Alex Wandl_Territories in between

‘TERRITORIES IN BETWEEN’ A comparative permeability study of two European regions between urban and rural - local and global

European Postgraduate Masters in Urbanism Final Thesis 2009/2010 - Final Report Alexander Wandl Mentors Prof.Bernardo Secchi, IUAV Ir. aan andbelt, TU- e»t Prof. Vincent Nadin, TU-Delft

EUROPEAN POSTGRADUATE MASTERS IN URBANISM strategies and design for cities and territories TU Delft, Faculty of Architecture

A CK N O W LED G EM EN T I

a m m o s t g r a t e f u l t o m y m e n t o r s , P r o f . B e r n a r d o S e c c h i , D a a n Z a n d b e l t V i n c e n t N a d i n . W i t h o u t t h e i r v a l u a b l e i n s p i r a t i o n , g u i d a n c e , c o m m e n t s n e s s f o r d i s c u s s i o n t h i s t h e s i s w o u l d n o t e x i s t . g r a t i t u d e g o e s t o M a n f r e d R i e d l a n d m e n t o f t h e p r o v i n c e o f t h e T y r o l w h o a n d c o n s t r u c t i v e d i s c u s s i o n s .

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A b o v e a l l s p e c i a l t h a n k s t o m y p a r e n t s M a r g i t a n d O t t o W a n d l f o r t h e s u p p o r t e n c o u r a g e m e n t i n t h e s e y e a r s , a n d m y p a r t n e r i n l i f e B i r g i t H a u s l e i t n e r f o r i n g t h e E M U t o g e t h e r .

a n d d o -

Table of Contents Introduction......................................7 objectives........motivation..........

.......... relevance........thesis structure.........methodology...... hypotheses.......research questions............................ case studies.......south holland.................the tyrol..

‘Territories in Betwen’...........................31 Literature review...............

....................... .........application to the case study..... areas.......‘TiB’ and economy...........‘TiB’ and society TiB’ and ecology..................TiB’ and centrality......

A Journey through the ‘Territories In- Between’....111

............individualism.............. intermingling of city and countryside...................... mixed use.....................local and global................... people and their daily decisions.............................

Permeability ...................................127

............... connectivity territory

.............

............... ...............

AMOEBA

porosity ............

indicators..........ecological permeability................. social permeability....... economic permeability........

Testing the Concept of Permeability . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 1 E f f e c t i v e

m e s c h

r e t e n t i o n

. . . . . . . . . . . .

g r a i n

s i z e

r a t i o

o f

g l o b a l

S i z e

a v a i l a b i l i t y

. . . . . . . . . . . .

l i n k

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C o n c l u s i o n

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

t o

n o d e a r e a

. . . . . . . . .

c o n c e r n i n g

o f

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m e t h o d

. . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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c i t e s

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Principles and R ecommendations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 F r o m

( m o n o )

f u n c t i o n a l

r u r a l

u r b a n

m u l t i

f u n c t i o n a l i t y

m u l t i

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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

d e c o n c e n t r a t i o n

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p l a n n i n g

d e s i g n

z o n i n g

m u l t i o f

a c t i v a t i o n

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

v e r s u s

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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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. .

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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Literature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252

Introduction.........

..........

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Urbanism in dispersed territories as well as mobility and network cities are two research topics which are addressed during the European postgraduate master in urbanism (EMU) consequently this thesis builds upon the knowledge gained during the two semesters at the IUAV Venezia and the TU –Delft.

As de Geyter demonstrated in his study After-Sprawl, “Increasing urban sprawl throughout Western Europe is giving rise to more and more areas characterized by a diffuse urbanization or urban network.“(de Geyter, 2002) This links the two topics dispersed urbanisation and network cities together as traditional functional planning approaches which are based on a distinction of the territory in urban and rural are, especially on a regional scale, are less and less successful.

As research approach two integrated concepts chosen two investigate these topics:

are

‘Territories in-between’ (’TiB’) how I call these areas that are neither urban nor rural, where “the sharp distinction between city and landscape has dissolved into an ecological and cultural continuum of a built structure between city and landscape�.

Sieverts in (Huhlmann, 2007) An integrated approach using the concept of permeability based on the understanding of these territories as both a place (a site or territory) and as a number of often just loosely bounded, relatively disconnected and dispersed, perhaps sprawling activities, made in and through many different kinds of networks, is used to gain a better understanding of the ‘Territories in Between’ in two test case areas.

Consequently the thesis tests and develops at the

‘territories in between’ in two test case areas, the Tyrol (Austria) and South Holland (Netherlands) and subsequently describes their ecological, economic and social performance using different indexes of permeability.

Through a combination of these indexes a tool which can be used in planning processes and during design will be developed which uses the set of indexes to

introduction

Introduction and Objectives

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Urbanisation and infrastructure in (western) Europe, based on the Google earth night view (NASA) and CORINE data.

The aim of the thesis therefore is to develop a integrated planning and design approach for regions that are neither rural nor urban based on a shift from a functional understanding of regions to a relational understanding which can be used in the daily professional praxis.

As the Thesis leads to a PhD proposal it is not meant

investigation in the territorial transformations of

develop a method to address ‘TIB’ and develop a planning tool that is based on permeability. Both have to be questioned and improved during the following steps of research.

Motivation, Relevance and Problem Field The motivation has a personal reason and professional aspect which links the motivation directly to the

According to Sieverts, Vigano, and many more the sharp distinction between city and landscape, I would also say between urban and rural, has dissolved. With the European Landscape Convention also- an institutional shift to a more holistic view on the meaning on landscape became more relevant. “Landscape means an area, as perceived by people, whose character is the result of the action and interaction of natural and/or human factors� (Council of Europe, 2000)

between’ as research object is their sheer expansion, al look at the night view of (Western) Europe shows that most of it is urbanized. A closer look illustrates that most of these areas are not dens/

different agglomerations, conurbations and diffuse urbanization. (comp. (de Geyter, 2002)) This development is typical for western territories and will go on “rather than a concentration in a small number of large cities, which is the current pattern� in developing countries�, the population is expected to be more evenly spread across many smaller centres.

Cities of about 200.000 are likely to be the most attractive, as they are large enough to sustain an acceptable range of services without the congestion and pollution that are associated with life in the

eration lesser further, many people will be drawn to places which may be too small to merit designation as urban“. (Clark, 2003) The ongoing urbanization and therefore urban pressure on rural sites on the one hand and the strong decentralisation accompanying it during the last decades led to the result that a big

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introduction

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part of the territory in Western Europe is covered by what commonly would be called sprawl. ! "

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$ and dependencies linking city and countryside points towards a collapse of the rural-dichotomy (Champion et al., 2003; Champion and Hugo, 2004); on the other hand, it is clear that the result is not a homogenous extended city, but rather the production of new hybrid sociospatial forms that blur the rural and the urban yet can exhibit a distinctive order and identity (QvistrĂśm,2007)“ in (Woods, 2009).Ttherefore I am going to focus on the ‘territories in between’ having in mind that their appearance is culturally

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that also their physical status is not stable but in between. (compare typology of sprawl within the blue banana by Grahame Shane.)

The connection between theory and planning practice is that widely used planning tools as zoning and land use planning for example, coming out of the XXth century way of thinking, are not adequate any more to deal with ‘TiB’, as those tools are based on a distinct separation of city and landscape. Or like Gallant puts it: “There is no general agreement over what constitutes the urban fringe. For some, the fringe is merely the ‘countryside around towns’ or a ‘zone of transition’ that begins by being predominantly urban and ends up as mainly rural, that is, in terms of the mix of land uses/activities and the density of development. There is some agreement,

poorly planned and managed.�(Gallant, 2004) Wissink summarizes this as follows; to deal with these ‘territories in between’ is relevant „because the spatial characteristics of social processes no longer coincide with the physical borders of town and country side“(Wissink, 2002).

Furthermore through having a look on the ‘territories in between’ the scale of interest is above the scale of the city and below the nation/state, there is no common term for this scale in Europe, never the less with the rising interest on strategic planning, especially on the European level this scale becomes more and more of relevance. “The new scale of the contemporary city is a central question that

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related to a variety of situations. It is thus a

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question, but a general one.� (Marcelloni, 2007) With the focus on the regional scale and the diminishing of the rural urban dichotomy a relational ap-

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Typology of sprawl in the blue banana; source: David Grahame Shane; PhD-Workshop IUAV Venice – September 2009

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proach seems to be obvious as inventing a new typology or a new type around which borders could be drawn doesn’t bring us any further in understanding of how regions function. As “the very conceptualization of regions and ‘the regional question’ in an era of in % % 6

an intellectual context where space is frequently being imagined as a product of networks and relations, in contrast to an older topography in which territoriality was dominant. (Amin et al., 2003: 6, emphasis original)in (Jones, 2009) A further point of relevance is that these areas play a crucial role in the ongoing discussion whether a compact or a dispersed city form is more sustainable. It seems quite obvious, that with the recent technology the dense city has advantages concerning (public) transport and its energy consumption, but a lot of problems, e.g. waste and water treatment are externalized to its surrounding. The dispersed city in the contrary consumes more land and is in its present form car dependent. On the other hand it

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at the moment. Most people dream of a house in the green and economic development is, driven by infrastructure, far more dynamic.

The discourse about sprawl, related to sustainable development, especially in Europe has been rather one sided so far. It seems therefore relevant whether the reasons for this are less obvious or even obviously hidden. ‘Although objective issues- the cost of low-density settlements or the effects of sprawl on commuting times or global warming - are clearly important. These are not, I believe, what has really driven and continues to drive the anti-sprawl crusade. What is actually at the stake are much larger questions about planning and democracy, aesthetics and metaphysics, and differing class-based assumptions about what makes a good urban life.’ (Bruegmann, 2005) This approach brings the often on the environmental issue reduced concept of sustainability back to its initial meaning where social and economic reasons were equally important.

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interdisciplinary one, but doing a personal thesis "

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& urban and landscape planner the territory is the subject of research, planning and design to investigate and illustrate possible and/or probable futures of them. I am neither a sociologist nor economist, and therefore I will not concentrate my study on social

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introduction

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them and see my work as a contribution to an ongoing interdisciplinary discourse.

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the ‘territories in between’ are a relevant case study and that a contribution to the understanding of their emergence and functioning is of academic and professional relevance.

It also shows that the challenge is to use a relational approach which is linked with the territory.

I will follow the theoretical approach which Jones calls a moderate relationalism, which in � contrary to the beliefs of “ideal“ relational approaches

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seen as standing in opposition to territories and we should, therefore, not be forced to adopt a ‘networks versus territories’ scenario. On the one hand, networks should not be seen as non-spatial and without ‘geographical anchors’ and on the other hand, territories and scales should not be viewed as closed and static (Dicken et al., 2001; Leitner et al., 2002; 2008; Bulkeley, 2005; Hudson, 2007; Leitner and Miller, 2007; MacLeod and Jones, 2007; Jessop et al., 2008)in(Jones, 2009).

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these connections leave traces and become themselves materialised in the territory which can be described.

This leads to the choice of using the concept of permeability to establishing a connection between relations and the territory.

I will use different permeability’s which for me is the property to establish connections, for ecological economical and aspects to see how the ‘TiB’ perform according to sustainability.

The lens through which I will look at the territory and relations is the landscape, “As any landscape architect knows, the landscape itself is a medium through which all ecological transactions must pass�, therefore “landscape is the infrastructure of the future. (Waldheim, 2006) Which brings togehter

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introduction

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Thesis Structure – Hypotheses and Methodology The thesis aims to gain a better understanding of how ‘TiB’ function and how they perform according to social, economic and ecological planning goals, by developing an approach using the concept of ‘Perme %?

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CONCEPTS

‘TERRITOR IN BETWE PROBLEM FIELD EMU - SEMESTERS Territories of dispersion Network City

Sprawl urban rural relationssustainable development

PERMEABIL The thesis consist mainly out of three interwoven $ $

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develop a planning tool and the use of test cases to test them.

Investigating more deeply in permeability is based in the assumption, that the ‘TiB’ are characterized mainly by relations and that the concept of permeability allows to relate them with the territory.

Within the two conceptual work packages (‘TiB’ and Permeability) an iterative process of literature re"

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The test case studies provide the discourse with the territory.

S

TO O LS Sensitivity

I E S N ’

i n t r o d u c t i o n

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TER R I TO R Y

A naly sis

G I S - M apping

Photoghrapy

P L A N N I N G

T E S T

I T Y

A M O EBA

P h D

A R E A S

G I S - M apping

R E C O M M E N D A T I O N S

C A S E

Fieldwork

P R I N C I P L E S

P R O P O S A L

D iagram I n

I ndicators

Planning Ex ercise

a g e e d d e s w h i d e s A s t h a of t h e s e c s a r c a s t e s i n g p r a i n

t h t r e c r c h c r

e h e s e i p a i b

f o l l m a i a r c h t i o n r e u e d .

o w i n g f o r H y p o t h e s q u e s t i o n s o f t h e m s e d t o i n v n

e v e r y w o r k p a c k e s a n d t h e r e l a t , f o l l o w e d b y t h e e t h o d s a n d t o o l s e s t i g a t e t h e m a r e

a g e n e r a l r e m a r k h a s t o b e s t a t e t n o t e v e r y s t e p c a n b e d o n e f o r b o the test case areas, first because l i m i t e d t i m e o f o n e s e m e s t e r a o n d l y b e c a u s e n o t a l l o f t h e n e c e y d a t a i s a v a i l a b l e f o r b o t h t e e s . A l s o t h e i t e r a t i v e p r o c e s s t i n g o n e s t e p e v a l u a t i n g i t a n d t e s a g a i n h a s t o b e k e p t o n a r a t h g m a t i c l e v e l a n d h a s t o b e d e e p e n t h e f o l l o w i n g r e s e a r c h .

d , t h of n d s s t o f t e r e d

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introduction

Territories in between –‘TiB’ Hypotheses The dichotomy of urban and rural is diminishing.

The ‘TiB’ are a spatial condition which is replacing the urban-rural dichotomy.

The emergence of ‘TiB’ is a result of global changes and forces but its form and way of functioning is %

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‘TERRITORIES

Research Questions

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?^ Which criteria can be used to locate them within dif!

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Sensitivity analysis

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# @?^ How to ‘TiB’ “perform� in relation to economic, social and ecological properties of the test case ar ^

applica the tes

Methods and Tools

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! { @# is on the one hand based on a literature study of recent projects and studies which deals with this new form of territories across Europe and with literature and studies about urban sprawl and urban rural relationships on the other hand.

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tion of urban and rural areas especially in Europe.

The selected criteria are applied to the two case study areas. Using a sensitivity analysis as method,

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% areas is chosen which is used for the following ongoing discourse with the territory.

Analyses

A sensitivity analysis is the study of how the variation (uncertainty) in the output of a (mathematical) model can be apportioned, qualitatively or quantitatively, to different sources of variation in the input of a model.

S IN BETWEEN’

e research

A geographical information system (GIS) is used as %

tories whereas the interpretation of aerial photo

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‘TiB’ and the discourse with the Landscape/Territory

To be able to evaluate and to see whether the ’TiB’ in the two test cases have the same or different properties I going to document them photographically and then compare them how they are related to or perform concerning ecological, economical and social parameters.

The following question guide the research:

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ation to st cases

‡ ‡

of ‘TiB’

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How are the ‘TiB’ related to social factors of the test case region (income, age, gender, ori

\^ How are the ‘TiB’ related to economic factors of the test case region (diversity of jobs/inhabit

\^ How are the ‘TiB’ related to ecological factors of the test case region (protected areas, main

\^ What does centrality mean in the ‘TiB’ where are

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For this comparison I will produce density, diversity, accessibility and cluster maps and overlay them with the ‘TiB’ and analyse which similarities or differences in the two test cases can be recognized.

introduction

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20

introduction

Permeability Hypotheses The concept of permeability can be used to connect, map, quantify and qualify the relations of territory with social, economic and ecological networks

A combination of permeability indicators can be used to provide an integrated understanding of the performance of the ‘TiB’.

Research Questions

PERMEA

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%^ Which permeability indicators are on the one hand related to sustainability and other hand easy enough

^ How can these indicators be combined and illustrated to be integrated into a planning practice.

literatu

relation with sustainability

Methods and Tools The selection of the used indicators is based on a literature research of sustainability indexes in general and on permeability specially.

applicati test

The suitability and usefulness of the indicators is tested by the application to the case study areas.

To illustrate the relation between the different permeability indicators and general planning goals I will use an AMOEBE (Dutch for: general method for ecosystem description and assessment) diagram.

This is a very graphical method to illustrate the connection between a group of indicators and sustainability.

A planning and design exercise tests the feasibility of the concept of permeability and the selected combination of indicators for the professional planning and design practice. First for a regional strategy and based here on for a regional design.

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criteria during the planning an design proce

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introduction

21

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goals (gray circle)

introduction

22

ZUID HOLLAND

TIROL

The location of the two test case areas in Europe. source: google earth

23

method is to identify, conceptualise and theorise processes and dynamics behind the emergence of the ‘TiB‘ in Europe and identify its local/cultural differences and its similarities over Europe.

The test case areas have on the one hand to be different enough to make sure that the testing of the method can be the proof that it is applicable also to other territories and on the other hand they have to be representative areas for other regions.

A more practical reason for the selection is the availability of data and that the author is familiar with both regions.

The selected areas, South Holland in the Netherland and the Tyrol in Austria are extremely different in several aspects; the most striking is the topogra * +

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around the sea level, the Tyrol is in the contrary in the middle of the Alps.

of the territory whereas in the second the urbanised areas are concentrated on the valleys. Also the historical urbanisation is very different. South Holland developed form as system of polycentric cit

developed from dispersed farms and villages to a kind of linear city.

But both stand for bigger regions South Holland for the Randstad and the Tyrol for the alpine Valleys.

And both are on the same administrative level as they are province/state.

The presentation of the Test case area on the next two pages is on purpose very short and brief as the main part of the thesis is a discourse with the two territories and there are going to be dissected step by step. It is just meant to give a quick comparison of the regions.

The use of the maps of the local planning authorities is also on purpose as the show how the regions represent themselves.

The geographical and statisitcal data source for the thesis is for the Tyrol:TIRIS Tiroler Rauminformationssystem - Amt der Tiroler Landesregierung – Abteilung Raumplanung und Statistik 2009 and South Holland: Atlas van Zuidelik Holland, Atelier Zuidvleugel 2008

introduction

Case Studies

introduction

24

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25

South Holland is part of the Randstad a term introduced by Albert Plesman, cofounder of the KLM Royal Dutch Airlines, in the 1930’s, as he described the strip of cities around an open green area, which he

"

% "

Â

The term became popular in Dutch spatial planning and policy and was used as a planning concept with changing content and intention during the last decades until the present.

P

Based on the number of inhabitants, Randstad Holland, with its 6.7 million inhabitants, makes up about 41% of the Netherlands. In this sense the region is the ! ! ]

South Holland (Zuid-Holland) is one of the four provinces next to Utrecht, Flevoland and Noord-Holland that form the Randstad from a governing point of view. It forms the major part of the southern Randstad.

CHOONHOVEN :EDERIK

ESVELD

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It is home to 3.5 million people, who inhabit an area of around 2,900 km2. This makes it the most densely populated of the twelve Dutch provinces, with 1,220 inhabitants per km2.

Three different areas can be recognized in South Holland an “urban corner� from Leiden via Den Haag, Delft and Rotterdam to Dordrecht which is more or less equivalent with the South Wing (Zuidvleugel) of the Randstad, a governance unit, which coordinates spatial planning.

The Delta of Maas and Schelde in the south and a part of the green heart with Gouda as its biggest City in the northeast.

% ƒƒ

"

boards in Zuid-Holland.

structural vision Randstad 2040 source: www.vrom.nl

Source:Provincie Holland Zuid (2007). A Bird’s-Eye View of Zuid-Holland.Edition 2007. Den Haag www.zuid-holland.nl

introduction

Zuid-Holland

introduction

26

Map of The Tyrol: www.tiris.tirol.gv.at

Tirol The Tyrol’s mountainous topography is strongly $

ment but also the general living conditions and on the economic situation.

It is one of the western States of Austria. It consist out of two parts Nord Tirol and Ost Tirol which are on Austrian territory spatialy seperated by the province of Salzburg. Together with Sßd Tirol/Alto Adige and the Italian province Trentino, the form the EUREGIO Tirol- Sßdtirol/Alto Adige – Trentino.

The Tyrol has round 706.000 inhabitants. The total area of the region is 12.648 km² but only 12 % of it is settlement area.

The population is concentrated on the valley and plateaus especially in the lower parts of the Inn Valley and the main towns of the districts outside of it. The main tourist areas are mostly above 1000 m and spread over the side valleys of the Inn.

Source: Land Tirol 2009: www.tiris.tirol.gv.at EUREGIO Tirol- Sßdtirol/Alto Adige – Trentino source: http://www.euroregione.info/

introduction

27

THE TYROL 12.648 km² 734.121 inhabitants 55 inh./km²

0

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50km

introduction

28

SOUTH HOLLAND 3.478 km² 3.500.000 inhabitants 1.006 inh./km²

introduction

29

Comparison The comparison of the two Areas show its differences in size, both maps are in the same scale and in population, every icon stands for 100.000 people. The maps also show the property which shaped the way of living the most in both regions, the intense network of water in South Holland and the mountains in the Tyrol.

‘Territories in Between’............................ ............

32

6 4

‘TiB’

5 2

3

source: google earth

1

2

3

4

33

‘Territories in Between’ (‘TiB’)

Zwischenstadt, Tussenland, Hinterland, Restland, Urban Voids, City Fringe, Città diffusa, Territories of a new modernity, Stadtlandschaft, Shadowland, Spread City, Dysfunctional Spaces, Fast Perfekte Peripherie and many more terms are whirring through the spatial and regional planning literature and projects. These terms try to describe the spatial phenomena of dispersion and resolution, which shaped and is still is shaping big parts of western Europe’s territory.

The following Projects which deal with these areas where the distinction between urban and rural, city and country side blurs, are part of the comparison:

‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡

1

Netherlands: Tussenland (Frijters and Ruimtelijk Planbureau, 2004) Italy: Territori della nuova modernità Provincia di Lecce (ed. Viganò, 2001) England: The article England’s urban Fringes (Gallant, 2004) and the therein described examples of Colliers Mass Common and The Jubilee River Germany: Zwischenstadt (Sieverts, 2001) Austria: TyrolCity (Andexlinger W., 2005) Switzerland: Das Handbuch zum Stadtrand (Glattalstadt) (ed. Magnago Lampugnani, 2007)

of the approaches chosen in the above mentioned studies and how different or similar they are, having a closer look at following topics:

Local Environment, Vol. 9, No. 3, 217–233, June 2004

ARTICLE

England’s Urban Fringes: multi-functionality and planning1

6

‡

NICK GALLENT, MARION SHOARD, JOHAN ANDERSSON, RICHARD OADES & CHRISTINE TUDOR

‡

5

‡ ‡ ‡

How are these spaces described: Space and place quality, morphological, social and economic structure and relations; What are the statements concerning the relation

= What is the understanding of the human-nature

= What are the notions of scale and the understanding

= What is the role of the image of the city

‘TiB’

At the beginning of this chapter a literature review of rather contemporary plans and projects which dealt with this hybrid phenomena between urban and rural is done to investigate the properties of and challenges for planning and designing the territries in-betwenn.

34

‘TiB’

~ !

! !

%

@ $

!

similar phenomena in different countries and regions

%

! % have different local or regional outcomes and that

6

% across the disciplinary borders is still far from a satisfying standard to reach a common language.

The foreword of Sieverts English version of the book Zwischenstadt, where he spends several pages on explaining the meaning of the term and its translation to ‘Cities without Cities’, which in my opinion is a not well chosen one, shows this dilemma.

He himself describes the term Zwischenstadt as “that today’s city is in an ‘in between’ state, a state between place and world, space and time, city and countryâ€?(Sieverts, 2003) and comes to the conclusion that “none of the English terms investigated is quite the same as that of Zwischenstadt‌â€?.(ibid) Having this in my mind I will use as far as possible and understandable the terms in the original language, and try when necessary to describe my understanding of them in English.

How to asses "Territories in Between"?

The studied authors can be divided into three groups according to their approaches: Viganò and Yean Archtiects can be assigned to a morphological approach following manly the Italian school, Sieverts and Lampugnani could be seen in the tradition following Kevin Lynch and his “Image of the Cityâ€?, while Galant and Frijters are examples for a actor-network theoretical approach.

It is important to note that none of them sticks to a mono dimensional approach and all of them agree that the complexity of this “territories in between� can just be described in a way that combines historical development, morphological structure, social and economical processes and the relation between these different layers on various scales.

This is especially is true for Viganò, Sieverts and Frijters. Exemplarily I show the method which was used by Frijters for the study “tussenlandâ€?.

Having a closer look which elements are described the focus on infrastructure is striking. While most of the authors stop at the level, that infrastructure, % ! ! % and disposal facilities, play a characterizing role, Gallent and Viganò go some interesting and important steps further. For Gallant the idea of multi-functionality is “a key question‌is how this

methodology used for the study Tussenland source: FRIJTERS, E. & RUIMTELIJK PLANBUREAU. (2004) Tussenland, Rotterdam, NAi Uitgevers

The sponge of Lecce: source: VIGANĂ’, P. (2001) Territori della nuova modernitĂ Provincia di Lecce, Assessorato alla gestione territoriale: Piano territoriale di coordinamento = Territories of a new modernity

functioning as a whole (aka multi-functionality) can be achieved in practice in the urban fringe.�

He emphasizes that, „in the urban environment, one impetus for a multipurpose approach has the objective of sustainability. According to Brandt and Vejre (2003, p. 2), ‘the concept of multi-functionality is getting increasing attention not only in the landscape sciences but in society in general, since it seems to be an important aspect of ‌ sustainable development’. Working out how the built environment can be sustainable often leads to the conclusion that the way forward is to lessen the impact of the existing built form by enabling it to perform other desirable objectives.â€?(Gallant, 2004) This is especially important for infrastructure.

For Viganò infrastructure plays a crucial role for the concept of a porous territory, but infrastructure in

> ! !

like highways and railways, which she calls tubes but also the sponge, a dense network of secondary roads, canals and even the stone walls. It is important to understand the structure of a diffuse territory. â€?Like other regions in Italy e.g. the Venetoâ€? and other parts of Europe “where dispersion of settlement has reached serious proportions and caused the formation of an enormous extended city, the extension of the road network and, generally speaking, the network of infrastructure also plays a primary role in the Salento,..., from some points of view it has provided a condition of new possibilities.â€?(Viganò, 2001) & !

! !

goods, energy and information which holds these “territories in between� together, this leads to the next chapter how the different authors treat the relation between urban and rural and their position within the human-nature relation.

The urban-rural and the human-nature relation in the "Territories in Between" The discussion of the urban rural relation within the studies focuses more on an anthropological view, and whether the authors start from an urban point of view or a rural one. Whereas the question of the humannature relation investigates whether the authors see an opposition of city to nature or if there is an

!

%^ Although all of the authors say that these “territories in between� are neither urban nor rural and that “the sharp distinction between city and landscape�

- I would also say between urban and rural -� has dissolved into an ecological and cultural continuum of a built structure between city and landscape�

‘TiB’

35

‘TiB’

36

Sieverts in (Huhlmann, 2007) there is ad distinction from “where� they approach these “Territories of in between�. Sieverts calls the areas of investigation Zwischenstadt (Stadt German for City) and compares this new form of the city along terms like urbanity, centrality aso. In his described and promoted examples (Regionalpark Rhein-Main or IBA Emscherpark) though he explains the potential of the rural respectively !

"

on topography and history and could contribute to a unique character of the, at the present faceless, urbanised areas. He ends in his book with the dream of a “Stadt-Kultur-Landschaft� a continuum of City – Culture and Landscape.

In the Suisse example, the urban - rural and the human-nature relation doesn’t play a major role besides the already mentioned, on the protection of the environment concentrated approach. The Dutch and Austrian (which were partly done by the same team) studies also don’t emphasis this questions, which is in the Dutch case and understanding of a 100% constructed and (wo)men made landscape understandable, the reduction of the urban-rural and human-nature relation in Tyrol to a fun park and culture park, having the complexity of the alps as one of the most intense used touristic areas which is also one of the most sensitive environments in Europe in mind is just to simple and bold. Especially as they play crucial role as a Bottleneck for the transport connection between north and south Europe.

For Viganò on the other side the rethinking of the relationship of Town and territory is essential for the way out of a still in the ideas of the XXth century rooted way of thinking. For her a conceptual shift for the new urbanistic project is crucial.

Namely “getting beyond the metaphor of the functional cityâ€? (Viganò, 2001) which doesn’t represent the contemporary functioning of cities.

The permanently by modernists criticized high and sparsely densities. “The Contemporary territory, however, is composed of these extreme conditions and prompts us to take another look at what distances lie between one thing and another, between things and people and between people and the single person; on density and proximity.�(ibid) “The third sphere of dissolutions concerns the materials that make up the territory. The land dissolves into landscape, infrastructure and buildings; the buildings merge with infrastructure while infrastructure becomes territory.� (ibid) This connects the importance of the infrastructure and multi-functionality on which I emphasized on in the last chapter and leads directly to the discussion of the importance of scale.

37

So far the focus was on the regional scale and its meaning for contemporary urbanisitc thinking and planning, but ‘territories in-between’ can be very small too. The properties of and differences between territories in-between and dense urban or rural areas are often manifested in big scale infrastructures as well as in backyards, in big shopping complexes as well as in a refurbished and transformed farm house.

These areas often have an appearance which in a common understanding may be called untidy and disordered but the have next to an often underestimated ecological potential often important social qualities in areas were public space is often very limited. Although confusing, frightening or even dangerous for foreigners these rooms have a special meaning at the local level as the host divers’ alternative “lifeworlds�.

(Lebenswelten in the sense of Habermas). Â 6

!

! development these areas are manly one: They are the spatial product of global and local processes which

!

! land. They are under permanent transformation and are enduringly shaped from bottom up as well as from top down processes.

This interaction takes place in an often informal way with a high level of self-organization, often in loopholes of regulations, which simply are not suitable for these territories and the demands of people living and working there.

Sieverts sees a future polarization in these “Territories in betweenâ€? of the system world of global division of labor and the local world of immediate sensual experience and individual relations, such as the self-determination, and this for the economically integrated as well as the partly or totally economically excluded part of the population, later not only in his opinion will increase. “Die Zwischenstadt wird sich somit polarisieren in eine Systemwelt der Produktion, Versorgung und Entsorgung als Teil globaler Arbeitsteilung einerseits und andererseits in eine Welt der unmittelbaren sinnlichen Erfahrung und LebensbezĂźge wie der Selbstbestimmung, und zwar sowohl auf der Ebene der erfolgreich Ăśkonomisch integrierten BevĂślkerungâ€œâ€Śâ€œals auch der zeitweise oder ganz Ăśkonomisch ausgegrenzten Bewohner.“(Sieverts, 2001) The question of scale therefore is also very important for the way of governing, planning and designing in these territories. Good planning in general, jumps through scales and should aim to facilitate development in different levels and layers.

‘TiB’

‘Territories in Between’ and the question of scale

38

As last part of the literature review the the way images and photography are used by the authors is going to be discussed.

‘TiB’

The image of "Territories in Between" As already mentioned before the, mostly bad public image of the “Territories in between� is as well

! $ ! ! ˆ Lynch a public image of a city is the result of the overlapping of numerous individual images. â€œâ€Śthere is a series of public images, each held by some

! *

necessary if an individual is to operate successfully within his/her environment and to cooperate with his/her fellows.�(Lynch, 1992) The dialectic between city form and mental images of a city of their inhabitants is, among the researched projects, especially for Sieverts from major importance. For him this is, where public participation plays a key role, as these images arise through the daily confrontation with the city and the importance of “control�, according to Lynch’s “A theory of Good City Form� which contains the possibility of the appropriation of the environment, as well as its transformation by the users. “Das Handbuch zum Stadtrand� has a strong focus on the image of the city. In its aim to‘re-qualify’ the suburban areas, the terms readability and place identity play a crucial role. Lampugnani uses

6 " %

the form of suburbia and then by showing analogies, with in their sense good examples, design proposals.

Photography plays in all projects a major role; it is used to illustrate on the one hand the properties and the often unexpected beauty of the “territories in between� as well as the relation within physical and social space.

To contribute to a new image of the “territories in betweenâ€? new pictures, maps and plans for public discussion are necessary. In this sense the projects of Viganò, Andexlinger and Frijters are of major importance as the show them in a new way and open the dialogue about a new - different - way of planning in the “territories in betweenâ€?. My future work should be a contribution to this discourse hence I am going

%

! and designing within this areas in the following chapter.

As like already stated the “Territories in-between� have a rather negative image in the history of

! !

untidy and messiness.

39

First of all it is important to clarify, that the discussion about dispersed city forms is not new.

Already in 1915 P. Geddes spoke about conurbation in reference to Randstad (Holland), with the idea of describing urban development characterized by the continuity between different cities later J. ‰ [Š‹‘Š\

the “urban nebula�, which extends between Boston and Philadelphia another European example is the ongoing discourse about the Citta Diffusa in Italy.

Nevertheless I choose rather contemporary projects as the discussion in the light of sustainable development and the climate change becomes crucial

%

nature relation coming from the old meaning of the German word for landscape (Landschaft) which is in contrary to the English translation not referring to scenery but the environment of a working community. “The word meant more than an organization of space; it connected too the inhabitants of the place and their obligation to one another and to the land�(Corner, 1999) A Cartesians way of understanding landscape does not help to understand the process which shape the spatial, material, social and environmental characteristics, which are still there but under a permanent change of cultural activity.

A distinction between city and countryside urban and rural makes no sense anymore; especially having the

! ! % crucial role for a sustainable future, in mind, a holistic approach is necessary.

In European contemporary planning policy an Arcadian image is often a reference for landscape assessment and natural conservation.

This leads to a concentration on natural factors and a tendency to neglect human interventions. There is no “pure nature� in Western Europe any more (besides some mountain tops perhaps), the whole European landscape is a product of a human processes.

This does not mean that there is no ecological value, % !

areas because of their natural value and neglect the rest will not lead to sustainable hole.

Following this reasoning the discourse whether the dense city or the dispersed one is more sustainable becomes more complex. It is quite obvious, that with

‘TiB’

Conclusions

40

‘TiB’

the recent technology the dense city has advantages concerning (public) transport and its energy consumption, but a lot of problems, e.g. waste and water treatment are externalized to its surrounding.

The extreme focus of development on the dense and historic city centresin the netherlands for example, transformed many of them to pure shopping areas and instead facilitating mixed use based urbanity, they are now just one part in a functional segregated city.

The dispersed city in the contrary consumes more land and is in its present form car dependent. On the other hand it seems to be social and economically

}

! a house in the green and economic development is, driven by the infrastructure, far more dynamic. An advantage of the dispersed city form is that through the proximity and hybridity of built and unbuilt the possibility of multi functionality is higher.

Economic changes made inner urban spaces, like brown

"

!

multi functionality into the city exists again.

Given the current situation and the expected little dynamics in Europe’s demographic development, to achieve a sustainable future we will have to deal with both.

In the exhibition “Le Grand Paris� where ten teams were invited to present their ideas for the future of the Ile de France and the metropolis of the XXI century after Kyoto, one idea which most of the teams had in common was a form of “urbanisme douce� soft urbanism -w hich mainly works with the existing materials.

Just the material and energy which is bound in suburban areas for example, bind to use it. In general starting from scratch is no option, the future is a question of transformation.

The understanding of landscape as the infrastructure of the future gives the possibility to better integrate urbanized territories and provides the possibility to facilitate multi-functionality. This leads to an understanding of multiple interrelated networks which form our landscape. Instat of physical borders the notion of inside or outside a network becomes crucial.

Permeability within and between those networks is one of the properties which plays a crucial role for facilitating multi- functionality.

‘TiB’

41

‘TiB’

42

The comparison of the two

of Europe (source: european commission 2006) shows how big statistical units lead to very general and often misleading pictures – no differentiation between the valleys and the mountains in the alps for example – and often leads to diluted results. – whole Germany becomes intermediate rural on the nuts 2 level for example.

43

There are two main reasons why I decided to use a

!

! the ongoing steps.

"

describing them is an attempt to contribute to the discussion about sprawl and should bring this spatial changes into “public� awareness and question the at present dominating purely negative image of this areas.

From the above Literature study and the research of literature and projects dealing with urban and rural typologies and urban rural relationships ((Stead and Simin, 2003, Stead and Davoudi, 2003), (Bruegmann, 2005), (Bengs and Schmidt-ThomĂŠ, 2006, Commission, 2006),(Scholz, 2009)) the importance of the following spatial characteristics and methodological approaches can be derived from:

‡

+

!

‡

the importance of a relational approach

‡ ‡ ‡

the question of scale of the research unit is extremely relevant the importance of the intermingling of built up and open space the importance of infrastructure

"

to be easy replicable.

It should be based on factors for which the academic and professional relevance can be proofed.

The underlying data has to be easy accessible and be available in the same or at least comparable quality (e. g. in the sense of date and grade of detail)

!

" lary that meets academics and professionals but also readers and users from other disciplines. Which as Stead and Zonneveld state for example was a major

‘TiB’

To be able to compare the ‘TiB’ across Europe is

%

%

same parameter.

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50km

‘TiB’

44

rural

with municipality border

urban with municipality border

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Innsbruck

40

The red arrow in the map at the right shows the direction of the photo next to showing how diverse the complete urban area in reality is.

50

10

_

"

~ Â’

municipality scale. Data source: TIRIS Tiroler Rauminformationssystem - Amt der Tiroler Landesregierung – Abteilung Raumplanung und Statistik.

45

It is important to mention here that the idea of ‘TiB’ is not a region with exact border as it is an attempt to dissolve thinking in spatial bound categories. The aim is to show where this relations between urban and rural, rural and rural, nature and human, global and local, time and space are physically the most explicit and visible.

According to the literature review two aspects are

! %

the other is the threshold of the densities.

I do a sensitivity analyses for the size of the analytical unit using the Tyrol as case study as due to its topography the importance of choosing the right analytical unit becomes very obvious. Most of the

 “

analytical unit.

I nevertheless will start with the municipality as biggest unit and become smaller and smaller.

As the main selecting property is the population,

! ~ Â’ !

urban, which uses the density of inhabitants of 150/ km² as the border between rural to urban.

" !

municipality, a 500 m to 500 m grid and a 250 m to 250 m grid.

First Conclusions The zoom on the area around Innsbruck shows that, caused by choice of the municipality as basic unit, highly alpine areas which are sparsely or even not

>

% are within the municipality boundaries. Researchers dealing with this and related problem in the Tyrol use therefore often “Dauersiedlungsraum� which is the area where it is possible to settle as additional border within the municipalities. ( results see next pages)

‘TiB’

problem of integrating the results from ESPON to INTEREG projects. (Zonneveld and Stead, 2007)

‘TiB’

46

2

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rural with border of permanent settlement area

30

urban with border of permanent settlement area

_

"

~ Â’

the municipality scale adjusted by the permanent settlement area. Data source: TIRIS Tiroler Rauminformationssystem Amt der Tiroler Landesregierung – Abteilung Raumplanung und Statistik

10

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Innsbruck

47

‘ T i B ’

1

1

2

2

Conclusions T h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f t h e p e r m a n e n t s e t t l e m e n t a r e a p r o d u c e s a f a r b e t t e r i m a g e o f t h e r e a l i t y , n e v e r t h e less this definition is quite unique in the Tyrol and n o t u s e d a n y w h e r e e l s e a n d t h e r e f o r e n o t u s e f u l f o r a E u r o p e a n w i d e a p p l i c a t i o n . T h e r e f o r e I i n t r o d u c e d d i f f e r e n t g r i d s a n d c h e c k e d t h e i r f e a s i b i l i t y . T h e map shows also first indication that strict separat i o n o f r u r a l u r b a n i s n o t f e a s i b l e a s t h e m o s t o f t h e u r b a n a r e a s i n t h e v a l l e y a r e d e n s e l y s e t t l e b u t v i l l a g e o f o f t e n l e s s t h a n 5. 000 i n h a b i t a n t s . ( r e s u l t s s e e n e x t p a g e s )

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‘TiB’

48

urban rural

Rural urban devison on a 500 m x500 m grid. Data source: TIRIS Tiroler Rauminformationssystem - Amt der Tiroler Landesregierung – Abteilung Raumplanung und Statistik

‘TiB’

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10

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50k m

‘ T i B ’

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u r b a n r u r a l

R u r a l u r b a n d e v i s o n o n a 250 m x 250 m g r i d . D a t a s o u r c e : T I R I S T i r o l e r R a u m i n f o r m a t i o n s s y s t e m - A m t d e r T i r o l e r L a n d e s r e g i e r u n g – A b t e i l u n g R a u m p l a n u n g u n d S t a t i s t i k

‘TiB’

51

Conclusions The comparison of the two grids shows that the results for both are more plausible then the ones before, as the hybridity of built and unbuilt is correctly represented. The smaller grid does, at least at the regional scale, not seem to provide additional information or be better representation of the situation therefore and due to the lower number of data to handle, the 500m x500 m grid will be used for the

These illustrations show already that the model of representing the spatial situation in a urban-rural dichotomy is not use full as there are transitions

fore the next step is to test a plausible range for the density of the maximum population which shows this in between.

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52

max. population > 225/km² max. population 225 to 75/km² max. population 225 to 50/km² max. population 225 to 25/km² main river = Inn

$#

"# #%

#%

#%

#%

#%

#%

!

Different thresholds of in-between.

$$# $$# $$#

#%%

& %%%

$ %%%

!

$ #%%

#%%%

‘TiB’

53

‘TiB’ – Density of Maximum Population

' ! on the the sum of the residential and working population, the density of the maximum population. This static number illustrates the relation between dif

( )

working are represented better than the often used inhabitants density . *

+689

!

rural I tested the following intervals of the ‘inbetween’ using the two test case areas. For the delimitation to the rural I used mainly the Tyrol, as it test case area wich can be consider as the more rural one, whereas to calibrate the limit to the urban South Holland was used as it is the more urbanized territory. The different ranges of density were calculated and mapped with a GIS and then, using the interpretation of aerial photography evaluated.

Table on the left shows the applied ranges which resulted in the selection of a range of maximum population density from 50 to 2.500/km², which was used to

!

54

‘TiB’

3

500m

2

0

1 max. population > 225/km² max. population 225 to 75/km² max. population 225 to 50/km² max. population 225 to 25/km² buildings

Left: Different ranges of in-between. Data source: TIRIS Tiroler Rauminformationssystem - Amt der Tiroler Landesregierung – Abteilung Raumplanung und Statistik. Right: the same area in aerial view, with three steps of urbanisation in immediate neighbourhood. Source: Google Earth.

3

2

1

The map and the images on this page show how the

> sity relates to the urbanisation pattern. Both images show three steps of a typical urbanisation process in the Tyrol. Starting from an single farm (nr.1) to a farm with additional single family houses, originally mostly used by parts of the families who didn’t

? @K

pattern with farm, single family houses and other additional uses (nr.3) in later form of settlement multi story housing or other forms of a rather urban kind can be found. The in-between should include type nr. 2 and nr. 3 but not nr. 1. Therfore the lower limit of inbetween was set to 50/km².

‘TiB’

55

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‘TiB’

56

max. population > 5.000/km² max. population 2.500 to 5.000/km² max. population 2.000 to 2.500/km² max. population 1.000 to 2.000/km² max. population 500 to 1.000/km² max. population 225 to 500/km² main water

Different ranges of in-between - on the right a zoom on the area between Den Haag and Delft. Data source: Atelier Zuidvluegel

‘TiB’

57

(source: Google Earth) of the area around Den Haag and Delft. Data source: Atelier Zuidvluegel

The map with the different ranges of in-between shows that from max. population 2.500/km² the area is more or less stable until a max. population of 5.000 were

lected. Therefore the upper limit of the max. population was choosen by 2.500/km².

0

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‘TiB’

58

‘TiB’according to max. population main water

‘TiB’

59

‘TiB’ – Density of Maximum Population – Conclusions The applied range of 50 to 2.500 persons/km² shows that the biggest part of South Holland would be inbetween, except the densest parts of the cities and some not inhabited areas in the green heart. For the

but it also shows that the most parts where it is possible to settle would be part of the in-between.

Only the centres of the biggest settlements and the mountains are excluded. The maps show that for both case studies the result is already a good approach to locate these territories that are neither urban nor rural.

Nevertheless some areas which are for example sparsely inhabited but are characterized by non rural land uses are lacking for example and other which are ex

of an intermingling are included in the selection what they should not be, therefore the additional parameters which include the land use are necessary.

0

10

20

30

40

50km

‘TiB’

60

Train Highway gas-pipeline provincial road ski resort

‘TiB’

61

Data source: TIRIS Tiroler Rauminformationssystem - Amt der Tiroler Landesregierung – Abteilung Raumplanung und Statistik and Atelier Zuidvluegel. Edited by the author

regional roads) electricity, gas and waste water lines and skiing resort were consider as infrastructure. If in a square of 500 m x 500 m there is more than one means of infrastructure the area is considered as in-between.

0

10

20

30

40

50km

‘TiB’

62

inland water bodies continuous urban fabric after CORINE

‘TiB’

63

Data source: TIRIS Tiroler Rauminformationssystem - Amt der Tiroler Landesregierung – Abteilung Raumplanung und Statistik and Atelier Zuidvluegel. http://www. eea.europa.eu/themes/landuse/clcdownload. Edited by the author.

As the intermingling of built and unbuilt is one of the characteristics of the ‘TiB’ the selections has to be corrected by those areas which are either more than 75% built or completely unbuilt but became because of using a grid as selection method selected.

For the unbuilt two categories of the corine land cover were chosen; continuous urban fabric, which is

!

are heavy industrialised and most of the ground is " #

all urban areas in South Holland are discontinuous

"

#

$ &

Tyrol has no harbours. As unbuilt areas were chosen all water bodies, dunes beaches and inter tidal areas.

0

10

20

30

40

50km

‘TiB’ 64

‘TiB’

‘TiB’

65

º ŧ Ũ ŷ T º iº i ‘TiB’ i i i i i i 5ɥ ɩŜ5ɥɥ ŵ ɿ i i ɩ i i i 5ɥɥ 5ɥɥ i i i ɮ5 ʩ ɩ5ʩŜ T i i i i Ŝ T i i i i i i i ř i ř i i i i i i i i Ŝ i i i i i i i i i i i i i º i i i i i i i º i Ŝ

66

‘TiB’

"

In the following the ‘Territories in Between’ are going to e analyzed concerning ecological economical and social properties. The two test case are compared to see whether there are similarities or not and compared to general statements like mainly rich people live in the sprawl areas for example.

There are four main topics to be investigated: The questions whether the ‘TiB’ are mainly mono functional low density areas and therefore as for example Newmann and Kenworthy argument car dependend or whether the decentralization of residents was fol !C

W ! )ices, as for example Richardson and Gordan show; both in (Bruegmann, 2005) “Each individual may increasingly create his own virtual city, which has no set physical and admin ) ! ' ! ' able combination of activity places, connected by� ? @[ \ '

] ic and behavioural constrains...� (Bertolini and DiW $%%^@'

the society different areas have centralities and these centralities change over time, like concert locations for example. Therefore on the following pages different centralities are mapped to show how they are related to the ‘TiB’and each other.

The suburb is often blamed to be the refuge for the

(

back with the “problems� of the city cores. Therefore one of the following maps will show the concentrations of inhabitants according to their income to investigate whether the ‘TiB’ are a result or result in social segregation.

The fourth point is the often used argument that cities are eating up nature open land and farm land that is needed to secure local food supply. Therefore the ‘TiB’ and the natural protected areas in the test case areas are analysed.

As basic Information the distribution and densities of Jobs and inhabitants of the two test cases are mapped and the share of the ‘TiB’ is visualized to later be able to evaluate their relevance for centralities, multifunctionality, ecological and social aspects.

The comparison of the basic numbers of inhabitants, W !

! lar distributions.(compare table on this side) ` j%{

!

W !

the ‘TiB’.

The result of having a similar distribution in both case studies, although the basic densities of Inhabitants and companies are extremely different, shows that the selection method is reasonable.

In the following taking this distribution as comparison more detailed investigations what are the properties of the ‘TiB’ and how do they differ or not in the case studies will be researched.

/ŜŚĂÄ?Ĺ?ƚĂŜƚĆ? :Ĺ˝Ä?Ć? ŽžƉĂŜĹ?ÄžĆ? /ŜŚĂÄ?Ĺ?ƚĂŜƚĆ? :Ĺ˝Ä?Ć? ŽžƉĂŜĹ?ÄžĆ?

ÍšdĹ? Í› Í´ WŽƉƾůĂƚĹ?ŽŜ Í´ :Ĺ˝Ä?Ć? Ͳ ŽžƉĂŜĹ?ÄžĆ? /Ĺś ÍšdĹ? Í› Đš Ĺ?Ĺś ÍšdĹ? Í› Kƾƚ ŽĨ ÍšdĹ? Í› dŚĞ dÇ‡ĆŒĹ˝ĹŻ ĎłĎŻĎ°Í˜Ď­ĎŽĎ­ ĎąĎ­Ď­Í˜Ď˛ĎľĎ­ ϲϾ͕ϳϏ ĎŽĎŽĎŽÍ˜Ď°ĎŻĎŹ ĎŻĎŽĎąÍ˜ĎŽĎ´Ď´ Ď­ĎľĎ°Í˜ĎŻĎąĎ° ϹϾ͕ϳϹ Ď­ĎŻĎŹÍ˜ĎŻĎľĎ° Ď°ĎŽÍ˜ĎŽĎľĎą ĎŽĎłÍ˜ĎąĎŻĎ˛ ϲϹ͕ϭϏ Ď­Ď°Í˜ĎłĎąĎ´ ^ŽƾƚŚ ,ŽůůĂŜĚ ĎŻÍ˜Ď°Ď°ĎŽÍ˜ĎŹĎąĎľ Ď­Í˜ĎľĎŹĎľÍ˜ĎŽĎłĎ­ ϹϹ͕ϰϳ Ď­Í˜ĎąĎŻĎŽÍ˜ĎłĎ´Ďł Ď­Í˜Ď°ĎŽĎľÍ˜ĎŽĎ˛Ď­ Ď´ĎąĎŽÍ˜ĎŹĎ´Ď° ϹϾ͕ϲϭ ĎąĎłĎłÍ˜Ď­ĎłĎł Ď­ĎŽĎłÍ˜ĎľĎ­ĎŹ ĎłĎ˛Í˜Ď°ĎŽĎŹ ϹϾ͕ϳϰ ĎąĎ­Í˜Ď°Ď´Ďľ dŽƚĂů

Đš Žƾƚ ŽĨ ÍšdĹ? Í› ĎŻĎŹÍ•ĎŻĎŹ Ď°ĎŹÍ˜ĎŽĎą ϯϰ͕ϾϏ ϰϰ͕Ϲϯ Ď°ĎŹÍ•ĎŻĎľ ϰϏ͕ώϲ

‘TiB’

67

‘TiB’

90

production sides leads to the emergence of centralities. The central meaning of a place can be grounded in its historic meaning. Big events produce temporary limited centralities. (The photo on this page shows a place that combines the two later; The Bergisel - has a historic meaning as the place of the battle between Napoleon and the Tyrolean (1809) and a event tradition as venue of two Olympic Winter Games, and annually ski jumping and snow board events.

The following maps show different concentrations and their relation to the ‘TiB’ mainly in South Holland as the equivalent data for the Tyrol was not always available.

source:www.berisel.at

. . . a J o u r n e y t h r o u g h t h e ‘ T e r r i t o r i e s I n B e t w e e n . . . ’

t h e f o l l o w i n g p a g e s s h o w i m a g e s , t h o u g h t s a n d i d e a s w h i c h c a m e u p while doing field work in the TiB’ which cannot be shown in maps and with numbers but relate to local or cultural phenomena.

112

‘TiB’

‘Territories in Between‘ are …

‘TiB’

113

ŝ º which is a result of three decades of planning polic which focused on densiºcation and concentration on the existing settlements - this policy though didn’t prevent sprawl in general it limited just to the more af»uent parts of the society as building subsidies are often related to dense housing typologies.

The results are often neither settlements with the ualities of the of low density typologies li e privacy and private green space, nor did it prevent the disadvantages of sprawl li e long commuting times as these developments happened all over the territory.

114

‘TiB’

‘Territories in Between‘ are …

foto: Bernhard Egger

‘TiB’

115

ŜŜŜ The infrastructure that serves and ma es our modern life possible cris-crosses the landscape even areas that are at ºrst glance natural areas are interwoven with infrastructure. A division in nature and urbani ed areas or human and non human nature is not possible and does also not help to understand the processes forming these territories.

116

‘TiB’

‘Territories in Between‘ are …

‘TiB’

117

ŜŜŜ º

the endogenous potential of the landscape are exploited to its limits be it through tourism or industriali ed agriculture.

118

‘TiB’

‘Territories in Between‘ are …

‘TiB’

119

ŜŜŜ the dream of the own house, car and piece of land, the freedom of choice even if it often is not as free as it seems and often bought for high prices is the driving force behind million of individual choices to live in the ‘TiB’.

120

‘TiB’

‘Territories in Between‘ are …

clean industries and services integrated into villages

‘TiB’

121

a mini golf court within one of the most expensive business parks at the edge of Innsbruck uses a “dysfunctional” space under a pylon

car wash - gas -sunbathing

...mixed use unconventional combination of uses as well as uses a within exixiting zoning regulation would not be allowed next to each other coexist and proºt from each other because of their common and parallel historical development.

122

‘TiB’

‘Territories in Between‘ are …

‘TiB’

123

... local and global is being nowhere and every were at the same time

124

‘ T i B ’

‘Territories in Between‘ are …

‘ T i B ’

125

. . .

…

thousands of people and their daily decisionsi s

. . .

P e r m e a b i l i t y

. . .

128

Permeability

P e r m e a b i l i t y

The b a n i a p p r i n B “ T h e p r o a r i t o d i s c t i v i o f n t e n t t h e r t o o u n d e

main added knowledge to the academic field of s m i n t h i s t h e s i s i s g a i n e d t h r o u g h a n i n t e g r a o a c h t o “ u r b a n ” p e r m e a b i l i t y i n t h e ‘ T e r r i t o r e t w e e n ’ . r e h a s b e e n l i t t l e e v i d e n c e o f w o r k t h a t c h e s t h e c i t y a s ‘ b o t h a p l a c e ( a s i t e o r t r y ) a n d a s a s e r i e s o f u n b o u n d e d , r e l a t i v o n n e c t e d a n d d i s p e r s e d , p e r h a p s s p r a w l i n g t i e s , m a d e i n a n d t h r o u g h m a n y d i f f e r e n t k i e t w o r k s s t r e t c h i n g f a r b e y o n d t h e p h y s i c a l o f t h e c i t y ’ ( R o b i n s o n , 2005) i n ( W a r d , 2009 e h a s b e e n e v e n l e s s w o r k d o n e w h i c h a l s o t r v e r c o m e t h e b a r r i e r o f a n h u m a n v e r s u s n a t r s t a n d i n g o f t e r r i t o r i e s .

urt e d i e s a p e r e l a c n d e x ) ” i e u r

y s , s e

T h e r e f o r e I a m g o i n g t o u s e t h e c o n c e p t o f p e r m e ability to relate different flows with the territory.

Permeability as concept is used in different fields t h e r e f o r e I w i l l s t a r t t h i s c h a p t e r w i t h c o m p a r i n g different definitions of permeability from different fields but with special focus on regional planning a n d d e s i g n a n d g o o n s h o w i n g i t s r e l a t i o n w i t h o t h e r t e r m s a n d c o n c e p t s l i k e c o n n e c t i v i t y , p o r o s i t y a n d s u s t a i n a b i l i t y . eneral definitions: The Oxford Thesaurus means: p e r m e a b i l i t y m e a b l e n. r o u s

n .

( 1)

t h e

p r o p e r t y

o f

b e i n g

p e r -

(2) the rate of flow of a fluid through a pom a t e r i a l

n . ( 3) a t r a n s m i t w a t e r

m e a s u r e

o f

t h e

a b i l i t y

o f

a

r o c k

t o

P e r m e a b i l i t y ( e l e c t r o m a g n e t i s m ) , t h e d e g r e e o f m a g n e t i z a t i o n o f a m a t e r i a l i n r e s p o n s e t o a m a g n e t i c field P e r m ity S e m i l o w d i f f P e r c e n P e r s t a

e a b of p e c e r u s i

i l a r m t a o n

i t y ( e a r t h s c i e n c e s ) , a m e a s u r e o f t h e material (such as rocks) to transmit e a b l e m e m b r a n e , a m e m b r a n e w h i c h w i l i n m o l e c u l e s o r i o n s t o p a s s t h r o u g h

a b i l fluids l a l i t b y

m e a b i l i t y ( n a u t i c a l ) , i n s h i p d e s i g n , t h e p e r t a g e o f e m p t y s p a c e i n a c o m p a r t m e n t o r t a n k m e a t i o n o f a g a s o r v a p o u r t h r o u g h a s o l i d s u b n c e

Vascular permeability, the movement of fluids and m o l e c u l e s b e t w e e n t h e v a s c u l a r a n d e x t r a v a s c u l a r c o m p a r t m e n t s

129

P e r m e a b i l i t y ( s p a t i a l a n d t r a n s p o r t p l a n n i n g ) , t h e e x t e n t t o w h i c h t h e l a y o u t o f u r b a n f o r m s e n a b l e s p e o p l e o r v e h i c l e s t o m o v e i n d i f f e r e n t d i r e c t i o n s .

All have in common that they describe a flow of peop l e , m a t e r i a l , a n d i n f o r m a t i o n a n d s o o n t h r o u g h a m a t e r i a l o r e n t i t y . closer look on fields which are related with planning like urban design, traffic or landn n i n g i t b e c o m e s o b v i o u s t h a t p e r m e a b i l i t y t a n d w i d e l y u s e d b u t r a t h e r s e l d o m c l e a r l y

F u r t h e r m o r e t h e t e r m s c o n n e c t i v i t y a n d p e r m e a b i a r e o f t e n i n t e r c h a n g e a b l y . S t e p h e n M a r s h a l l ( s h a l l , 2005) t h o u g h d i f f e r e n t i a t e s “ t h e c o n c e p t connectivity’ and permeability’. As defined by s h a l l , c o n n e c t i v i t y r e f e r s s o l e l y t o t h e n u m b e c o n n e c t i o n s t o a n d f r o m a p a r t i c u l a r p l a c e , w h e p e r m e a b i l i t y r e f e r s t o t h e c a p a c i t y o f t h o s e c o n t i o n s t o c a r r y p e o p l e o r v e h i c l e s . T h u s w i d e n i n g r o a d s o r p a t h s l e a d i n g f r o m a p l a c e w o u l d i n c r i t s p e r m e a b i l i t y , b u t l e a v e i t s c o n n e c t i v i t y c h a n g e d . ” I w o u l d g o e v e n f u r t h e r a n d s e p e r m e a b i a l s o a s t h e p o s s i b i l i t y t o e s t a b l i s h c o n n e c t i T h i s m e a n s t h a t p e r m e a b i l i t y i s a q u a l i t a t i v e q u a n t i t a t i v e v a l u e .

A c c o r o s i i n s t M a n u a s a w h i c p e r m n e e d 2009

r d i n g t o t y i n u r b a n c e , t h e a l o f S t r n o t h e r e h e m p h a s e a b i l i t y t o b e

M O X a n d w o r e e t s x a m p i z e s w h e n i n t e

“ t h e r e s i g n i d p e r m e o f t h e l e i s h o w i ( r e ) d e g r a t e d

o l e o f p e r m e a b i l i t y o f p r i m a r y i m p o r t a a b i l i t y i s o f t e n f o u n D e p a r t m e n t o f T r a n s p t h e U r b a n D e s i g n C o m p o r t a n t i t i s t o s i g n i n g n e w u r b a n a r i n t o a u r b a n t i s s u s

a n c d o r m p i n e a e .

n d e , i n t , e n c r s ” (

l i t y M a r s o f Marr o f r e a s n e c t h e e a s e u n l i t y o n s . a n d

d e t M

p o f o t h U K i u a s h a O X

r e ; m e t ,

)

Mox also define the relation between permeability a n d p o r o s i t y . “ N o t i c e t h a t p o r o s i t y i s p u r e l y g e o m e t r i c a l , w h i l e p e r m e a b i l i t y d e p e n d s o n t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s p e e d o f s u b j e c t s . I n o t h e r w o r d s , s i n c e its definition is dependent on the mode of transport, p e r m e a b i l i t y c a n a s s u m e d i f f e r e n t v a l u e s w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e m o v i n g s u b j e c t . ” ( i b i d . ) T h i s i s t r u e n o t just for traffic to which they refer here but also in a m o r e g e n e r a l s e n s e .

S e v m e a ( p e u r b r o u c o r e l e

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g

n

a c i b i i s g s t s .

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h o r a t y ) e o a c c o t h e T h e

s a l s n d a i m p l r s p a o m m o d s i z e m o s t

o

g i s u s t i e s c e s , a t i n a n d i m p o

v e a r e l a t i o n b e t a i n a b l e c i t y . “ T o p e n c o n n e c t i o n s a s w e l l a s l i n k s g d i f f e r e n t a c c e s d i s p o s i t i o n o f t h r t a n t a s p e c t o f t

w e h i w t o s e h i

e n s i t t m o c o s

a q u h i h e d e m p q u

p e a l i n t s u s a o n e a l i

r t y h e r c n t t y

P e r m e a b i l i t y

Having a regional s c a p e p l a i s e v i d e n defined.

130

t h t i o n t o t h ( d e S

P e r m e a b i l i t y

i s

e

c a p a c i t y t o a l l o w f r e e d o m o f c h o i c e a n d s e l e c a l t e r n a t i v e c i r c u l a t i o n r o u t e s , r e s p o n d i n g e s p a t i a l d e m o c r a t i z a t i o n . ” B e n t l e y , e t a l . i n c h i l l e r , 2006 ) o f

F o r d e s t i o o f u r b s u n m o t

S c i g n n s d i r a n , a e s

h i l l e r q u a l i i n t h e e c t i o n q u a l i t i r a n d o c i a l

T h i m u n l i m a b i o r n o m

s

e c o m e e s w h d , m o y m e a n o m i c c o n n e

b i t i i t e l i t e c o i c

s

e t . a l . p e r m e t i e s o f f u n c u r b a n t i s s u e b o t h i s a s s i e s o f a c c e s s d a y l i g h t a n d p a r t i c i p a t i o n

v e r i c h r s t l y s u r e s c e n t c t i v i

y e s r i a r e t y

e v t r c h l s s o

i d e i c t , p o t i t f a

n t

a b i t i o a s o c i t o f u r . s

l i t y i s c o n n e c t e d n a l a n d v i s u a l w e l l a s t h e f r e e a t e d t o t h e s u s t r e n e w a b l e r e s o u t h e r m o r e a c c e s s e e ( d e S c h i l l e r ,

i n t h e c a s t h i s f r e e d o m a r t o f t h e s o c h e a c c e s s t o c e x p l a i n s t h e c i t y / r e g i o n .

e

o o f i e t e r t s o c

t o t h c o n n e c c h o i c a i n a b l r c e s o t o p r o 2006 )

f

g a t e d c c h o i c e t y . A s p e r a i n s e r v i i a l a n d e

e e e f -

o m o

a m e c e s c o -

L a n d s c a p e e c o l o g i s t u s e p e r m e a b i l i t y a n d c o n n e c t i v i t y i n a w i d e r a n g e , t h e n e t w o r k a p p r o a c h i s s i n c e t h e W o r l d S u m m i t o n S u s t a i n a b l e D e v e l o p m e n t ( W S S D ) 2002 i n J o h a n n e s b u r g w h i c h t a l k s i n i t s a c t i o n p l a n o f t h e “ c r e a t i o n ” o f e c o l o g i c a l n e t w o r k s a n d c o r r i d o r , w o r l d w i d e f o l l o w e d . „ L a n d s c a p e c o n n e c t i v i t y h a s been defined as the degree to which the landscape fac i l i t a t e s o r i m p e d e s m o v e m e n t a m o n g r e s o u r c e p a t c h e s ( T a y l o r e t a l . , 19 9 3) . I t i s c o n s i d e r e d a k e y i s s u e f o r b i o d i v e r s i t y c o n s e r v a t i o n a n d f o r t h e m a i n t e n a n c e o f n a t u r a l e c o s y s t e m s s t a b i l i t y a n d i n t e g r i t y ( T a y l o r e t a l . , 19 9 3; C l e r g e a u a n d B u r e l , 19 9 7 ; W i t h e t a l . , 19 9 7 ; C o l l i n g e , 19 9 8 ; R a i s o n e t a l . , 2001; C r i s t e t a l . , 2005) ” a n d t h e r e f o r e f o r s u s t a i n a b l e d e v e l o p m e n t . “ A s i t f a c i l i t a t e s a n i m a l d i s p e r s a l , genetic flow and multiple other ecological functions o f a l a n d s c a p e ( R i c o t t a e t a l . , 2000) , c o n n e c t i v i t y i s a m a j o r c o n c e r n f o r w i l d l i f e p o p u l a t i o n s u r v i v a l ( F a h r i g a n d M e r r i a m , 19 8 5) a n d r e d u c t i o n o f e x t i n c t i o n r i s k ( K r a m e r - S c h a d t e t a l . , 2004) ” , t o c o n s i d e r t h i s i s f o r a s u s t a i n a b l e r e g i o n a l d e s i g n o f m a j o r i n t e r e s t .

T h e l i t e r a t u r e r e s e a r c h o n p e r m e a b i l i t y i n d e x e s d i d n o t s h o w a p p r o a c h s w h i c h t r i e d t o c o m b i n e i n d e x e s from both fields it seems that the distinction between u r b a n a n d r u r a l o r b e t w e e n a n t h r o p o c e n t r i c f o c u s e d a n d n a t u r a l c o n s e r v a t i o n f o c u s e d a p p r o a c h e s i s v e r y d e e p l y r o o t e d . T h i s i s o n t h e o n e h a n d s u r p r i s i n g , a s m o s t o t h e r s “ b o r r o w ” t h e i r m a t h e m a t i c a l m o d e l s from other scientific fields and that with protagon i s t l i k e F o r e m a n ( F O R M A N , 2008 ) p l a n n i n g a p p r o a c h e s w h i c h c o m b i n e b o t h a r e m o r e a n d m o r e e v i d e n t .

Further a w a r e n e s c i t i e s a d o m i n a n t

more in the s t h a t o n l y n d t h e i r h i . “ T h e n o t i o

field a n a n t e r l n o f

of sustainable planning the p p r o a c h w h i c h i n c l u d e s t h e a n d c a n b e s u c c e s s f u l a r e s u s t a i n a b i l i t y c a n o n l y b e

131

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The at the first glance incompatibility of the indicators of different fields also show the importance of d e s i g n a s i t i s a t h e w a y t o d i m i n i s h t h i s s e p a r a t i o n , o f c o u r s e i m p l y i n g t h a t t h e d e s i g n i s n o t b a s e d o n a u r b a n - r u r a l d i v i d e .

T h e r e f o r e t h e c o m b i n a t i o n o f t h e d i f f e r e n t i n d e x e s c a n n o t r e p l a c e d e s i g n b u t s h o u l d b e a t o o l t o t e s t a n d e v a l u a t e d e s i g n f r o m b o t h s i d e s , w h i c h i n r e a l i t y i s o n e , a t t h e s a m e t i m e .

H ow to relate permeability

with the territory ?

The flows which cris-crossing and building up our w o r l d a r e f a c i l i t a t e d b y c e r t a i n m a t e r i a l i z e d e n t i t i e s . T h i s i n a v e r y s i m p l e w a y c a n b e c a l l e d i n f r a s t r u c t u r e , v e r y o f t e n s i m p l e t o t r a c e a n d l o c a l i z e , l i k e s t r e e t s a n d h i g h w a y s f o r g o o d s a n d p e o p l e o r r i v e r s a n d c a n a l s f o r w a t e r . S o m e t i m e s t h e s e t r a c e s are rather hard to localise like the flows of informat i o n w h i c h g o t h r o u g h t h e a e t h e r o f o u r m o b i l e p h o n e n e t w o r k s , b u t w h a t c a n b e m a p p e d i s e i t h e r t h e u s e r s o f t h e s y s t e m o r t h e l o c a t i o n o f t h e a n t e n n a s w h i c h f a c i l i t a t e t h e s e r v i c e s . E v e n m o r e c o m p l e x i s i t i f w e h a v e l o o k a t t h e p e r m e a b i l i t y o f a l a n d s c a p e f o r birds for example. Theoretically birds can fly every w e r e b u t t h a t t h e y r e a l l y d o i t n e e d s c e r t a i n p r o p erties of a landscape like a specific combination of b r e e d i n g a n d h u n t i n g h a b i t a t s f o r e x a m p l e , t h e l a t e r c a n b e m a p p e d a s w e l l a s t h e r o u t s b i r d s t a k e b e t w e e n t h e m . H a v e n t h i s c o m p l e x i t y i n m i n d I w a n t t o r e f e r t o t h e b e f o r e c h o s e n a p p r o a c h t o s e e t h e l a n d s c a p e as the infrastructure through which all flows pass.

T h e d i a g r a m o n t h e n e x t p a g e s h o w s t h e r e l a t i o n b e tween the flows the territory the concept of permea b i l i t y a n d t h e p l a n n e r .

P e r m e a b i l i t y

r e a l i s t i c a l l y a p p l i e d i n t h i s w i d e r g e o p h y s i c a l p s p e c t i v e , w h e r e t h e u r b a n – r u r a l i n t e r f a c e m i g h t p a n i m p o r t a n t r o l e i n l a n d u s e p l a n n i n g . ’ D o u g h t y H a m m o n d ( 2004) ’ r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t s u s t a i n a b i l i t y s e s s m e n t , p l a n n i n g a n d m o n i t o r i n g s h o u l d t h e r e f b e u n d e r t a k e n a t t h e r e g i o n a l s c a l e o r b e y o n d . ” ( t o n e t a l . , 2007 ) O n t h e o t h e r h a n d i t i s a l s o u n d e r s t a n d a b l e a s i n d e x e s o f t e n h a v e o p p o s i t e d i r e c t i o n s a n d a i m s therefore represent often conflicting interests. “ I n o r d e r t o s e c u r e s u s t a i n a b i l i t y i n t h e w i d e r c t e x t , t h e h u r d l e i s a r g u a b l y t h e u r b a n – r u r a l v i d e . I t i s t h i s i n t e r f a c e o r s y s t e m b o u n d a r y o w h i c h m o s t o f t h e i n p u t r e s o u r c e s f o r c i t i e s m p a s s . ” ( E a t o n e t a l . , 2007 ) T h e s e i s d i r e c t l y c n e c t e d w i t h t h e s e c o n d w o r k p a c k a g e s o f t h e t h e t h e ‘ T i B ’ a s t h e y a r e a t e s t c a s e f o r d e s i g n i n g w i o u t h a v i n g t h i s d u a l i t y i n m i n d .

132

P e r m e a b i l i t y

Flows in a ‘TiB’

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134

Permeability

indicators

T h e i d e a o f c o m b i n i n g d i f f e r e n t I n d i c a t o r s t o g e t h e r i s t o a l l o w t h e q u a n t i t a t i v e a s s e s s m e n t s a n d c o m p a r i s o n s o f t h e i m p a c t s f r o m d i f f e r e n t p l a n s o r d e v e l o p m e n t .

P e r m e a b i l i t y

The t h e a s a t o f t o p i e s s e t h e r a r e e q u a a n d

difficulty of choosing indicators though lies o f t e n v e r y d a t a d e m a n d i n g a n d i n t r y i n g t o d e q u a t e a s p o s s i b l e o f t e n v e r y c o m p l e x a n d h a o l l o w f o r p e o p l e n o t s p e c i a l i z e d o n t h e c e r t a c . A t o o l w h i c h s h o u l d b e u s e d i n p l a n n i n g p r o s a n d b e a b l e t o b e e a s i l y u n d e r s t o o d s h o u e f o r e b e c o m p o s e d b y a s e t o f i n d i c a t o r s “ w h i a s s i m p l e a s p o s s i b l e b u t s t i l l c a n e x p l a i n a t e t h e o b s e r v e d p h e n o m e n a . ” O ’ N e i l i n ( M a r u l M a l l a r a c h , 2005)

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o l o g i c a l i n d e x i t s e e m s t o b e p r a c t i c a l t o s e o n e b i o t i c i n d i c a t o r a n d o n e n o n b i o t i c i n d i c a The first is related to biodiversity to assess e r m e a b i l i t y o f a t e r r i t o r y c o n c e r n i n g i t s e c o a l p r o c e s s e s . I t h e r e f o r e s e l e c t e d t h e e f f e c m e s h s i z e d e v e l o p e d b y J a e g e r . ( J a e g e r , 2002) u r t h e r d e v e l o p e d b y G i r v e t z . ( G i r v e t z e t a l . , , w h i c h i s a n e x p r e s s i o n o f t h e p r o b a b i l i t y t h a t w o l o c a t i o n s i n t h e l a n d s c a p e a r e c o n n e c t e d , n o t s e p a r a t e d b y b a r r i e r s s u c h a s r o a d s .

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P e r m e a b i l i t y

A s

indicators

136

P e r m e a b i l i t y

T h e s e c o n d c h o s e n e c o l o g i c a l p a r a m e t e r i s a hy drology relevant indicator and covers the permeability of a region for water and the increased impermeability of urbaniz ed territories for infiltration of w a t e r i n t o t h e g r o u n d .

I t i s t h e r e f o r e r e l a t e d t o p l a n n i n g t a s k s aging flooding risk, local climate which is b y t h e e v a p o r a t i o n o f t h e s u r f a c e a n d t h e a the territory to store water, as well as to l i k e a c c e s s i b i l i t y t o ( d r i n k i n g ) w a t e r w h i c o n e o f t h e m o s t c r u c i a l f o r f u t u r e d e v e l o t h e t r e a t m e n t o f w a s t e w a t e r . T h e c h o s e n is there for a storm runoff coefficient, b y t h e S C S ( S o i l C o n s e r v a t i o n S e r v i c e ) a n d e v e l o p e d b y b y P a n d i t a n d G o p a l a k i r s h n a n . e t a l . , 2001) T h e t h e

b a s i c i d e a b e h i n d i t i s t h a t a s h i g h e r l o w e r t h e p e r m e a b i l i t y o f t h e a r e a .

T h e

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�

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l i k e m a n influenced b i l i t y o f questions h w i l l b e p m e n t a n d p a r a m e t e r developed d f u r t h e r ( W h i t f o r d

h e p r e c i p i t a t i o n , a n d S t h e m a x i m u m p o n t i o n o f t h e c a t c h m e n t ( t h e g r e a t e r t h e r i s t h e r u n - o f f ) . S , i n t u r n i s g i v e n s s i o n :

�

�

�

�

where CN is the curve number of the particular type o f w a t e r s h e d , w h i c h h a s b e e n d e t e r m i n e d b y e x p e r i ment. For impervious and water surfaces CN 100, so S equals 0. For pervious surfaces CN 100 so S is posit i v e . T h e S o i l C o n s e r v a t i o n S e r v i c e ( S C S ) h a v e t a b u l a t e d c u r v e n u m b e r s , f o r n o r m a l a n t e c e d e n t m o i s t u r e c o n d i t i o n s , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e h y d r o l o g i c s o i l g r o u p ( w h i c h d e p e n d s o n s o i l t y p e ) , a n d w i t h l a n d u s e o r s u r f a c e c o v e r . T h e s e c u r v e n u m b e r s c a n a l s o b e c o n v e r t e d t o o n e s f o r d r y o r w e t c o n d i t i o n s . ” ( W h i t f o r d e t a l . , 2001) T h e c o n c e p t b e h i n d t h e r u n d i c a t o r . S o u r c e : ( W h i t f o r d 2001)

o f f i n e t a l . ,

137

Social permeability A s s c a t o t h e b e f o t h e p a r t

indicators

o c i a l p e r m e a b i l i t y i n d i c a t o r I c r s w h i c h a r e d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d t street/ path network, b e c a u s e t h r e d i r e c t l y c o n n e c t e d o f t h e f r e o n e h a n d a n d o n t h e o t h e r h a n d o f t h e t e r r i t o r y i s i n w a l k a b

T h e g r a d e a l i n g m e n t a n e v e n s h

i n w i d t o u l

s i t h h e d b

z e t h u n e

i s

r e u n c e d e r s t a p l a n a e

l a r t n d b l

o

h o o s e t h t h e t o i s i s a s e d o m o f r e l a t e d l e d i s t a

r e e i p o l o g I s t c h o i c t o w n c e .

n d y a t e h i

i o f e d o n c h

t e d t o t h e p l a n n i n g t a s k o f a i n t y o f t h e f u t u r e d e v e l o p i n g t h a t n o t e v e r y t h i n g i s o r e .

These indicators is related to question of mixed use, the ability of change and stratification and is also a n i n d i c a t o r f o r t h e p o r o s i t y o f a t i s s u e .

I

w i l l t e s t d i f f e r e n t w a y s o f d e s c r i b i n g t h e s t r e e t n e t w o r k , t h e ( e f f e c t i v e ) g r a i n s i z e a n d t h e p e r i m e t e r a r e a r e l a t i o n a s w e l l a s t h e l i n k n o d e r a t i o .

The Manhattan rid 150m/70m and A r e a p e r i m e t e r r a t i o o f 23, 3. s o u r c e : g o o g l e e a r t h .

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W h e r e A i s t a r e a a n d P t h e r e p e r i m e t e r o f t h e i s l a n d , respectively L the number of links and N of nodes.

T h e o t h e r i n d e x I w i l l u s e i s t h e availability of public transport a s t h i s i s t h e o n l y m o t o r i s e d m e a n s o f t r a n s p o r t w h i c h i s a c c e s s i b l e f o r n e a r l y a l l p a r t s o f t h e s o c i e t y ( a l l t h o u g h s t i l l r e s t r i c t e d b y t h e t i c k e t p r i c e ) a n d t h e r e f o r e d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d t o s p a t i a l c o h e s i o n a n d s o c i a l s u s t a i n a b i l i t y .

P l a n n i n g T a s k a s t r a n s p o r t p l a n n i n g b u t a l s o m a n a g i n g o f g r o w t h a n d t h e s p a t i a l d i s t r i b u t i o n o f s e r v i c e s a r e r e l a t e d w i t h t h i s a s p e c t .

To be qualitative the speed and the intensity (number o f u n i t s p e r h o u r ) o f t h e s e r v i n g m o d e o f p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t w i l l b e i n t e g r a t e d i n t o t h e i n d e x . I t i s also relevant with questions of life style and a basic quality for non (car) mobile parts of the society i n r e m o t e a r e a s .

�

W h e r e P t i s t h e t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n a n d P sw i s t h e p a r t o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n w h i c h h a s a c c e s s t o p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t weighted by the quality of the service.

P e r m e a b i l i t y

D i f f e r e n t k i n d s o f s t r e e t p a t t e r n s s h o w d i f f e r e n t flexibilities to uses and spatial changes.

138

Economic permeability

indicators

T h e w a s p e r f o r e c o c a l e c o

t i b r y o n a n e l

c r i t e r i a f t h a t t h e y m e a b i l i t y o f c e a n d b u s i n n o m y a n d o n s p a t i a l p r o n o m i c d e v e l o

P e r m e a b i l i t y

A big b o t h t t e c h n o t h e i n t a k e p r i e s a t o t h e m e a s u r T h e r t o t b a s i 2008 p u b l w a s S a s s i t c o t h e c o n d d i s t a n d o f c

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part of economic flows nowadays are e s t c a s e a r e a s a r e e q u i p p e d w i t h l o g y o f c o m m u n i c a t i o n n e t w o r k s I f r a s t r u c t u r e w h i c h a l l o w s p e o p l e p e a r t i n t h e g l o b a l b u s i n e s s e s , a s b o r e n o t g l o b a l c i t i e s , t h e t r a v e l l i c e n t r e s o f t h e g l o b a l e c o n o m y i s e .

e f o r e I u s e h e m o s t i m p s t o c h o o s e G l o b a l C i t i s h e d i n t h e s t a b l i s h e d e n . T h e r e a o m b i n e s n o t r c u l t u r a l a i t i o n f o r e c a n c e I u s e d c a r c o n n e c t o n n e c t i o n s .

A s I n d i c a influence u s e t h e i n t e g r a t i d e s c r i b e T h e t i c a n d t h e u s e o t h l i m t h i e x a w i t

o r c h o o s i n g s h o u l d d e s c r t h e t e r r i t o e s s c o n n e c t i t h e o t h e r h p e r t i e s i n r p m e n t .

g l o b a n a t h e m i n i , i n r ) t t o f c a s p l e s t h e

i c a n , g n g a l d

a t o t w o r l o b s l s f

virtual, t h e n e w e f o c u s e d r s o n a l l y t h t e r r i t n g d i s t a n a n a d e q u a

t h e t i m e r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e r e g o r t a n t g l o b a l c i t i e s i n E u r o p e . t h e r e l e v a n t g l o b a l c i t i e s i s i e s I n d e x ( K e a r n e y , 2008 ) w h i c h e j o u r n a l F o r e i g n P o l i c y a n d w i n c l o s e c o o p e r a t i o n w i t h S a s s o n f o r c h o o s i n g t h i s l i s t i s j u s t p u r e e c o n o m i c n u m b e r s b u t n d p o l i t i c a l f a c t o r s w h i c h a r e a o n o m i c s u c c e s s . A s b a s i s f o r t h e t h e a i r p l a n e a n d ( h i g h ) s p e e d t s a s w e l l a s t h e c o s t a n d f r e q u

t o r o f t h e i n t r i n s i c s economic activities S p a c e S y n t a x m e t h o d . o n a n d t h e i r n o r m a l i t h e s e p o t e n t i a l s .

a l l y ‘ m u w

i n d h i t a l t h e b r i e n t i e

p a t i a l q u a l i t i e s w and potentials I T h e g l o b a l a n d l s a t i o n c a n b e u s e

i o T t w h i s k t h a l p r t i r a e n

r s h e k a l o o r as s t o n t o o c e t e n s h e h e a s c h i a a t s o e m e i n c y

1580m

h i c h will o c a l d t o

i n t e g r a t i o n , w h i c h „ i s a s i m p l e ‘ s y n t s i s i n w h i c h e a c h l i n e i s p i c k e d u p i n t c o m p l e x i t y d i s t a n c e ’ c a l c u l a t e d ( t h a t m n u m b e r o f i n t e r v e n i n g l i n e s t h a t m u s t h o l e o r i n p a r t , t o g o f r o m o n e l i n e t o o a l l o t h e r l i n e s i n t h e s y s t e m ( t h a t i s , t h e m e a s u r e , o r ‘ c o m p l e x i t y r a d i u s ’ , i s e n o l i m i t , o r r a d i u s - n ) , s h o w e d i n v a r i t h a t a h i g h g l o b a l i n t e g r a t i o n c o i n c i c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f e c o n o m i c d e v e l o p m e n t .

a c u r i b a n t h i o u d e

n s e e n s s

“ A c c o r d i n g t o H i l l i e r , c i t i e s h a v e a d u a l n a t u r e .

They have a foreground global network, which reflects m i c r o e c o n o m i c f u n c t i o n a l p a t t e r n .

1580m

D i f g l o t i o h i g

f e r e n t s t r e e t p a b a l ( a b o v e ) a n d n ( b e l o w ) , t h e h e s t i n t e g r a t e d

t t l r t h

e r n a n o c a l i e d l i n e b l u e

d

t h e r n t e g r a e s a r l e a s t

e e .

139

i s t h e g e n e r a l c o m p o n e n t o f t h e t h e s a m e w a y i n d e p e n d e n t l y o n c b e s t a t e d t h a t t h e l o c a t i o n p a t t e r n f o r t h e s p a t i a l l y m o s t i n t e g r a t e d s t scale levels,“ (Nes, 2008) which is to flows of traffic and pedestrians m e a s u r e o f a c i t i e s p e r m e a b i l i t y . i n

„ C o n e t t u r r a d t h e p e r

r r e w o r a l i u s c i m e a

s p o n k f o p a t t m e a t y � b i l i

d i r e r s u ( i t y

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l y s i V s . d . f

, d e a r I ) , a

c i t i e n t i a l i o u s c t i s t w h i c h u r b a n

s

h a v e a r e a s , u l t u r e s h e c o n s c a n b e p a t t e r n

a w h h a e r v r e .

c i t y a n d w o r k s u l t u r e s . I t c a n o f s h o p s s e e k s r e e t s o n v a r i o u s directly related and therefore a

b a c i c h v e d a t i v l a t e

k g r e i f e d

r o p r f e c o t o

u n o d r e m p t

d l o u c e c n t l o o n e n t h e l o

c a u l c a o c a

l l f l

P e r m e a b i l i t y

I t

. . . . . . T e s t i n g t h e C o n c e p t o f P e r m e a b i l i t y . . . . . . . . .

142

A pply ing the permeability test case areas

indicator to the

T e s t i n g

The first step of using the before constructed concept i o n a l f r a m e w o r k o f p e r m e a b i l i t y i s t o a n a l y s e t h e two territories with the chosen indicators.

Two main aims of this step are on the one hand to gain a better knowledge of the way the TiB’ function and on the other hand to test and adapt the method of using the different indicators. By applying the indicators to the test cases there usability can be checked and as a by product the analyses of the TiB’ becomes advanced by relational and performative aspects.

A first step of adapting them is to realise that the indicators need to be adjusted to time and cultural differences.

I t i s i m p o r t a n t t o b e a w a r e t h a t t h e y a r e t i m e s e n sitive, the availability of public transport for example is different throughout the day and between weekend and week days. The flight connection may vary according to the seasons as they are related with tourism.

Another relevant factor are cultural characteristics, in the Netherlands it is for example common to combine the bike and the train for daily trips not reconsidering this would produce a wrong image of the permeability of the territory by public transport.

Parallel to applying the indicators to the territory the AMOEBA diagram is going to be calibrated to allow a visual comparison of the two case studies and to relate them with qualities of different ranges of p e r m e a b i l i t y .

Through the comparison and deeper understanding of the territories general planning principles are developed which in the last step are then applied to a l o c a l t e s t c a s e i n t h e T y r o l .

Ecological I ndicators – Landscape fragmentation - Effective mesch Siz e The fragmentation geometry is chosen according to gers level one (Highways, major roads, railroads and continues urban areas) and level four (lakes, major rivers and alpine areas above .000m) in contrary to ger I didn’t consider level two and three which are minor roads and agricultural areas as using these would occupy more or less the whole territory in both case study areas and moreover that relevant species show adaptations to this minor barriers.

As focal species to calibrate the AMOEBA Natura 2000 species’ and there minimum habitat area in the two t e s t c a s e a r e a s w e r e c h o s e n o r s p e c i e s t h a t a l s o live close to or in urbanised areas. One species that lives in both territories is the European badger (meles meles) with a minimum habit of around km (predominadtly forest).

Another is the European hare (lepus europeaus) with a minimum habitat of around 0ha.( source:http://www. umweltbundesamt.at) A mesh size above 100km is generally recognized as a big unfragmented batch and seen as lower limtit of undisturped areas. (http://uzvr.naturschutz-fachinformationen-nrw.de)

T e s t i n g

1

154

Ecological I ndicators –

Conclusions

Conclusions for the performance of the ‘TiB’ A f t e r t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e t w o e n v i r o n m e n t a l i n d i c a t o r s f o l l o w i n g c o n c l u s i o n c o n c e r n i n g t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e ‘ T i B ’ c a n b e d r a w n . e x p e c t e d t h e y p e r f o r m c o n c e r n i n g t h e i r p e r m e a b i l i t y f o r l a n d l i v i n g a n i m a l s b e t t e r t h a n t h e m o r e u r b a n a r e a s , b u t t h e d i f f e r e n c e i s t h a t s m a l l t h a t i t i s n o t r e l e v a n t f o r s p e c i e s w h i c h h a v e a b i g m i n i m u m h a b i t a t r e q u i r e m e n t . T h e p o t e n t i a l f o r a b e t t e r p e r f o r m a n c e i s n e v e r t h e l e s s v e r y h i g h a s v e r y s m a l l a n d b i g m e s h s i z e s a r e v e r y o f t e n i n d i r e c t n e i g h b o u r h o o d w h i c h m e a n s t h a t t h r o u g h l o c a l m e a s u r e s w h i c h i m p r o v e t h e p e r m e a b i l i t y o f t h e s m a l l b a t c h e s t h r o u g h t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f m i g r a t i o n c o r r i d o r s f o r example is very high and should not be very difficult t o a c h i e v e .

T e s t i n g

A s

T h e ‘ T e r s i t y s h r u o v e r the l o c a h i g h a n d

s e c o n d e n v i r o n m e n t a l i n d i c a t o r s h o w s t h a t r i t o r i e s i n B e t w e e n ’ h a v e , d u e t o a n h i g h d i o f l a n d c o v e r w i t h a h i g h e r r a t i o o f f o r e b s , g a r d e n s o r s i m i l a r , s t r u c t u r e s , a h i a l l c a p a c i t y o f w a t e r s t o r a g e t h e n t h e r e s test case areas. As this influences qualities l t e m p e r a t u r e a n d c l i m a t e b u t a l s o t h e r i s w a t e r , t h i s c a n b e s e e n a s r e l e v a n t p r o p a d v a n t a g e .

t v e s t g h

h e r s , e r t o f like k o f e r t y

The r i t o u n k n G a l l

result verified the often cited notion that Terr i e s i n B e t w e e n ’ h a v e o f t e n h i d d e n a n d r a t h e r o w n e c o l o g i c a l q u a l i t i e s . ( s e e S i e v e r t s , 2001, a n t , 2004)

Conclusions concerning the method B o t h i n d i c a t o r s h a d t h e n e c e s s i t y t o b e a d a p t e d t o t h e s p e c i a l s i t u a t i o n o f t h e t w o t e s t c a s e a r e a s ; this was possible and already part of their definition T h e e f f e c t i v e m e s h s i z e a s a s i n g l e n u m b e r s e e m s t o b e t o o s i m p l e t o a l l o w c o n c r e t e c o n c l u s i o n s , b u t c o m b i n e d w i t h t h e m e a n a n d m e d i u m m e s h n u m b e r a n d t h e k n o w l e d g e g a i n e d o u t o f t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e d i f ferent mesh size through mapping them gives at first a q u i t e a d e q u a t e p i c t u r e o f t h e r e a l i t y a n d i s u s e f u l l t o d r a w p l a n n i n g r e l e v a n t c o n c l u s i o n s .

The a l r e m u m t i o n a b i

difficulties of using a d y d e s c r i b e d , b u t n e p o t e n t i a l r e t e n t i o n w h s f o r t h e r u n o f p r o v g s c a l e a n a l y s e s .

the v e r t i c h e d t

run of coefficient were h e l e s s u s i n g t h e m a x i i s p a r t o f t h e c a l c u l a o b e v e r y u s e f u l l f o r

155

B o t h i n d i c a t o r s w e r e e a s y t o a p p l y , t h e n e e d e d d a t a ( m a i n l y C O R I N E ) i s a v a i l a b l e f o r e v e r y o n e i n t h e i n t e r n e t , a n d t h e r e f o r e e a s y r e p l i c a b l e .

T h e

c a c e r t l o c a l l h a b i t a a

l i a i y t s

b r a t i o n o f t n k n o w l e d g e i m p o r t a n t s p i s c o n t r o v e

h e o e c r s f

A M O t h i e s i a l l

E B e a n y

E

d h a b d t s e e

i a i t h e n

g r a m n a t r e c o n c e a m o n g

e e d s a l t h o u g h q u i r e m e n t s o f p t o f m i n i m u m e c o l o g i s t s .

y lt bi ea rm pe r fo

4, 5

13, 5 6 , 6

9

18 8 , 8

2, 1

4, 2

11, 9

r e t e n t i o n 13

p o t e n t i a l

22, 5

27

T h e v a l u e s o f b o t h T e s t c a s e a r e a s ( S o u t h H o l l a n d i n o r a n g e a n d T h e T y r o l i n b l a c k ) v i s u a l i z e d i n t h e A M O E B A d i a g r a m .

T e s t i n g

10

ha

10

0

ha

1.

00

0

ha

10

.0 0

0

ha

10

0.

00

0

ha

1.

00

0.

00

0

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ty si er iv od bi

m a x i m u m

156

Social Indicators the Availability of Public Transport The indicator for the permeability of the territory by public transport is expressed in the ratio of the part of the population or jobs with access to public transport and the total population.

Different modes of public transport have different speed service qualities and acceptance as well as service distances. According to Rob van Nes (van Nes, 2002) the main characteristics of any transportation network from the traveller’s point of view are travel costs and travel time, with the latter determined by network characteristics such as space accessibility, time accessibility and network speed.

‡

Space accessibility: the number and distribution of access points where the traveller can enter and leave the network. Typical examples are bus stops,motorway ramps, and airports;

Testing

‡

Time accessibility: the distribution of opportunities per unit of time for the traveller to use the network. This characteristic is very common for public transport or airline services and can be described by timetables or servicefrequencies;

‡

Network speed: the average speed while travelling on the network, which is determined by the network structure and the design speed. Since speed is independent of the distance travelled, it is preferred to the perhaps more obvious alternative of travel time.

According to these three levels for every stop or station a weight factors calculated, with this weight factor the number of people/jobs living in the accessible space around the stop was multiplied.

To calibrate the indicator, the factor 1 was chosen when the service of one stop was at least 4 trains/ busses in every direction, which means that every 15 minutes a train leaves. With this interval of service a quality is achieved were customers just go to the station without having a special look at the timetable as they know that any way in the next ten minutes a train will leave.

. /

1 2

/2 2

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&,- &,

! (&,

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157

To this basic factor a factor according to the speed of the service (high-speed train or intercity trains) was added.

This factors a very different during the day, for the calculation and average number of trains per hour during the rush hours (7:00 to 9:00 and 17:00 to 19:00) were chosen.

Testing

“As Multimodal travel is dominant for the train, accounting for 80% of all train trips” (ibid) in the Netherlands an additional space accessibility around the train stations of 1.700 m which equals a ten minutes bicycle ride was added. In the Tyrol, the combination of the bike and the train doesn’t play an important role, which easily can be seen comparing the “parking-situation” in front of an Dutch (Delft 90.000 Inhabitants, top pidture) station compared to a Austrian station. The picture at the bottum shows the whole cycle parking facilities for the bigest Station in the Tyrol (innsbruck 140.000 inhabitants)

American West

Social Indicators -

Grain Size

The tissue of an area deºnes the possibility of the future development, even if many aspects of an urbanized territory change the basic structure formed by the street network often stays very stable over long periods of time and drives but also limits spatial development.

Veneto

To describe the permeability of the street network different parameter like the block size, the link node ratio and more parameter are widely discussed .

The discussion mostly is limited to the urban street network there is nearly no work about the rural.

The basic geometry and calculation is very simple therefore I decided to compare three difrent indicators, the effective grain size which should give an over view, the link node ratio which should provide a measure for the inter connectivity and the raito of area to perimeter because this provides on the same time an indication for the »exibility of the island itself and about the street network.

L. A.

To calibrate the indicators different cites and country side are selected to assess the distribution of the indicator within the case study areas.

As an referenc for a “dense pedestrian” city the historic centre of Rothenburg ob der Tauber (one of the best conserved historic cities in Europeƀ in ermany was chosen, the Manhattan gird as one of the intensiºed urban structure is used as a second reference.

New York

As reference for suburban tissues Celebration in Florida (with cul des sacƀ and Santa Monica in L. A. (a gridƀ were selected.

With the Veneto grid and the grid of the “American West” two non (purelyƀ urban references are chosen.

Rothenburg ob der Tauber

The next pages show the street network of the mentioned examples, and compares the different indicators.

Celebration

American West

Arial views and image of the reference examples.

Source: google. earth.and panoramio

scale 2 times the scale of the Veneto and the American West.

Veneto

L. A.

Rothenburg

New York

Celebration

2500 m 0

500

1000

1500

2000

I sland Siz e - Link/ N ode - Perimeter/ A rea - R eferences

A m e r i c a n L i n k / N o d e :

W e s t 1, 33

P e r i m e t e r / A r e a :

0, 002 m / m ²

E f f e c t i v e

s i z e :

G r a i n

250 h a

V e n e t o L i n k / N o d e : 1, 18 P e r i m e t e r / A r e a :

0, 006

m / m ²

E f f e c t i v e

s i z e :

38

G r a i n

h a

Social Indicators Island Size - Node/Link - Perimeter/Area Conclusions Comparing the six reference cases with each other and with the two test cases reveals several interesting aspects.

In general the effective mesh size and the perimeter area ratio follow the gradient of the mean area from celebration over Rothenberg, N.Y., L.A., Veneto and the American West.

The link node ratio shows here a different result, Rothenberg and N.Y. have a higher ratio then the others.

This means that the interconnections, between the

>

that there is a higher choice of ways and therefore the urban fabric is more permeable.

The low number for Celebration is caused by the high number of the dead ends. In the Veneto, the rather high value of the general network (the same as in

$

# this network.

Another interesting aspect is the comparable high perimeter area ratio of Manhattan; although the other indicators are more or less similar to Santa Monica the perimeter area ratio is nearly twice as high.

Having the edge effect in mind and the importance of the block perimeter as the communicating surface between inside and outside as well as private and public this can be seen as one of the reasons of the economical success of the Manhattan grid.

Where are, within the reference examples, the two test case areas located? Having a look just at the single numbers than the one which is the most striking, is that South Holland has the same link node ratio as the medieval city of Rothenberg. Here it is to consider that this indicator is not scale sensitive and the therefore doesn’t give any measure for the street network density. This number nevertheless shows that high permeability of South Holland. The Tyrol on the opposite is the example with the lowest link node ratio, easily explainable by the tree structure of the urbanisation with its high number of dead ends. In both test case areas the ‘TiB’ have a lower ratio and are less permeable than the whole territory.

Another striking result, which can be seen as struc

$ >

of the ‘TiB’, is that although both test cases have

ues, that their mean perimeter/area ratio is more or less the same and equals them of New York.

In other words the ‘TiB’ have a high diversity of grain sizes with an perimeter/area ratio that proofed to be economic succesfull.

The ‘TiB’ are very small grained therefore it seems to have a look how the different indicators are distributed over the territory in other words how much N.Y and how much Vento is in the ‘TiB’.

Arial view of the ‘TiB’ in South Holland (top) and the Tyrol below in the same sclae. Source: google. earth.

182

Social Indicators – Conclusions Conclusions for the performance of the ‘TiB’ Combining the gained knowledge about the ‘TiB’ through the application of the social permeability indictors following can be concluded: The grain size of the ‘TiB’ is rather big and pedestrian unfriendly, in South Holland this becomes partly compensated by the use of the bike and the installation of the therefore necessary infrastructure, in the Tyrol not at all.

The public transport system in both areas is not able to compensat this.

Testing

The reason therefore in the Tyrol can clearly been related to the way the expansion of the settlement work. The existing agricultural network is already quite dense (like die L.A. Grid) therefore it becomes just subdivided with plots without adding any additional paths if the grid is bigger cul de sacs are use to reach the inner plots. In this way the permeability stays the same although the use and the requirements according to the needs of pedestrians are changing dramatically.

According the possibility of free choice the two test case areas provide very different result, whereas South Holland scores quite high the Tyrol achieves a rather poor link to node ratio, although the Valleys itself are not that bad.

vides it is to conclude that the ‘TiB’ have a high ratio of different perimeter to area ratios which partly explains there heterogeneity, this provides also the possibility for different uses. Having in mind that the biggest part of the ‘TiB’ fall in the range of the Veneto, which is a very mixed use system than the existing perimeter to area ratio can be seen as a high potential.

Conclusions concerning the method Especially for the availability of public transport there was the necessity to be adapted to the special situation of the two test case areas to achieve a plausible result, which was quite simple to do.

transports lies in the need of the data gathering from time tables, which led to the decision to make a simple division into urban and rural busses.

The indicator dealing with the street network showed again that the single number of an overall value for

Schema of a typical settlement extension within the agricultural path pattern without increasing the permeability which supports the car dependency within this structures.

183

the link node ratio.

For the other indicators the results becomes easier to understand if the distribution of different ranges is illustrated.

To bring these ranges in connection with other examples makes them even easier to understand.

Testing

Both indicators were easy to apply the needed data is normally available in planning departments therefore replicable. The calibration of the AMOEBE diagram allows a certain freedom to adapt to planning goals and quality standards.

0,1

0,

00

2 0,3

0,

00

6

0,5

5

0, 1,4 ha

0,

02

1,0

1 1,7 ha

0,

04 2

0,

06

0,

08

1,5

3 36 ha

0,

10

0,

t

12 tr av

k in Node/L

ai

la

bi

li

ty

of

pu

ea

280 ha

ic

2,0

Ar

r/

bl

te

an

me

sp

ri

or

Pe

effect ive gr ain size

The values of both Test case areas (South Holland in orange and The Tyrol in black) visualized in the AMOEBA diagram.

The orange dotted line shows the value for South Holland without considering the bike – train multi modality.

18 4

Economic I ndicators - Connectivity G lobal Cities “ T h p o r t h e n u m p e o d u c e s t t h a T h e k e y B u r

e

e c t i o n n e w b e r p l e t i v i a b l i t p e e a s f a c k h a l

T e s t i n g

F o l l o w t h e t h g l o b a l a n d p r

o n o m a l t a g e o f c t o i t y . s h i r s o n e o f t o r t e r ,

i c o o o n n f T h n

to the

p r o s p e r i t y o f a r e g i o n i s d i r e t h i s m a t r i x o f m o v e m e n t . E s p e f a n i d e a b a s e d e c o n o m y , t h e q u n e c t i o n s c r e a t e d b y p e o p l e t o p o r m a t i o n i s a n e s s e n t i a l f a c t o e m o r e q u a l i t y c o n n e c t i o n s a p a n a v e r a g e d a y , t h e h i g h e r t h e a d d i n g i n n o v a t i v e v a l u e t o t h e d i s s e m i n a t i o n a n d e x c h a n g e o f i o f a n i d e a b a s e d e c o n o m y . “ ( C a s 2009 )

c t c i a l e o r e r c h e d e t e

l y a l i t p l o f s o a n c o a s l l

p r o l y i y a n e a n p r o n c a c e o n o m y i s s a n

n d d n f . a d

i n g C a s t e l l s r e a s o n i n g t h e c o n e c t i o n b e t w e e n e t w o t e s t c a s e a r e a s a n d t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t c i t i e s i n e u r o p e i s m e s u r e d b y t i m e d i s t a n c e i c e .

T h e i m a g t i o n s o f a n d I n n s w i t h r i n a r o u n d t

e s t h b r u g s h e

T h e d i s s t a n e x c o s

o w i n g f o r a n f o i t s

f o l l t a n c e n d t h t t o t s .

e

o n t h e t w o m a c k ) i n o f 250, a i r p o r t i d i r h o

r i g h t s h o w t h i n c i t i e s w i t h t h e r e g i o n s a n d 500, 1. 000 a n s .

m a g e s o n t f f e r e n t m e 3, 6 , 12 w t h e f r e

h e n e x t a n s o f t r a n d 25 h q u e n c y o

e g e o g r a a i r p o r t s t h e 6 g l d 2. 500 k p a a n o u f

p h ( R o b m

i c p o t t e a l c d i s t

o s r d i t a n

i a m e s c e

g e s h o w t h e t i m s p o r t . T h e r i n g r s . T h e d i a g r a m t h e s e r v i c e a n

e s s d

For South Holland also flights from Schipol were cons i d e r a s i t i s i n t i m e r e l a t i o n f r o m m a n y l o c a t i o n s i n S o u t h H o l l a n d e a s i e r a c c e s s i b l e t h e n R o t t e r d a m A i r p o r t .

T h e f a c t o r t o c a l i b r a t e t h e A M O E B A d i a g r a m w a s c a l c u l a t e d a s f o l l o w i n g . T h e n u m b e r o f c i t i e s w i t h i n t h e first ring (which means within h which is a maximum distance for daily business flight) multiplied by a f r e q u e n c y f a c t o r ( 10 c o n n e c t i o n s = 1, o n e m o r e o r l e s s i s + o r – 0, 1) t h e m o n e y f a c t o r c o u l d b e i g n o r e d as for all destination flight and train tickets are a v a i l a b l e f o r a p r i c e a r o u n d 100 € .

B a s i s o f t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s a r e t h e w i n t e r s c h e d u l e s 2010 a n d w e e k d a y s a s t h e y a r e m o r e r e l e v a n t f o r b u s i n e s s t r a v e l l e r s .

Innsbruck

London

Berlin

Brussles

Vienna

Paris

Madrid

Testing

London

Berlin

Brussles Rotterdam

Vienna

Paris

Madrid

Connectivity to the Global Cities

185

South H olland 7 , 6

to the G lobal Cities

G rain Siz e - ‘TiB’ The Ty rol

0 / d a y

Mesh tirol

10 / d a y

18 6

Connectivity

V i e n n a P a r i s L o n d o n B r u s s e l s M a d r i d B e r l i n

10 / d a y

0 / d a y

Mesh tirol

V i e n n a P a r i s L o n d o n B r u s s e l s M a d r i d B e r l i n

Mesh tirol

10 / d a y

highspeed train

0 / d a y

T e s t i n g

car

V i e n n a P a r i s L o n d o n B r u s s e l s M a d r i d B e r l i n

airplane

187

lorit hseM 0 /day

10 /day

The Tyrol 1,2

Vienna Paris London Brussels Madrid Berlin

Vienna Paris London Brussels Madrid Berlin

lorit hseM 0 /day

10 /day

highspeed train

Vienna Paris London Brussels Madrid Berlin

airplane

Testing

lorit hseM lorit hseM 0 /day 0 /day

10 /day 10 /day

car

Testing

188

Economic Indicators Local and Global Integration As described before I will use the space syntax as the method to describe the intrinsic economic potential of the street network.

To do this it is necessary to draw and a map with all axial lines, longest possible view line along a road ignoring the topography of the territory.

While doing this and starting the calculation it showed that already the smaller of the both test case areas reaches the limits of the used hardware, some calculations would have lasted longer than two days.

Therefore I decide to select for each test case area a representative part with a high ratio of ‘TiB’.(see dotted squares at in the maps on the left.

For those parts two values have been calculated. The global integration as an indicator for car based economic potential like shopping centres or business parks and the axial analyses with a metric choice radius of 500m (the probability that a street for a 500m trip is chosen) to show the potential for local centralities which are based on a walking distance.

'

the ratio of the length of the 30% highest integrated lines to the total length of all lines.

Testing

189

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2000 m

19 0

0

500

1000

1500

Local economic potentials

T e s t i n g

H A L L

I n t e g r a t i o n l o w

h i g h

o f

L o c a l

C e n t e r s

( c h o i c e

500m )

19 1

W E E R

T e s t i n g

W A T T E N S

R esults the Ty rol T h e a b l o f p o t r e s h i g T h e t o t e t

a

h

u

e

m a d h e n t l t l r a l

p w i t h t h e l o c a l i s t a n c e o f 500 m c v i l l a g e s i n t h e i a l f o r l o c a l e c . T h e v i l l a g e o n o c a l i n t e g r a t i o n . t i o o f t h e 30% h i l e n g h o f l i n e s i s

i l e I o n t h

n t a r n n o m e

e g r a t i o n b a s e l y s h o w s t h a t v a l l e y h a v e y , w h i c h i s p l a t e a u x d o n ’

g h e s t i n t e g r a t e d 0, 025

d

o n t h e c t h e h a n e x t h a v

l i n e s

a

w e n t i g h p e c e t

a l r e e s t e h i

t o

t h e

k s t d s

2000 m

19 2

500

1000

1500

R egional economic potentials

0

W A

T e s t i n g

H A L L

G l o b a l l o w

h i g h

i n t e g r a t i o n

19 3

W E E R T T E N S

T h e t w o t h e h a v n a m i s u s e

r e s u l t s i n t e r e s h i g h w a y e a h i g h e l y t h a t a t t h e m s h o w s a

A t

t h e v e d t a n t p r o p a n i t e n t h e o n d l a s

a b o p o r a n d c o m w e l o n s e c t h e T h i c e r d e v h a p T h e l i n T h i t e n t h e

s

f o r t t i n g a n d p o t e t h e o m e n t s v e r

e d g e e s c r i b u s i d u c t i e s i n w i c h p r o d u m o s t t y e a

h e r e g i o n a l e a s p e c t s , o n e t h e a r e a s a r n t i a l . T h e o t A r e a b e t w e e n m o r e o r l e s s y h i g h p o t e n t

b e t w e e b e d a g r n e s s e s o n o f S t h e T y i s a m u c t s o f v i s i t e r s .

i n d i c a t o r s h o w n p a r t s o f t h p m e n t w o u l d i n t h e ‘ T i B ’ t i o o f t h e l e n t o t h e t o t a l s a l s o s h o w s h e r t i a l i s h i g h e s t l o c a l e c o n o m i c t a i e l o p e n r a e s

n

c o n o m e x p e o u n d h e r o W a t t e o n l y i a l t

i c c t e t h e n e n s o f o o .

t h e c e n t r e o f i c u l t u r a l a r e a s l o c a t e d , o n i s w a r o v s k y o n e o f t r o l a n d t h e o t h e r s e u m a n d e n t e r t a S w a r o v s k i w h i c h d t o u r i s t s i d e i

p o t e n t i a l d , n a m e l y h i g h w a y i s s u r p r i a n d W e e r a g r i c u l t u

W a t t e n s t h e r e a r e t h e h e a d h e m o s t i i s t h e K i n m e n t p a d e v e l o p e n A u s t r i

s

t h e h i g h e c o n o m i c p o t ‘ T i B ’ w h i c h i n d i c a t e s b e a l l o w e d i t w o u l d p a n d n o t w i t h i n t h e c i t y g h t o f t h e 30% h i g h e s t i l e n g h o f l i n e s i s 0, 30. e t h a t t h e r e g i o n a l e c o w i t h i n t h e ‘ T i B ’ i n c o p o t e n t i a l . e

,

m r r a

d

a n t w q u p o i s k t d

e n t i t h r e f e c e n n t e g

s h t e x s i w h r a d o a r r t t a b a o u r

o w h a i t n g i c l l

T e s t i n g

R esults the Ty rol s t s , h

t h i m t e a n l l s e t h i n

y e r t d e g

a l o f a t i f r a b l e t r e s . r a t e d

n o m i c p o n t r a r y t o

19 4

3. 000 m

Local economic potentials

H A A G

0

1. 000

2. 000

D E N

T e s t i n g

D E L F T

L o c a l

i n t e g r a t i o n l o w

h i g h

19 5

R esults South H olland S o u t h H o S c h i d a m ) s h T h e v i l l a g e i n g a q u i t e t h e 30% h i g o f l i n e s i s

l l a n d t h o w t h e h s i n t h e l o w p o t e h e s t i n t 0, 07 2 (

e i g c o n t e g t o

c i h e u n i a r a t a

t y c e n s t l o c t r y s i l . T h e t e d l i l ) a n d

t r e a l d e r a n e s 0,

s

( e c o s h o t i o t o 04

D e n H a a g n o m i c p o w , a b i t o f t h e l t h e t o t ( ‘ T i B ’ ) .

,

D e t e n t s u r p e n g h a l l

l f i a r i t e n

t , l . s o f g h

T e s t i n g

I n

19 6

3. 000 m

R egional economic potentials

H A A G

T e s t i n g

0

1. 000

2. 000

D E N

D E L F T

G l o b a l l o w

h i g h

i n t e g r a t i o n

19 7

R esults South H olland S o A l s o a r o u n p o t e n D e n H

u t h H o i n S o d t h e t i a l . a a g a n

T h i s a l t e n t i a l t h e l o c T h e r a t l i n e s t

s o

l l a u t h e x i T h i d D

n d t H o l t s h s i s e l f t

s h o w s h i g h e a l e c o n o m i o o f t h e o t h e t o t i s

h e s t i c l e a l

h e l a a v s . r e

c i t y c e n t r e n d t h e h i g h e t h e h i g h e s p e c i a l l y t h e

t h a t w i t h i n p o t e n t i n g h t o f l e n g h o

s

( D e n H a a g , w a y s a n d t h t r e g i o n a l e a r e a a t t h e

t h e r e g t h e ‘ T a l . t h e 30% f l i n e s

e

D e l f t , a r e a s c o n o m i c e d g e o f

i o n a l e c o n o m i c p o i B ’ i n c o n t r a r y t o h i g h e s t i n t e g r a t e d i s 0, 16 .

T e s t i n g

I n

19 8

Economic I ndicators - Conclusions Economic I ndicators Conclusions for the performance of the ‘TiB’

T e s t i n g

A c c b a l d i f b a n t r a

o r d c i f e r a n a t i o

i n g t t e s i e n t r ” t h e n i n

o

t h e t i m e s p E u r o p e t h e e s u l t , a l t h o u z o n e w i t h t E u r o p e . n

a c e r e l t w o t e g h b o t h h e h i g h

a t i o s t c a r e e s t

n s w a s e s w i t h e c o n

i t h t h e s h o w a i n t h e “ o m i c c o n

g l v e b l c e

o r y u e n -

W h e r e a s S o u t h H o l l a n d i s f a r b e t t e r c o n n e c t e d t o t h e o t h e r c i t i e s o n e r e a s o n s i s t h a t w i t h a l o t o f m u l t i n a t i o n a l e n t e r p r i s e s i n t h e r e g i o n ( S c h e l l o r I N G ) a n d t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t h a r b o u r o f E u r o p e i n R o t t e r d a m a n d t h e f o o d i n d u s t r y t h e r e g i o n i t s e l f i s o n e o f t h e e n g i n e s o f t h e E u r o p e a n e c o n o m y . T h e i n f r a s t r u c t u r e a lately finished High-speed train network connects t h e r e g i o n w i t h t h e g l o b a l c i t e s b u t a l s o g e o g r a p h i c a l l y S o u t h H o l l a n d i s l o c a t e d c l o s e r t w o t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t g l o b a l c i t i e s P a r i s a n d L o n d o n . T h e T y r o l p l a y s a c o m p l e t e l y d i f f e r e n t r o l e , a l t h o u g h a l s o base of global players like Swarovski the area mainly s e r v e s a s “ t o u r i s t r e s o r t ” f o r t h e n e i g h b o u r i n g a c c u m u l a t i o n s o f M u n i c h a n d M i l a n o - V e r o n a . I n r e l a t i o n t o i t s s m a l l n u m b e r o f i n h a b i t a n t s t h e c o n n e c t i o n s w i t h g l o b a l c i t e s a r e q u i t e h i g h e s p e c i a l l y w i t h L o n d o n .

T h e s e c o n o m i c p o t e n t i a l h i g h . T h r e s u l t s network b a s e d c e t h e c e n t p o t e n t i a t h a n i n a b s e n c e s t r u c t u r

n d i n d i c a t o r f o r t h e l o c a l a n d r e g i o n a l e c o t e n t i a l s h o w s c l e a r l y t h a t t h e r e g i o n a l p o i n t h e ‘ T i B ’ f o r b o t h e x a m p l e s i s e x t r e m e l y e r e s u l t s f o r t h e l o c a l p o t e n t i a l f o l l o w t h e f o r t h e g r a i n s i z e , n a m e l y t h a t t h e s t r e e t is to wide to facilitate local, on pedestrian n t r a l i t i e s , t h e s e p o t e n t i a l s a r e r e d u c e d t o r e s o f v i l l a g e s w i t h i n t h e ‘ T i B ’ . H e r e t h e l o f t h e v i l l a g e s i n t h e T y r o l s e e m s h i g h e r S o u t h H o l l a n d , w h e t h e r t h i s i s c a u s e d b y t h e o f c o m p e t i n g b i g c i t e s o r d u e t o t h e s p a t i a l e h a s t o b e p a r t o f f u r t h e r r e s e a r c h .

Conclusions concerning the method T h e I n d i c a t o r f o r cites as a major c o n c l u s i o n f o r t h e c a s e a r e a s , w h i c h to produce a kind m o r e b u t a l s o n o t

t h e c o n n e c problem, it ‘ T i B ’ b u t j m e a n s t h a t of economic l e s s .

U s i e c o d i d o f v i d

t o e v p r o d a l o t s i t u a t y t o

n g n o a r e e

s m i l s p r t h

p a c e c p o o n o o d u c e p o

s y n t a x t e n t i a l t g i v e i n g t h e s s i b i l i

a l u a u c e d n e w t i o n u s e

t i v i t y t o t h e g l o b a l doesn’t allow specific u s t f o r t h e w h o l e t e s t t h e i n d i c a t o r i s a b l e background picture not

t e t h e r e g i o n a l a r e a s o n a b l e r e s u i n f o r m a t i o n . T h e i n a r e a s o n a b l e d i t a s t e s t i n g

n d l t q w a t o

l o c a s , b u u a l i t y p r o o l f o

l t y r

-

19 9

i n t e r v e n t i o n s . T h e p r o b l e m s o f u s i n g t h e m e t h o d m o r e r e l a t e d t o l i m i t a t i o n o f t h e u s e d h a r d w a r e t i m e a s i t i s t i m e a n d r e s o u r c e s c o n s u m i n g . m e r a t t e d r e a l l s n

t h e d f s u y o t

o d l u r l t i t i

t o i n e s t h e r s f o r h a s n c l u d

u s e t w i t h o n t o t h e t o b e t h e

h e r t h e s e e c o m p e a d p o t

a t i o o f t h e o v e r a l l l i n w h e t h e r i t p a r i s o n o f d i d e d t h a t s p e n t i a l s o f p e

30% a l r o d u f f e r a c e s u b l i

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T h e v a l u e s o f b o t h T e s t c a s e a r e a s ( S o u t h H o l l a n d i n o r a n g e and The Tyrol in black) visualized in the AMOEBA diagram.

200

Final Conclusions G eneral conclusions concerning the performance of the ‘TiB’ O n e g p e r m e ( e c o l t r a n s p e r m e tion b e e a o t h e r a n d s l o c a l T h e m a j o t h e o r o l i n f A n o t i n v e the p e r i g r i d T e s t i n g

A n f r o t r a h o u g l o t h e t r a A t h e s i t a n d p a t c a n r e s v e l

e n e r a l c o n c l u s i o n s i s t h a t o p p o s i t e s c o n c a b i l i t y c a n b e f o u n d i n d i r e c t n e i g h b o o g i c a l p e r m e a b i l i t y , a c c e s s i b i l i t y o f p o r t , s o c i a l p e r m e a b i l i t y ) i n t h e ‘ T i B ’ a b l y a r e a s a r e n e x t t o b a r r i e r s , t h i s has two potentials, the first is, that it s y t o i m p r o v e t h e o v e r a l l p e r m e a b i l i t y a i s t h a t u s e s w h i c h n e e d a h i g h p e r m e a u c h t h a t r e q u i r e a l o w p e r m e a b i l i t y c a n b e l y .

h i g h r e l c l i m a o g i c a u r t h e h e r i s t i g a high m e t e r r

w a t e r s t o r a g e c a p a c i t y o f t h e ‘ T i e v a n c e c o n c e r n i n g t h e m i t i g a t i o n o t e c h a n g e e x p e c t e d h i g h e r n u m b e r l e x t r e m e e v e n t s a n d s h o u l d b e i n r d e v e l o p m e n t . n t e r e s t i n g a s p e c t , w h i c h h a s t o b e t e d a n d c o u l d b e a m o r p h o l o g i c a l r e flexibility of the TiB’ is that a r e a r a t i o e q u a l t h e r a t i o o f t h e

e r n i n g u r h o o d p u b l i c h i g h l y s i t u a should n d t h e b i l i t y m i x e d

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e r r e B ’ o n r e g i m o r p t w o r k s e e n t i o n s n t i s

F i n a l l y t h optimized p e d e s t r i a n ‘ T i B ’ i n S t h i s i s n o o f p l a n n i n

l

g m e a o b s t h w i t l y t h i s u t o n h o

e n e b i l f o a t h i n h i g n t

l t h e a l l o e s p a s a r e v e r

e ‘ T for u n f o u t h t n e g a n

r a i t l l t h t h h e

l y o w e h e a c ‘

o b s t e d j o ‘ c e T i

s e r v a t i o n u d i e s i s t h e d e c o b s h a v e a T i B ’ t h i s s s i b i l i t y B ’ .

w h t h n c h i c o f

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h t h t r a e r b e j o b

c a n b e d r e d e c o n c t i o n o f g r a d o f d e r i v e d s b y p u b

i s t h e h i g h g l o b a l i n t o n e h a n d a r e s u l t o f t h a n d n a t i o n a l s t r e e t s i n g i c a l s t r u c t u r e o f t h e a e c i a l l y i n t h e T y r o l e a n a n i n d i c a t i o n , t h a t i f l o o s e n e d t h e p r o b a b i l i t y y h i g h .

i B ’ h a v e p e r m e a b i l i t y individual motorised r i e n d l y , t h e h i g h p e H o l l a n d f o r b i k e s s h c e s s a r i l y l i k e t h a t d d e s i g n d e c i s i o n s .

e g r e h b o g r i c a d e v o f

w h i c h traffic r m e a b i l o w s a l t b u t a l s

a t i g t h c u s e e l

a w e n t h a g b l i

i o n o h d e n c a s e l t u r a . T h i o p m e n t h e d e

i s g and i t y h o u g o a

n e y c f s l s t -

e n e r a l rather o f t h e h t h a t r e s u l t

Similarities and difference between the two test case areas H a v i n g a l o o k a t t h e A M O E B A d i a g r a m w h i c h s h o w s c o m p a r i s o n o f t h e t w o c a s e s t u d i e s i n r e l a t i o n t o d i f f e r e n t i n d i c a t o r s , i t b e c o m e s o b v i o u s t h a t

t h e t h e t h e

201

s e v e r a l i n d i c a t o r s w h i c h a r e r e l a t e d t o t h e m o r p h o g y o f t h e n e t w o r k w i t h i n t h e t w o c a s e s s h o w s i m i r e s u l t s , l i k e t h e e f f e c t i v e g r a i n s i z e , t h e p e r e t e r t o a r e a r a t i o a n d t h e l o c a l i n t e g r a t i o n . e x c e p t i o n i s t h e n o d e l i n k r a t i o , w h i c h i s t h e o i n d i c a t o r t h a t t a k e s t h e c u l d e s s a c i n t o a c c o u n t therefore also shows and maps the influence of the t r e m e t o p o g r a p h i c d i f f e r e n c e o f t h e t w o c a s e s , w h t h e m o u n t a i n o u s l a n d s c a p e o f t h e T y r o l l e a d s t o m l o w e r p e r m e a b i l i t y d u e t o a h i g h a m o u n t o f d e a d e a n d n a t u r a l b a r r i e r s .

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v a l u e s o f b o t h T e s t c a s e a r e a s ( S o u t h H o l l a n d i n o r a n g e T h e T y r o l i n b l a c k ) v i s u a l i z e d i n t h e A M O E B A d i a g r a m .

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p e r f o r m m u m p o t living m o u n t a i t h a n t h

T e s t i n g

T h e i t e d t h e r i c u t h e r c o i n t h e i n S f e r e age i n v e

m o r e o r e n t i a l animals n s a r e e p o l d e r

s a m e r l a n d T y r o l l t u r a l e f o r e c i d e n t b i g s c o u t h H n c e s i could s t i g a t

l e r e t is a .

s s t h e s a m e a c e n t i o n t h e p e significantly h i g h e r r e s i s t

c o r d i n g t o r m e a b i l i t y different, a n t t o u r b

t h e m a x i f o r l a n d obviously a n i s a t i o n

e l a t e s t o t h e g l o b a l i n t e g r a t i o n . T h e l a v a i l a b l e f o r a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t i o n o b v i o u s l y l e d t o a l e s s i n d u s t r i a l i z e d s t r u c t u r e w i t h s m a l l e r s i n g l e u n i t s a n m o r e d e n s a g r i c u l t u r a l p a t h n e t w o r k w h l y h a s a h i g h e r g l o b a l i n t e g r a t i o n t a l e a n d h i g h l y i n d u s t r i a l i z e d a g r i c u l t o l l a n d a n d i t s n e t w o r k o f p a t h s . T h e d n t h e t r a d i t i o n a l s u c c e s s i o n o f t h e h e r also play a significant role but was e f u r t h e r .

i m i n a g d a i c h h a n u r e i f i t not

T h e t w o i n d i c a t o r s w h e r e t h e c u l t u r a l a n d h i s t o r i c a l d i f f e r e n c e s a r e m o s t o b v i o u s i s t h e a v a i l a b i l i t y b y p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t a n d t h e c o n n e c t i v i t y t o t h e g l o b a l cites. The first shows no significant difference if t h e m u l t i m o d a l i t y o f b i k e a n d t r a i n i n S o u t h H o l l a n d is not considered (toted orange line), but the flat t o p o g r a p h y a n d t h e D u t c h t r a d i t i o n o f u n d e r s t a n d i n g a n d u s i n g t h e b i k e a s a n i m p o r t a n t m e a n s o f d a i l y transport in contrast to the more difficult topog r a p h i c s i t u a t i o n i n t h e T y r o l a n d t h e u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e b i k e a s a s p o r t s u t i l i t y , s p r e a d t h e h i g h q u a l i t y i n s p e e d a n d s e r v i c e o f t h e t r a i n n e t w o r k a c r o s s a m u c h b i g g e r p a r t o f t h e t e r r i t o r y .

T h e r e l a t i v e b i g g e s t d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e s t u d y a r e a s i s t h e i n t e g r a t i o n i n t o t h e n e t w o r g l o b a l c i t i e s , a l t h o u g h b o t h a r e a s a r e w i t h i n blue banana they have a significant different h i s t o r i c a l r o l e , w h e r e a s S o u t h H o l l a n d i s a n d s i n c e c e n t u r i e s o n e o f t h e e c o n o m i c e n g i n e s a n d t r e s o f t r a d e i n E u r o p e , t h e T y r o l w a s f o r a t i m e a n d i s s t i l l o n a E u r o p e a n s c a l e a t h r o u g h f o r g o o d s a n d p e o p l e f r o m n o r t h t o t h e s o u t h o f r o p e ( h i s t o r i c a l l y a l s o E a s t t o W e s t – V i e n n a P a r T h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f t h e c o n n e c t i o n o f t h e A r e a t h e s u r r o u n d i n g u r b a n a g g l o m e r a t i o n s ( M u n i c h , M i V e r o n a , Z ü r i c h ) i s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h i t s i n c r e a p o p u l a r i t y a s t o u r i s t d e s t i n a t i o n . T h e t r a d i t i h i g h s h a r e o f E n g l i s h t o u r i s t s ( 1. 6 00. 000 o v e r n s t a y s o u t o f 40. 000. 000 i n 2009 ) , b e s i d e s t h e D t h e b i g g e s t n u m b e r o f t h e n o t n e i g h b o u r i n g c o u n t i s a n e x p l a n a t i o n f o r t h e g o d c o n n e c t i o n s t o L o n T h e s e c o n c l i n t h t h e c

d e s c r i p t i v e c u s i o n s a n d p r i e ‘ T i B ’ o n w h o n c l u s i o n c o n c

o n n c i c e r

c l i p h n i

u s l e t h n g

i o f e t

n s c a n o r p l a n f o l l o w h e m e t h

b e d e v e l n i n g a n d i n g c h a p o d w i l l d

o p d e t e e a

e d s i g r a l w

k

c a s e o f t h e also w a s c e n l o n g w a y E u i s ) . w i t h l a n s i n g o n a l i g h t u t c h r i e s d o n . i n n i f t i t

t o n g e r h .

203

Conclusions concerning the method F o r a l l u s e d I n d i c a t o r s i t c a n b e c o n c l u d e d t h a t t h e y w e r e e a s y a n d r e p l i c a b l e a p p l i c a b l e b y u s i n g normally easy available data. The run off coefficient a n d t h e g l o b a l a n d l o c a l i n t e g r a t i o n s h o w e d p r o b l e m s for the application in a big scale, the first due to its definition the second because of limited computer c a p a c i t y .

All l o c a p r o v a l i s t e s t t o p o c o m p

g o a l s w h a t p s o f t h e d a s o n l y enough for n t e r e s t i n g

indicators are flexible enough to be adapted d i f f e r e n c e s a n d c u l t u r a l c i r c u m s t a n c e s . T h i d e r e a s o n a b l e r e s u l t s a n d t h e r e f o r e g i v e a r t i c p i c t u r e c o n c e r n i n g p e r m e a b i l i t y o f t h e t c a s e a r e a s . T h e y a l s o m a p p e d t h e c u l t u r a l a g r a p h i c a l d i f f e r e n c e s o f t h e t e s t c a s e i n r e h e n s i b l e w a y . l

to e y e w o n d a n

T h e v i s u a l i s a t i o n o f t h e i n d i c a t o r s w i t h t h e A M O E B A d i a g r a m a l l o w s c o m p a r i s o n s o f t h e c a s e s t u d y a r e a s i n a v e r y s i m p l e w a y . T h e r e d u c t i o n o f t h e g a i n e d k n o w l e d g e w h i l e a p p l y i n g t h e d i f f e r e n t i n d i c a t o r s , t o o n e single value per indicator though is a simplification w h i c h c a n l e a d t o t h e p r o b l e m t h a t t h e h i g h d i v e r s i t y a n d t h e d i f f e r e n t g r a i n s i z e o f t h e ‘ T i B ’ i s not represented in a sufficient depth. Never the less through the visualisation and definition of planning goals within a certain range a necessary flexibility for any planning specifications can be ensured.

T h e a l l o c a t i o n o f t h e d i f f e r e n t i n d i c a t o r s t t h e p i l l a r s o f t h e s u s t a i n a b i l i t y t r i a n g l e v e r y h e l p f u l d u r i n g t h e s e l e c t i o n a n d l i study of the indicators proved to be very d u r i n g t h e a p p l i c a t i o n a n d i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f s u l t s . A s f o r e x a m p l e s o m e i n d i c a t o r s l i k e t p e r i m e t e r r a t i o c a n b e i n t e r p r e t e d f o r s o c i a l a s e c o n o m i c p o t e n t i a l s .

o o n e o f a l t h o u g h t e r a t u r e difficult t h e r e h e a r e a / a s w e l l

F o r t h e f u r t h e r w o r k i t h a s t o b e c o n s i d e r e d w h e t h e r a d i s t i n g u i s h i n g i n d i f f e r e n t c a t e g o r i e s o r a s e l e c tion of more specific indicators should be followed.

F i n a l l y i t h a s t o b e s t a t c r i t e r i a f o r t h e i n d i c a t gap between the space of t h e y d i d , n e v e r t h e l e s s t t o s p a t i a l i n d i c a t o r s a p e r m e a b i l i t y .

e d t h o r s w flows h i s m n d e x

a t o n e o f t h e s e l e c t i o n a s t h a t t h e b r i d g e t h e and the territory which e a n s a l s o a l i m i t a t i o n c l u d e s o t h e r f o r m s o f

T e s t i n g

A l l i n d i c a t o r s c a n b e r e l a t e d t o p l a n n i n g w i l l b e f u r t h e r p r o o f e d i n t h e n e x t s t e t h e s i s .

T h e c o n n e c t i v i t y t o t h e g l o b a l c i t i e s h a indicator the problem of not being specific t h e a n a l y s e s o f t h e ‘ T i B ’ b u t d e l i v e r e d i b a c k g r o u n d i n f o r m a t i o n .

. . . . . . P r i n c i p l e s a n d R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s . . . . . . . . .

206

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t h e ‘ T e r r i t o r i e s i n b e t w e e n ’ a n d t h e c o n c e p t o f p e r m e a b i l i t y t o l e a d t o t h e f o l l o w i n g c o n c l u s i o n s e s i g n .

T h e s e c o n c l u s i o n s a r e r e l e v a n t and influence each other.

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w h a t t h e s e c h a n g e m a y m e a n t h e T y r o l i n g e n e r a l a n d a B ’ , n a m e l y b e t w e e n H a l l a n d y . n

From ( mono) functional z oning to a more performance guided planning T w o c o n c e p t u a l s h i f t s h a v e t o b e u n d e r t a k e n i f t h e l e s s o n s l e a r n e d o u t o f t h e r e s e a r c h s h o u l d b e i n t e g r a t e d i n t o p l a n n i n g a n d d e s i g n p r a c t i c e .

P r i n c i p l e s

The first is to overcome the rural urban dived and the s t r i c t s e p a r a t i o n o f c i t y a n d c o u n t r y s i d e .

T h e z p l a c e d e v e l a n d n o n t h f e r e n a n d s ping T h e o f t h a s e l W h a t u r c o n T h e l i m b e p h y a n d s i d h a b o t h

o n i n g d i v i d o p m e n t a t u r a l i s d i v i t q u a l i p e c i a l a.so.) s

p l a n s i n t h e T y r o l e t h e t e r r i t o r y i n a n d ‘ F r e i l a n d ’ = l u s e s , a n d b u i l d s u p s i o n . F o r t h e z o n e s t i e s a n d p e r f o r m a n c z o n e s f o r s p e c i a l are defined.

l i k ‘ B a a n d a n y o f e c r u s e s

e i n m u l a n d ’ = f o r a g r f u r t h e r d e v e l o p i t e r i a ( T o u r i

a n y z o i c u d e m e n a r e s m ,

o n e l t c i t g s

a n a l y s e s o f t h e ‘ T i B ’ s h o w e d t h a t t h e y a r e f o m a n y i n t e r c o n n e c t e d d i s p e r s e d c e n t r a l i t i e s t t h e y a r e c o n n e c t e d a l s o w i t h t h e T e r r i t o r y f . t i n g e n e r a l i s c a l l e d c i t y , c o u n t r y s i d e a n d e a r e n o t s e p a r a t e d u n i t s b u t a r e h e a v i l y i n e c t e d a n d d e p e n d o n e a c h o t h e r . t r a d i t i o n o f s e e i n g t h e s e s e p a r a t e u n i t s i s i t e d t o t h e d i s c i p l i n e o f u r b a n p l a n n i n g b u t f o u n d i n e c o l o g y , p o l i t i c s s c i e n c e s a n d g e o , a s f o r e x a m p l e M e l o s i s t a t e s . “ I t i s p o s s i s o m e w o u l d c l a i m l o g i c a l l y n e c e s s a r y , t o e r u r b a n a n d r u r a l e n v i r o n m e n t s t o g e t h e r , b u t i t o f e n v i r o n m e n t a l h i s t o r i a n s h a s u s u a l l y e r w i s e . “ ( M e l o s i )

t h e f o u r a s i o d i f i v e h o p

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r m e d a n d i t n a n t e r

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n o t c a n r a l e , o n t h e e e n

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s t e m t h a t i s b o u n d a r i e s h t o o p e r a t e i n c o n t r a r y i n r

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i l y b a s e d o n d r a w i n g f a i l a s t h e r e a l i t y t o r g a n i z e d i n b o u n d n s .

T h e a t t h e m o m e n t p r e s e n t p l a n n i n g t o o l s a n d p r i n c i p l e a r e r o u t e d i n t h e f u n c t i o n a l p l a n n i n g p r i n c i p l e s o f t h e A t h e n s C h a r t a a n d t h e s e p a r a t i o n o f t h e f o u r f u n c t i o n s o f l i v i n g , w o r k i n g , r e c r e a t i o n , a n d c i r c u l a t i o n . T h o s e i d e a s w e r e p a r t l y b a s e d i n the quest to find solutions to the negative aspects o f t h e l i f e i n c i t i e s a t t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e 20t h c e n t u r y , e s p e c i a l l y p o l l u t i o n t h r o u g h h e a v y i n d u s t r i e s , b a d h o u s i n g q u a l i t i e s f o r t h e w o r k i n g c l a s s a n d o v e r p o p u l a t e d c i t y c e n t r e s . T h e s e c i r c u m s t a n c e s h a v e c h a n g e d a n d i m p r o v e d e n o r m o u s l y , p a r t l y a l s o t h r o u g h t h e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f t h e p r i n c i p l e s o f t h e A t h e n s C h a r t a . B u t t h e s i t u a t i o n c h a n g e d d r a m a t i c a l l y d u r i n g t h e l a s t c e n t u r y . T h e i n d u s t r i e s i n E u r o p e a r e m u c h c l e a n e r n o w a d a y s s o t h a t s e p a r a t i n g t h e m f r o m o t h e r f u n c t i o n s s e e m s n o t n e c e s s a r y a n y m o r e .

T h e m a j o r e n v i r o n m e n t a l p r o b l e m s a t t h e m o m e n t a r e c a u s e d b y t h e s e p a r a t i o n o f f u n c t i o n s a s i t l e a d s t o enormous traffic and commuting flows.

A n o t h e r n e g a t i v e e f f e c t o f t h e f u n c t i o n a l s e p a r a t i o n i s t h a t z o n e s a r e d e d i c a t e d w h e r e i t i s a l l o w e d t o p o l l u t e a n d t h a t t h i s s e p a r a t i o n i n c l e a n a n d d i r t y z o n e s d o e s n o t t r i g g e r i n n o v a t i o n a s a f a s t e r d e v e l o p m e n t o f c l e a n e r t e c h n o l o g i e s .

T o s h i f t t h e p l a n n i n g s y s t e m f r o m z o n i n g r e g u l a t i o n s i n t o o n e t h a t i s b a s e d o n p e r f o r m a n c e g u i d e l i n e s a n d r u l e s c a n h e l p t o o v e r c o m e t h i s d i v e d a s t h e s a m e p e r f o r m a n c e c r i t e r i a a r e v a l i d f o r t h e w h o l e t e r r i t o r y a n d t h e s o l u t i o n s a r e b a s e d o n t h e l o c a l d i f ferences and specifications. To be clear this does not m e a n t h e c o m p l e t e a b u n d a n c e o f z o n i n g , a s c e r t a i n s p e c i a l f u n c t i o n s a r e s p a t i a l l y b o u n d t o c e r t a i n l o c a t i o n s , l i k e m i n i n g f o r e x a m p l e , b u t i t m e a n s a n e n d o f s m a l l s c a l e d m o n o f u n c t i o n a l z o n i n g .

T h e s e c o n d c o n c e p t u a l s h i f t w h i c h i s t h e m o r e f u n d a mental and can be seen as the basis for the first one, i s t o o v e r c o m e t h e h u m a n n a t u r e d i v i d e .

T h e o n human u n d e r s c h a n g e t h e d e

g o i n g nature t a n d i n g o f t h e g r a d a t i

s e p a r a t i o n b e t w e e n or first and second o f h u m a n a g a i n s t n e a r t h t h r o u g h u r b a n i o n o f t h e e a r t h .

T h e r e a n d l i t u r e o t h e n a going c i t y ”

s u l t s a r e p l a n n i n g p o l m i t u r b a n i s a t i o n t o p r u t s i d e o f t h e c i t i e s . B t u r e i s o n e o f t h e d r i expanding urbanisation t o b e n e a r t o t h e “ b e a u

a

h u m a n a n d a n nature leads to a t u r e a n d t h a t t s a t i o n p e r s e m e a

i c i e s t h a t t r y o t e c t a n i d e a l u t t h i s i d e a l i s v i n g f o r c e s o f as people flee t i f u l n a t u r e ” .

o n an h e n s

t o c u r b i z e d n a a t i o n o f t h e o n the “bad

P r i n c i p l e s

A

207

208

T h e s e r e s u l t s i n t h e d i v i s i o n o f t h e t e r r i t o r y i n c l e a n a n d d i r t y a r e a s , w h e r e a t t h e b o r d e r a r e a s planning politics are fighting a lost war against s p r a w l “ a s i t i s c o n s i d e r e d t o b e g a r b a g e . I t w a s field that could not be governed within these schemes a n d i n w h i c h d e s i g n h e r o i s m b e c a m e a u s e l e s s g e s t u r e a n d w h e r e d e v i a n c e f r o m g o o d m a n n e r s b e c a m e t h e r u l e ” , ( S e c c h i , 2003) a n d i n t h e c l e a n p a r t s , p r o t e c t e d “ n a t u r a l ” h a b i t a t s w h i c h h a v e t o b e m a n a g e d b y h u m a n s t o k e e p t h e m a t t h e t i m e a s i d e a l u n d e r s t o o d “ n a t u r a l ” s t a t e s .

P r i n c i p l e s

H a v i n g w a s s h t i m e t a s a p n o t j u i s i m p a s “ a s i n s t e a t e m t h b o r d e r a p p l i e t h i s c which t r a v e r g a m a t i t i o n ” I t i s c e r t a i

t o w h a a r s t o r d r d a s o c n

T h e p l a t h a s y s a g e r o n

r e f o n n i n t w e t e m n t s m e n t

T h i c i e l i f r e d T h e i n d T h e t h e t i o w i t t h e u r b t a l A s w h i s i b b a s

s

h e i n t e r r e l a t e d n e s s o f c i t y a n d n a t u r e w h i c h n i n t h e a n a l y s e s o f t h e ‘ T i B ’ i n m i n d i t i s t u r b a n i s a t i o n a n d c i t i e s h a v e t o b e s e e n t o f s o l v i n g o u r e n v i r o n m e n t a l p r o b l e m s a n d t r y i n g t o l i m i t i t s n e g a t i v e e f f e c t s . I t t a n t t o u n d e r s t a n d u r b a n i z e d t e r r i t o r i e s n o t a c o n t a i n e r , a n d a b o u n d e d c l o s e d u n i t … . I c o n c e p t u a l i z e t h e c i t y a s a m u l t i s c a l a r s y s o u g h w h i c h m u l t i p l e h i g h l y s p e c i a l i z e d c r o s s e c o n o m i c c i r c u i t s c i r c u l a t e . T h i s i d e a c a n b e t o c i t i e s a n d t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a l d y n a m i c . I n s e , t h e c i t y i s a m u l t i s c a l a r s y s t e m t h r o u g h multiple specific socio-ecological circuits e . I t i s n o t a c l o s e d s y s t e m . C i t i e s a r e a m a l n s o f m u l t i p l e “ d a m a g e ” c i r c u i t s , “ r e s t o r a i r c u i t s a n d p o l i c y c i r c u i t s . “ ( S a s s e n , 2009 ) n o t “ t h e c i t y ” t h a t i s p o l l u t i n g b u t i t i s w a y s o f o r g a n i z i n g o u r s o c i e t y a n d e c o n o m y . r e

I s y h u o n t w h i c w i t g

i s e t y , t h e s t y l u c e d t r e s t u s t r i a d e c l i e m e r g n t o h t h e r e f o r e a n c o n f u t u r a l r e a d c h i s l e w a y e d o n

s t m a h i h h

t h i n k i t i s e m t h a t i s n s a r e j u s t s p l a n e t , b u h a v e t h e p o c o n s e q u e n c e s

a t b a s a t n s s i a l

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i m e t o t h e u n o f t h e f o r g e t o c h a n g r o t h e r

c h d e e t h

a n r s c o a t e t h s p e

g e t t a n d l o g i w e e e n c i e s

v e n m o r e n e c e s s a r y w h i l e l o o k i n g a t t e s h a r e o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n w h i c h h a s a e , w h i c h m e a n s r e l a t e d t o a g r i c u l t u o 4% t o 5% i n W e s t e r n E u r o p e . p r o d u c e s a n d c o n s u m e s i n d u s t r i a l a n l p r o d u c t s . n e o f r u r a l p o p u l a t i o n w a s a c c o m p a n i e e n c e o f d i f f e r e n t u n d e r s t a n d i n g a n d n a t u r e a n d b i o d i v e r s i t y w h i c h i s r a b o v e d e s c r i b e d i d e a l i s a t i o n o f n i t i s c l e a r t h a t t h e u r b a n i s a t i o n a d i t i o n i s o f r e l e v a n c e f o r a n y e n v i r e . y m e n t i o n e d a s h i f t t o a p l a n n i n g b a s e d o n p e r f o r m a n c e r u l e s c o u l d b e o u t . T h e s e p e r f o r m a n c e r u l e s h a v e c r i t e r i a c o n c e r n i n g e c o l o g i c a l , e c o n

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a n d s o c i a l i t y i n d i c a t orientated p e r f o r m a n c e a n d e c o l o g i

p e r f o r m a n o r s c a n b planning c r i t e r i a c a l v a l u e

c e . T h e i n v e s t e u s e d a s p a r t system as they a n d c o m b i n i n g s .

i g a t e d p e r m e a b i l o f a p e r f o r m a n c e allow defining the e c o n o m i c , s o c i a l

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w i l l t h e r e f o r e d e s c r i b e i n t h e q u e n c e s f o r p l a n n i n g a n d d e s i g n

a b o v e d e s c r i b e d c o n t e d t o t h e c o n c r e t e t h e d i f f e r e n t ’ T i B ’ e s . f o l l o w i n g t h e c o n s e i n t h e T y r o l .

W h a t first u s e s a c e r i m p r o t e r i a o f b e d e d i c

w o u l d b e t h e c o n s e q u e n c e s o f t h i s c would be an increasing possibility a n d t y p o l o g i e s . A s t h e o n e u s e i s t a i n z o n e w o u l d b e g o n e t h i s w o u l d v e m e n t o f p o l l u t i n g a c t i v i t i e s a s t h e w o u l d b e v a l i d e v e r y w h e r e a n d t h e i n g l e s s p o l l u t i n g l i k e t o d a y i n s p e a t e d t o s p e c i a l u s e s w o u l d d i s a p p e a r

T h e t c o m e e s s a r ( m o r e ier. b u i l d s e t t l s i n g l f o r d w a y a

r a n s s i m p y t o s i n The i n g s e m e n e h o i f f e r o u n

h a n g e , t of mix l i m i t e d l e a d t o s a m e c r a l l o w a n c i a l z o n o v e r t i m

h e of t o a i c e e s e .

f o r m a t i o n o f e x i s t i n g s t r u c t u r e s w o u l d b e l e r a n d a d a p t a t i o n p r o c e s s e s w h i c h a r e n e c a d a p t t h e b u i l d s t r u c t u r e t o s o c i a l c h a n g e s g l e s , p a t c h w o r k f a m i l i e s … ) c a n h a p p e n e a s division of plots the infill of additional i n s i n g l e f a m i l y h o u s e s e t t l e m e n t c a n m a k e t w h i c h a r e m o n o f u n c t i o n a l a n d b a s e d o n a u s i n g t y p o l o g y m o r e v a r i a b l e a n d s u i t a b l e r e n t u s e r g r o u p s , t h e s a m e i s t r u e t h e o t h e r d f o r i n d u s t r i a l z o n e s a n d b u s i n e s s p a r k s .

F o r t h e d e s i g n a n d p l a n n i n g w h i c h a r e i n t e r r e l a t e d c a n b e d e s c r i b e d s h i f t :

f o u r b a s i c p r i n c i p l e s d e r i v e d f r o m t h e a b o v e

M ulti Functionality

+

+

T h e p r i n c i p l e m u l t i - f u n c t i o n a l i t y m e a n s t h a t a s m a n y p a r t s o f t h e t e r r i t o r y s h o u l d h a v e m o r e t h a n o n e f u n c t i o n . A r e a s c a n p e r f o r m b e t t e r a c c o r d i n g t o d i f f e r e n t a s p e c t s t h r o u g h t h e c o m b i n a t i o n o f d i f f e r e n t p e r m e a b i l i t i e s , t h e s i m p l e s t f o r m o f t h i s c o m b i n a tion is to combine traffic infrastructure with a sufficient band of vegetation that they can perform as e c o l o g i c a l c o r r i d o r s t o o .

M o r e s o p h i s t i c a t e d w a y s a r e t o c o m b i n e f o r e x a m p l e t h e t r e a t m e n t o f t h e g r a y w a t e r i n b u s i n e s s p a r k s w i t h a l o c a l p a r k a n d t h e h a b i t a t n e t w o r k .

T h e c o m b i n a t i o n o f a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t i o n a n d l e i s u r e a c t i v i t i e s c a n b e a n o t h e r c o m b i n a t i o n , a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t i o n , i f n o t h e a v i l y i n d u s t r i a l i z e d , w i t h i n u r b a n s e t t l e m e n t c a n c o n t r i b u t e t o b e t t e r l o c a l c l i m a t e f o r e x a m p l e .

P r i n c i p l e s

T h e d e c e p t u a s i t u a t h a v e d

210

M ulti M odality

–

M ulti Scale

T h e s a m e f u n c t i o n c a n b e p e r f o r m e d b y d i f f e r e n t e l m e n t s o n d i f f e r e n t s c a l e s . A r i v e r f u n c t i o n s a s e c o l o g i c a l c o r r i d o r o n t h e r e g i o n a l s c a l e s , t h e s a f u n c t i o n i s p r o v i d e b y h a t c h e s i n g a r d e n s f o r e x a p l e . R e l a t e d t o t h e d i f f e r e n t s c a l e i s t h e s p e e which means for example that the traffic network has b e c o m e d e n s e r a n d d e n s e r w i t h d e c r e a s i n g s p e e d , t s l o w e s t a n d d e n s e s t n e t w o r k h a s t o s p r e a d t h e q u a i t y o f t h e n e x t h i g h e r n e t w o r k . T h e a i m i s t o t r a n f e r q u a l i t i e s t h r o u g h d i f f e r e n t s c a l e a n d t h e r e f o o v e r t h e w h o l e t e r r i t o r y , i f o n e s c a l e d o e s n ’ t w o r t h e w h o l e s y s t e m b e c o m e s w e a k e r . T o a c h i e v e t h i s i s n e c e s s a r y t o o v e r c o m e a n d i g n o r e a d m i n i s t r a t i b o u n d a r i e s a s f a r a s p o s s i b l e .

e a n m e m d , to h e l s r e k , i t v e

P r i n c i p l e s

D econcentration of Technical I nfrastructure T h e d e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f t h e t e c h n i c a l i n f r a s t r u c t u r e i s d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d w i t h t h e p r i n c i p l e o f m u l t i f u n c t i o n a l i t y . T h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f p o w e r p r o d u c t i o n , w a t e r t r e a t m e n t o r w a s t e d i s p o s a l h a s l e a d o n t h e o n e h a n d t o b i g u n i t e s w h i c h b e c a u s e o f t h e i r n e g a t i v e s i d e e f f e c t s h a d t o b e p l a c e d s o m e w h e r e a p a r t t o n o t d i s t u r b o r / a n d h a d o f t e n m a j o r i m p a c t o n w i l d l i f e , o n t h e o t h e r h a n d i t l e a d t o ‘ t h r o u g h a w a y ’ m e n t a l i t y w h i c h d o e s n ’ t c a r e w h a t h a p p e n s w i t h d i s p o s a l a s t h e y a r e t h r e a t e n a n y w a y s o m e w h e r e e l s e . A n o t h e r s i d e e f fect of big units is, that the need a sufficient cons u m e r s / c l i e n t s w i t h i n a s h o r t d i s t a n c e t o w o r k e c o n o m i c a l l y . T h e a r g u m e n t t h a t b i g n e t w o r k s o f p i p e s or cable with insufficient customers are uneconomic i s o n e o f t h e m a j o r p r o a r g u m e n t s f o r a d e n s e s e t t l e m e n t d e v e l o p m e n t , t h e q u e s t i o n i s i f t h i s i s n o t w a g g i n g t h e d o g a n d i f l e s s c o n c e n t r a t e d s e t t l e m e n t s w i t h s m a l l e r i n f r a s t r u c t u r a l u n i t s c o u l d n o t p e r f o r m t h e s a m e o r b e t t e r . T h e c o m b i n a t i o n o f a d e c e n t r a l i z e d i n f r a s t r u c t u r e a n d m u l t i f u n c t i o n a l i t y c a n b e r e a l i z e d f o r e x a m p l e i n t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n o f s o l a r p a n e l o n t o p o f t r a i n s t a t i o n s o r b i c y c l e s h e l t e r w h i c h c h a r g e s t h e b a t t e r i e s o f e l e c t r i c b i k e s w h i c h a r e p a r k e d t h e r e . D u e t o t h e w e a t h e r c o n d i t i o n s i t c a n b e n e c e s s a r y , t h a t i m p o r t a n t b i c y c l e l a n e s h a v e t o b e c o v e r e d w h i c h g i v e s a l s o t h e p o t e n t i a l t o u s e t h e r o o f a s p o w e r p l a n t . A l s o t h e u s e o f m i c r o w a t e r p o w e r p l a n t s w h i c h c a n b e i n t e g r a t e d i n t h e w a t e r t r e a t m e n t s y s t e m c a n p r o v i d e a d d i t i o n a l e n e r g y .

211

Activation of the Porosity in the Existing Tissue

It is already related to how to achieve the other principles in the already existing tissue; the existing tissue has a porosity which can be used to achieve the multi-functionality and can provide space

These potentials are often blocked by building regu

The move to a performance orientated planning system gives the possibilities to free these potential and give space to new development within the existing structure mostly grass root driven, as the major part of the land in the Tyrol is owned by private individ

Conclusions and Recommendations Concerning the Spatial Planning System

9 states/provinces (Bundesländer) 99 districts and !"

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ment on all of before mention levels there are democratically elected legislative bodies (this is not true for the districts except for Vienna and other %&

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ferent competences relevant for spatial planning on

Riedl summarizes the structure of spatial planning

. 0 3

federal level is responsible for planning in the

competence in overall regional territorial planning, whereas the municipalities are responsible for local

pal aim is to further regional economic strengths and to make possible the independent development of

Principles

The application of this principle into daily planning and design practise has consequences on several levels, on the organization of spatial planning, the planning tools and methods and the actual (regional)

212

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5 67

& 88:+ This describes the formal spatial planning system where the province government plays a leading role, the real distribution of power and the involved ac

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built environment are taken at municipal level and are quite often initiated by private interests, the province increasingly has to look on as other ac >

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a â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Leitbildâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; which means that it is not mandatory but provides guiding principles for the other actors

A a better coordination the possibility of founding regional planning cooperations and management between several municipalities on voluntary basis was

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the last two years and have produced or still are

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ZukunftsRaum Tirolâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; - Future & C & > &

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The major weak point of most of the strategies (provincial as regional) is that the connection between strategies and the spatial and territorial conseE

. > E > general strategies and ideas without discussing and visualizing or even considering the spatial conseE @ .

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This means that realisation of the strategies have to take place at the municipal level within the local planning instruments which are based on zoning and

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planning and thinking within municipality borders and the informal system which puts strong well connected actors in an even stronger position and creates a dependency and often unclear interrelatedness of political mandataries with key actors which means

The before described conceptual changes and the shift to a more performance orientated planning system requires an adaptation of the planning structures especially at two levels which could also help to minimise the problems of the relation of strategies and the territory and the democratic legitimacy of

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preferably be funded by the government of the province of the Tyrol (co funded by the EU to strengthen its independency)

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be a interdisciplinary changing group of experts with a core of experts with spatial competences (architects, spatial planners, landscape planners and designers) develop planning tools for the implementation of the key strategies assist local and regional planning bodies by the implementation of the strategies through all scales, by providing skills and knowledge

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should provoke and broaden the public discussion about spatial development through the visualisation of trends and strategies to the extreme

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be bound to a certain spatial boundary or group of municipalities not be an additional research unit which deals with general spatial trends should not be directly involved by the implementation of key projects

The second change is related to the shift to a more performance orientated planning system, which will

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number of small scale changes would be the result of

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In a system were so far everything is quite strictly regulated it may be helpful to support neighbourhood based mediation centres which mediate within the neighbourhood but also between neighbourhoods and

tant as future developments will cross municipality boundaries and bound local unities have to negotiate

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derstand the term neighbourhood in this case not in the sense ofcommunity but as a level in the spatial

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Principles

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214

Planning and Design Exercise To show how the concept of permeability could be integrated into daily planning and design practice I

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XY[\ gram can be integrated into a performance orientated regional strategy and then to show how one possible . .

This exercise doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t not aim to produce a master plan or ready to do build design but to open up questions and the discussion on the one hand about the concept of permeability and on the other hand about crucial topics for the future development of the % \ *

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Tirol and Weer with Wattens as biggest municipality

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intermingling of build and unbuilt it is criss-crossed by all major infrastructure lines it shows the typical mixture of production service and housing on the one hand and bigger mono functional batches like business parks and pure housing settlements on the other hand parts are highly global integrated because of an highway exit the agricultural path network shows it typical pattern and a high global integration it contains with the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Kristallweltenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; in Wattens one of the major touristic hotspots of the Tyrol and a small skiing resort

It shows the typical next to each other of ecological permeably areas and barriers it contains parts of the Inn Valley and the plateaux

dense infrastructure

Principles

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living on the plateaux

view over Wattens

216

There are also two special reasons to choose this part as a test case, the one is that due to its proximity to Innsbruck it is one of the areas with the

The other is a detail which I came across during my researcher about the emergence of the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;TiBâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;, the selected test strip was since at least the second world

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administration and the housing model of the company Swarovski which supported their employees to build their own houses and founded several â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;gardenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; settlements under the slogan living in the green (Wohnen { |

+ The basic idea was that, every plot and family should

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goals and plans of the provincial government which focused on compact settlement development and supported (low) rise dense housing following a on the

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main goals to secure agricultural land as basis for the food production and to minimize the investment of technical infrastructure as well as to keep the rural

Principles

Both concept have been realized parallel in the selected test area despite and accompanied by several

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The images on the next page show this coevolution at the fringe of Wattens the seat of the headquarters of Swarovski with the garden settlement Kreuzbichel and development of the market town of Wattens according

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characteristics of the area and the bachground for

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Administrative Borders and Inhabitants The map shows the distribution of the build mass in

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BAULAND Allgemeines Mischgebiet gemäĂ&#x; § 40.1 TROG 2006

BAULAND Allgemeines Mischgebiet gemäĂ&#x; § 40.2 TROG 2006 | mi

BAULAND Gewerbe- u. Industriegebiet gemäĂ&#x; § 39.2 TROG 2006 * Gerichtsbezirk-Grenze BAULAND Gewerbe- u. Industriegebiet gemäĂ&#x; § 39.3 TROG 2006 * BAULAND Kerngebiet gemäĂ&#x; § 40.3 TROG 2006 BAULAND Kerngebiet gemäĂ&#x; § 40.3 TROG 2006 | Einschränkung a BAULAND Landwirtschaftliches Mischgebiet gemäĂ&#x; § 40.5 TROG * BAULAND Tourismusgebiet gemäĂ&#x; § 40.4 TROG 2006 BAULAND Wohngebiet gemäĂ&#x; § 38.1 TROG 2006 BAULAND Wohngebiet gemäĂ&#x; § 38.1 TROG 2006 | mit Festlegung

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VERKEHRSFLĂ&#x201E;CHE StraĂ&#x;en fĂźr den Ăśrtlichen Verkehr der Gemein* VERKEHRSFLĂ&#x201E;CHE LandesstraĂ&#x;en fĂźr den ĂźberĂśrtlichen Verkehr * VERKEHRSFLĂ&#x201E;CHE BundesstraĂ&#x;en fĂźr den ĂźberĂśrtlichen Verkehr * SONDERFLĂ&#x201E;CHE Sonderfläche Austraghaus gemäĂ&#x; § 46 TROG 200

BAULAND Gemischtes Wohngebiet gemäĂ&#x; § 38.2 TROG 2006

zone for development

BAULAND Allgemeines Mischgebiet gemäĂ&#x; § 40.2 TROG 2006 | Ei*

skiing resort

SONDERFLĂ&#x201E;CHE Sonderfläche Einkaufszentrum gemäĂ&#x; § 49 TROG SONDERFLĂ&#x201E;CHE Sonderfläche Handelsbetrieb gemäĂ&#x; § 48a TROG SONDERFLĂ&#x201E;CHE Sonderfläche Hofstelle gemäĂ&#x; § 44.1 TROG 2006 SONDERFLĂ&#x201E;CHE Sonderfläche Hofstelle gemäĂ&#x; § 44.1 TROG 2006 SONDERFLĂ&#x201E;CHE Sonderfläche Sportanlage gemäĂ&#x; § 50 TROG 200 SONDERFLĂ&#x201E;CHE Sonderfläche Tankstelle gemäĂ&#x; § 49b TROG 2006 SONDERFLĂ&#x201E;CHE Sonderfläche fĂźr Widmungen in verschiedenen Eb SONDERFLĂ&#x201E;CHE Sonderfläche fĂźr sonstige land- und forstwirts* SONDERFLĂ&#x201E;CHE Sonderfläche gemäĂ&#x; § 43.1 TROG 2006 | mit Fes SONDERFLĂ&#x201E;CHE Sonderfläche gemäĂ&#x; § 43.1 TROG 2006 | mit Meh

water

zones reseved

agricultural land & nature

Principles

221

VORBEHALTSFLĂ&#x201E;CHE Vorbehaltsfläche fĂźr Gebäude und Anlagen d* VORBEHALTSFLĂ&#x201E;CHE Vorbehaltsfläche fĂźr den objektgefĂśrderten*

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FREILAND Freiland gemäĂ&#x; § 41 TROG 2006 | FlieĂ&#x;endes Gewässer FREILAND Freiland gemäĂ&#x; § 41 TROG 2006 | Stehendes Gewässer

Zoning Plan The Zoning plan of the test area show two interesting

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settlements, the second is the precession the grad of detail of the zoning which can be seen having a .

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not developed but zoned for development

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structure a big amount of the area which is zoned has not been developed, and this also within the settle

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divers and start from land speculation, â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;reservingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; land for the next generation, buying neighboring

been the serious political will to activate this

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Development Trends – 2031 +10% inhabitant +21% household (overall) + 55% single households + 430 ha development area low density or + 250 ha development area medium density or +120 ha development area ‘high’ density source: Österreichische Raumordnungs Konferenz (ÖROK)

Google earth view over Wattens from SE to NW with along the Inn valley.

Principles

225

226

The concept of permeability integrated into a Spatial Strategy Main goals and challenges The main challenge is to facilitate the growth in a sustainable way in other words to manage the growth while keeping the different permeability in the range

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Starting from the main strengths and opportunities of the area the following strategic goals can be

Principles

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To generate a new centrality by using the potential and success of the existing business park as well as the potential of the density and proxim >

Using the climatic and scenic advantage and qualities of the of the plateaux as preferred housing areas to facilitate on the one hand a part of the estimated growth and on the other hand to establish a high quality public transport connection to the public transport network of the Inn valley to improve the social permeability of so

Strengthen and /or establish ecological connection by taking advantage of the proximity and inter connectivity of the river network with the ecological valuable landscapes of the moun

Prolonging an intensifying the historical small grain mixitĂŠ of production service and housing in Mils and Wattens to intensive the existing tissue and achieve the same quality

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Elements of development

from the at the moment just bypassing infrastructure which means to add an highway exit and a railway sta

6&4\

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S c h e m a o f t h e i n t e g r a t i o n flows in a business park c o r r i d o r .

T h e c o m b i n a t i o n o f d i f f e r o f p e r m e a b i l i t y l e a d s t s u s t a i n a b l e w a t e r t r e a t c o i n c i d e n t l y p r o v i d e s s p a t i a l q u a l i t y .

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w a t e r c l e a n i n g m i c r o p o w e r p l a n t , h t t p : / / w w w . z o t l o e t e r e r . c o m / o u r _ c o m p a n y . p h p

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B u s i n e s s p a r k s i n g e n e r a l h a v e a h i g h s h a r e o f s e a l e d g r o u n d s u r f a c e , t h e w a t e r n o r m a l l y i s c o l l e c t e d a n d p u m p e d t o t h e n e x t s e w a g e t r e a t m e n t p l a n t .

A p p l y i n g t h e p r i n c i p l e o f d e c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n t h i s c a s e m e a n s t h a t l o w p o l l u t e d s u r f a c e w a t e r b u t a l s o a part of the wastewater is purified in a wastewater treatment wetland where it becomes purified in the r o o t s y s t e m o f s p e c i a l i s e d p l a n t s i s i n s t a l l e d .

T h r o u g h t h e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f s m a l l s i z e g r a v i t a tion water vortex power plants,the self purification o f t h e w a s t e w a t e r b e c o m e s e n h a n c e d a n d e l e c t r i c a l p o w e r f o r t h e l i g h t e n i n g o f t h e p u b l i c s p a c e c a n b e p r o d u c e d .

T h e b a s i n s a n d d i t c h e s o f t h i s s y s t e m f o r m t h e b a c k b o n e o f t h e e c o - c o r r i d o r a n d c a n b e i n t e g r a t e d i n t o p a r k s , e x t e n s i v e l y u s e d a g r i c u l t u r a l , o p e n s p a c e s w h i c h b e l o n g t o c o m p a n i e s a n d e v e n g a r d e n s .

T h e d e t a i l e d d e s i g n o f t h e d i f f e r e n t p a r t s o f t h e e c o c o r r i d o r i s d e p e n d e n t o n t h e a c t u a l u s e a n d t h e r e f o r e very flexible and open, the performance criteria for t h e m a x i m u m p o t e n t i a l r e t e n t i o n a s s u r e s t h a t a s u f ficient land cover with trees and hatches has to be r e a l i z e d .

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d i f f e r e n t

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h i c h i n t h e t o e a c h s i s e d i m p o r t a f p l a n n i n g d d

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t h e d i r e c t l y n e i g h b o u r i n g w h i c h l e a d s t o t h e a l r e a d y a l ( i n t e r m u n i c i p a l ) s c a l e a s a l i t y b o r d e r . e

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q u a r i t o the s a n u t i o

l i t y o f t h e p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t s e r v i c e o v e r t h e r y , t h e u s e o f t h e b i k e , l i k e i t i s c o m m o n Netherlands is due to topographical difficuld c u l t u r a l d i f f e r e n c e s n o t t h e e a s y a t h a n d n .

T h e i n s t a l l a t i o n o f a d e n s e b i k e w a y s y s t e m b e d o n e a n y w a y a s e s p e c i a l l y t h e I n n v a l l e y i ly very flat, additionally electric bikes and v e h i c l e s b e c o m e m o r e a n d m o r e p o p u l a r s o t h a t p o s s i b l e w a y t o a c h i e v e a h i g h e r r a t i o l o w dioxid traffic.

O t h e r s o l u t i o n s a r e c a l l o n d e m a n d t a x i s

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s h o u l d s p a r t similar i s o n e c a r b o n

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T h e b a s i s n e v e r t h e l e s s i s d e n s e a n d s e c u r e p e d e s t r i a n p a t h s y s t e m a s t h e m a j o r i t y o f t h e d a i l y t r i p s i s d o n e p e r p e d e s .

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o w s t h e e x i s t i n g p e r f o r m a n c e i l i t y i n d i c a t o r s ( b l a c k l i n e ) . s h o w t h e r a n g e o f t h e p l a n n i n g .

T h i s r e s u l t s h o w s t h a t b y f o l l t e r i a w h i c h a r e b a s e d o n t h e c and therefore combines flows f u n c t i o n s , s p a t i a l d e v e l o p m e n m o r e s u s t a i n a b l e d e v e l o p m e n t .

o w i n g p e o n c e p t o instead t c a n c o

T h e l i t t l e p l a n n i n g a n d d e s i g n e x e f e s s i n g l y i n a r a t h e r s i m p l e w a y , a g e m e n t o f d i f f e r e n t a c t o r s a n d i n financial concerns have not been d e p t h , t h a t d i f f e r e n t t h a n t h e u s e s i g n a p p r o a c h e s a r e w o r t h i n v e s t i a s t h e y m a y b e b e t t e r c o m p a t i b l e w i s o c i a l c o n d i t i o n s o f t h e ‘ T e r r i t o r

f

r f o r m a n c e c r i p e r m e a b i l i t y of separating n t r i b u t e t o a

r c i s e s h o w e d , c o n b e c a u s e t h e m a n t e r e s t s a s w e l l a s consider in fully d p l a n n i n g a n d d e g a t i n g f u r t h e r o n t h t h e s p a t i a l a n d i e s i n B e t w e e n ’ .

Final thoughts B e f o r e t h e a t t e m p t t o d e s i g n o n e p o s s i b l e o u t c o m e o n the regional scale I want to reflect on three topi c s w h i c h f o r t h e f u t u r e d e v e l o p m e n t f o r e s p e c i a l l y t h e T y r o l , b u t a l s o o t h e r ‘ T i B ’ , h a v i n g d o n e t h i s r e s e a r c h , a r e f r o m m a j o r c o n c e r n . A s t h i s t h e s i s i s meant to be the first step of a following PhD work I will do this here very briefly just to open question a n d d i s c u s s i o n f o r t h e f u t u r e r e s e a r c h .

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Comparison of the two development concepts!

T h e o n e s i n t h e c o r d e v B e t I t m a p s i r t h e f u r

v i s u a l i z a t i o n o f t h e t h e c o m p a c t s e t t l e m e n t c e t h e l a s t d e c a d e s b y p r o v i n c e o f t h e T y r o d i n g t o t h e p e r m e a b i l e l o p e d o u t o f t h e a n a l y w e e n ’ i s t h e l a s t s t e p i s i m p o r t a n t t o s t a t e s d o n ’ t s h o w a p r o j e c t e d f u t u r e s o f t h e a u t s p a t i a l c o n s e q u e n c e s t h e r d i s c u s s i o n .

t w o d i f f e r e n t d e v e l o p m c o n c e p t , a s i t i s p r o p t h e p l a n n i n g d e p a r t m e n l a n d t h e d e v e l o p m e n t i t y p r i n c i p l e s w h i c h s e s o f t h e ‘ T e r r i t i o r i e o f t h e t h e s i s . a g a i n t h a t t h e f o l l o o r a m a s t e r p l a n n o r h o r , b u t d r y t o v i s u a o f p l a n n i n g d e c i s i o n s

e n o s t a w e s

t , e d o f c r e i n

w i d l i f

n g e z e o r

The compact settlement scenario

The permeable landscape scenario T h e i l l u s i s b a s e d w i t h o t h e r i c u l t u r a

t r a t i o n o f o n t w o b a r e c o – c o r l p a t h s w h

t h e p e s i s n e r i d o r s i c h f a c

r m e a t w o r a n d i l i t

b l e l a k s , t h t h e n e a t e s t

n d s c a p e a p p r o a c h e w a t e r n e t w o r k t w o r k o f t h e a g h e d e v e l o p m e n t .

T h e n e w d e v e l o p m e n t i s c h o s e n a c c o r d i n g t o a c h i e v e a n d i n t e r m i n g l i n g o f t h e b u i l t a n d u n b u i l t . T h e a s s u m p t i o n t h a t l i k e i n r e c e n t h i s t o r y a r o u n d 25% a r e not developed finally is reconsidered here too.

The inner pores in vicinity to the rivers and existi n g e c o - c o r r i d o r s i s u s e d t o a c h i e v e a h i g h e r e c o logical permeability within the existing settlement and filled with different intensities of green.

Zones are not defined specially but performance criteria – agglomerations and concentrations of specific u s e s n e v e r t h e l e s s t a k e p l a c e .

T h e s t r e e t n e t w o r k i s h i g h p e r m e a b l e a n d c h o s e n t o i m p r o v e t h e p o s s i b i l i t i e s f o r p e d e s t r i a n a n d t o k e e p a high flexibility for different future uses.

P r i n c i p l e s

T h e i l l u s t r a t i o n o f t h e c o m p a c t s e t t l e m e n t a p p r o a c h i s d o n e a c c o r d i n g t o f o l l o w i n g p r i n c i p l e s : N e w d e v e l o p m e n t a r e a s a r e c h o s e n i n t h e w a y t h a t t h e s i n g l e s e t t l e m e n t k e e p s r e s p e c t i v e l y g e t s a c o m p a c t f o r m .

As much as possible inner pores are densified. The ass u m p t i o n t h a t l i k e i n r e c e n t h i s t o r y a r o u n d 25% a r e not developed finally is reconsidered.

Zones are defined according to existing uses so that the same is planned next to each other.

T h e s t r e e t n e t w o r k i s c h o s e a c c o r d i n g t o t h e a s l e s s as necessary which means for example the use of cule d e s a c s .

T h e c h o s e n d e n s i t i e s a r e s l i g h t l y h i g h e r t h a n t h e densities of the existing developments following the t r e n d o f t h e l a s t d e c a d e s .

238

P r i n c i p l e s

Compact Settlement

2009

0

.

T h e s t a r t i n g p o s i t i o n o f t h e c o m proach are the existing zoning h o r i z o n o f t e n y e a r s , t h e r e s t i s a s s u m e d t o t a k e p l a c e i n t h e closing gaps in or at the edge v e l o p e d a r e a .

p a c t s e t t l e m e n t a p plans which have a o f t h e d e v e l o p m e n t s a m e m a n n e r , a l w a y s of the existing de-

05 0

Compact Settlement

04

03 500

02

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P r i n c i p l e s

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r a i l w a y r i v e r s f o r e s t existing development n e w

P r i n c i p l e s

o p e n

d e v e l o p m e n t s p a c e

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u s e

0

T h e i m a g e o f t h e c o m p a c t f u t u r e s h o w s t h a t t h e n e w development fills the gaps within and at the edge of the existing villages and draws a clear border bet w e e n s e t t l e m e n t s a n d a g r i c u l t u r a l u s e d l a n d s c a p e .

05 0

Compact Settlement - 2031

04

03 500

02

01.1

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P r i n c i p l e s

241

242

Permeable Landscape

2009

r a i l w a y r i v e r s f o r e s t existing development porosity within the existing tissue

P r i n c i p l e s

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t h e s t a r t i n g e l e m e n t s o f t h e p e r m e a b l e l a n d s c a p e a p p r o a c h a r e t h e n e t w o r k o f r i c e r s , t h e p o r o s i t y in the existing tissue and the agricultural path n e t w o r k .

05 0

Permeable Landscape

04

03 500

02

01.1

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P r i n c i p l e s

243

244

Permeable Landscape

2031

r a i l w a y r i v e r s f o r e s t existing development n e w o p e n w i t h

d e v e l o p m e n t s p a c e m a i n l y p a t h n e t w o r k

P r i n c i p l e s

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i m g l i l e o p m i c u

a g n g v a e n l t

e

o f t h e o f b u i l t l l e y w i t h t s a c l e u r a l u s e d

p e a n i n a r l a

r m e a b l e d u n b u i t h e o l d b o r d e r n d i s n

f u t u r e s h l t l a n d s c a a s w e l l a b e t w e e n s o t v i s i b l e

o w s a n i n t e r p e a c r o s s t h s t h e n e w d e e t t l e m e n t a n a n y m o r e .

e d

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246

Evaluation of the Scenario Comparison C o m p a r i n g t h e u n d W e e r i t i i n g l y d i f f e r e f r a m e i s j u s t t i o n w i l l b e in this next influence the

t w o “ f u t u r e s ” o f t h e a r e a b e t w e e n H t o s t a t e t h a t t h e r e s u l t i s s u r p r n t , t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t t h a t t h e t 20 y e a r s a n d t h a t t h e c h a n g e i n p o p u a r o u n d 10 % . I t c a n b e c o n c l u d e d t ten year regional spatial planning future image of the Inn valley. s

a l l i s i m e l a h a t can

Both examples show pros and cons the permeable “fut u r e ” p e r f o r m s b e t t e r a c c o r d i n g t h e p e r m e a b i l i t y i n dexes as their application was integrated into the definition this is therefore not the focus in the foll o w i n g e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e t w o s c e n a r i o s . (note: although it doesn’t look like at the first g l a n c e b o t h s c e n a r i o s c o n s u m e d t h e s a m e a m o u n t o f l a n d ) The compact settlement approach

P r i n c i p l e s

The p a c t o p m e i t a c o n t o f s T h e a l t a n d d e s w e l p o p o f

first general d e v e l o p m e n t n t t h e d e s i r e w a y f r o m t h e r i b u t e t h e r e f e t t l e m e n t s i n

l o h o u p a t r i l a u l a p u b

w g h t h a n s t i l i

remark is i t a l w a y s d v i c i n i t y m w h o w e r e o r e t o t h e t o t h e s u r

p e r m e a b i l i t y o n t h e t h e w h o l e s e t t l e m n e t w o r k n e v e r t h e l s a n d i s t h e r e f o r e i t i s , c a u s e d b y t o n , s t i l l t o l e s s d c t r a n s p o r t a t i o n .

T h e r i v e r s a n d c r e e k s w h i c h l o g i c a l c o r r i d o r s l o s e t h e i r r o u n d i n g l a n d s c a p e .

T h e d e n s e s e t t l e v i l l a g e c e n t e r s a within proximity i n g r e g u l a t i o n s c e n t r a l i t i e s .

I t e f f I t h o o p r o p a l I t

d o e c p r d s d u i t

e s n o o v i a n c i n i e s f

’ t

t

b i d e s d t h g h i

c o n g i d e e g h

that the p r o v i d e s t h e l a n d a t t h e c y c l e o f r o u n d i n g e n e s s h e e n

n e i g h t i s s d o t i l l l o w s e f

due to the t h e n e w d e s c a p e b y t a e d g e b e f o r e o n g o i n g c r o l a n d s c a p e .

b o r h o o d d e n s e e s n ’ t c a r d e a m o u n t o r c l a s

l e t h s u p p e n o f s i c

a d s e p o d e o a l

s t r t n t v e m

c o u l d b e t h e m a i n c o n n e c t i o n s t o t h e

comv e l k i n g a n d w i n g t h a t r e e t p e . A s r a l l e a n s e c o s u r -

m e n t c o u l d s u p p o r t s t h e h i s t o r i c s t h e r e a r e m o r e p o s s i b l e c l i e n t s on the other hand due to the zoni t l i m i t s t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f n e w

t r i b u t e t o n f r a s t r u c t u s i r e d h o m o g p o s s i b i l i t y i n f r a s t r u c t

o v e r c o m e r a l s t r u c t e n o u s a n d o f t h e o w u r a l c o s t

t h e u r e s c a l n h o f o r

s e g r e g a t i n g . m u s e t h e

n e i g h b o r w i t h o u t m u n i c i -

.

p r o v i d e s b i g c o n n e c t e d p a t c h e s o f a g r i c u l t u r e w h i c h a r e t h e b a s i s f o r a e c o n o m i c f e a s i b l e a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t i o n .

247

The permeable landscape approach T h e p i t y o d e v e l from

e r m e b u o p m e the

a b l e a p p r o a c h p r o v i d e s t h e d e s i r e d v i c i n i l t a n d t h e l a n d s c a p e n o t j u s t f o r t h e n e w n t b u t a l s o d o e s n ’ t t a k e t h i s v i c i n i t y a w a y existing settlements.

f

I t

m a y r e d u c e c u s t o m e r s i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f v i l l a g e c e n t r e ’ s o n t h e o t h e r h a n d d u e t o l e s s l i m i t a t i o n o f z o n i n g p r o v i d e m o r e p o s s i b i l i t i e s f o r n e w c e n t r a l i t i e s .

T h e d e n s i t i e s a r e t o o l o w f o r t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f a c l a s s i c a l p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t . T h e v i c i n i t y o f t h e n e w development to the existing infrastructure though provides the possibility of the densification of stops a n d h i g h c h a n c e f o r m u l t i m o d a l n o d e s .

T h e r i v e r c a n p a r t l y c o r r i d o r s a g a i n .

D u e t o s t r u c t u t h i s d e c o m e t h

t h r e v e e i

d e v e l o p m e n t i l i n e t h e r e i s l o p m e n t w i t h m e r s e g r e g a t i n g e f s

e

p l a y

t h e i r n

v i t h e a s u r f e c t

r o l e

a s

i m p o r t a n t

e c o

c i n i t y t o m a j o r i n f r a p o s s i b i l i t y t o c o m b i n e e s w h i c h h e l p t o o v e r .

T h e a g r i c u l t u r a l a r e a s a r e d i v i d e d i n t o m a n y s m a l l e r p a t c h e s w h i c h m a y h i n d e r a f u r t h e r i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n o f t h e a g r i c u l t u r e .

T h e c o m p a r i s o n s h o w s t h a t b o t h a p p r o a c h e s h a v e t h e i r a d v a n t a g e s a n d r i s k . F u t u r e d e c i s i o n s c o n c e r n i n g t h e s p a t i a l d e v e l o p m e n t d o n ’ t h a v e t o s t r i c t l y f o l l o w o n e or the other but to learn lessons from this exercise concerning concrete planning goals. Both examples s h o w a p i c t u r e w h i c h c o u l d b e c a l l e d s p r a w l a n d t h e r e f o r i t i s i m p o r t a n t t o s e e t h i s s p a t i a l s t r u c t u r e n o t j u s t a s a b a d d e v e l o p m e n t b u t w i t h q u a l i t i e s .

T h e p i c t u r e o f t h e p e r m e a b l e s c e n a r i o s h o w s a c l o s e r similarity to the existing situation. From this it c o u l d b e f o l l o w e d , t h a t f o l l o w i n g t h i s w a y w o u l d m e a n u s i n g t h e o n g o i n g f o r c e s t o a c h i e v e a p l a n n i n g g o a l w h e t h e r t h e d e n s s e t t l e m e n t a p p r o a c h n e e d s m o r e e n e r g y t o c o r b o n g o i n g f o r c e s . T h e l a t e r c o u l d b e s e e n a s f o l l o w i n g t h e i d e a o f “ R a u m o r d n u n g ” ( G e r m a n f o r s p a t i a l p l a n n i n g l i t e r a r y t r a n s l a t e d s p a t i a l o r d e r i n g ) t h e s e c o n d m o r e i n o r g a n i z i n g o r d e v e l o p i n g s p a c e ( G e r m a n e q u i v a l e n t w o u l d b e R a u m e n t w i c k l u n g ) .

P r i n c i p l e s

Due to the resolving of zoning limitation conflicts a b o u t t h e q u i e t a n d p e a c e f u l l l i v i n g n e i g h b o r h o o d s c a n b e c o m e m o r e o f t e n .

248

Final thoughts concerning the comparisons As a final having a look at the two different outcomes of the of the design exercise I want to reflect on two t o p i c s w h i c h f o r t h e f u t u r e d e v e l o p m e n t e s p e c i a l l y f o r t h e T y r o l , b u t a l s o o t h e r ‘ T i B ’ a r e , h a v i n g d o n e t h i s r e s e a r c h , a r e f r o m m a j o r c o n c e r n . A s t h i s t h e s i s is meant to be the first step of a following PhD work I will do this here very briefly just to open question a n d d i s c u s s i o n f o r t h e f u t u r e r e s e a r c h .

Transportation

P r i n c i p l e s

T h e i d e a t h a t d e n s e s e t t l e m e n t f o r m s r e d u c e s t h e amount of traffic has to be questioned, as the res e a r c h s h o w e d t h a t a l t h o u g h i n b o t h t e s t c a s e a r e a s t h e p a r a d i g m o f a d e n s e s e t t l e m e n t d e v e l o p m e n t w a s a p p l i e d o v e r t h e l a s t d e c a d e s , s h o w s i m i l a r t r a f fic problems than others. The research showed that b o t h t e r r i t o r i e s a r e c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y d i v e r s i t y a n d d i s p e r s i o n o f s e v e r a l c e n t r a l i t i e s , i n o t h e r w o r d s p e o p l e d o n ’ t w o r k w e r e t h e l i v e a n d d o n ’ t l i v e w h e r e t h e y s p e n t t h e i r l e i s u r e t i m e . A h i g h g r a d e o f m o bility is a significant part and quality of our life s t y l e .

T h e f u t u r e o f m o b i l i t y s h o u l d n o t b e s e e n w i t h t h e g o a l t o r e d u c e t h i s m o b i l i t y , b u t t o m a k e i t m o r e energy efficient more silent and the infrastructure l e s s s e g r e g a t i n g . A n i n n o v a t i v e w a y o f i m p r o v i n g o u r m o b i l i t y s y s t e m s h o u l d b e c o n s i d e r e d . T h e T y r o l w i t h i t s l i n e a r r e s p e c t i v e l y t r e e l i k e s p a t i a l s t r u c ture as well as existence competence of alternative t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s y s t e m s , a l t h o u g h a t t h e m o m e n t j u s t a p p l i e d f o r t o u r i s t i c p u r p o s e s , i s p r e d e s t i n e d a s a t e s t r e g i o n f o r a l t e r n a t i v e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s y s t e m s .

I t

w o s e n e w w o f i n t o

u l d b e e h o w a y o f n o v a t i

i n m u i n o n

t e r e s t i n g t o r e s e a r c c h i t r e a l l y w o u l d f r a s t r u c t u r e c o u l d a n d s p a t i a l d e v e l o p

h

a c o f u n m e n

n o c a r s c e n a r i o s t s a n d i f t h i s c t i o n a s e n g i n e t .

The future of agriculture T h e t w o t e r r i t o r i e s a r e c o n c e r n i n g t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l production extremely different. The in recent years m o r e o f t e n s t a t e d a r g u m e n t i n t h e T y r o l , t h a t i t i s n e c e s s a r y t o p r e s e r v e a s m u c h a g r i c u l t u r a l l a n d a s possible to sustain a kind of self sufficiency in t i m e o f c r i s i s i s t o q u e s t i o n . T h e o n l y w a y t o c o m e a n y w a y c l o s e t o p r o d u c e a s m u c h f o o d a s i s c o n s u m e d i n t h e T y r o l , i s t o i n d u s t r i a l i z e a g r i c u l t u r e e v e n m o r e . H o w t h i s c a n b e o r g a n i s e d c a n b e s e e n i n H o l land for example, which is one of the main food exp o r t i n g c o u n t r i e s i n E u r o p e .

249

This kind of agriculture though is extremely energy a n d t h e r e f o r e o i l i n t e n s i v e w h i c h i s i n c o n t r a d i c t i o n t o p r o d u c e c r i s i s p r o o f .

I t

i s t h e f o r c e s b e h t r u i s t i c . o n g o i n g u r trialized w h i c h e n f o

r e f o r e t o q u e s t i o n s w h e t h e r t h e d r i n d t h i s i d e a a r e n o t o t h e r a n d l e s T h i s t o p i c i s a l s o r e l e v a n t f o r t h e f b a n i s a t i o n o f t h e T y r o l a s a h e a v y i agriculture needs big and compact r c e t h e c i t y c o u n t r y s i d e d i v i d e . s

i v i n g a l u t u r e n d u s fields

It would be interesting how the exact opposite way, l e t ’ s c a l l i t 100% o r g a n i c p r o d u c t i o n , w o u l d w o r k a n d i n t e r a c t w i t h t h e u r b a n i s a t i o n p r o c e s s e s .

Evaluation of the research aim T h e

a i m s

o f

t h e

t h e s i s

w e r e :

To gain knowledge about the ‘Territories in Between’ and to develop a classification model

This E u r o p tant l e a d b e t w e t h e s e t o r y ) e d , r s p r a w f e r e n

the t r u c t , I r e a s n o r n g l s e d

maximum population density, the density t u r e a n d t h e i n t e r m i n g l i n g o f b u i l t a s e l e c t e d p a r t s o f t w o v e r y d i f f e r e n t t e w h i c h h a d t h e p r o p e r t i e s o f b e i n g n e i t h r u r a l a n d c a t e g o r i z e t h e m a c c o r d i n g i t e r a t u r e d e s c r i b e d d i f f e r e n t p h e n o m e n a t e r r i t o r i e s i n E u r o p e .

of n d s t e r i n o f

classification model has to be tested in other e a n t e r r i t o r i e s t o f u r t h e r p r o o f i t . O n e i m p o r outcome was that the classification should not t o d r a w i n g n e w b o u n d a r i e s f o r a t h i r d c a t e g o r y e n u r b a n a n d r u r a l , b u t t o a n u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t e r r i t o r i e s a s b o t h a p l a c e ( a s i t e o r t e r r i a n d a s a n u m b e r o f o f t e n j u s t l o o s e l y b o u n d e l a t i v e l y d i s c o n n e c t e d a n d d i s p e r s e d , p e r h a p s l i n g a c t i v i t i e s , m a d e i n a n d t h r o u g h m a n y d i f t k i n d s o f n e t w o r k s .

To connect the different flows, which form these ‘TiB’, with the territory and develop a theory to describe the relation within and to the territory.

U s i n i n t e and t h e o v e r t h e

g

t h e c o n c e p g r a t i v e a p p ecological t e r r i t o r y c o m e t h e ‘ n e ‘ h u m a n v e r s u

t o f p r o a c h flows w i t h a t w o r k s n a t u

e r m e t o and s e t v e r s r e ’

a b i l i t y , w h i c h p r o v i d e s d e s c r i b e e c o n o m i c , s o c their materialization o f i n d i c a t o r s , a s t e p u s t e r r i t o r i e s ’ a s w e l l d i v i d e , h a s b e e n a c h i e v

a n i a l in t o a s e d .

T h e s e l e c t i o n o f t h e i n d i c a t o r s h a s t o b e f u r t h e r d e v e l o p e d , e s p e c i a l l y t h e e c o n o m i c i n d i c a t o r s f o r t h e g l o b a l l e v e l d i d n ’ t p r o d u c e s a t i s f a c t o r y r e s u l t s .

P r i n c i p l e s

Using i n f r a s u n b u i l c a s e a u r b a n p l a n n i d i s p e r

250

Some other indicators were difficult to apply to one o f t h e p i l l a r s o f t h e s u s t a i n a b i l i t y c o n c e p t .

To find a way to integrate the findings into daily planning and design praxis.

T h e v i s u a l i z a t i o n o f t h e p e r m e a b i l i t y i n d i w i t h t h e A M O E B A d i a g r a m a n d t h e p o s s i b i l i t y t o t h e s i n g l e i n d i c a t o r s w i t h c o n c r e t e p l a n n i n g p r o v i d e s t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o n t h e o n e h a n d t o u concept of permeability to define performance r i a f o r s p a t i a l s t r a t e g i e s a n d p l a n s ; o n t h e h a n d i t a l s o a l l o w s e v a l u a t i n g a n d c o m p a r i n g d e n t p r o p o s a l s a n d d e s i g n s .

c a t o r s r e l a t e g o a l s s e t h e criteo t h e r i f f e r -

The difficulties of the AMOEBA diagram, which shows just a specific number for a value instead of their d i s t r i b u t i o n w i t h i n t h e t e r r i t o r y a n d a r a n g e o f t h e m b e c a m e o b v i o u s . final part of the thesis brought these three e s e a r c h t o g e t h e r , t h e u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e t h e c o n c e p t o f p e r m e a b i l i t y l e d t o g e n e r a l p r i n c i p l e s , w h i c h w e r e a p p l i e d t o a s p t e g y a n d a t e s t d e s i g n i n t h e a r e a w e s t o f k . T h i s c o n c l u d e d i n t h e c o m p a r i s o n o f t w o n t p r o b a b l e s p a t i a l f u t u r e s f o r t h e d e v e l o l 2031, w h i c h s h o w e d t h a t u n d e r s t a n d i n g s a s a n i n h e r e n t b a d w a y o f u r b a n i z a t i o n , c a n a m o r e s u s t a i n a b l e f u t u r e b e t t e r t h a n p l a w o r k i n g a g a i n s t i t .

P r i n c i p l e s

The o f r a n d n i n g s t r a b r u c f e r e u n t i n o t p o r t a n d

Alexander Wandl, Delft 05-01-2010

steps â&#x20AC;&#x2DC; T i B â&#x20AC;&#x2122; p l a n a t i a l I n n s d i f p m e n t p r a w l s u p n n i n g

Principles

251

. . . . . . L i t e r a t u r e . . . . . . . . .

254

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