚĞƐŝƌĂďůĞ ĞǆƉĂŶƐŝŽŶƐ͘ ƐĞƚ ŽĨ ĚŝǀĞƌƐĞ ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ĨƌŽŵ ŶĂƚƵƌĂů ƋƵŝĞƚ ĨŽƌĞƐƚƐ͕ ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞƐ ƚŽ ŵŽƌĞ ĂĐĐĞƐƐŝďůĞ ƉƵďůŝĐ ƉĂƌŬƐ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞ ƚŚĞ ǁŚŽůĞ region with public programs, and become new cenƚƌĂůŝƟĞƐ ǁŚŝĐŚ ƐĂƟƐĨǇ ƚŚĞ ĨƵƚƵƌĞ ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ polycentric region. dŚĞ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƐ Ă ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ Ă ƉƌŽƉŽƐĂů ƚŽ change the legacy of the local municipal planning culture. The most common form of urban planning ϭϮϬ

ŝƐ ďĂƐĞĚ ŽŶ ǌŽŶŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ůĂŶĚ ƵƐĞ ƉůĂŶƐ ǁŚŝĐŚ ƚĞŶĚ ƚŽ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉ ƌĞůĂƟǀĞůǇ ƐŵĂůů ƐĞĐƚŽƌƐ ŽĨ ůĂŶĚ ĂŶĚ ƚĂĐŬůŝŶŐ ƉƌŽďůĞŵƐ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĂƌĞ ŽŶůǇ ůŝŶŬĞĚ ƚŽ ƚŚĂƚ ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐ ƐƉŽƚ͘ dŚĞ ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ŶŽǁ ŚĂǀĞ Ă ŶĞǁ ŵĂŝŶ ƌŽůĞ͕ ĚĞĮŶŝŶŐ ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĂůůŽǁ ƚŚĞ ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƵƌďĂŶ ĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ ĂŶĚ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ͘ Planning instruments need to bring together the ďĞŶĞĮƚƐ ŽĨ ďŽƚŚ ďŽƩŽŵͲƵƉ ĂŶĚ ƚŽƉͲĚŽǁŶ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĞƐ ŝŶ ǁŚŝĐŚ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƵĂůŝǌĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶ ŽĨ the open spaces becomes a metropolitan and intramunicipal project. The actual municipal borders ŶĞĞĚ ƚŽ ďĞ ĐŽŶƚƌĂƐƚĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ŶĂƚƵƌĂů ĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌǇ͘ EĂƚƵƌĂů ĨĞĂƚƵƌĞƐ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ƌŝǀĞƌƐ Žƌ ĨŽƌĞƐƚƐ ĐĂŶŶŽƚ ďĞ Ă ĚŝǀŝĚĞƌ͕ ďƵƚ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƚŽƌƐ ƚŚĂƚ ĂƌĞ managed at a bigger scale. The stability of the terriƚŽƌǇ ĂŶĚ ŝƚƐ ĞĐŽůŽŐǇ ŐŽ ďĞǇŽŶĚ ƚŚĞ ƐŽůƵƟŽŶ Žƌ ƚŚĞ design of a single disconnected spot. Understanding ƚŚĞ ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ĂƐ Ă ƐǇƐƚĞŵ ŶĞĞĚƐ ĂŶĚ ĞīŽƌƚ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ŐŽǀĞƌŶĂŶĐĞ ƐŝĚĞ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶ ĂŵŽŶŐƐƚ ƚŚĞ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůŝƟĞƐ ŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚ͘ dŚĞ ŝŶͲďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞƐ ŽĨ ĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ ĂƐ ƌĞƐƵůƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŝǀĂƟǌĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ŶĂƚƵƌĂů ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ ƵŶĚĞƌ ƚŚĞ ƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ŽĨ ŵĂƌŬĞƚ ĨŽƌĐĞƐ ĐĂŶ ƐŚŝŌ ƚŽǁĂƌĚƐ Ă ŶĞǁ ƉĂƌĂĚŝŐŵ͘ dŚĞ ĚĞƐŝƌĞ ŽĨ ůŝǀŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ǁŽƌŬŝŶŐ ŝŶ ƌĞůĂƟŽŶ ǁŝƚŚ ŶĂƚƵƌĞ ŶĞĞĚƐ Ă ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ ƚŽ ƵƌďĂŶ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĞŶĐŽƵƌĂŐĞƐ ĚĞŶƐĞƌ͕ ŵŽƌĞ ĐŽŵƉĂĐƚ ĂŶĚ ŵŝǆĞĚ ƵƌďĂŶ ĂƌĞĂƐ ĂŶĚ ĐƌĞĂƚĞƐ ŶĞǁ types of public spaces linked to urban areas which ďĞŶĞĮƚ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐ ŽīĞƌĞĚ ďǇ ƚŚĞ ĞǆŝƐƚing territory.

A new approach is possible where new urbanization will no longer colonise nature but be in partnership with it.

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[12. References] ϭ͘

WůĂ ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝĂů ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚă ĚĞ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ͘ ϮϬϬϵ͗ ŽŵŝƐƐŝſ Ě͛KƌĚĞŶĂĐŝſ dĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝĂů DĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶĂ ĚĞ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ͘

Ϯ͘

ĂƚůůĞ͕ ͕͘ >Ă ƌĞŶŽǀĂĐŝſ ĚĞů ƉĂŝƐĂƚŐŝƐŵĞ ĞŶ ĞůƐ ŶŽƵƐ ƉĂƌĐƐ ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶƐ͘ sŽů͘ WĂƉĞƌƐ ϰϳ͕ /ŶƐƟƚƵƚ Ě͛ ƐƚƵĚŝƐ ZĞŐŝŽŶĂůƐ ŝ DĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶƐ ĚĞ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ͕ ϮϬϬϴ͘

ϯ͘

ŽĞƌŝ͕ ^͕͘ &ŝǀĞ ŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ŽŶƚĞŵƉŽƌĂƌǇ ŝƚǇ͘ /Ŷ ͞ ĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů hƌďĂŶŝƐŵ͟ ĞĚ͘ ďǇ DŽŚƐĞŶ DŽƐƚĂĨĂǀŝ ĂŶĚ 'ĂƌĞƚŚ ŽŚĞƌƚǇ͘ ϮϬϭϬ͕ DĂƐƐĂĐŚƵƐ ƐĞƚƐ͗ >ĂƌƐ DƵůůĞƌ WƵďůŝƐŚĞƌƐ͘ ,ĂƌǀĂƌĚ hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇ 'ƌĂĚƵĂƚĞ ^ĐŚŽŽů ŽĨ ĞƐŝŐŶ͕

ϰ͘ ƌĂŶǌŝ͕ ͕͘ &Žƌ Ă WŽƐƚͲ ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůŝƐŵ͗ ƐĞǀĞŶ ƐƵŐŐĞƐƟŽŶƐ ĨŽƌ Ă EĞǁ ƚŚĞŶƐ ŚĂƌƚĞƌ͘ /Ŷ ͞ ĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů hƌďĂŶŝƐŵ͟ ĞĚ͘ ďǇ DŽŚƐĞŶ DŽƐƚĂĨĂǀŝ ĂŶĚ 'ĂƌĞƚŚ ŽŚĞƌƚǇ͘ ϮϬϭϬ͕ DĂƐƐĂĐŚƵƐƐĞƚƐ͗ >ĂƌƐ DƵůůĞƌ WƵďůŝƐŚĞƌƐ͘ ,ĂƌǀĂƌĚ hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇ 'ƌĂĚƵĂƚĞ ^ĐŚŽŽů ŽĨ ĞƐŝŐŶ͕ ϱ͘

ƌƵĞŐŵĂŶŶ͕ Z͕͘ ^ƉƌĂǁů ͗ Ă ĐŽŵƉĂĐƚ ŚŝƐƚŽƌǇ͘ ϮϬϬϱ ͘ ŚŝĐĂŐŽ͗ hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇ ŽĨ ŚŝĐĂŐŽ WƌĞƐƐ͘

ϲ͘

ŽƌŶĞƌ͕ :͕͘ ZĞĐŽǀĞƌŝŶŐ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ĞƐƐĂǇƐ ŝŶ ĐŽŶƚĞŵƉŽƌĂƌǇ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ͘ ϭϵϵϵ͕ EĞǁ zŽƌŬ͗ WƌŝŶĐĞƚŽŶ ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů WƌĞƐƐ͘

ϳ͘

&ŽŶƚ͕ ͘ ĂŶĚ Ğ͘ ĂůͿ͕ dƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂĐŝŽŶ ƵƌďĂŶŝƚǌĂĚŽƌĞƐ ϭϵϳϳͲϮϬϬϬ͘ ƌĞĂ ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶĂ ŝ ƌĞŐŝſ ƵƌďĂŶĂ ĚĞ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ͘ hKd ăƚĞĚƌĂ Ě͛hƌďĂŶşƐŝƟĐĂ ĚĞ ů͛ ƐĐŽůĂ dğĐŶŝĐĂ ^ƵƉĞƌŝŽƌ Ě͛ ƌƋƵŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂ ĚĞů sĂůůğƐ͘ hW ͘ ϮϬϬϱ͕ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ͗ ƌĞĂ DĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶĂ ĚĞ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ͘

ϴ͘

&ŽŶƚ͕ ͕͘ &͘ /ŶĚŽǀŝŶĂ͕ ĂŶĚ E͘ WŽƌƚĂƐ͕ >Ă ĞǆƉůŽƐŝſŶ ĚĞ ůĂ ĐŝƵĚĂĚ͗ ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂĐŝŽŶĞƐ ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝĂůĞƐ ƌĞĐŝĞŶƚĞƐ ĞŶ ůĂƐ ƌĞŐŝŽŶĞƐ ƵƌďĂŶĂƐ ĚĞ ůĂ ƵƌŽƉĂ DĞƌŝĚŝŽŶĂů͘ ϮϬϬϲ͕ DĂĚƌŝĚ͗ DŝŶŝƐƚĞƌŝŽ ĚĞ ůĂ sŝǀŝĞŶĚĂ͘

ϵ͘

&ŽŶƚ͕ ͕͘ ͘ >ůŽƉ͕ ĂŶĚ :͘D͘ sŝůĂŶŽǀĂ͕͘ >Ă ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐĐŝſ ĚĞů ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝ ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚă͘ ϭϵϵϵ͗ ƌĞĂ DĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶĂ ĚĞ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ͘

ϭϬ͘

&ŽŶƚ͕ ͘ ĂŶĚ >͘s͘ WĞƌŝ͕ EƵĞǀĂƐ ŐĞŽŐƌĂİĂƐ ĚĞ ůĂ ƉƌŽĚƵĐĐŝſŶ Ǉ Ğů ĐŽŶƐƵŵŽ ĞŶ ůĂ ƌĞŐŝſŶ ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶĂ ĚĞ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ͘ ͘ ^ĐƌŝƉƚĂ EŽǀĂ ϮϬϬϴ͕ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ͗ d^ s͕ UPC.

ϭϭ͘

&ŽŶƚ͕͘ ͕͘ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ͗ ŶĂƚŽŵŝĂ Ě͛ƵŶĂ DĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƐ ŝƐĐŽŶƟŶƵĂ͘ sŽů͘ Ϯϲ͘ ϭϵϵϳ͗ WĂƉĞƌƐ͕ ZĞŐŝŽ DĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶĂ ĚĞ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ͘ ϵͲϭϵ͘

ϭϮ͘

&ŽƌŵĂŶ͕ Z͘ ĂŶĚ :͘ KůƐŽŶ͕ >ĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ĞĐŽůŽŐǇ ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐ ŝŶ >ĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞĞ͘ ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ ĂŶĚ >ĂŶĚͲƵƐĞ WůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͘ ϭϵϵϲ͕ tĂƐŚŝŶŐƚŽŶ͗ ,ĂƌǀĂƌĚ hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇ 'ƌĂĚƵĂƚĞ ^ĐŚŽŽů ŽĨ ĞƐŝŐŶ͘ /ƐůĂŶĚ ƉƌĞƐƐ ĂŶ ƚŚĞ ĂŵĞƌŝĐĂŵ ƐŽĐŝĞƚǇ ŽĨ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐ͘

ϭϯ͘

&ŽƌŵĂŶ͕ Z͘d͘d͕͘ DŽƐĂŝĐŽ ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝĂů ƉĂƌĂ ůĂ ƌĞŐŝſŶ ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶĂ ĚĞ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ͘ ϮϬϬϰ͕ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ͗ ĚŝƚŽƌŝĂů 'ƵƐƚĂǀŽ 'ŝůŝ͘ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ ZĞŐŝŽŶĂů͘

ϭϰ͘

&ŽƌŵĂŶ͕ Z͘d͘d͕͘ hƌďĂŶ ZĞŐŝŽŶƐ͘ ĐŽůŽŐǇ ĂŶĚ WůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĞǇŽŶĚ ƚŚĞ ŝƚǇ͘ ϮϬϬϴ͗ ĂŵďƌŝĚŐĞ hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇ WƌĞƐƐ͘

ϭϱ͘

/ŶĚŽǀŝŶĂ;Ăů͘Ϳ͕ &͕͘ >Ă ĐŝƵĚĂĚ ĚĞ ďĂũĂ ĚĞŶƐŝĚĂĚ͘ >ſŐŝĐĂƐ͕ ŐĞƐƟſŶ Ǉ ĐŽŶƚĞŶĐŝſŶ͘ ŝƉƵƚĂĐŝŽ ĚĞ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ͕ ĞĚ͘ ŽůĞĐĐŝſŶͺ ƐƚƵĚŝŽƐ͘ ϮϬϬϳ͘

ϭϲ͘ 122

:ŽƌŶĞƚ͕ ^͕͘ >Ă ŐĞƐƟſŶ ĚĞ ůŽƐ ĞƐƉĂĐŝŽƐ ƌƵƌĂůĞƐ ĞŶ ƚƌĂŶƐŝĐŝſŶ͗ ůŽƐ ĞũĞŵƉůŽƐ ĚĞ 'ĂůůĞĐƐ Ǉ >ĞƐ ĐŝŶĐ ^ğŶŝĞƐ͘ /Ŷ ͞ ů ƉĂŝƐĂũĞ Ǉ ůĂ ŐĞƐƟſŶ ĚĞů ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝŽ͟ ZĂĨĂĞů DĂƚĂ ĂŶĚ ůĞǆ dŽƌƌŽũĂ͘ ϮϬϬϲ͕ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ͗ ŝƉƵƚĂĐŝſ ĚĞ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ͘

ϭϳ͘

>ĞĨĞďǀƌĞ͕ ,͕͘ dŚĞ hƌďĂŶ ZĞǀŽůƵƟŽŶ͘ ϭϵϳϬ͘

ϭϴ͘

>>ŽƉ͕ ͕͘ DĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶ >ĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞƐ͖ ƉŽůǇĐĞŶƚƌŝƐŵ͕ ĞǆƉĂŶƐŝŽŶ͕ ŵƵůƟͲƉĞƌŝƉŚĞƌŝĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŵŝĐƌŽͲƉĞƌŝƉŚĞƌŝĞƐ͘ &ƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚǇ ĐůŝĐŚĠ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ŬĂůĞŝĚŽƐĐŽƉĞ͘ ϮϬϬϴ͕ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ͗ WĂƉĞƌƐ͘ ŶǑ ϰϳ͘

ϭϵ͘

>>ŽƉ͕ ͕͘ WĂŝƐĂƚŐĞƐ DĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶƐ͗ ƉŽůŝĐĞŶƚƌŝƐŵĞ͕ ĚŝůĂƚĂĐŝŽŶƐ͕ ŵƵůƟƉĞƌŝĨğƌŝĞƐ ŝ ŵŝĐƌŽƉĞƌŝĨğƌŝĞƐ͘ Ğů ƉĂŝƐĂƚŐĞ ĐůŝǆĠ Ăů ƉĂŝƐĂƚŐĞ ĐĂůŝĚŽƐĐŽƉŝ sŽů͘ WĂƉĞƌƐ ϰϳ͕ / ŶƐƟƚƵƚ Ě͛ ƐƚƵĚŝƐ ZĞŐŝŽŶĂůƐ ŝ DĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶƐ ĚĞ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ͕ϮϬϬϴ͘

ϮϬ͘

DƵŹŽǌ͕ &͕͘ DŽďŝůƚǇ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞƐ͖ ĨƌŽŵ ŵƵůƟƉůĞǆ ĐĞŶƚĞƌƐ ƚŽ ůŽǁͲĐŽƐƚ ĂŝƌƉŽƌƚƐ͘ ϮϬϬϴ͗ WĂƉĞƌƐ ϰϳ͕ /ŶƐƟƚƵƚ Ě͛ ƐƚƵĚŝƐ ZĞŐŝŽŶĂůƐ ŝ DĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶƐ ĚĞ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ͘

Ϯϭ͘

Z ŝĞŶĞƌ͕ :͘,͕͘ d, ^ƚƵĚŝŽ ĂƐĞů ŽŶƚĞŵƉŽƌĂƌǇ ŝƚǇ /ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞ͕ ^ǁŝƚǌĞƌůĂŶĚ Ŷ hƌďĂŶ ƉŽƌƚƌĂŝƚ͘ ϮϬϬϲ͘

ϮϮ͘

ZĞĂĚ͕ ^͘ ĂŶĚ ͘ WŝŶŝůůĂ͕ sŝƐƵĂůŝǌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ŝŶǀŝƐŝďůĞ͖ ƚŽǁĂƌĚƐ ĂŶ ƵƌďĂŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ͘ ϮϬϬϲ ŵƐƚĞƌĚĂŵ͗ dĞĐŚŶĞ WƌĞƐƐ͘

Ϯϯ͘

^ĞĐĐŚŝ͕ ͕ ŝĂƌǇ ŽĨ Ă ƉůĂŶŶĞƌ͘ ϮϬϬϯ ŚƩƉ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ ƉůĂŶƵŵ͘ŶĞƚͬƚŽƉŝĐƐͬƐĞĐĐŚŝͲĚŝĂƌǇ͘Śƚŵů

Ϯϰ͘

^ŚĂŶŶŽŶ͕ <͕͘ ŚĂƉƚĞƌ ϯ͘ >ĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ hƌďĂŶŝƐŵ͕ ZŚĞƚŽƌŝĐƐ ĂŶĚ ZĞĂůŝƟĞƐ ŝŶ ĚƌĞƐƐŝŶŐ >ĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ hƌďĂŶŝƐŵ͕ dŚƌĞĞ ĐŝƟĞƐ ŝŶ sŝĞƚďŶĂŵ ;<h>ĞƵǀĞŶ ŽĐƚŽƌĂƚĞͿ͘ ϮϬϬϰ͗ <h >ĞƵǀĞŶ͘

Ϯϱ͘

^ŝĞǀĞƌƚƐ͕ d͕͘ ŝƟĞƐ ǁŝƚŚŽƵƚ ŝƟĞƐ͗ Ŷ ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ǁŝƐĐŚĞŶƐƚĂĚƚ͘ ϭϵϵϳ͘

Ϯϲ͘

dĂƌĚŝŶ͕ Z͕͘ ƐƉĂĕŽƐ >ŝǀƌĞƐ͗ ^ŝƐƚĞŵĂ Ğ WƌŽũĞƚŽ dĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝĂů͘ ϮϬϬϴ͕ ZŝŽ ĚĞ :ĂŶĞŝƌŽ͘

Ϯϳ͘

sŝŐĂŶž͕ W͘ dĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝ ĚĞůůĂ ŶƵŽǀĂ ŵŽĚĞƌŶŝƚă͕ ϮϬϬϭ͕ WƌŽǀŝŶĐŝĂ Ěŝ >ĞĐĐĞ͕ ƐƐĞƐƐŽƌĂƚŽ ĂůůĂ ŐĞƐƟŽŶĞ ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝĂůĞ͗ WŝĂŶŽ ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝĂůĞ Ěŝ ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂŵĞŶƚŽ ͘dĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝĞƐ ŽĨ Ă ŶĞǁ ŵŽĚĞƌŶŝƚǇ͕ EĂƉŽůŝ͕ ůĞĐƚĂ

Ϯϴ͘

sĞĐƐůŝƌ͕ >͕͘ WĂŝƐĂũĞƐ ĚĞ ůĂ ŶƵĞǀĂ ĐĞŶƚƌĂůŝĚĂĚ͘ hƌďĂŶ ϭϮ͘ ϮϬϬϳ͘

Ϯϵ͘

tĂůĚŚĞŝŵ͕ ͕͘ dŚĞ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ƵƌďĂŶŝƐŵ ƌĞĂĚĞƌ͕ ĞĚ͘ W͘Ă͘ ƉƌĞƐƐ͘ ϮϬϬϲ͘

ϯϬ͘

tĂůĚŚĞŝŵ͕ ͕͘ ŶĚƌĞĂ ƌĂŶǌŝ͛Ɛ tĞĂŬ DĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ WƌŽũĞĐƟǀĞ WŽƚĞŶƟĂů ŽĨ ĂŶ ĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů hƌďĂŶŝƐŵ͘ ͘ /Ŷ ͞ ĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů hƌďĂŶŝƐŵ͟ ĞĚ͘ ďǇ DŽŚƐĞŶ DŽƐƚĂ ĨĂǀŝ ĂŶĚ 'ĂƌĞƚŚ ŽŚĞƌƚǇ͘ ϮϬϭϬ͕ DĂƐƐĂĐŚƵƐĞƩƐ͗ ͗ >ĂƌƐ DƵůůĞƌ WƵďůŝƐŚĞƌƐ͘ ,ĂƌǀĂƌĚ hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇ 'ƌĂĚƵĂƚĞ ^ĐŚŽŽů ŽĨ ĞƐŝŐŶ͕͘

ϯϭ͘

tĂŶĚů͕ ͕͘ ͚dĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝĞƐ ŝŶͲďĞƚǁĞĞŶ͛ ĐŽŵƉĂƌĂƟǀĞ ƉĞƌŵĞĂďŝůŝƚǇ ƐƚƵĚǇ ŽĨ ƚǁŽ ƵƌŽƉĞĂŶ ƌĞŐŝŽŶƐ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƵƌďĂŶ ĂŶĚ ƌƵƌĂů Ͳ ůŽĐĂů ĂŶĚ ŐůŽďĂů͘ Dh dŚĞƐŝƐ͘ ϮϬϭϬ͕ ĞůŌ͘

ϯϮ͘

ŚĂŶŐ͕ Y͕͘ &ĂƌŵŝŶ WĂƌŝƐ ϮϬϯϬ͘ Dh dŚĞƐŝƐ͘ ϮϬϬϵ͕ ĞůŌ͘ 123