Species list

The following is a work in progress and is intended to be a printable quick reference for the venomous snakes of the world. There are a few areas in which common names are needed and various disputes occur due to the nature of such a list, and it will of course be continually changing and updated. And nearly all species have many common names, but tried it simple and hopefully one for each will suffice. I also did not include snakes such as Heterodon ( Hognoses), mostly because I have to draw the line somewhere.

Disclaimer: I am not a taxonomist, that being said, I did my best to try and put together an

accurate list using every available resource. However, it must be made very clear that a list of this nature will always have disputes within, and THIS particular list is meant to reflect common usage instead of pioneering the field. I put this together at the request of several individuals new to the venomous endeavor, and after seeing some very blatant mislabels in the classifieds…I do hope it will be of some use, it prints out beautifully and I keep my personal copy in a three ring binder for quick access…I honestly thought I knew more than I did…LOL… to my surprise, I learned a lot while compiling this list and I hope you will as well when you use it…I also would like to thank the following people for their suggestions and much needed help: Dr.Wolfgang Wuster , Mark Oshea, and Dr. Brian Greg Fry. Best wishes Sierra

VENOMOUS SPECIES OF THE WORLD COMPILED BY SIERRA

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Class: Reptilia Order: Squamata Suborder: Serpentes Superfamily: Xenophidia Families: Atracaspididae

Subfamily: Atractaspidinae Aparallactinae

Colubridae Elapidae

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Subfamily: Hydrophiidae

Viperidae

Subfamily:Azemiopinae Subfamily:Crotalinae Subfamily: Viperinae Subfamily: Causiae

Family

Viperidae (Vipers and Pit Vipers)

Subfamily Azemiopinae Azemiops

SubfamilyCausinae Causus

Subfamily Crotalinae (Pit Vipers) Agkistrodon Atropoides Bothriechis Bothriopsis Bothrocophias Bothrops

Calloselasma Cerrophidion Crotalus Deinagkistrodon Ermia

Gloydius Hypnale Lachesis Ophryacus Ovophis

Porthidium Protobothrops Sistrurus Trimeresurus Tropidolaemus

Subfamily Viperinae (Pitless Vipers) Adenorhinos Atheris Bitis Cerastes

Daboia Echis Eristicophis

Macrovipera Montatheris Proatheris

Pseudocerastes Vipera

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Family

Aspidelaps Boulengerina Bungarus Calliophis Dendroaspis

Elapidae (cobras, coral snakes etc.)

Elapsoidea Hemachatus Hemibungarus Homoroselaps Maticora

Micruroides Micrurus Naja Ophiophagus Paranaja

Subfamily Hydrophiinae (Australasian and marine Elapids)

Acalyptophis Acanthophis Aipysurus Aspidomorphus Astrotia Austrelaps Cacophis Demansia Denisonia Disteira Drysdalia Echiopsis

Elapognathus Emydocephalus Enhydrina Ephalophis Furina Hemiaspis Hoplocephalus Hydrelaps Hydrophis Kerilia Kolpophis Lapemis

Laticauda Loveridgelaps Micropechis Notechis Ogmodon Oxyuranus Pailsus Parahydrophis Parapistocalamus Pelamis Praescutata

Pseudohaje Walterinnesia

Pseudechis Pseudonaja Rhinoplocephalus Salomonelaps Simoselaps Suta Thalassophina Thalassophis Toxicocalamus Tropidechis Vermicella

Family Atracaspididae (Mole vipers/Stiletto Snakes) Subfamily Atractaspidinae Atractaspis

Subfamily Aparallactinae Amblyodipsas Aparallactus Brachyophis Chilorhinophis Hypoptophis Micrelaps Elapotinus

Macrelaps Polemon Xenocalamus

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Family Colubridae (listing only the rear-fanged venomous snakes)

(The arrangement of Colubridae is currently suited to common usage, however, changes in the entire Family and subfamilies are inevitable in the future, thus changing this arrangement)

Subfamily Cloubrinae

Boiga Dispholidus Thelotornis

Subfamily Natricinae Rhabdophis

Subfamily Psammophiinae Malpolon

Subfamily Xenodontinae Hydrodynastes Philodryas Tachymenis

Family

Viperidae

(pit vipers and vipers)

Subfamily Azemiopinae

Azemiops Azimiops fea

common name: Fea’s viper Subspecies: none

Subfamily Crotalinae(pit vipers)

Agkistrodon

Agkistrodon bilineatus Common name: Cantils

Subspecies: Agkistrodon bilineatus bilineatus Common name: Mexican Cantil Agkistrodon bilineatus howardgloydi Common name: Costa Rican Cantil Agkistrodon bilineatus lemosespinali Common name: Agkistrodon bilineatus russeolus Common name: Yucatan Cantil

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Agkistrodon contortrix

Subspecies: Agkistrodon contortrix contortrix Common name: Southern copperhead Agkistrodon contortrix mokasen Common name: Northern copperhead Agkistrodon contortrix laticinctus Common name: Broad-banded copperhead Agkistrodon contortrix phaeogaster Common name: Osage copperhead Agkistrodon contortrix pictigaster Common name: Transpecos copperhead

Agkistrodon piscivorus

Subspecies: Agkistrodon piscivorus conanti Common name: Florida cottonmouth Agkistrodon piscivorus leucostoma Common name: Western cotonmouth Agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus Common name: Eastern cottonmouth

Agkistrodon taylori Common name: Taylors cantil/Ornate Cantil

Atropoides

Atropoides nummifer Common name:Jumping Pit Viper

Subspecies: Atropoides nummifer mexicanus Common name:Mexican Jumping Pit Viper Atropoides nummifer nummifer Common name:Jumping Pit Viper Atropoides nummifer occiduus Common name:Western Jumping Pit Viper

Atropoides olmec Common name -Olmecan Pit Viper- Subspecies:none Atropoides picadoi Common name Picado's Pit Viper Subspecies:none

Bothriechis

Bothriechis aurifer Common name: Yellow-blotched Palm Pit Viper Subspecies: none Bothriechis bicolor Common name: Guatemala Palm Pit Viper Subspecies: none Bothriechis lateralisCommon name: Coffee Palm Viper Subspecies: none Bothriechis marchi Common name: March's Palm Pit Viper Subspecies: none Bothriechis nigroviridis Common name: Black-speckled Palm Pit Viper Subspecies: none Bothriechis rowleyi Common name: Rowley's Palm Pit Viper Subspecies: none Bothriechis schlegelii Common name: Eyelash Viper Subspecies: none Bothriechis supraciliaris- Common name: Subspecies: none Bothriechis thalassinus- Common name: Subspecies: none

Bothriopsis( Many authors reguard species of this group as part of Bothrops) Bothriopsis bilineata Common name:Green Jararaca/Two striped Forest Pit viper Subspecies: Bothriopsis bilineata bilineata Common name: Bothriopsis bilineata smaragdina Common name:

Bothriopsis medusa Common name: Venezuela Forest Pit Viper Subspecies: none Bothriopsis oligolepis Common name: Inca Forest Pit Viper Subspecies: none Bothriopsis peruviana Common name: Peru Forest Pit Viper Subspecies: none 5

Bothriopsis pulchra Common name:Ecuadorian/Andean Forest Pit Viper Subspecies: none Bothriopsis punctata Common name: Chocoan Forest Pit Viper Subspecies: none Bothriopsis taeniata Common name: Speckled Forest Pit Viper Subspecies: Bothriopsis taeniata taeniata Common name: Bothriopsis taeniata lichenosa Common name:

Bothrocophias Bothrocophias campbelli

Common name-Dusky Lancehead :Subspecies: none

Bothrocophias hyoprora Common name-Amazonian Hog-nosed pit viper Subspecies: none Bothrocophias microphthalmus Common name: Small-eyed Lancehead Subspecies: none Bothrocophias myersi Common name: Myer’s Lancehead Subspecies: none

Bothrops

Bothrops alcatraz Common name:Alcatrazes Lancehead Subspecies: none Bothrops alternatus Common name: Urutu Subspecies: none Bothrops ammodytoides Common name: Longnose Lancehead, Patagonian Lancehead Subspecies: none Bothrops andianus - Common name: Andean Lancehead Subspecies: none Bothrops asper Common name: Terciopelo, Barba Amarilla Subspecies: none Bothrops atrox - Common name: Common Lancehead, Fer-de-Lance Subspecies: none Bothrops barnetti - Common name: Barnett's Lancehead Subspecies: none Bothrops brazili -Common name: Brazil's Lancehead Subspecies: none Bothrops cambelli-Common name: Subspecies: none Bothrops caribbaeus-Common name: Saint Lucia Lancehead Subspecies: none Bothrops colombianus- Common name: Colombian Lancehead Subspecies: none Bothrops colombiensis- Common name: Wolfgang’s Lancehead :0) Subspecies: none Bothrops cotiara - Common name: Cotiara Subspecies: none Bothrops erythromelas - Common name: Caatinga Lancehead Subspecies: none Bothrops fonsecai - Common name: Fonseca's Lancehead Subspecies: none Bothrops iglesiasi -Common name: Sertao Lancehead Subspecies: none Bothrops insularis - Common name: Golden Lancehead Subspecies: none Bothrops itapetiningae -Common name: Sao Paulo Lancehead Subspecies: none Bothrops jararaca - Common name: Jararaca Subspecies: none Bothrops jararacussu -Common name: JararacussuSubspecies: none Bothrops jonathani - Common name: Jonathan's Lancehead Subspecies: none Bothrops lanceolatus - Common name: Martinique Lancehead Subspecies: none Bothrops leucurus Common name: Whitetail Lancehead Subspecies: none Bothrops lojanus -Common name: Lojan Lancehead Subspecies: none Bothrops marajoensis -Common name: Marajó Lancehead Subspecies: none Bothrops moojeni -Common name: Brazilian Lancehead Subspecies: none Bothrops muriciensis- Common name: Bothrops neuwiedi - Common name: Jararaca Pintada, Neuwied’s Lancehead 6

Subspecies: Bothrops neuwiedi bolivianus Bothrops neuwiedi diporus Bothrops neuwiedi goyazensis Bothrops neuwiedi lutzi-Common name: Lutz Lancehead Bothrops neuwiedi matogrossensis Bothrops neuwiedi meridionalis Bothrops neuwiedi neuwiedi Common name: Neuwieds Lancehead Bothrops neuwiedi paranaensis Bothrops neuwiedi pauloensis Bothrops neuwiedi piauhyensis Bothrops neuwiedi pubescens Bothrops neuwiedi urutu

Bothrops pictus - Common name: Desert Lancehead- Subspecies: none Bothrops pirajai -Common name: Piraja's Lancehead Subspecies: none Bothrops roedingeri-Common name: Roedinger’s Lancehead Subspecies: none Bothrops sanctaecrucis Common name: Bolivian Lancehead Subspecies: none Bothrops venezuelensis -Common name: Venezuela Lancehead Subspecies: none Bothrops xanthogrammus-Common name: Copes Lancehead(may be syn. with B. asper) Subspecies:

none

Calloselasma Calloselasma rhodostoma -Common name: Malayan Pit Viper Subspecies:none

Cerrophidion Cerrophidion barbouri -Common name: Barbour's Montane Pit Viper Subspecies: none Cerrophidion godmani - Common name: Godman's Montane Pit Viper Subspecies: none Cerrophidion petlalcalensis-Common name: Subspecies: none Cerrophidion tzotzilorum -Common name: Tzotzil Montane Pit Viper Subspecies: none Crotalus Crotalus adamanteus Common name: Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake Subspecies: none Crotalus aquilus - Common name: Queretaran Dusky/ Blotched Rattlesnake Subspecies: none Crotalus atrox Common name: Western Diamondback Rattlesnake Subspecies: none Crotalus basiliscus - Common name: Basilisk Rattlesnake/ Mexican West Coast Rattlesnake Subspecies:

none

Crotalus catalinensis -Common name: Catalina Island Rattlesnake Subspecies: none Crotalus cerastes - Common name: Sidewinder Subspecies:

Crotalus cerastes cerastes Common name: Mojave Desert sidewinder Crotalus cerastes cercobombus Common name: Sonoran Desert sidewinder

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Crotalus cerastes laterorepens Common name: Colorado Desert sidewinder

Crotalus durissus Common name: Cascabel Rattlesnake Subspecies:

Crotalus durissus cascavella Common name: Northeastern Brazilian rattlesnake Crotalus durissus collilineatus Common name: Central Brazilian rattlesnake Crotalus durissus culminatus Common name: Northwestern Neotropical rattlesnake Crotalus durissus cumanensis Common name: Venezuelan rattlesnake Crotalus durissus dryinas Common name: Guianian rattlesnake Crotalus durissus durissus Common name: Neotropical rattlesnake Crotalus durissus marajoensis Common name: Marajoan rattlesnake Crotalus durissus ruruima Common name: Mt. Roriama rattlesnake Crotalus durissus terrificus Common name: South American rattlesnake Crotalus durissus totonacus Common name: Totonacan rattlesnake Crotalus durissus trigonicus Common name: Rupunini rattlesnake Crotalus durissus tzabcan Common name: Yucatan Neotropical rattlesnake

Crotalus enyo - Common name: Lower California Rattlesnake Subspecies: Crotalus enyo cerralvensis Common name: Cerralvo Island Diamond rattlesnake Crotalus enyo enyo Common name: Baja California rattlesnake Crotalus enyo furvus Common name: Rosario rattlesnake

Crotalus horridus atricaudatus Common name: Canebrake rattlesnake Subspecies: none Crotalus horridus horridus Common name: Canebrake rattlesnake, Timber rattlesnake Subspecies: none (southern populations sometimes referred to as a separate subspecies, C.h. atricaudatus.)

Crotalus intermedius Common name: Mexican Smallhead Rattlesnake Subspecies:

Crotalus intermedius gloydi Common name: Oaxacan Small Headed rattlesnake Crotalus intermedius intermedius Common name: Totalcan Small Headed rattlesnake Crotalus intermedius omiltemanus Common name: Omilteman Small Headed rattlesnake

Crotalus lannomi -Common name: Autlan Rattlesnake Subspecies: none Crotalus lepidus 窶田ommon name: Rock rattlesnake -Subspecies: Crotalus lepidus klauberi Common name: Banded Rock rattlesnake Crotalus lepidus lepidus Common name: Mottled Rock rattlesnake Crotalus lepidus maculosus Common name: Durango Rock rattlesnake Crotalus lepidus morulus Common name: Tamaulipan Rock rattlesnake

Crotalus mitchelli Common name: speckled rattlesnake Subspecies: Crotalus mitchellii angelensis Common name: Angel de la Guarda Island Speckled rattlesnake-Sometimes recognised as a separate species(highly questionable in my view-WW) Crotalus mitchellii mitchellii Common name: San Lucan Speckled rattlesnake 8

Crotalus mitchellii muertensis Common name: El Muerto Island rattlesnake- Sometimes recognised as a separate species(highly questionable in my view-WW) Crotalus mitchellii pyrrhus Common name: Southwestern Speckled rattlesnake Crotalus mitchellii stephensi Common name: Panamint rattlesnake

Crotalus molossus Common name: Black Tailed Rattlesnake Subspecies:

Crotalus molossus estebanensis Common name: San Esteban Island Blacktail rattlesnake- Sometimes recognised as a separate species(highly questionable in my view-WW) Crotalus molossus molossus Common name: Northern Blacktail rattlesnake Crotalus molossus nigrescens Common name: Mexican Blacktail rattlesnake Crotalus molossus oaxacus Common name: Oaxacan Blacktail rattlesnake

Crotalus polystictus -Common name: Mexican Lancehead Rattlesnake Subspecies: none Crotalus pricei Subspecies: Crotalus pricei pricei Common name: Western Twin Spotted rattlesnake Crotalus pricei miquihuanus Common name: Eastern Twin Spotted rattlesnake

Crotalus pusillus -Common name: Tancitaran Dusky Rattlesnake Subspecies: none Crotalus ruber Common name: Red Rattlesnake Subspecies: Crotalus ruber ruber Common name: Red Diamond rattlesnake

Crotalus ruber lorenzoensis Common name: San Lorenzo Island Diamond rattlesnake- Sometimes recognised as a separate species(highly questionable in my view-WW) Crotalus ruber lucasensis Common name: San Lucan Island Diamond rattlesnake

Crotalus scutulatus Common name: Mojave (Green) Rattlesnake Subspecies: Crotalus scutulatus salvini Common name: Humantlan rattlesnake Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus Common name: Mojave rattlesnake

Crotalus stejnegeri - Common name: Longtail Rattlesnake Subspecies: none Crotalus tigris -Common name: Tiger Rattlesnake Subspecies: none Crotalus tortugensis - Common name: Tortuga Island Rattlesnake Subspecies: none Crotalus transversus - Common name: Cross-banded Mountain Rattlesnake Subspecies: none Crotalus triseriatus Common name: Subspecies: Crotalus triseriatus armstrongi Common name: Mexican Dusky rattlesnake Crotalus triseriatus triseriatus Common name: Central Plateau Dusky rattlesnake

Crotalus unicolor Common name: Aruba Island Rattlesnake Subspecies: none Crotalus vegrandis -Common name: Uracoan Rattlesnake Subspecies: none(ssp. Of durissus???)

Crotalus viridis – Common name: western rattlesnake(Taxonomy of C.viridis remains 9

unresolved???)Remains in a state of flux. Recognising oregamus(for the western forms) and viridis(for the eastern forms) as separate species is probably above debate by now.

Subspecies: Crotalus viridis abyssus Common name: Grand canyon rattlesnake probably syn. of C. oreganus lutosus Crotalus viridis caliginis Common name: Coronado Island rattlesnake—syn. of C.organus helleri Crotalus viridis cerberus Common name: Aizona black rattlesnake—full species status????

Crotalus viridis concolor Common name: Midget faded rattlesnake—full species status???

Crotalus viridis helleri Common name: South pacific rattlesnake----full species status???

Crotalus viridis lutosus Common name: Great basin rattlesnake Crotalus viridis nuntius Common name: Hopi rattlesnake----syn. of C. v.viridis Crotalus viridis oreganus Common name: North pacific rattlesnake---full species status???

Crotalus viridis viridis Common name: Praire rattlesnake

Crotalus willardi Common name: Ridgenose rattlesnake Subspecies:

Crotalus willardi amabilis Common name: Del Nido Ridgenose rattlesnake Crotalus willardi meridionalis Common name: Southern Ridgenose rattlesnake Crotalus willardi obscurus Common name: New Mexican Ridgenose rattlesnake Crotalus willardi silus Common name: Western Chihuahuan Ridgenose rattlesnake Crotalus willardi willardi Common name: Arizona Ridgenose rattlesnake

Deinagkistrodon

Deinagkistrodon acutus -Common name: Chinese Moccasin/Snorkel nose viper Subspecies: none

Ermia

Ermia mangshanensis-Common name:Mount Mang Pitviper, Iron-head snake :Subspecies: none

Gloydius Gloydius blomhoffi Common name: Mamushi Subspecies: Gloydius blomhoffii blomhoffii Common name: Mamushi Gloydius blomhoffi brevicaudus Gloydius blomhoffii dubitatus Gloydius blomhoffii siniticus Common name: Yangtze Mamushi

Gloydius halys -Common name: Halys Pit Viper, Siberian Pit viper Subspecies: Gloydius halys affinis Gloydius halys boehmei Gloydius halys caraganus Gloydius halys caucasicus Gloydius halys cognatus Gloydius halys halys Common name: Siberian Pit Viper Gloydius halys mogoi Gloydius halys liupanensis Gloydius halys intermedius

Gloydius himalayanus-Common name: Himalayan pit viper: Subspecies: none Gloydius intermedius –Common name: Central Asian Pit viper 10

Subspecies: Gloydius intermedius intermedius Common name: Asian Pit viper Gloydius intermedius caucasicus Gloydius intermedius stejnegeri

Gloydius monticola- Common name: Likiang Pit viper :Subspecies: none Gloydius saxatilis-Common name: Rock Mamushi, Sanganku Mamushi :Subspecies: none Gloydius shedaoensis-Common name:Snake Island Mamushi, Shedao Mamushi Subspecies: none Gloydius strauchi-Common name: Tibetan Mamushi Subspecies: none Gloydius tsushimaensis- Common name: Tsushima Mamushi Subspecies: none Gloydius ussuriensis-Common name: Ussuri Mamushi Subspecies: none

Hypnale

Hypnale hypnale- Common name: Hump-nosed Moccasin Subspecies: none Hypnale nepa -Common name: Sri Lanka Humpnose Viper Subspecies: none Hypnale walli Common name: Wall's Humpnose Viper Subspecies: none

Lachesis Lachesis melanocephala Common name: Costa Rican/Black-headed Bushmaster Subspecies: none Lachesis muta - Common name: South American Bushmaster, Amazonian Bushmaster Subspecies: Lachesis muta muta Common name: South American Bushmaster, Matabuey Lachesis muta rhombeata Common name: Atlantic Coastal Bushmaster Lachesis stenophrys Common name: Central American Bushmaster Subspecies: none

Ophryacus

Ophryacus melanurus-Common name: Black-tailed Montane PitViper Subspecies: none Ophryacus undulatus -Common name: Mexican Horned Pit Viper Subspecies: none

Ovophis Ovophis chaseni - Common name: Mount Kinabalu Pit Viper Subspecies: none Ovophis monticola - Common name: Chinese Mountain Pit Viper Subspecies: Ovophis monticola convictus Ovophis monticola monticola Common name: Mountain Pit Viper Ovophis monticola makazayazaya Ovophis monticola orientalis Ovophis monticola zhaokentangi Ovophis monticola zayuensis Common name: Tibetan Mountain Pit Viper

Ovophis okinavensis - Common name:Ryukyu Island Pit Viper Subspecies: none Ovophis tonkinensis-Common name: Tonking Pit Viper Subspecies: none

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Porthidium Porthidium dunni Common name: Dunn's Hognose Viper Subspecies: none Porthidium hespere - Common name: Western Hognose Viper Subspecies: none Porthidium lansbergii Common name: Lansberg Hognose Pit Viper Subspecies: Porthidium lansbergii arcosae Porthidium lansbergii hutmanni Porthidium lansbergii lansbergii Common name: Lansberg’s Hognose Pit Viper Porthidium lansbergii rozei

Porthidium nasutum -Common name: Hognosed Pit Viper Subspecies: none Porthidium ophryomegas -Common name: Slender Hognose Viper Subspecies: none Porthidium volcanicum- Common name: Subspecies: none Porthidium yucatanicum Common name: Yucatán Hognose Viper Subspecies: none

Protobothrops Protobothrops elegans -Common name: Sakishima Habu Subspecies: none Protobothrops flavoviridis Common name: Subspecies: Protobothrops flavoviridis flavoviridis Common name: Habu Protobothrops flavoviridis tinkhami

Protobothrops jerdonii Common name: Jerdon’s pit viper Subspecies:

Protobothrops jerdonii jerdonii Protobothrops jerdonii meridionalis Protobothrops jerdonii xanthomelasVietnamese tree viper

Protobothrops kaulbacki-Common name: Chinese habu, Taiwanese pit viper Subspecies: none Protobothrops mucrosquamatus Common name: Chinese slender habu, Formosan Habu Subspecies: none

Protobothrops strigatus -Common name: Horseshoe Pit viper Subspecies: none Protobothrops tokarensis- Common name: Xiangcheng Pit viper, Xiangcheng Iron head snake Subspecies: none

Sistrurus Sistrurus catenatus Common name: Massasauga Subspecies: Sistrurus catenatus catenatus Common name: Eastern Massasauga Sistrurus catenatus edwardsi Common name: Desert Massasauga Sistrurus catenatus tergeminus Common name: Western Massasauga

Sistrurus miliarius Common name: Pygmy rattlesnake 12

Subspecies: Sistrurus miliarius barbouri Common name: Dusky pygmy rattlesnake Sistrurus miliarius miliarius Common name: Carolina pygmy rattlesnake Sistrurus miliarius streckeri Common name: Western pygmy rattlesnake

Sistrurus ravus - Common name: Mexican Massasauga Subspecies:

Sistrurus ravus brunneus Common name: Oaxacan Pigmy rattlesnake Sistrurus ravus exiguus Common name: Guerreran Pigmy rattlesnake Sistrurus ravus lutescens Common name: Sistrurus ravus ravus Common name: Central Plateau Pigmy rattlesnake

Triceratolepidophis

Triceratolepidophis sieversorum Common name: ? Subspecies: none

Trimeresurus Trimeresurus albolabris Common name: White-lipped Tree Viper Subspecies: Trimeresurus albolabris albolabris

Trimeresurus andersonii -Common name: Subspecies: none Trimeresurus borneensis -Common name: Borneo Pit Viper Subspecies: none Trimeresurus brongersmai - Common name: Brongersma's Pit Viper Subspecies: none Trimeresurus cantori Common name: Cantor's Pit Viper Subspecies: none Trimeresurus cornutus - Common name: Horned Pit Viper Subspecies: none Trimeresurus erythrurus - Common name: Redtail Pit Viper Subspecies: none Trimeresurus fasciatus Common name: Banded Pit Viper Subspecies: none Trimeresurus flavomaculatus Common name: Habu Subspecies: Trimeresurus flavomaculatus flavomaculatus Common name: Philippine Pit Viper Trimeresurus flavomaculatus halieus Trimeresurus flavomaculatus mcgregori Common name: McGregor’s Pit Viper

Trimeresurus gracilis -Common name: Kikuchi Habu Subspecies: none

Trimeresurus gramineus - Common name: Common Bamboo Viper Subspecies: none Trimeresurus gumprechti-Common name: Subspecies: none Trimeresurus hageni Common name: Indonesian Pit Viper Subspecies: none Trimeresurus insularis 13

Trimeresurus kanburiensis Common name: Kanburi Pit Viper Subspecies: none Trimeresurus karanshahi –Common name: Subspecies: none Trimeresurus labialis - Common name: Island Pit Viper Subspecies: none Trimeresurus macgrefori Common name:Phillippine tree viper Subspecies: none Trimeresurus macrolepis Common name: Large-scaled Pit Viper Subspecies: none Trimeresurus macrops Common name: Kramer's Pit Viper/Big eyed tree viper Subspecies: none Trimeresurus malabaricus Common name: Malabarian Pit Viper Subspecies: none Trimeresurus malcolmi-Common name: ? Subspecies: none Trimeresurus medoensis Common name: Green Bamboo Leaf Pit Viper Subspecies: none Trimeresurus popeiorum - Common name: Popes Tree Viper Subspecies: Trimeresurus popeiorum barati Trimeresurus popeiorum popeiorum Trimeresurus popeiorum sabahi

Trimeresurus puniceus Common name: Ashy Pit Viper/Flat nose viper Subspecies: none Trimeresurus purpureomaculatus Common name: Mangrove Viper/purple spotted pitviper Subspecies: none

Trimeresurus schultzei Common name: Schultze's Pit Viper Subspecies: none Trimeresurus septentrionalis Subspecies: none Trimeresurus stejnegeri Common name: Chinese Green Tree Viper Subspecies: Trimeresurus stejnegeri chenbihuii Trimeresurus stejnegeri kodairai Trimeresurus stejnegeri makii

Trimeresurus sumatranus Common name: Sumatra Pit Viper Subspecies: none Trimeresurus tibetanus - Common name: Tibetan Pit Viper Subspecies: none Trimeresurus trigonocephalus Common name: Ceylon Pit Viper/Sri Lanken palm viper Subspecies: none

Trimeresurus venustus Common name:Kanburi pitviper Subspecies: none Trimeresurus vogeli –Common name: Vogels Green Pit Viper Subspecies: none Trimeresurus xiangchengensis Common name: Szechwan Pit Viper Subspecies: none Trimeresurus yunnanensis-Common name: Subspecies: none

Tropidolaemus

Tropidolaemus huttoni-Common name: Subspecies: none 14

Tropidolaemus wagleri common name: Waglers palm viper

Subspecies: Tropidolaemus wagleri alboviridis Tropidolaemus wagleri subannulatus Tropidolaemus wagleri wagleri

SubFamilyViperinae (pitless vipers)

Adenorhinos Atheris Atheris acuminata

common name: Acuminate Bush Viper Subspecies: none

Atheris broadleyicommon name:Broadley’s Bush Viper Subspecies: none Atheris barbouri Common name: Uzungwe Mountain Bush Viper Subspecies: none Atheris ceratophoracommon name: Horned Bush viper Subspecies: none Atheris chlorechiscommon name: Western Bush Viper Subspecies: none Atheris desaixi common name: Mount Kenya Bush Viper Subspecies: none Atheris hirsutacommon name:Bush Viper Subspecies: none Atheris hispida common name: Hairy Bush Viper Subspecies: none Atheris katangensis common name: Katanga mt. Bush Viper Subspecies: none Atheris nitschei common name: Great Lakes Bush Viper(Sedge Viper) Subspecies: none Atheris rungweensis—common name:Rungwe Bush Viper Subspecies: none Atheris squamigera common name:Variable Bush Viper Subspecies: Atheris squamiger squamiger common name:Green Bush Viper Atheris squamiger robustus

Atheris subocularis Southwest Cameroon Bush Viper Subspecies: none

Bitis Bitis albanica common name: Albany adder Subspecies: none Bitis arietans Common name: Cape Puff Adder Subspecies: Bitis arietans arietans Bitis arietans somalica Common name: Somali Puff Adder

Bitis armata Common name: Southern Adder Subspecies: none Bitis atropos Common name: Berg Adder 15

Subspecies: Bitis atropos atropos Bitis atropos unicolor

Bitis caudalis Common name: Horned Adder Subspecies: none Bitis cornuta Common name: Many-horned Adder Subspecies: none Bitis gabonica Common name: Gaboon Adder/Viper Subspecies: Bitis gabonica gabonica Common name: East African Gaboon Adder/Viper Bitis gabonica rhinoceros Common name: West African Gaboon Adder/Viper

Bitis heraldica Common name: Bocage's Horned Adder Subspecies: none Bitis inornata Common name: Plain Mountain Adder Subspecies: none Bitis nasicornis - Common name: Rhinoceros Viper Subspecies: none Bitis parviocula Common name: Ethiopia Viper Subspecies: none Bitis peringueyi Common name: Peringuey's Adder, Dwarf Puff Adder Subspecies: none Bitis rubida Common name: Red Adder Subspecies: none Bitis schneideri Common name: Namaqua Dwarf Adder Subspecies: none Bitis worthingtoni Common name: Kenya Horned Viper Subspecies: none Bitis xeropaga Common name: Desert Mountain Adder Subspecies: none Subfamily Causinae

Causus Causus bilineatus Common name: Two-lined Night Adder Subspecies: none Causus defilippii Common name: Snouted Night Adder Subspecies: none Causus lichtensteinii-Common name: Subspecies: none Causus maculatus Common name: Spotted Night Adder Subspecies: none Causus resimus - Common name: Green Night Adder Subspecies: none Causus rhombeatus - Common name: Common Or Rhombic Night Adder Subspecies: none

Cerastes Cerastes cerastes Common name: Desert Horned Viper/Sidwinder Subspecies: Cerastes cerastes cerastes Common name: Sahara Horned Viper Cerastes cerastes hoofieni 16

Cerastes gasperettii Common name: Subspecies: Cerastes gasperetti mendelssohni Cerastes gasperettii gasperettii Common name: Arabian Horned Viper

Cerastes vipera Common name: Sahara Sand Viper Subspecies: none

Daboia

Daboia deserti –Common name: Subspecies: none Daboia mauritanica-Common name: Subspecies: none Daboia palaestinae Common name: Palestine Viper Subspecies: none Daboia russelii -Common name: Russels Viper Subspecies: Daboia russellii russellii Daboia russellii siamensis

Echis Echis carinatusCommon name: Saw-scaled Viper, African Carpet Viper/Israeli Saw-scaled Viper Subspecies: Echis carinatus astolae Echis carinatus carinatusCommon name: Indian Carpet Viper Echis carinatus sinhaleyus Echis carinatus multisquamatus

Echis coloratus Common name: Palestine Saw-scaled Viper Subspecies:n Echis hughesi Common name: Hughes'Saw-scaled Viper Subspecies: none Echis jogeri Common name: Joger's Saw-scaled Viper Subspecies: none Echis leucogaster Common name: Roman's Saw-scaled Viper, White Bellied Carpet viper Subspecies: none Echis megalocephalus Common name: Cherlin's Saw-scaled Viper Subspecies: none Echis multisquamatus- Common name: Central Asian Saw-scaled viper Subspecies: none Echis ocellatus Common name: West African Saw-scaled Viper Subspecies: none Echis pyramidum Common name: Egyptian Saw-scaled Viper/Carpet viper Subspecies: Echis pyramidum pyramidum Common name: East African carpet viper Echis pyramidum aliaborri Common name: Red carpet viper Echis pyramidum leakeyi Echis pyramidum lucidus

Echis sochurecki-Common name: Sochureks Saw scaled/carpet viper(may or may not have full species status) Subspecies: none

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Eristicophis Eristicophis macmahoni Common name: McMahons Desert Viper Subspecies: none

Macrovipera Macrovipera lebetina Common name: Levantine Viper Subspecies: Macrovipera lebetina lebetina Macrovipera lebetina cernovi Macrovipera lebetina obtusa Macrovipera lebetina peilei [questionable subspecies] Macrovipera lebetina transmediterranea Macrovipera lebetina turanica

Macrovipera schweizeri-Common name:

Subspecies: none

Montatheris

Montatheris hindii Common name: Montane Viper Subspecies: none

Proatheris

Proatheris superciliaris common name: Lowland swamp viper Subspecies: none

Pseudocerastes

Pseudocerastes fieldi

Common name: Field' s Horned Viper Subspecies: none

Pseudocerastes persicus Common name: Perisan Horned Viper Subspecies: none

Vipera

Vipera albizona-Common name: Subspecies: none Vipera ammodytes

Common name: Nose-horned Viper

Subspecies: Vipera ammodytes ammodytes Vipera ammodytes gregorwallneri (status questionable) Vipera ammodytes meridionalis Vipera ammodytes montandoni European Longnose Viper Vipera ammodytes ruffoi

Vipera aspis Common name: Asp Viper Subspecies:

Vipera aspis aspis Vipera aspis atra Common name: Black Blotched medow Viper Vipera aspis francisciredi Common name: Italian adder Vipera aspis hugyi 18

Vipera aspis zinnikeri Common name: Pyrenees mountain adder

Vipera barani Common name: Turkish Viper Subspecies: none Vipera berus Common name: Adder, Northern Viper Subspecies: Vipera berus berus Vipera berus bosniensis

Vipera bornmuelleri Common name: Lebanon Viper Subspecies: none Vipera darevskii Common name: Darevsky's Viper Subspecies: none Vipera dinniki

Common name: Dinnik' s Viper Subspecies: none

Vipera eriwanensis-Common name: Subspecies: none Vipera kaznakovi Common name: Caucasus Viper Subspecies: none Vipera latastei Common name: Lataste's Viper Subspecies: Vipera latastei latastei Vipera latastei gaditana Heulva Sand Adder

Vipera latifii Common name: Latifi's Viper Subspecies: none Vipera lotievi –Common name: Subspecies: none Vipera magnifica- Common name: Subspecies: none Vipera monticola Common name: Mountain Viper Subspecies: none Vipera nikolskii Common name: Nikolsky's Viper/Russian Black Viper Subspecies: none Vipera orlovi-Common name: Subspecies: none Vipera pontica Common name: Black Sea Viper Subspecies: none Vipera raddei Common name: Caucasus Viper Subspecies:

Vipera raddei raddei Vipera raddei kurdistanica

Vipera renardi –Common name: Subspecies: none Vipera sachalinensis-Common name: Subspecies: none Vipera seoanei Common name: Portugese Viper Subspecies:

Vipera seoanei seoanei Vipera seoanei cantabrica

Vipera transcaucasiana –Common name: Subspecies: none Vipera ursinii Common name: Meadow Viper, Orsinis Viper 19

Subspecies: Vipera ursinii anatolica (status unclear) Vipera ursinii ebneri (status unclear) Vipera ursinii graeca (status unclear) Vipera ursinii macrops (status unclear) Vipera ursinii moldavica Vipera ursinii rakosiensis Vipera ursinii ursinii Vipera ursinii wettsteini

Vipera wagneri Common name: Wagner's Viper/Ocellated Mt. Vipers Subspecies: none Vipera xanthina Common name: Coastal/Ottoman Viper Subspecies: none

Family

Elapidae

(cobras, coral snakes etc.)

AspidelapsAspidelaps lubricus Subspecies: Aspidelaps lubricus cowlesi Common name: Northern Coral Cobra Aspidelaps lubricus infuscatus Common name: Nambian Coral Cobra Aspidelaps lubricus lubricus Common name: Coral cobra

Aspidelaps scutatus Common name: Sheild nosed Cobras Subspecies: Aspidelaps scutatus bachrani Common name: Sheild nosed Cobras Aspidelaps scutatus fulafulus Common name: Eastern Sheild nosed Cobras Aspidelaps scutatus intermedius Common name: Intermediate Sheild nosed Cobras Aspidelaps scutatus scutatus Common name: Sheild nosed Cobras

Boulengerina

Boulengerina annulata

Common name: Ringed Water Cobra

Subspecies: Boulengerina annulata annulata Common name: Banded Water Cobra Boulengerina annulata stormsi Common name: Storms Water Cobra

Boulengerina christyi Common name: Christy's Water Cobra Subspecies: none

Bungarus Bungarus andamanensis Bungarus bungaroides

Common name: South Andaman Krait Subspecies: none

Common name: Northeastern Hill Krait Subspecies: none 20

Bungarus caeruleus Bungarus candidus

Common name: Indian Krait/Blue Krait Subspecies: none Common name: Blue Krait Subspecies: none

Bungarus ceylonicus

Common name: Ceylon Krait

Subspecies: Bungarus ceylonicus karavala Bungarus ceylonicus ceylonicus

Bungarus fasciatus Common name: Banded Krait Subspecies: none Bungarus flaviceps Common name: Red-headed Krait Subspecies: Bungarus flaviceps flaviceps Bungarus flaviceps baluensis

Bungarus lividus Common name: Lesser Black Krait Subspecies: none Bungarus magnimaculatus Common name: Burmese Krait Subspecies: none Bungarus multicinctus Common name: Many-banded Krait Subspecies: Bungarus multicinctus multicinctus Bungarus multicinctus wanghaotingi

Bungarus niger Common name: Greater Black Krait Subspecies: none Bungarus sindanus Common name: Sind Krait Subspecies: Bungarus sindanus razai Bungarus sindanus walli Bungarus sindanus sindanus

Calliophis Calliophis beddomei-Common name: Beddome’s Coral snake Subspecies: none Calliophis bibroni Common name: Bibron's Coral Snake Subspecies: none Calliophis calligaster Common name: Red bellied Coral snake Subspecies: Calliophis calligaster calligaster Calliophis calligaster gemiannulis Calliophis calligaster mcclungi

Calliophis gracilis Common name: Gray Coral Snake, Slender coral snake, Spotted Coral snake Subspecies:

none

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Calliophis kelloggi

Common name: Kellogg' s Coral Snake Subspecies: none

Calliophis macclellandi Common name: Macclelland’s Coral snake Subspecies: Calliophis macclellandi iwasakii Common name: Iwasaki’s Coral snake Calliophis macclellandi swinoei Common name: Taiwan Coral snake Calliophis macclellandi swinhoei Common name: Red ringed snake Calliophis macclellandi univirgatus Common name:

Calliophis maculiceps Common name: Small-spotted Coral Snake

Subspecies: Calliophis maculiceps atrofrontalis Calliophis maculiceps hughi Calliophis maculiceps maculiceps Calliophis maculiceps michaelis Calliophis maculiceps smithi

Calliophis melanurus

Common name: Sri Lanken Coral snake, Black tailed coral snake

Subspecies: Calliophis melanurus sinhaleyus Calliophis melanurus nigrescens

Calliophis nigrescens

Common name: Indian Coral Snake,Striped Coral snake Subspecies: none

Dendroaspis Dendroaspis angusticeps Common name: Eastern Green Mamba Subspecies: none Dendroaspis jamesoni Common name: Jamesons Mamba Subspecies: Dendroaspis jamesoni jamesoni Common name: Jamesons Mamba Dendroaspis jamesoni kaimosae Common name: East African Jamesons Mamba

Dendroaspis polylepis Common name: Black Mamba Subspecies: Dendroaspis polylepis polylepis Dendroaspis polylepis antinori

Dendroaspis viridis Common name: Western Green Mamba— Subspecies: none

Elapsoidea Elapsoidea broadleyi-Common name: Subspecies: none Elapsoidea chelazzii Common name: Somali Garter Snake Subspecies: none Elapsoidea guentherii-Common name: Subspecies: none 22

Elapsoidea laticincta Common name: Werner's Garter Snake Subspecies: none Elapsoidea loveridgei Common name: Loveridge's Garter Snake Subspecies: Elapsoidea loveridgei colleti Elapsoidea loveridgei loveridgei Elapsoidea loveridgei multicincta

Elapsoidea nigra Common name: Black Garter Snake Subspecies: none Elapsoidea semiannulata Common name: Boulengeis Garter Snake Subspecies:

Elapsoidea semiannulata boulengeri Elapsoidea semiannulata moebiusi Elapsoidea semiannulata semiannulata

Elapsoidea sundevallii Common name: Sundervall’s Garter snake Subspecies:

Elapsoidea sundevallii decosteri Common name: De Coster’s Garter snake Elapsoidea sundevallii fitzsimonsi Common name: Kallahari garter Snake Elapsoidea sundevallii longicauda Common name: Long tailed Garter Snake Elapsoidea sundevallii media Common name: Highveld Garter Snake Elapsoidea sundevallii sundevallii Common name: Natal Gater Snake

Elapsoidea trapei

Common name: Subspecies: none

Hemachatus

Hemachatus haemachatus common name: Rinkals cobra- Subspecies: none

Hemibungarus

Hemibungarus hatori-Common name: Taiwan Striped Coral snake Subspecies: none Hemibungarus japonicus common name:Japanese coral snake Subspecies: Hemibungarus japonicus boettgeri common name:Okinawa coral snake Hemibungarus japonicus japonicus common name:Amami coral snake Hemibungarus japonicus takarai common name:Takara’s coral snake

Hemibungarus sauteri-Common name: Asian, Sauter’s, Striped coral snake Subspecies: none

Homoroselaps

Homoroselaps dorsalis Common name-Striped Harelquin snake— Subspecies: none Homoroselaps lacteus- Common name: Spotted Harelquin snake— Subspecies: none

Maticora

Maticora bivirgata Common name: Blue Malaysian Coral Snake Subspecies: Maticora bivirgata flaviceps Maticora bivirgata bivirgata Maticora bivirgata tetrataenia 23

Maticora intestinalis Common name: Banded Malaysian Coral Snake Subspecies: Maticora intestinalis intestinalis Maticora intestinalis lineata Maticora intestinalis bilineata Maticora intestinalis everetti Maticora intestinalis philippina Maticora intestinalis suluensis Maticora intestinalis thepassi

Micruroides Micruroides euryxanthus Common name: Subspecies: Micruroides euryxanthus australis Micruroides euryxanthus euryxanthus Arizona Coral snake Micruroides euryxanthus neglectus

Micrurus Micrurus albicinctus- Common name: White-banded Coral Snake Subspecies: none Micrurus alleni Common name: Allen's Coral Snake, Costa Rican Coral snake, Arrowheaded Coral Subspecies: Micrurus alleni alleni Micrurus alleni richardi Micrurus alleni yatesi

Micrurus altirostris-Common name: Short tailed coral snake,Many Banded Coral Subspecies: none Micrurus ancoralis Common name: Regal Coral Snake Subspecies:

Micrurus ancoralis jani Common name: Jan’s/Choco Anchor Coral Snake Micrurus ancoralis ancoralis Common name: Ecuadorian Anchor Coral Snake

Micrurus annellatus

Common name: Annellated Coral Snake

Subspecies: Micrurus annellatus annellatus Common name: Common Annellated Coral Snake Micrurus annellatus balzanii Common name: Balzans/Yungas Coral Snake Micrurus annellatus bolivianus Common name: Bolivian Coral Snake

Micrurus averyi Common name: Black-headed Coral Snake/Avery’s Coral snake Subspecies: none Micrurus baliocoryphus- Common name: Souther/Shortailed Coral Snake, Mesopotamian Coral Subspecies: none

Micrurus bernadi-Common name: Blotched Coral snake, Bernard’s Coral snake,

Saddled Coral snake

Subspecies: none

Micrurus bocourti

Common name: Ecuador Coral Snake, Bocourt’s Coral snake, False Triad Coral snake

Subspecies: none

Micrurus bogerti

Common name: Bogert' s Coral Snake, Coastal coral snake Subspecies: none 24

Micrurus brasiliensis Common name:

Brazilian Short-tailed coral snake Subspecies: none

Micrurus browni Common name: Brown's Coral Snake, Sierra Madre Coral snake Subspecies: none Subspecies: Micrurus browni brown Common name: Common Sierra Madre Coral Snake Micrurus browni importunus Common name: Antigua Basin Coral Snake Micrurus browni taylori Common name: Taylors Coral Snake, Acapulco Coral Snake

Micrurus catamayensis Common name: Catamayo Coral Snake Subspecies: none Micrurus ccircinalis Common name: Circled Coral Snake, Small Coral Snake, Trinidad Northern Coral Snake

Subspecies: none

Micrurus clarki Common name: Clark's Coral Snake Subspecies: none

Micrurus collaris

Common name: Guyana Blackback Coral Snake (these may be placed in Leptomicurus, however the phylogenetic evidence to date suggests that they should be in Micrurus)

Subspecies: Leptomicrurus collaris collaris Leptomicrurus collaris breviventris

Micrurus corallinus Common name: Painted Coral Snake Subspecies: none

Micrurus decoratus

Common name: Brazilian Coral Snake, Decorated Coral snake

Subspecies: none

Micrurus diana- Common name: Diana’s Coral Snake Subspecies: none Micrurus diastema Common name: Variable Coral Snake, Atlantic Coral snake, Diastema Coral Snake Subspecies: Micrurus diastema diastema Common name: Veracruz Coral Snake Micrurus diastema aglaeope Common name: Slpendid Coral Snake Micrurus diastema alienus Common name: Yucatan Coral Snake Micrurus diastema affinis Common name: Speckeled Coral Snake, Yucatecan Coral Snake Micrurus diastema apiatus Common name: Spotted Nose Coral Snake, Ringed Coral Snake Micrurus diastema macdougalli Common name: MacDougall’s Coral Snake Micrurus diastema sapperi Common name: Sapper’s Variable Coral Snake, Irregular Coral Snake

Micrurus dissoleucus

Common name: Pigmy Coral Snake, Candelilla

Subspecies: Micrurus dissoleucus Dissoleucus Common name: Venezuelan Pigmy Coral Snake Micrurus dissoleucus dunni Common name: Panama Pigmy Coral Snake, Dunn’s Pigmy Coral Snake Micrurus dissoleucus melanogenys Common name: Santa Marta Pigmy Coral Snake Micrurus dissoleucus meridensis Common name: Pigmy Coral Snake Micrurus dissoleucus nigrirostris Common name: Barranquilla Pigmy Coral Snake

Micrurus distans Common name: West Mexican Coral Snake, Broad Banded Coral Snake, Clear Banded

Coral Snake Subspecies:

25

Micrurus distans distans Common name: West Mexican Coral Snake, Common Clear Banded Coral Snake Micrurus distans michoacanensis Common name: Michoacan Coral Snake, Michoacan Clear Banded Coral Snake Micrurus distans oliveri Common name: Oliver’s Coral Snake, Colima Clear Banded Coral Snake Micrurus distans zweifeli Common name: Zweifeli’s Coral Snake,

Micrurus dumerilii Common name:

Dumeri’s Coral Snake, Capuchin Coral Snake

Subspecies: Micrurus dumerili antioquiensis Common name: Antioquain Coral Snake Micrurus dumerili carinicaudus Micrurus carinicauda Common name: Common name: Rough tailed, Intermediate Capuchin Coral Snake Micrurus dumerili colombianus Common name: Santa Marta Rough tailed Coral Snake , Santa Marta Capuchin Coral Snake Micrurus dumerili dumerili Common name: Common Capuchin Coral Snake Micrurus dumerili transandinus Common name: Transandian Coral Snake , Transandean Capuchin Coral Snake Coral Snake Micrurus dumerili venezuelensis Common name:

Micrurus elegans Common name: Elegant Coral Snake Subspecies:

Micrurus elegans elegans Common name: Western Elegant Coral Snake Micrurus elegans veraepacis Common name: Guatemalan Elegant Coral Snake, Verapaz Elegant Coral Snake

Micrurus ephippifer

Common name: Oaxacan Coral Snake, Double black coral snake

Subspecies: Micrurus ephippifer zapotecus Common name: Zapotec Coral Snake Micrurus ephippifer ephippifer Common name: Tehuantepec Coral Snake

Micrurus filiformis Common name: Slender Coral Snake , Thread form Coral Snake Subspecies:

Micrurus filiformis filiformis Common name: Micrurus filiformis subtilis Common name:

Micrurus frontalis Common name: Southern Coral Snake, Brazialian Giant Coral snake, Short tailed coral

snake

Subspecies: Micrurus frontalis frontalis Common name: Micrurus frontalis brasiliensis Common name: Micrurus frontalis mesopotamicus Common name:

Micrurus frontifasciatus Common name: Bolivian Coral Snake, Bolivian Triad Coral snake Subspecies:

none

Micrurus fulvius Common name: Eastern Coral Snake, Harlequin Coralsnake, North American coral snake Subspecies: none

Micrurus hemprichii Common name: Hemprich's Coral Snake, Worm eating coral snake, Coral Lomricera Subspecies: 26

Micrurus hemprichii hemprichii Common name: Eastern Worm eating coral snake, Lombricera Oriental Micrurus hemprichii ortoni Common name: Orton' s Coral Snake, Western Worm eating coral snake, Coral Lombricera Occidental Micrurus hemprichii rondonianus Common name: Rondonian Coral Snake, Worm eating coral snake

Micrurus hippocrepis Common name: Mayan Coral Snake, Belize coral snake Subspecies: none Micrurus ibiboboca Common name: Caatinga Coral Snake, Ibiboboca Subspecies: none

Micrurus isozonus Common name: Venezuelan Coral Snake, Equal banded Coral snake, Coral De Franjas

Iguales Subspecies: none

Micrurus langsdorffi Common name: Langsdorff's Coral Snake Subspecies: Micrurus langsdorffi langsdorffi Common name: Langsdorff' s Coral Snake, Confused Coral snake Micrurus langsdorffi ornatissimus Common name: Ornated Coral Snake

Micrurus laticollaris Common name: Balsan Coral Snake, Double Collar coral snake Subspecies:

Micrurus laticollaris laticollaris Common name: Eastern Double Collar coral snake Micrurus laticollaris maculirostris Common name: Western Double Collar coral snake, Colima Coral snake

Micrurus latifasciatus Common name: Broad-ringed Coral Snake, Long banded coral snake Subspecies: none

Micrurus lemniscatus Common name: South American Coral Snake, Ribbon coral snake, Coral Acintada, Cobra Coral de Faixas

Subspecies: Micrurus lemniscatus lemniscatus Common name: Guiana’s ribbon Coral Snake Micrurus lemniscatus carvalhoi Common name: Carvalho’s Coral Snake,Brazilian ribon Coral Snake Micrurus lemniscatus diutius Common name: Large Coral Snake,Trinidad ribbon Coral Snake Micrurus lemniscatus frontifasciatus Common name: Micrurus lemniscatus helleri Common name: Heller’s Coral Snake, Western ribbon Coral Snake

Micrurus limbatus Common name: Tuxtlan Coral Snake Subspecies:

Micrurus limbatus limbatus Common name: Tuxtlan BandedCoral Snake Micrurus limbatus spilosomus Common name: Tuxtlan Spotted Coral Snake

Micrurus margaritiferus Common name: Speckled Coral Snake, Micrurus medemi-Common name: Subspecies: none

Coral Salpicada Subspecies: none

Micrurus meridensis-Common name: Merida Pygmy coral snake, Candelilla Meridena Subspecies: none Micrurus mertensi Common name: Mertens'Coral Snake, , Peruvian Desert coral snake, Villavicencio coral

snake Subspecies: none

Micrurus mipartitus Common name: Redtail Coral Snake, Black-ringed coral snake, Rabo de Candela Subspecies: Micrurus mipartitus mipartitus Common name: Pacific Redtail Coral Snake Micrurus mipartitus anomalus Common name: Santa marta Redtail Coral Snake Micrurus mipartitus decussatus Common name: Andean Redtail Coral Snake 27

Micrurus mipartitus poayanensiss Common name: Popayan Redtail Coral Snake Micrurus mipartitus semipartitus Common name: Venezuelan Redtail Coral Snake

Micrurus multifasciatus Common name: Many-banded Coral Snake, Garantilla Bicolor Coral snake Subspecies: Micrurus multifasciatus multifasciatus Common name: Panama Garantilla, Panamanian Garantilla Micrurus multifasciatus hertwigi Common name: Hertwig’s Coral Snake, Costa Rican Gargantilla

Micrurus multiscutatus Common name: Cauca Coral Snake Subspecies: none Micrurus narducciiCommon name: Andean Blackback Coral Snake Subspecies: Leptomicrurus narduccii narduccii Leptomicrurus narduccii melanotus

Micrurus nebularis Common name: Cloud Forest Coral Snake, Nebina coral snake Subspecies: none Micrurus nigrocinctus Common name: Central American Coral Snake, Black banded coral snake Subspecies: Micrurus nigrocinctus babaspul Common name: Babaspul Coral Snake, Babasul Micrurus nigrocinctus coibensis Common name: Coiban Coral Snake Micrurus nigrocinctus divaricatus Common name: Honduras Coral Snake Micrurus nigrocinctus mosquitensis Common name: Misquito Coral Snake Micrurus nigrocinctus nigrocinctus Common name: Common Central American Coral Snake Micrurus nigrocinctus melanocephalus Common name: Black headed coral snake Micrurus nigrocinctus ovandoensis Common name: Micrurus nigrocinctus ruatanus Common name: Micrurus nigrocinctus wagneri Common name: Micrurus nigrocinctus yatesi Common name: Micrurus nigrocinctus zunilensis Common name: Zunil Coral Snake

Micrurus pacaraimae-Common name: Subspecies: none Micrurus pachecogili -Common name: Subspecies: none Micrurus paraensis-Common name: Para coral snake Subspecies: none Micrurus peruvianus Common name: Peruvian Coral Snake Subspecies: none Micrurus petersi Common name: Peters'Coral Snake, Mountain coral snake Subspecies: none Micrurus proximans Common name: Nayarit Coral Snake Subspecies: none Micrurus psyches Common name: Carib Coral Snake, Northern coral snake, Coral Nortena, Cobra Coral Septrional

Subspecies: Micrurus psyches circinalis Common name: Micrurus psyches donosoi Common name: Micrurus psyches psyches Common name:

Micrurus putumayensis Common name: Putumayo Coral Snake Subspecies: none Micrurus pyrrhocryptus-Common name: Southern Coral Snake, Coral Surena, Cobra Coral Meridional,

Argentinean Coral Snake Subspecies: none

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Micrurus remotus-Common name: Remote Coral Snake Subspecies: none Micrurus ruatanus Common name: Roatan Coral Snake Subspecies: none Micrurus sangilensis Common name: Santander Coral Snake, San Gil Coral Snake, Coral Sangilense Subspecies: none

Micrurus scutiventris-Common name: Subspecies: none Micrurus spixii Common name: Amazon Coral Snake, Spix’s Coral Snake Subspecies: Micrurus spixii spixii Common name: Central Amazon Coral Snake Micrurus spixiii martiusi Common name: Black headed Amazonian Coral Snake, Martius’s Coral Snake Micrurus spixii obscurus Common name: Black neck Amazonian Coral Snake, Micrurus spixii princeps Common name: Bolivian Amazonian Coral Snake

Micrurus spurelli -Common name: Colombian coral snake, Spurrell’s coral snake, Butterfly headed Coral Sanke, Coral Cabeza Mariposa Subspecies: none

Micrurus steindachneri Common name: Steindachner's Coral Snake, Piedmont Coral snake, Coral de Laderas

Micrurus steindachneri steindachneri Common name: Santiago Piedmont coral snake, Coral Santiaguena Montuna Micrurus steindachneri orcesi Common name: Pastaza Piedmont Coral Snake, Coral Montuna de Pastaza

Micrurus stewarti Common name: Panamenian Coral Snake Subspecies: none Micrurus stuarti Common name: Stuart's Coral Snake, Volcano coral snake Subspecies: none Micrurus surinamensis Common name: Aquatic Coral Snake Subspecies:

Micrurus surinamensis surinamensis Common name: Suriname coral snake, Amazonian Aquatic Coral Snake Micrurus surinamensis nattereri Common name: Natterer’s Coral Snake, Venezuelan Aquatic Coral Snake

Micrurus tener Common name: Texas Coral Snake, Harlequin Coral snake, North American Coral Snake Subspecies:

Micrurus tener fitzingeri Common name: Fitzinger’s Coral Snake, Guanajuanto Coral snake Micrurus tener maculatus Common name: Tampico Coral Snake, Micrurus tener microgalbineus Common name: Potosi Coral Snake, Spotted Coral snake, Micrurus tener tener Common name: Texas Coral Snake

Micrurus tricolor-Common name: Argentinean Coral Snake Subspecies: none Micrurus tschudii Common name: Desert Coral Snake Subspecies:

Micrurus tschudii olssoni Common name: Northern Desert Coral Snake, Olsson’s Coral Snake Micrurus tschudii tschudii Common name: Tschudi’s Coral Snake, Southern Desert Coral Snake

Naja-African and asian cobras Naja annulifera Common name: -Banded Egyptian cobra Subspecies: Naja annulifera annulifera

Naja atra Naja haje

Common name: Chinese Cobra Subspecies: none

Common name: Egyptian Cobra 29

Subspecies: Naja haje haje Naja haje anchietae Naja haje arabica Naja haje legionis(questionable subspecies)

Naja kaouthia Common name: Monocled Cobra Subspecies: none Naja katiensis - Common name: Mali Cobra Subspecies: none Naja mandalayensis-Common name: Subspecies: none Naja melanoleuca - Common name: Black and White Forest Cobra Subspecies: none Naja mozambique Common name: Mozambique Spitting Cobra Subspecies: none Naja naja Common name: Indian Cobra(Spectacled) Subspecies: none Naja nigricollis Common name: Subspecies: Naja nigricollis nigricollis Common name: Black Necked Spitting Cobra Naja nigricollis nigricincta Naja nigricollis woodi

Naja nivea Common name: Cape Cobra Subspecies: none Naja nubiae-Common name: Nubian Spitting Cobra Subspecies: none Naja oxiana Common name: Central Asian Cobra Subspecies: none Naja pallida Common name: Red Spitting Cobra Subspecies: none Naja philippinensis Common name: Philippine Cobra Subspecies: none Naja sagittifera-Common name: Subspecies: none Naja samarensis- Common name: peters cobra, Samar Cobra, Visayan Cobra Subspecies: none Naja siamensis- Common name: Indochinese spitting Cobra Subspecies: none Naja sputatrix Common name: Indonesian Cobra Subspecies: none Naja sumatrana Common name: Equatorial Spitting Cobra Subspecies: none

Ophiophagus

Ophiophagus hannah-Common name-King Cobra, Hamadryad- Subspecies: none

Paranaja

Paranaja multifasciata

Common name: Many-banded Snake, Burrowing Cobra

Subspecies Paranaja multifasciata anomala Paranaja multifasciata duttoni Paranaja multifasciata multifasciata

Pseudohaje

Pseudohaje goldii Common name-Golds forest cobra- Subspecies: none

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Pseudohaje nigra Common name-Hoodless cobra- Subspecies: none

Walterinnesia

Walterinnesia aegyptia Common name-Desert cobra/Middle East Desert Black Snake- Subspecies: none Subfamily Hydrophiinae (Australasian and marine Elapids)

Acalyptophis Acalyptophis peronii Common name: Spiny-headed seasnake Subspecies:none

Acanthophis The taxonomy of Acanthophis remains largely unresolved Acanthophis antarcticus

Subspecies: none widely recognised

Common name: Common death adder

Acanthophis barnetti Common name: Subspecies: none Comment: Questionable species. Probably synonymous to Acanthophis praelongus

Acanthophis crotalusei Common name:

Subspecies: none Comment: Questionable species. The taxonomy of Acanthophis remains largely unresolved

Acanthophis cummingi Common name: Subspecies: none Questionable species. The taxonomy of Acanthophis remains largely unresolved

Acanthophis hawkei Common name: Subspecies: none Questionable species. The taxonomy of Acanthophis remains largely unresolved Acanthophis praelongus Common name: Northern death adder Subspecies: none Acanthophis pyrrhus Common name: Desert Death Adder Subspecies: none Acanthophis wellsei Common name: Pilbara Death Adder Subspecies: none Acanthophis woolfi Common name: Subspecies: none Questionable species. The taxonomy of Acanthophis remains largely unresolved

Aipysurus Aipysurus apraefrontalis Common name: Short-nosed Seasnake Subspecies: none Aipysurus duboisii Common name: Reef shallows seasnake Subspecies: none Aipysurus eydouxii Common name: Spine-tailed seasnake Subspecies: none Aipysurus foliosquama Common name: Leaf-scaled Seasnake Subspecies: none Aipysurus fuscus Common name: Dusky Seasnake Subspecies: none Aipysurus laevis Common name: Olive-brown seasnake Subspecies: none Aipysurus pooleorum Common name: Shark Bay Seasnake Subspecies: none 31

Aipysurus tenuis Common name: Arafura Sea Snake Subspecies: none

Aspidomorphus lineaticollis

Aspidomorphus lineaticollis Common name: Striped crown snake Subspecies: none Aspidomorphus muelleri Common name: M端ller's crown snake Subspecies: Aspidomorphus muelleri interruptus Aspidomorphus muelleri lineaticollis Aspidomorphus muelleri lineatus Aspidomorphus muelleri muelleri

Aspidomorphus schlegeli Common name: Schlegel's crown snake Subspecies: none

Astrotia Astrotia stokesii Common name: Stoke's seasnake Subspecies: none

Austrelaps Austrelaps labialis Common name: Pygmy Copperhead

Subspecies: none

Austrelaps ramsayi Common name: Highlands Copperhead

Subspecies: none

Austrelaps superbus Common name: Lowlands Copperhead, Copperhead Snake

Subspecies:none

Cacophis Cacophis churchilli Subspecies: none Cacophis harriettae Common name: White-crowned Snake, White-naped Snake Subspecies: none Cacophis krefftii Common name: Dwarf Crowned Snake, Krefft's Dwarf Snake Subspecies: none Cacophis squamulosus Common name: Golden Crowned Snake Subspecies: none

Demansia

Demansia atra Common name: Black whip snake Subspecies: none Demansia calodera Common name: Black-necked Whipsnake Subspecies: none Demansia olivacea Common name: Olive Whipsnake, Marble-headed Whip Snake Subspecies: none Demansia papuensis Common name: Papuan whip snake Subspecies: Demansia papuensis melaena Demansia papuensis papuensis

Demansia psammophis Common name: Yellow-faced Whipsnake, Yellow-Faced Whip Snake Subspecies: Demansia psammophis cupreiceps Demansia psammophis psammophis Demansia psammophis reticulata

Demansia rufescens Common name: Rufous Whipsnake Subspecies: none 32

Demansia simplex Common name: Grey Whipsnake Subspecies: none Demansia torquata Common name: Collared Whipsnake, Collared Whip Snake Subspecies: none Demansia vestigiata Common name: Black Whipsnake Subspecies: none

Denisonia

Denisonia devisi Common name: De Vis's Banded Snake, De Vis Banded Snake Subspecies: none Denisonia maculata Common name: Ornamental Snake Subspecies: none

Disteira

Disteira kingii Common name: Spectacled or King's seasnake Subspecies: none Disteira major Common name: Olive-headed or greater seasnake Subspecies: none Disteira nigrocincta Subspecies: none Disteira walli Common name: Wall's Sea Snake Subspecies: none

Drysdalia

Drysdalia coronoides Common name: White-lipped Snake Subspecies: none Drysdalia mastersii Common name: Masters'Snake Subspecies: none Drysdalia rhodogaster Common name: Mustard-bellied Snake Subspecies: none

Echiopsis

Echiopsis curta Common name: Bardick Subspecies: none

Elapognathus

Elapognathus coronata Common name: Crowned Snake Subspecies: none Elapognathus minor Common name: Short-nosed Snake, Little Brown Snake Subspecies: none

Emydocephalus

Emydocephalus annulatus Common name: Turtle-headed seasnake Subspecies: none Emydocephalus ijimae Common name: Turtlehead Sea Snake Subspecies: none

Enhydrina

Enhydrina schistosa Common name: Common or beaked seasnake Subspecies: none Enhydrina zweifeli Common name: Sepik or Zweifel's beaked seasnake Subspecies: none

Ephalophis

Ephalophis greyae Common name: North-western Mangrove Seasnake Subspecies: none

Furina Furina barnardi Common name: Yellow-naped Snake Subspecies: none Furina diadema Common name: Red-naped Snake Subspecies: none Furina dunmalli Common name: Dunmall's Snake Subspecies: none Furina ornata Common name: Orange-naped Snake Subspecies: none Furina tristis Common name: Brown-headed or grey-naped snake Subspecies: none 33

Hemiaspis Hemiaspis damelii Common name: Grey Snake Subspecies: none Hemiaspis signata Common name: Marsh Snake, Swamp Snake, Black-bellied Swamp Snake Subspecies:

none

Hoplocephalus Common name: Australian Broad headed snakes Hoplocephalus bitorquatus Common name: Pale-headed Snake Subspecies: none Hoplocephalus bungaroides Common name: Broad-headed Snake Subspecies: none Hoplocephalus stephensii Common name: Stephens's Banded Snake Subspecies: none

Hydrelaps Hydrelaps darwiniensis Common name: Port Darwin seasnake Subspecies: none

Hydrophis Hydrophis atriceps Common name: Black-headed seasnake Subspecies: none Hydrophis belcheri Common name: Faint-banded Seasnake Subspecies: none Hydrophis bituberculatus Common name: Peters'Sea Snake Subspecies: none Hydrophis brooki Subspecies none Hydrophis caerulescens Common name: Dwarf Seasnake Subspecies: none Hydrophis coggeri Common name: Slender-necked Seasnake Subspecies: none Hydrophis cyanocinctus Common name: Annulated Sea Snake Subspecies: none Hydrophis czeblukovi Common name: Fine-spined Seasnake Subspecies: none Hydrophis elegans Common name: Elegant or bar-bellied seasnake Subspecies: none Hydrophis fasciatus Common name: Striped Sea Snake Subspecies: none Hydrophis inornatus Common name: Plain Seasnake Subspecies: none Hydrophis klossi Common name: Kloss'Sea Snake Subspecies: none Hydrophis laboutei Subspecies: none Hydrophis lamberti Common name: Lambert's Sea Snake Subspecies: none Hydrophis lapemoides Common name: Persian Gulf Sea Snake Subspecies: none Hydrophis mamillaris Common name: Bombay Sea Snake Subspecies: none Hydrophis mcdowelli Common name: Small-headed or McDowell's seasnake Subspecies: none Hydrophis melanocephalus Common name: Slender-necked Seasnake Subspecies: none Hydrophis melanosoma Common name: Black-banded or robust seasnake Subspecies: none Hydrophis obscurus Common name: Russel's Sea Snake Subspecies: none Hydrophis ornatus Common name: Ornate Reef seasnake Subspecies: Hydrophis ornatus godeffroyi Hydrophis ornatus maresianus Hydrophis ornatus ocellatus Hydrophis ornatus ornatus

Hydrophis pacificus Common name: Pacific seasnake Subspecies: none 34

Hydrophis parviceps Subspecies: none Hydrophis semperi Common name: Lake Taal Snake Subspecies: none Hydrophis sibauensis Subspecies: none Hydrophis spiralis Common name: Yellow Sea Snake Subspecies: none Hydrophis stricticollis Common name: Collared Sea Snake Subspecies: none Hydrophis torquatus Common name: West Coast Black-headed Sea Snake Subspecies: Hydrophis torquatus aagaardi Hydrophis torquatus diadema Hydrophis torquatus torquatus

Hydrophis vorisi Common name: Estuarine seasnake Subspecies: none

Kerilia

Kerilia jerdonii Common name: Jerdon's Sea Snake Subspecies: Kerilia jerdonii jerdonii Kerilia jerdonii siamensis

Kolpophis Kolpophis annandalei Common name: Bighead Sea Snake Subspecies: none

Lapemis Lapemis curtus Common name: Shaw's Sea Snake Subspecies: none Lapemis hardwickii Common name: Hardwicke's spine-bellied seasnake Subspecies: none

Laticauda

Laticauda colubrina Common name:

Yellow-lipped sea krait Subspecies: none

Laticauda crockeri Common name: Crocker's Sea Snake Subspecies: none Laticauda laticaudata Common name: Common or blue-lipped sea krait Subspecies: Laticauda laticaudata affinis Laticauda laticaudata laticaudata Laticauda laticaudata wolffi

Laticauda schistorhynchus Common name: Flat-tail Sea Snake Subspecies: none Laticauda semifasciata Common name: Chinese Sea Snake Subspecies: none

Loveridgelaps

Loveridgelaps elapoides Common name: Solomon's small-eyed snake Subspecies: none

Micropechis 35

Micropechis ikaheka Common name: New Guinea small-eyed or Ikaheka snake Subspecies: none

Notechis Notechis ater Common name: Tiger snakes Subspecies: Notechis ater ater Common name: Finders black tiger snake Notechis ater humphreysi Common name: King Island black tiger snake Notechis ater niger Common name: Reevsby black tiger snake Notechis ater serventy Common name: Chappell Island tiger snake

Notechis scutatus Subspecies: Notechis scutatus scutatus Common name: Eastern tiger snake Notechis scutatus occidentalis Common name:Western tiger snake

Ogmodon Ogmodon vitianus Common name: Fiji Cobra Subspecies: none

Oxyuranus Oxyuranus microlepidotus Common name: Fierce Snake, Inland Taipan Subspecies: none Oxyuranus scutellatus Common name: Common Taipan Subspecies: Oxyuranus scutellatus scutellatus Common name:Eastern/Coastal Taipan Oxyuranus scutellatus canni Common name:Papuan/New Guinea Taipan

Parahydrophis Parahydrophis mertoni Common name: Arafura smooth or northern mangrove seasnake Subspecies: none

Parapistocalamus Parapistocalamus hedigeri Common name: Bougainville or Hediger's coral snake Subspecies: none

Paroplocephalus

Paroplocephalus atriceps Common name: Lake Cronin Snake Supspecies: none

Pelamis

Pelamis platurus Common name: Yellowbelly Sea Snake Subspecies: none

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Pseudechis Pseudechis australis Common name: King brown or mulga snake Subspecies: none(Pailsus pailsei may be a syn.)

Pseudechis butleri Common name: Spotted Mulga Snake, Butler' s Snake Subspecies: none Pseudechis colletti Common name: Collett's Snake Subspecies: none Pseudechis guttatus Common name: Spotted Black Snake, Blue-bellied Black Snake Subspecies: none Pseudechis papuanus Common name: Papuan blacksnake Subspecies: none Pseudechis porphyriacus Common name: Red-bellied Black Snake Subspecies: none

Pseudonaja Brown snakes Pseudonaja affinis Common name: Dugite Subspecies: Pseudonaja affinis affinis Common name: Pseudonaja affinis exilis Common name: Pseudonaja affinis tanneri Common name:

Pseudonaja guttata Common name: Speckled Brown Snake Subspecies: none Pseudonaja inframacula Common name: Peninsula Brown Snake Subspecies:none Pseudonaja ingrami Common name: Ingram's Brown Snake Subspecies:none Pseudonaja modesta Common name: Ringed Brown Snake Subspecies:none Pseudonaja nuchalis Common name: Gwardar, Western Brown Snake Subspecies: none Pseudonaja textilis Common name: Eastern Brown snake Subspecies:none

Rhinoplocephalus Rhinoplocephalus bicolor Common name: Square-nosed Snake, Muller's Snake Subspecies: none Rhinoplocephalus boschmai Common name: Carpentaria whip snake Subspecies: none Rhinoplocephalus incredibilis Subspecies: none Rhinoplocephalus nigrescens Common name: Small-eyed Snake, Eastern Small-eyed Snake, Short-

tailed Snake Subspecies: none

Rhinoplocephalus nigrostriatus Common name: Black-striped snake Subspecies: none Rhinoplocephalus pallidiceps Common name: Western Carpentaria Snake, Northern Small-eyed Snake Subspecies: none

Salomonelaps Salomonelaps par Common name: Solomons coral snake Subspecies: none 37

Simoselaps Simoselaps anomalus Common name: Northern Desert Banded Snake Subspecies: none Simoselaps approximans Common name: North-western Shovel-nosed Snake Subspecies: none Simoselaps australis Common name: Eastern Shovel-nosed Snake, Coral Snake, Australian Coral Snake Subspecies: none

Simoselaps bertholdi Common name: Southern Desert Banded Snake, Desert Banded Snake Subspecies: none

Simoselaps bimaculatus Common name: Black-naped Burrowing Snake, Western Black-naped Snake Subspecies: none

Simoselaps calonotus Common name: Black-striped Burrowing Snake, Western Black-striped Snake

Subspecies: none

Simoselaps fasciolatus Common name: Narrow-banded Shovel-nosed Snake, Narrow-banded Burrowing Snake

Subspecies: Simoselaps fasciolatus fasciolatus Simoselaps fasciolatus fasciatus

Simoselaps incinctus Common name: Unbanded Shovel-nosed Snake Subspecies: none Simoselaps littoralis Common name: West-Coast Banded Snake, Coastal Burrowing Snake Subspecies:

none

Simoselaps minimus Common name: Dampierland Burrowing Snake Subspecies: none Simoselaps morrisi Common name: Subspecies: none Simoselaps roperi Common name: Northern Shovel-nosed Snake Subspecies: none Simoselaps semifasciatus Subspecies: Simoselaps semifasciatus campbelli Simoselaps semifasciatus semifasciatus Simoselaps semifasciatus woodjonesii

Simoselaps warro Common name: North-eastern Plain-nosed, Burrowing Snake, Robust Burrowing Snake Subspecies: none

Suta

Suta dwyeri Common name: Variable Black-naped Snake Subspecies: none Suta fasciata Common name: Rosen's Snake Subspecies: none Suta flagellum Common name: Whip Hooded Snake Subspecies: none Suta gouldii Common name: Gould's Hooded Snake, Black-headed Snake Subspecies: none Suta monachus Common name: Monk Snake, Hooded Snake Subspecies: none Suta nigriceps Common name: Mallee Black-backed Snake Subspecies: none Suta ordensis Common name: Ord Curl Snake Subspecies: none Suta punctata Common name: Spotted Snake, Little Spotted Snake Subspecies: none

Suta spectabilis Common name: Spectacled Hooded Snake Subspecies:

38

Suta spectabilis bushi Suta spectabilis nullarbor Suta spectabilis spectabilis

Suta suta Common name: Curl Snake, Myal Snake Subspecies: none

Thalassophina

Thalassophina viperina Subspecies: none

Thalassophis Thalassophis anomalus Common name: Anomalous Sea Snake Subspecies: none

Toxicocalamus Toxicocalamus buergersi Common name: Buerger's forest snake Subspecies: none Toxicocalamus grandis Common name: Setekwa River forest snake Subspecies: none Toxicocalamus holopelturus Common name: Mt Rossel forest snake Subspecies: none Toxicocalamus longissimus Common name: Woodlark or Fergusson Island forest snake Subspecies: none

Toxicocalamus loriae Common name: Loria forest snake Subspecies: none Toxicocalamus misimae Common name: Misima Island forest snake Subspecies: none Toxicocalamus preussi Subspecies: Toxicocalamus preussi angusticinctus Toxicocalamus preussi preussi

Toxicocalamus spilolepidotus Common name: Spotted forest snake Subspecies: none Toxicocalamus stanleyanus Common name: Owen Stanley Range forest snake Subspecies: none

Tropidechis Tropidechis carinatus Common name: Rough-scaled Snake, Clarence River Snake Subspecies:none

Vermicella Vermicella annulata Common name: Eastern Bandy-bandy, Bandy Bandy Subspecies: none Vermicella intermedia Common name: Subspecies: none Vermicella multifasciata Common name: Northern Bandy Bandy Subspecies: none Vermicella snelli Common name: Subspecies: none Vermicella vermiformis Common name: Subspecies: none

39

Family:

Colubridae

(in this section various rear-fanged will be listed, however: NOTE: not exhaustive taking into consideration toxic salvia or oral secretions) (The arrangement of Colubridae is currently suited to common usage, however, changes in the entire Family and subfamilies are inevitable in the future, thus changing this arrangement) Subfamily Colubrinae

Boiga Boiga blandingii Common name: Blandings Tree Snake Subspecies:none Boiga ceylonesisCommon name: Sri Lanken Cat Snake Subspecies:none Boiga dendrophila-common name: Mangrove snake Subspecies:none Boga forsteni Common name: Forsten’s Cat Snake Subspecies:none Boiga irregularis common name: Brown tree snake/Brown Cat snake Subspecies:none

Dispholidus common name:Boomslang Dispholidus typus common name: Boomslang

Thelotornis

common name:Vine snakes

Thelotornis capensis Subspecies: Thelotornis capensis capensis Thelotornis capensis oatesi Thelotornis capensis schilsi

Thelotornis kirtlandii Common name: Bird Snake, Twig Snake Subspecies: none Thelotornis mossambicanus Common name: Thelotornis usambaricus Common name:

Subspecies: none

Subspecies: none

Subfamily Natricinae

Rhabdophis Rhabdophis subminatus Common name: Red necked keelback Subspecies: none Rhabdophis tigrinus Common name: Yamakagashi Subspecies: none Subfamily Psammophiinae 40

Malpolon Malpolon monspessulanus common name: Montpelier snake Malpolon moilensis common name: African hooded Malopon Subfamily Xenodontinae

Elapomorphus Elapomorphus lepidus Common name: Minas Gerais Snake Subspecies: none Elapomorphus quinquelineatus Common name: Raddi's Lizard-eating Snake Subspecies: none Elapomorphus spegazzinii Common name: Spegazzini's Diadem Snake Subspecies: Elapomorphus spegazzinii spegazzinii Elapomorphus spegazzinii suspectus Elapomorphus wuchereri Common name: Wucherer' s Lizard-eating Snake Subspecies: none

Hydroynastes Hydrodynastes gigas common name: False water cobra Subspecies:none Hydrodynastes bicinctuscommon name: Subspecies:none

Phalotriss Common name: Dumeril'sDiadem Snake Subspecies: Phalotris lemniscatus lemniscatus Phalotris lemniscatus divittatus Phalotris lemniscatus iheringi Phalotris lemniscatus trilineatus

Philodryas

Philodryas aestivus Common name: Brazilian Green Racer, Common Green Racer Subspecies: Philodryas aestivus aestivus Philodryas aestivus subcarinatus

Philodryas arnaldoi Common name: Arnaldo's Green Racer Subspecies: none Philodryas baroni Common name: Baron's Green Racer Subspecies: none Philodryas bolivianus Common name: Subspecies: none Philodryas chamissonis Common name: Chilean Green Racer Subspecies: none Philodryas cordatus Common name: Subspecies: none Philodryas hoodensis Common name: Subspecies: none 41

Philodryas inca Common name: Tropical Green Racer Subspecies: none Philodryas laticeps Common name: Subspecies: none Philodryas livida Common name: Subspecies: none Philodryas mattogrossensis Common name: Miranda Green Racer Subspecies: none Philodryas nattereri Common name: Paraguay Green Racer Subspecies: none Philodryas olfersii Common name: Lichtenstein's Green Racer Subspecies: Philodryas olfersii herbeus Philodryas olfersii latirostris

Philodryas oligolepis Common name: Gomes'Green Racer Subspecies: none Philodryas patagoniensis Common name: Patagonia Green Racer Subspecies: none Philodryas psammophideus Common name: G端nther's Green Racer Subspecies: none Philodryas simonsii Common name: Subspecies: none Philodryas tachymenoides Common name: Schmidt's Green Racer Subspecies: none Philodryas trilineatus Common name: Subspecies: none Philodryas varius Common name: Jan's Green Racer Subspecies: none Philodryas viridissimus Common name: Common Green Racer Subspecies: none

Tachymenis Tachymenis affinis Common name: Boulenger's Slender Snake Subspecies:none Tachymenis attenuata Common name: Walker's Slender Snake Subspecies: Tachymenis attenuata attenuata Tachymenis attenuata boliviana

Tachymenis chilensis Common name: Chilean Slender Snake Subspecies: Tachymenis chilensis chilensis Tachymenis chilensis coronellina

Tachymenis elongata Common name: Depax's Slender Snake Subspecies:none Tachymenis peruviana Common name: Peru Slender Snake Subspecies:none Tachymenis surinamensis Common name: Subspecies:none Tachymenis tarmensis Common name: Slender Snake Subspecies:none

42

In Addition: Some other Colubrid snakes have toxic oral secretions, used during the biting process but fangs(front) are not used. Some of these species may be able to cause serious injury to humans. This list is not exhaustive and most Colubrids may have some chance of causing at least local envenoming by toxic oral secretions.

Various Colubrid snakes capable of causing some degree of envenoming (this list is not exhaustive).

Ahaetulla nasuta Common name:Asian green whipsnake Amplorhinus multimaculatus Common name:African many spotted snake Balanophis ceylonensis Common name:Sri Lankan keelback Boiga spp. ( blandingii, ceylonensis, dendrophila, forsteni) Common name:Tree snakes from Africa & Asia Cerberus rhynchops Common name:Indian dog faced water snake Coluber spp. ( ravergieri, rhodorachis) Common name:African racer Crotaphopeltis hotamboeia Common name:African herald snake Enhydris enhydris Common name:Asian rainbow water snake Madagascarophis meridionalis Common name:Madagascan snake Malpolon moilensis Common name:African hooded malpolon Psammophis sibilans Common name:African sand snake Psammophylax spp. Common name:African skaapstekers Telescopus semiannulatus Common name: African tiger snake

Family

Atractaspididae

( Mole vipers/Stiletto snakes)

Subfamily Atractaspidinae

Atractaspis-African mole or side fanged vipers Atractaspis aterrimaCommon name: Mole Viper Subspecies: none Atractaspis battersbyiCommon name: Mole Viper Subspecies: none Atractaspis bibronii Common name: Southern Or Bibron's Burrowing Asp Subspecies:

43

Atractaspis bibroni bibroni Atractaspis bibroni rostrata

Atractaspis boulengeri Common name: Mole Viper Subspecies: Atractaspis boulengeri boulengeri Atractaspis boulengeri mixta Atractaspis boulengeri schmidti Atractaspis boulengeri schultzei Atractaspis boulengeri vanderborghti Atractaspis boulengeri matschiensis

Atractaspis coalescens Common name: Mole Viper Subspecies: none Atractaspis congica Common name: orientalis: Eastern Congo Burrowing Asp Subspecies: Atractaspis congica congica Atractaspis congica leleupi Atractaspis congica orientalis

Atractaspis corpulenta Common name: Mole Viper Subspecies: Atractaspis corpulenta corpulenta Atractaspis corpulenta kivuensis Atractaspis corpulenta leucura

Atractaspis dahomeyensis Common name: Mole Viper Subspecies: none Atractaspis duerdeni Common name: Duerden's Or Beaked Burrowing Asp Subspecies: none Atractaspis engaddensis Common name: Mole Viper Subspecies: none Atractaspis engdahli Common name: Mole Viper Subspecies: none Atractaspis fallax Common name: Mole Viper Subspecies: none Atractaspis irregularis Common name: Mole Viper 44

Subspecies: Atractaspis irregularis angeli Atractaspis irregularis bipostocularis Atractaspis irregularis conradsi Atractaspis irregularis irregularis Atractaspis irregularis parkeri Atractaspis irregularis uelensis

Atractaspis leucomelas Common name: Mole Viper Subspecies: none

Atractaspis microlepidota Common name: Mole Viper Subspecies: Atractaspis microlepidota andersonii Atractaspis microlepidota magrettii Atractaspis microlepidota microlepidota

Atractaspis micropholis Common name: Mole Viper Subspecies: none

Atractaspis reticulata Common name: Mole Viper Subspecies: Atractaspis reticulata brieni Atractaspis reticulata heterochilus Atractaspis reticulata reticulata

Atractaspis scorteccii Common name: Mole Viper Subspecies: none

Subfamily Aparallactinae

Amblyodipsas Amblyodipsas concolor Common name: Natal Purple-glossed Snake Subspecies: none Amblyodipsas dimidiata Common name: Mpwapwa Purple-glossed Snake Subspecies: none Amblyodipsas katangensis Common name: Katanga Purple-glossed Snake Subspecies: 45

Amblyodipsas katangensis katangensis Amblyodipsas katangensis ionidesi

Amblyodipsas microphthalma Common name: Eastern Purple-glossed Snake Subspecies: none Amblyodipsas polylepis Subspecies: Amblyodipsas polylepis polylepis Amblyodipsas polylepis hildebrandtii

Amblyodipsas rodhaini Common name: Rodhain's Purple-glossed Snake Subspecies: none Amblyodipsas teitana Common name: Teitana Purple-glossed Snake Subspecies: none Amblyodipsas unicolor Common name: Dull Purple-glossed Snake Subspecies: none Amblyodipsas ventrimaculata Common name: Kalahari Purple-glossed Snake Subspecies: none

Aparallactus Aparallactus capensis Common name: Cape Centipede Eater Subspecies: Aparallactus capensis bocagei Aparallactus capensis capensis Aparallactus capensis luebberti Aparallactus capensis punctatolineatus

Aparallactus guentheri Common name: Black Centipede Eater Subspecies: none Aparallactus jacksonii Subspecies: Aparallactus lineatus Common name: Lined Centipede-eater Subspecies: none Aparallactus lunulatus Common name: Reticulated Centipede Eater Subspecies: Aparallactus lunulatus lunulatus Aparallactus lunulatus nigrocollaris Aparallactus lunulatus scortecci

Aparallactus modestus Common name: Western Forest Centipede-eater Subspecies: Aparallactus modestus modestus Aparallactus modestus ubangensis 46

Aparallactus moeruensis Common name: Zaire Centipede-eater. Subspecies: none Aparallactus niger Common name: Subspecies: none Aparallactus nigriceps Common name: Mozambique Centipede Eater Subspecies: none Aparallactus turneri Common name: Malindi Centipede-eater Subspecies: none Aparallactus werneri Common name: Usambara Centipede-eater Subspecies: none

Brachyophis Brachyophis revoili Common name: Revoil's Short Snake Subspecies: Brachyophis revoili revoili Brachyophis revoili cornii Brachyophis revoili krameri

Chilorhinophis Chilorhinophis butleri Common name: Butler's Two-headed Snake Subspecies: none Chilorhinophis carpenteri Common name: Liwale Two-headed Snake Subspecies: Chilorhinophis carpenteri liwalensis Chilorhinophis carpenteri carpenteri

Chilorhinophis gerardi Common name: Gerard's Black And Yellow Burrowing Snake Subspecies: Chilorhinophis gerardi tanganyikae Chilorhinophis gerardi gerardi

Hypoptophis Hypoptophis wilsoni Common name: African Bighead Snake Subspecies: none

Micrelaps Micrelaps bicoloratus Common name: Kenya Two-headed Snake Subspecies: Micrelaps bicoloratus bicoloratus Micrelaps bicoloratus moyeri 47

Micrelaps muelleri Subspecies:none Macrelaps microlepidotus Common name: Natal Black Snake Subspecies: none Micrelaps vaillanti Subspecies: none

Elapotinus Elapotinus picteti Common name: Jan's Snake Subspecies: none

Polemon Polemon acanthias Common name: Reinhardt's Snake-eater Subspecies: none Polemon barthii Common name: Guinea Snake-eater Subspecies: none Polemon bocourti Common name: Bocourt's Snake-eater Subspecies: none Polemon christyi Common name: Eastern Snake-eater Subspecies: none Polemon collaris Common name: Collared Snake-eater Subspecies: Polemon collaris brevior Polemon collaris collaris Polemon collaris longior

Polemon fulvicollis Common name: African Snake-eater Subspecies: Polemon fulvicollis fulvicollis Polemon fulvicollis gracilis Polemon fulvicollis graueri Polemon fulvicollis laurenti

Polemon gabonensis Common name: Gaboon Snake-eater Subspecies: Polemon gabonensis gabonensis Polemon gabonensis schmidti

Polemon gracilis Common name: Graceful Snake-eater Subspecies: none Polemon griseiceps Common name: Cameroon Snake-eater Subspecies: none Polemon leopoldi Subspecies: none 48

Polemon neuwiedi Common name: Ivory Coast Snake-eater Subspecies: none Polemon notatum Subspecies: Polemon notatum notatum Polemon notatum aemulans

Polemon robustus Common name: Zaire Snake-eater Subspecies: none

Xenocalamus Xenocalamus bicolor Subspecies: Xenocalamus bicolor australis Xenocalamus bicolor bicolor Xenocalamus bicolor concavorostralis Xenocalamus bicolor lineatus Xenocalamus bicolor machadoi Xenocalamus bicolor maculatus Xenocalamus bicolor pernasutus

Xenocalamus mechowii Common name: Elongate Quill-snouted Snake Subspecies: Xenocalamus mechowi inornatus Xenocalamus mechowi mechowi

Xenocalamus michellii Common name: Michell's Quill-snouted Snake Subspecies: none Xenocalamus sabiensis Common name: Sabi Quill-snouted Snake Subspecies: none Xenocalamus transvaalensis Common name: Transvaal Quill-snouted Snake Subspecies: none

Family

Helodermatidae (Venomous Lizards)

Heloderma Heloderma horridum Common name: Beaded Lizard Subspecies: Heloderma horridum horridum Heloderma horridum alvarezi 49

Heloderma horridum exasperatum Heloderma horridum charlesbogerti

Heloderma suspectum Common name: Gila Monster Subspecies: Heloderma suspectum cinctum Heloderma suspectum suspectum

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