Spring 1986 by Endeavors

It is

appropriate that this issue of Endeavors is devoted entirely to research activities of graduate students in a variety of programs on

the UNC-CH campus, and I am personally pleased since this is the last issue ol Endeavors which will be published during my tenure as Vice Chancellor and Dean of the Craduate School. I hope that all future issues

of this research magazine will continue to feature prominently the role of graduate students in our research enterprises. As I have written in this space in previous issues, only a small minority of our iociety understand clearly the role of the graduate student, particularly those seeking the doctoral degree, in the research university. It is our responsibility and opportunity as a part of such an institution to train large numbers of students at the master's level, and such persons are being prepared t0 assume increasingly important roles in many segments of our society. 0n this campus we

with master's with about 70 percent

graduate about 1,100 students degrees each year,

being in 26 professional programs including business, education, public health, social work, and library science. At the doctoral level, however, the ratio is reversed with only 33 percent awarded to students in the professional schools of Business, Education, and Public Health. Each year we graduate about 250 young research scholars with the Ph.D. degree in the sciences, social sciences, and humanities. Many of these persons receive their degrees from faculties in professional schools, but such programs are heavily research-oriented

and bear close resemblance to those in the other schools. The Ph.D. in almost every American university is a research degree and the dissertation (Webster's N ew Collegiate Dictionary: "an extended written treatment of a subject"), which must be the result of intensive, carefully designed, and original investigation, is the very heart of any good

Ph.D. program. The commonly used term ABD degree (All But Dissertation) has no standing in my view. It is in research training of bright young students that most scholars can find the greatest satisfaction

of their university

careers,

and in the best arrangements these young persons and their preceptors become true colleagues as close, lifelong bonds, and sometimes scholarly competitors, are devel oped. The observation of the growing success

of ones former students is closely akin to vlewing the success of one's own children

and perhaps is often a substitute for that. Evidence 0f this is the fact that pure research institutes across the country have with significant success made arrangements with nearby universities to participate in Ph.D. pr0grams in order t0 get a share of such students. In

other cases, such as scientists at Research Triangle Park, members of such institutes become adjunct faculty members at no salary in order to work with Ph.D. students. There are significant problems that must be Cantinud on inside back cwer

iI .D

Humanitiess Exploring Creativity Through the Centuries

The Seventeenth-Century Villancico: A Little-Studied

cantata, lengthened from about four lines to as many as thirty in some works. These longer refrains were not repeated after every verse, Laird says, but often were alluded to by a textual or musical phrase. The villancico

Genre Paul R. Laird, a doctoral student in musicology working under Dr. James W Pruett, specializes in the villancico, a Spanish form

began to be performed with multiple choirs, located in different parts of the basilica and singing alternating sections of the piece. Also, influenced by the Italian poetic trends and

of vernacular religious music popular from the sixteenth through the nineteenth centuries. Analogous in function to our present-day Christmas carols, villancicos were written by

Iocal composers t0 commemorate special

church holidays, especially Christmas and Corpus Christi. Laird's dissertation, "The Villancico at San Lorenzo El Real del Escorial (ca. 1630-ca. 1715)l' examines a collection of villancicos from the monastery at El Escorial that are representative of the genre during the

were reused. Letters between musicians referring to the exchanges exist, and Laird says that in some manuscripts one can see where later dates were applied over earlier

Paul Laird

ones. Also, a few villancicos commemorated

seventeenth century

While the villancico is well understood up to about 1600, Laird says, there is little scholarship available on its development beyond that p0int. "There are literally thousands of late villancicos surviving in Spanish archives, most of which have not been studied at alll' he explains. To help fill this gap in scholarship, Laird's work contributes a thorough, detailed musical and textual analysis of the collection. It also offers an edition of twelve to fifteen of the monastery's villancicos to increase the small corpus from that peri0d available in modern edition and includes a historical survey of the genre to 1650. Laird's research took him to Spain twice. He spent May of 1984 conducting preliminary research to select a dissertation topic. This trip, partially funded by a Pre-Dissertation Fellowship from the UNC-CH Office of International Studies, involved research in libraries and archives in Barcelona, Cuenca,

El Escorial, Valladolid, Salamanca, Madrid, and Avila. After selecting a topic, Laird

madrigals, the villancico came to include allegory and long, descriptive passages. While the Church stipulated new villancicos for every holiday each year, in reality musicians exchanged compositions, and good ones

returned for Spring Semester 1985 on a Dissertation Fellowship from the UNC-CH Graduate School. During the second trip, Laird completed

political events 0r occasions rather than holidays. a

detailed study of 201 works housed at the monastery, located north of Madrid. These villancicos were written by 43 different composers from several

all over Spain, including

of the most famous composers from

the Madrid area and five who were monks at the Escorial. AIso, most of the villancicos were written in parts, rather than in score. Therefore, to transcribe and study them required access t0 all the parts. But, says Laird, the monks were very helpful: "Compared to some of the other Spanish archives ['ve worked in, the monks at the Escorial were most cooperative and gave me everything

neededl'

Through this study Laird found that the villancico evolved during the seventeenth century in several major ways. The refrain of the work, which was similar in form to a

Although the crown and some members of Iaity probably attended performances 0n occa' sion, villancicos were primarily intended as entertainment for the monks. As such they reveal attitudes that would not be considered appropriate in a twentieth-century service. "The texts occasionally contained phrases thal aired national prejudices or referred t0 stereotypical characters, such as the drunk German or dumb Portuguesel' Laird explains, adding

that many of the texts were also written in Iberian dialects that parodied national stereotypes.

Laird has organized some performances of villancicos, which he calls "historical curiositiesl' At a UNC-CH Graduate Music Student Forum in September 1985, Laird presented a paper 0n his work and directed the performance of two villancicos, which were well received. "The audience was, of course, cominq at it more from a scholarly point of

view, but they gave the villancicos a rather positive receptioni'

A.Y.O.R

ments, notary records, tax declarations, and

wills. His work was made difficult by the nature of the documents. They were full of

Laird plans to continue his study of villancicos beyond this work. His long-range scholarly goal, which will require a great deal

abbreviations, written in script, and in ltalian and Latin. 0ngaro's one advantaqe was that he is ltalian-from Venice, in fact-and had eight years of Latin in school. But the quality

more research, is to compile a comprehensive history of the villancico from the fifteenth through the eighteenth centuries. Laird notes, "lt's a rather poorly studied genre, not approached t0 the extent it needs to bel'

of the handwriting varied greatly, and many of the manuscripts were hard to read. The nature of the archives presented difficulties as well. "lt's not like it is herel' Ongaro says. 'All the documents were brought together when the Republic fell, and much of the material is organized in a very raw fashionl' Because the volume of material is so large and the archives are understaffed, the documents are not as well cataloged and indexed as in the United States. Also, the archives are open fewer hours, only three books may be requested per day, and copying must be done by hand or by microfilm,

o o

a Giulio

Ongaro

Archives Shed Light on Saint Mark's Choir During the Sixteenth Century Giulio M. 0ngaro, a musicology student working with Dr. James Haar, has conducted an archival study of the chapel, or choir, of Saint Mark's in Venice from 1527 to 1562. He chose this period because it was the time that Adrian Willaert, considered one of the greatest composers of the Renaissance, was choirmaster. "He was considered to be among the first to create a new style, which paid more attention to the setting 0f the textl' Ongaro explains. Also, the last in-depth study of the choir during this period was published in 1843. By examining the chapel records from the period, 0ngaro has established the composition and quality of the choir, the renowned Willaert's impact on it, and the patronage strategies employed by those who managed the choir.

To research this topic, Ongaro spent a year

in Venice with funding from the former Martha B. Rockefeller Fund for Music. There he examined surviving documents such as those recording personnel decisions and pay-

which is very expensive. The staff of the Archivio di Stato in Venice, however, were very friendly and helpful, especially at the end of his stay when he was in a hurry to complete the work. They suggested documents that might be important, helped with difficulties in reading the manuscripts, and made items available for extended hours. Through the documents, 0ngaro traced the careers of singers in the choir. There has been some controversy, in the case of some singers, over who was in the choir at that time. "We don't have that much biographical information about some of these people, and musicians moved around a lotl' Ongaro explains. Careers can be traced in part through scholars studying other choirs and are important for understanding the dissemi-

nation of repertories. 0ngaro also traced the choir size and distribution of voices, which are indicative of its quality and evolution. There is a misconception, Ongaro notes, that Saint Mark's was not a very good choir until Willaert became choirmaster. But Ongaro says that the choir had a very good foundation that Willaert only improved. Part 0f the evidence for this finding was drawn from his examination of singers' careers. The best musicians in the fifteenth century were from northern France and Flanders, and a number of these singers were in the choir before Willaert's time. "The more big-name people you have in a chapel, the more you can assume that you had good musicians and that things were going welll' he explains. A related finding was that Willaert's influence was more gradual than has been assumed. "The fact that he was so well

known does not necessarily mean that he was involved with the dayto-day running of the choirl' Ongaro says. Although he was a great musician, he took long trips to his native Flanders and was ill in his old age. Both factors limited his involvement and impact. Saint Mark's was the duke's church and was run by a body of laymen, called the Procuratori, who were among the very few Venetian officials elected for life. Because of this unusual power, 0ngaro says, their strategies of patronage, such as recruiting practices and incentives, are especially interesting. Funds for salaries were limited, and the Procuratori had to rely on other kinds of incentives. Singers who were members of the clergy were offered benefits such as the honorary title of parish priest and trust fund money t0 officiate masses for deceased Venetians, amounting to increased honor and income for light duties. Lay singers, of course, were given different benefits such as a house

with subsidized rent or a gate t0 a Venetian city and all tolls collected there. Yet another discovery came out of a book buried in the massive archives that Ongaro uncovered accidentally. The book contained the records of the ecclesiastical authority of the church and revealed that they were very involved in the day{o-day running of the choir. "There's an idea that as soon as something happened, the Procuratori snapped to itl' 0ngaro says. "But they just didn't have that amount of time. It's not that they weren't interested, but they had other things to attend tol' The new information shed new light on the management of the choir, indicating that the power and responsibilities were shared. Ongaro notes, "lt really changes our picture of the choirl'

Ireedom and Spontaneity! A Way of Life and Art No word captures the essence of Susan Irmaly Brackin and her a[ as well as vibrant. Her eyes widen and dart, her hands flit before her, the words tumble and race as she talks about her life and work: "l believe my art expresses my freedom. I'm a free spirit. I enjoy life and feel that life energies pulsate me into expressionl'This personal energy is reflected

imaginative collages of colorful,

swirling images that seem t0 dance in ioy and anger to a wild beat. Brackin works in numerous media, describing herself as a painter, printmaker, sculptor, puppeteer, pogo performer, and screenplay writer. But her art falls into two main catego-

Y.o.R

EII

drawings and screenplay portraying an elaborate saga of conflict and resolution between good and evil tribes of penguins. Beyond the canvas, Brackin's work is simi-

art is about ideas, and the mood is contemplative. lnstead of hitting the viewer head-on with the flash and gaiety of a circus, it approaches quietly. It elicits reflection, not instant

larly interactive. Her decisions to paint or perform are spontaneous responses to her own experience, and her performances are directed and shaped by the audience's instant

resp0nse.

Brackin, who has studied in Denmark, England, France, and Germany, will complete degree in May 1986 under the direction of Xavier Toubes, assistant professor of art. During the past year she has produced about twenty large paintings for a onlperson show this July at the Gallerie de

a Master of Fine Arts

=e o

lrmaly Brackin perforns before a display of her work at the Ghent Street Att Fair in Norfolk, Virginia. Brackin won First Prize, Best in Show, at Susan

the

1985 fair.

ries: painting and "demonstration artl' 'Art for me needs to be more than creating a material object for a wall in a rich man's homel' she explains. "lt needs to be for and of the peoplei' Therefore, while she concentrates 0n painting, she is committed to producing art in other media that states, or demonstrates, her beliefs. Many of these statements have been potiticat, and she says she was almost arrested at a Washington, D.C., antiwar demonstration while performing with her War Monger puppet. 'An artist should be bravel' she notes, "should carry beliefs into the street and make them seen and heardl' The paintings are surrealistic but more primitive or naive than what Brackin calls the "technological surrealism" of Dali. Her art features people and animals rather than inanimate objects. "No matter how much technology we get, we're still primitive peoplel' she explains. Her focus is on interaction, and her paintings are filled with spontaneity and urgency. As she paints, Brackin creates characters that play out a story spun in the process. "[ make it all up on the canvas, and then I write it into a playl' she says. Sometimes she builds on an idea as one scene inspires another. This was the case in the production of Penguins of )den, a set of 150 color

Leon

Paris.

fuo of

these paintings, KtTcien

Sin,t (see detail on back cover) and G.G. and Bear, which were completed last fall, have taken a new direction. The paintings are characterized by a collapse of space and a threedimensional quality created by the use of fluorescent paint. Brackin says that earlier experiments with the fluorescent paints were not successful and that these paintings have "revolutionized" her art.

But Rieger is also a surrealist in that her work tries to break the rules of physical reality by juxtaposing images and concepts that cannot coexist in the real world. She thereby creates a tension that the viewer must resolve in the realm of ideas and the unconscious. For instance, one piece contains a fish head emerging through a base. But the base is scored with straight, parallel lines, suggesting a wooden floor rather than water. Another piece contains a box without walls. The viewer recognizes it as box, but also as one that cannot hold anything. "My pieces are not about objectsl' Rieger says, "but about the ideas they stimulate in the viewerl' Recurring themes in her work are humor, journeys, and metamorphosis. Humor arises

from the incongruity of the images. One sculpture places a fish inside a boat of the same size. "l wanted to see how a fragile fish

would look on the boat, which in this case is

a dense forml' Rieger explains. "But they're

Resolving Paradox in the Wortd of the Unconscious The pieces by Patricia Rieger, a studio artist who work in ceramic sculpture, create a very different mood than Brackin's. Rieger's

the same size, which isn't what you expect. The awkwardness makes it humorousl' In another piece Rieger included a lightbulb as a metaphor for lieht required and shed by a journey. "But it makes no sensel' she says with a laugh. "The lightbulb is made of clay, and it's not plugged inl'

D E d a o d

Patricia Rieger cleans up a detail on one of her large aninal sculptures.

test pieces, using various glazes to experiment with different combinations of colors and tex-

indicates about how he conceived the project. "Not that much has been done on Frago-

tures. Glaze formulas are noted on the backs

nard apart from cataloging and defining his drawingsl' Schroder says. Most of the little research that has been done has focused on publishing attempts and why the drawings were not successfully published during the eighteenth century. But Schroder is focusing on the drawings themselves and what they

of the tiles, many of which hans on a wall of of her studio. 0n another wall hang color drawings. "Because of the nature of my imagesl' she explains,

have approached

color in a painterly wayl' Her main purpose in the program, she adds, is trying to resolve what her art is about, especially in the medium of ceramic sculpture. "You can start working with an intuitive, fantastic idea, but then you have to confront the physical structurel' Most recently she has been sculpting a series of large animals, which, because of their size and weight,

cannot be as spontaneous as smaller pieces. Gravity and structural support become major considerations. But "limitations are of the makerl' Rieger says. "The maker has to find a way to get past theml'

o a

/n Memories of an Ex"patriol the calf pulls away from its rootedness while a bird screans at the belltower. drawing the attention 0f the qarqoyles.

reveal.

The Contes et nouvelles project was done stages: a set of preliminary blackchalk sketches, of which forty{wo still exist, each one depicting a different story; a set of fifty+even drawings made by using the chalk sketches as negatives to transfer the images to clean sheets, then finishing them with ink and a sepia wash; and about fifty copies that were variations on individual designs. The fact that Fragonard kept the chalk sketches and used them as negatives leads Schroder to wonder whether he intended them to be engraved. Civen his training, Fragonard could have produced engraving plates himself, and Schroder is asking why he made the copies instead. "He didn't just do a fewl' she adds. "He did a large numberi' Compositionally, the drawings are similar. The figures appear in the bottom third, and the format is vertical like a book page,

in three

Metamorphosis, a special kind of journey, is primarily conveyed by figures emerging from other figures. In one piece, though, Rieger gave a calf chair legs for hindquarters to symbolize the calf pulling away from its

Fragonard is known for, others depict underworld scenes, which are highly unusual for

rootedness (see photograph).

him.

Rieger says she has been trying to broaden the symbols in her art by becoming freer about accepting images. Her earlier pieces used only figures, and at one point she

How Fragonard has interpreied these narratives is revealed by the moment in each story that he chose t0 represent. For instance, the drawing La chose impossible depicts a narrative moment that occurs not in the story but after its conclusi0n, thus revealing Fragonard's interpretation of the story's outcome. Schroder

realized that the figures

all

seemed

although Fragonard usually worked in a horizontal format. Also, while many of the drawings portray light, amorous scenes, which

looking inward. This discovery spurred her to begin imagining and interacting with what was transpiring inside the figures, creating new ground for her symbolism. Another way she has broadened her range of symbols is by refusing to use old "vocabularyi' For instance, Rieger found that the screaming bird image had become too facile and stale through overuse. Her answer to the problem was to deny the expression and force a new vocabulary to emerge. "l'm finding different ways t0 say things without using my old vocabulary t0 rescue mel' she

Anne Schroder

Intention and Interpretation

in Fragonard's Book Illustrations

plans to compare his interpretation with those of other artists. Fragonard was a first-rate artist during a period of extravagant, rococo publishing, Schroder says. His work

in illustration,

often

considered a craftsman's medium, elevated it

In the Art Deparlment's art history program, doctoral student Anne Layton Schroder is investigating the eighteenth-century French artist Jean-Honord Fragonard and his drawings illustrating various literary works by La

to a fine art, she adds. "He had an elite education and was a major artist. He became involved in this sort of thing because there was a market for it, which indicates that his patrons had a sophisticated literary as well as

says.

Fontaine, Tasso, and Ariosto. Under the direc-

who is advised by painter Robert J. Barnard, professor of art, has also branched out into the world of color, trying to discover its role in her work. During her first year in the program she made a series of tiles, or

tion of Dr. Mary D. Sheriff, she is concentrating on a set of illustrations he did for La

artistic tastel' The study of eighteenth-century art is new,

Rieger,

Fontaine's Contes et nouvelles, examining how Fraqonard interprets the narrative, who his sources were, and what his technique

Schroder says. "Pre-revolutionary art has often been thought to be frivolous and lacking in moral purpose. Now scholars are finding a diversity that people hadn't recoqnizedl'

of Dr. William Barney and the other members of his committee, he is now expanding that work into a dissertation. The new work places

. -^t*,'

. !*,

{

the event in its social and cultural context and olfers a new perspective on the Civil War. "The caning creates a window through which to see the intersectional tensions that had been developing for a very long timel' he explains. Gradin has been examining the papers of Brooks, Sumner, and their cohorts to discover what kinds of forces shaped their

'ltr.U, r&â&#x201A;Ź,..

Schroder

will

,-\

also conpare Fragonard's drawings

lor Contes et nouvelles \,/ith his illustration Nljects for the works ol other authors. This drawrng, Angelicas Flight to the East, illustrates .lriostos Orlando Furioso, canto ix. verse 12. lThe Ackland .Art Museum, The Universit.y of North Carolina at Chapei Hill, Whitaker Fund.)

The Caning of Senator Sumner and thc Breakdown of lllational Political Culture In

1856 Senator Charles Sumner

Massa-

chusetts delivered a speech called "The Crime Against Kansasl' which denounced the sins of slavery, the South, and all who wished to make Kansas a slave state. This speech was "one of the most remarkable speeches ever delivered in the Senatel' says Harlan Joel

lives and political discourse in the years leading up to the caning. He is also studying the process by which meaning was assigned to symbols, the role of oratory, and the relationship between rhetoric and physical violence in the 1850s. In addition to research at UNC-CH and Duke, his work has required travel to Massachusetts, South Carolina, and Washington, D.C. These trips were funded by a UNC-CH Dissertation Fellowship. Gradin's argument is that, until the time of the caning, the North and South shared a vocabulary of symbols drawn from the shared experience of the American Revolution. This common vocabulary allowed them lo suspend their material and ideological differences and to maintain a sense of unity. However, important changes set in motion in the 1800s began to unravel the unity and carve deeper sectional lines between the North and South. Changes in transportation that made travel and trade easier had the general effect of dividing the nation into regional markets and linking them, especially after the 1840s. In the process, the South became increasingly tied to the North for manufactured goods. FearinQ economic and political dependence,

Harlan Aradin,

in the Duke-UNC Wonen's

Research Center, helped develop

a clurse

Studies on

wonen and public policy with Dr. .lane DeHartMathews, professor of histor.y. The ccturse examines how history can guide polic.v ntakers on issues iiltpoilant to wonen.

the South, which prized autonomy highly, became increasingly resentful. The rise of abolitionism in the 1830s further divided the country, and by the mid-1850s Congress had several important leaders who had been reared in the abolitionist tradition and who were n0 longer in touch with the shared experience of the American Revolution. Compromise became increasingly difficult until finally it was no longer possible.

Gradin, a doctoral student in history. ln

highly colorful and inflammatory terms, Sumner attacked the entire world view of the South, calling its most treasured values unAmerican and un-Christian. And he singled out South Carolina and its elder statesman, Senator Andrew Pickens Butler, for particular abuse.

One of Butler's kinsmen, Representative Preston Smith Brooks, found the remarks intolerable. Tho days later he entered the Senate's chambers after it had adjourned and beat Sumner severely with a gold-headed

cane. This act-applauded by Southerners and

-':'

condemned by Northerners-represents the breakdown of national political culture, Gradin says.

The caning of Sumner was the focus of Gradin's master's thesis. Under the direction

"Southern Chivalry-Argunent versus Club's," by l.L. Magee (1856), represents a Northern view of the caning of Senator Sumner. (Print Collection; The New York Public Library; Astor, Lenox, and Tilden Foundations.)

Sumner's speech and what followed reflected this breakdown: the symbols that had been shared became exclusive and realigned along sectional lines. The North and South came t0 see their economic practices and ideologies as antithetical, and each section considered the other to be defaming the prin-

ciples on which the nation was founded. In effect, Gradin notes, "The North and South were saying, 'We no longer share these symbols. They're mine because you have betrayed the moral principles on which they're found-

edl " While deciding what to do about the caning, Congress became involved in extended debates about the Revolution

with each side

rewriting the country's historical and moral development according to its own interpretation and symbols. This exclusiveness of previously shared symbols and the conflict over them between Northerners and Southerners, Gradin says, represents the Civil War on a cultural level: "For me, that cultural process was the Civil Warl' In addition to his research on the caning, Gradin has been working with two organizations based in Washington, D.C. One group assists community-controlled economic devel-

opment programs

low-income areas, and

the other assists rural communities through policy research and work with grassroots groups around the country. This involvement has allowed him to apply the theoretical framework of his research to problems in the contemporary world and has taught him the political importance of history. Because contradictions and distortions become incorporated into our view of history and the world and shape the way we understand a current situation, he explains, "[t's important for a political action group to understand the cultural and political history ol a situation. Otherwise, public policy is made without challenging assumptions that may be false or inappropriate, and you fight the wrong enemy for the wrong reasonl'

Irom Agriculture to Industry: Transformations in Public Education and the

Mill Village The South, in particular North Carolina, is the focus of a study by doctoral student James L. Leloudis, who is working with Dr. Jacquelyn D. Hall. " A More Certain Means

of Grace': The Political Economy of Public Education

Bob Korstad. a doctoral student in history, and lanes Lelctudis visit the textile mill in Bynun, N.C., where the project's pilot study was conducted. With Dr. Jacqueline Hall, Korstad and Leloudis have published an article introducing lhe project's line of argument rn American Historical Review.

in North Carolina, 1880-1930"

examines the transformation of Southern

society and the role of education in the building of a New South. Leloudis has selected North Carolina for his study because

was at the forefront of the development of

Southern public education. "The regional leadership came out of the University of North Carolinal' he explains, "and North Carolina became the model for other statesl' During the late nineteenth century the South was transformed from an agricultural to

an industrial society. As this shift occurred, facetoface communication was replaced by market relations, and local communities gave way t0 a larger society with a new set of rules. Faced with these changes, Leloudis says, "Southern educational reformers set out

to create a new social order through the agency of public education....The pubtic school was to provide the South's bridge into the modern world of industrial capitalisml' To determine how the intellectuals behind the movement achieved this end, Leloudis is investigating four areas: the shift in education away from the local community to a centralized, bureaucratic structure administered by the state; the feminization of teaching and how it furthered the process; the schools'

"hidden curriculuml' the social rules taught in the schools and what they had to do with making one's way in the new society; and the creation of a racial division of labor and how

was forwarded by the structure of public

education.

in the 0ral History Program. With Director Hall and several others in the Leloudis has also been active

department's Southern

program, he is writing a book that describes the transformation of the South through oral autobiographies. "Like a Fanily": An 0ral

History of the Textile South, 1880-1940 grew out of three hundred interviews with cotton, tobacco, textile, and furniture workers. "There aren't many written records from working people left behindl' Leloudis says, "But the move from farm to factory occurred so recently here-during living memory-that we

could go talk to the generation of men and women who experienced the South's transformation from agriculture to industryi' The authors decided to focus on the textile industry because it was pivotal in that transformation. The book, which will be published by UNC Press next year, examines rural culture, life in

the mill village, work relations on the shop floor, and the ongoing conflict between factory owners and workers up to the General Textile Strike of 1934. The traditional view of the mill village is that it served management interests and was a paternalistic, controlling force

in workers' lives, Leloudis

says. But

from the interviews he found that the workers

R.S

E.il.D.E.A.Y.O

were able to resist and to assert an independent identity and strength through community cooperation. "Both sides had to accept a measure of compromisel' he explains. "The owners' authority was tempered by a strong network of community relations, yet work remained more restrictive than on the farml' Leloudis notes that the book quotes a great deal of material from the oral histories to bring the transformation of the South t0 life

and to make the work accessible to a more general as well as an academic audience. "lt's important to make history available outside of the academyi' Leloudis explains. "That's a distinguishing element of the work I dol'

The Impact of the Cult of Domesticity on the fiction of Iwainl f,owellq and James

cal perspective on these writers. All three writers were born shortly after the sudden rise of the cult of domesticity and were reared in its tradition. As the country's economic base shifted out of the home and men went to work in the factories, women became the primary influence in the home. Family patriarchy gave way to matriarchy, marked especially by the strong bond between mother and son. 'As his mother's favorite child, each of the three developed a deep dependence on her, matched with a corre sponding need to escape her dominationl' Coward notes. This internal conflict is reflected in their writings, for while they described their own mothers as self-sacrificing and noble in autobiographical worla, the mother-son relationships in their fiction indi-

filial resentment. fuain and Howells never resolved this

cate

conflict, Coward adds, because they were

In the English Department, Nancy

Potts

Coward is studying three autobiographical novelists reared during that same period of American history that unraveled the cultural symbols unifying the North and South. Her focus, however, is on the cult of domesticity and its impact on mother-son relationships in

the fiction of Mark fuain, William Dean Howells, and Henry James. Literary criticism to date illuminates how post-Civil War loss of faith and industrialism affected their worls, but it has overlooked the importance of pre-

Civil War trends. Dr. Richard D. Rust is advising Coward in this effort to expand criti-

never able to integrate fully their mothers' positive and negative characteristics in a fictional character. James, however, succeeded. "He was able to absorb and work through the struggle in a more creative wayl' she adds. In

early novels, James assigned his mother's seltsacrificial traits to his fictional American mothers and her domineering traits to the English mothers. But in The Anbassadors he created Mrs. Newsome, who resembled his own mother very closely. "Through this novell' Coward says, "he seems t0 have come t0 terms with his ambivalence toward his mother in a way Mark fuain and Howells never succeeded

in doingi'

Emily Dickinson's Unorthodox Use of Rhyme: Defect, Quirk, or Innovation?

Nancy Coward lectures before students American literature class.

her

Judy Jo Small, a doctoral student in the English Department working under Dr. Everett Emerson, is examining Emily Dickinson's unorthodox use of rhyme to elucidate its structural and semantic value. "From the time of her earliest editors on, her rhymes frequently have been criticized as a mark of technical ineptitude or carelessnessi' Small says. "Uncertainty persists as to whether her rhymes constitute a serious defect, an eccentric quirk, or a major accomplishmentl' Through an examination of Dickinson's rhyme that relates it to the structure, sound, and meaning of her poems, Small hopes to clarify the issue and to increase critical understanding of the value of rhyme in other poetry.

Judy

Small

Far from inept or careless, Dickinson was very sensitive and deliberate in her rhymes, Small says. Her poetry speaks of rhyme in terms of sound and includes musical analogies such as references to rhyming in a key. From these comments Small concludes that Dickinson gave a great deal of attention to the auditory effects of her rhymes. Alsq a study of textual variants has revealed that she made extensive revisions, "searching for the exact wordl' but kept her original rhyme patterns, suggesting that they were t00 significant to alter.

In looking at the relationship between rhyme and meaning, Small has found that Dickinson's use of inexact rhyme does not fit the usual interpretation of such rhyme as a manifestation of defeat and despair. While Dickinson sometimes uses inexact rhyme to introduce a sour note, at other times it indicates lightheartedness or wit, and for this she has been criticized as inept. But Small says that in Dickinson's poetry inexact rhyme functions as an intensifier rather than an

indicator of mood. "The rhyme is a twist of language, but it's not intrinsically sadl' she notes. "lt can work with various kinds of emotion, depending on the context and structure of the poemi' This discovery, she adds, suggests that previous interpretations of the rhyme are "narrowl'

-Diantha J. Pinner

D.E

Y.O

R.S

Science and Medicine: Research Yields Important Clues

to Complex

Problems

spread. "These viruses cause disease in chickens and are found in the wildl' Bova says. By understanding the host

cell receptor

interactions, better ways of immunizing chickens against the virus may be discovered. RSV has been divided into five different

"E" subgroup virus, for example, will not cause disease in chickens, but as yet no method has been developed that can detect which of the subgroup viruses are the infecting agent within a chicken population. subgroups. The

o = E

o d

Carol Bova, Ph.D. student

in biochemistry, examines a

IINA Sequencing and llost Cell Receptor Interactions Carol Bova, a fourth-year doctoral student in biochemistry, is working to determine the regions involved

host cell receptor interac-

tions with the viral glycoprotein gp85 of the Rous Sarcoma virus (RSV) and the related Avian Leukosis virus (ALV) by using DNA sequencing techniques. She explains that the envelope gene of avian sarcoma and leukosis retroviruses is allelic (the enr locus of the virus genome encodes proteins displaying different phenotypes), which permits the virus to use different host cell receptors. A host cell receptor is the protein on the cell surface which allows the virus t0 enter the cell. Because this virus can use different host cell receptors, it is said to be polymorphic. The polymorphism of the virus has allowed the

DNA sequencing gel

classification of these viruses into different subgroups. DNA sequencing of different subgroup viruses has provided insiqht into how these polymorphisms are manifest at both the

DNA and predicted amino acid sequence levels of the protein. "ln order to understand further the role of

"We hope to make monoclonal antibodies raised against the virus which will only recognize one antigenic region of a protein. Then we will screen for antibodies which neutralize the virus (prevent infection) while being specific for a given subgroup virus. Once we determine the antigenic region of the protein with which the monoclonal antibody is interacting, we can make predictions as to which region of the protein gp85 inter. acts with the host cell receptorl' says Bova.

-Dr. Ronald I. Swanstrom, assistant professor ol biochenistry, is Bora's advisor.

Rous Sarcoma Virus and Cancer Research

viral sequences involved in determining this

Fourth-year Ph.D. student

host range phenomenon, we constructed molecular recombinants between subgroups A, B, and E viruses and showed that the host range determinant defining subgroup specificity was located within a specific region of the envelope gene that included most of the codon region (that region of the gene which is read to make a protein) for the envelope

Carol Shores, working in the lab of Dr.

gene product gp85l' says Bova. This gene product, gp85, is located on the outer surface

of the viral membrane, and is required for the virus to infect cells leading to virus

in biochemistry

Patricia Maness, assistant professor of biochemistry, is studying the functions of the protein pp60'-"'in order to find out how a

similar protein, pp60*"' causes cancer. Shores explains that chickens infected with Rous Sarcoma virus rapidly develop multiple sarcomas. The viral v-src gene encodes for a single protein, pp60*"', which is responsible for the cancer-causing effects. All animals express a similar protein, pp60'", which is structurally and enzymatically related to

has worked extensively with this tissue. The

electric organ is an abundant homogenous tissue that lends itself well to protein purification. "We have characterized pp60'*" in the electric organ by biochemical fractionation and catalytic activity, and plan to purify from this tissuel' she says. The purified protein will then be used to raise antibodies to pp60''"' that may inhibit its enzymatic activity. These antibodies could then be microinjected into various cell systems t0 study how the inhibition of pp60'"' modifies cellular activity.

Measuring Hope in Bone Marrow Transplant Patients While a great deal of medical literature notes that the loss of hope in oncology patients bears a significant relationship to their potential for recovery, very little research has been

lhe elettric orqitn o[ the electric eel is

Becituse

tleriv'ed

lron

nru.scie ceils

nuscles. Carol Shores will take the of thi&en enbr.tos. whit:h w'ill live

severa! ntonths in incubation. and condutt expcrintent.','n tho.;r, rll<. .:ettittl Ltp att analogous ce// .s.rs/em to that of e]eclric eels.

"'. Both proteins act enzymatically to phosphorylate substrate proteins on tryosine residues, Shores explains. The protein pp60"",

convictionsl' Evans and Stoehr have been collecting data

at Duke since October, interviewing ten to fifteen patients at four different strategic points during the bone marrow treatment. Duke clinrcian Tlish Way has been instrumental in coordinating patient appointments and notifying Evans and Stoehr of appointment times. The first interview occurs when a patient comes in for the bone marrow harvest (when some of the marrow is removed from the iliac crests and stored for a period 0f time). Next, when the patient is admitted to the bone marrow transplant unit for intensive chemotherapy and reinfusion of the marrow, there is an interview; and another takes place within three days of reinfusion. The final interview is conducted three weeks later. "Based on the

literature reviews, we chose these times

conducted on this important factor in cancer patient care. UNC-CH School of Nursing graduate students Nancy Evans and Mary Lee Stoehr are conducting a study to examine hope in patients undergoing bone marrow

because we saw that they were the most slressful and that at these points, patients

transplants at the Duke University Medical

there are good tools available for measuring hopelessness in patients, there were no scales available for measuring hope. Used in conjunction with the measure for hopelessness, the survey used by Evans and Stoehr for

Center's bone marrow transplant unit. "Hopel'(defined by psychologist Ezra Stol land as "a positive expectation towards future

pp60u

and is composed of many different components such as family support and religious

outcomes"), says Stoehr, research because

it is an

"is very difficult

abstract concept,

were most vulnerable to changes

hope]'

says Stoehr.

Both Evans and Stoehr note that while

measuring hope yields sound data.

however, presents problems for

study by itself because of the huge amount of it in each cell. "lt is a sloppy enzymel' says Shores.

"lt will

phosphorylate many proteins

that apparently are unrelated to cancerous growth. We think pp60"" is tightly regulated, and only phosphorylates proteins that regulate cell growth and differentiationl' she adds.

Sliqht mutation of the normally expressed pp60'-"' in vitro has been shown to lead to cancerous cellular transformation, and this has been theorized t0 occur

vivo. "Y'le

want to study pp60"", because we believe that once we understand its function, it will become obvious how the mutated form,

pp60"",

causes cancer]' says Shores. Currently, Shores is screening mice tumor cell lines and looking at the specific activity of pp60"" in them. "We will stimulate the

cells with various signals, and look for

I c o

change in pp60'-"'activityl' she says. Shores hopes these experiments will provide information about what turns pp60"" on. Because pp60"" is expressed at high levels in the electric organ of electric eels, Shores

Nursing students Mary Lee Stoehr and Nancy Evans

in the skills lab of the School of Nursing.

At each of the four interviews, the patient responds to a questionnaire that uses qualitative and quantitative measures of answers to general questions on hope. A human-

DNA Damage and Repair The study of DNA damage is especially pertinent t0 cancer research since such

is important in the patient's life and the level of personal support he or she receives. Finally, a truerelatedness study assesses who

damage has been implicated in cancer, as well as possibly being involved in the biologi-

cal processes of aging. Working in the laboratory of Dr. Jack Griffith, associate professor of microbiology, Lorelei Harris is studying a gene known as the Ultra-Violet Sensitive Gene X (uvsX). Researchers have found that viruses which have the uvsX gene can and will repair

false questionnaire of twenty positive and negative statements measures attitudes about hope.

"We want to discover better ways to help people undergo this stressful process by examining the factors related to changes in hope over a period of timel' says Stoehr. Both women agree that an increase in hope does not necessarily mean the patient will live longer, but it does improve the overall quality of life for the patient and may improve the

damaged DNA.

rec0very process. Evans and Stoehr note that most of their patients have "very high hopel' and that surprisingly, hope stays high even when the patient's physical recovery slows down or even

deteriorates. "lt seems as though hope may have more to do with personality than with the passage of timei' says Stoehr. Evans adds, "We don't think hope is an isolated entity in a given individual, but rather that it is part of an interactive process. Understanding this will give nurses greater potential for encouraging

that processi'

-Chairperson of Stoehr and Evans' thesis committee is Dr. Barbara Germino. associate professor of nuning.

Epstein-Ban Virus and Cell Transformation Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been linked to nasopharyngeal carcinoma and Burktt's lymphoma, and is the cause of infectious mononucleosis. The virus has the ability to translorm lymphocytes, but exactly how it transforms cells is unknown. Working in the lab of Dr. Nancy Raab-Tlaub of the Lineberger Cancer Research Center,

who aided in the cloning of the EBV genome, doctoral student in microbiology and immunology Christine Klein is carrying out an analysis of EBV at the molecular level. Specifically, Klein is studying the ability of EBV to cause cells to grow eternally. Klein hopes to identify which fragments of the virus function to transform the cells. She notes that this work represents only one of many approaches to studying the functions of

Christine Klein (seated) and Lorelei Harris

is not now available a great deal of information on the function of viral genes in the life cycle of EBV For the most part, Klein explains, the virus exists in a latent state, and unlike other genes, and that there

viruses, only expresses a fraction of its genes in remaining latent. "This is how a large percentage of the population carries EBV genetic information, but never experiences disease manifestations of the virusl' she says,

pointing out that in latency EBV is analogous to Herpes Simplex virus, and in fact, belongs to the Herpes virus family. The goal of Klein's study include using the whole EBV genome or using discrete cloned fragments (in combination or separately) to transform human umbilical cord lymphocytes.

to EBV and are therefore ideal as targets for transformation These cells are unexposed

into immortal cell lines. Using microinlection techniques as a means of delivering DNA to the target lymphocyte cells, Klein has obtained a permanent cell line by transferring the whole EBV genome. "We are now asking what parts of the virus have been retained by these cells because

that would perhaps tell us which sequences are important to the transformation eventl' she says. The greater part of Klein's time has been spent analyzing this cell line, but, she says, "we are continuing to work on establishing a permanent cell line from the cloned subfragments

of EBV"

The uvsX protein has been shown to be very similar to the better understood RecA protein present in E. coli bacteria. DNA repair involves recombination, a process whereby two homologous strands exchange their DNA. Harris notes that Dr. Griffith was the first to discover that uvsX would bind to DNA in the same way that RecA does, and that both use recombination to repair DNA. "We hope that because their systems are so similar, we will find more and more similarities in higher systemsi' Harris says. Just how uvsX can tell when the two DNA strands are similar, how it brings two homologous DNAs together, and how it operates to get the two DNAs to exchange strands are questions which Harris hopes to answer. To do this, she combines the tools of traditional biochemrstry with electron microscopy. "l can bring together two different DNA strands, which I have constructed through genetic engineering so that they have regions

of homologyl' she says. If uvsX causes strand exchange, the two molecules together will

appear larger than either one would alone 0n an electrophoretic gel. "But we take it one step furtherl' she says. "We look at it under the electron microscope and can actually see the two DNAs coming together, exchanging genetic material, and then separatingi'

DNA damage is a widely recognized method of treating cancer, yet cancer cells are capable of repairing most of the damage themselves. "lf we knew enough about repair mechanisms, we could perhaps keep the malignant cells from healing the DNA that is damaged during cancer therapy. We need to

understand the repair systems before we can block theml' says Harris.

Reconstructing fossils Master's student Tom Rossbach, pictured on

the back cover, is working on the problem of reconstructing the molluscan faunal popula-

E.il

E.A.Y

crust-that is, the source for the

volcanism.

The oceanic crust could be melting, 0r it could be part of the mantle, or bothl' he says.

Having traveled to Puerto Rico, Weiland has been able to bring back good samples of the different stratigraphic units. "Because of intense tropical weathering, I do a lot of sledgehammer work in the fieldl' he says. Making thin sections from the rock samples, Weiland examines mineralogy to ascertain temperatures and pressures at which the rocks formed, and analyzes the rocks for ma.jor and trace elements. He will compare them with possible parent rock compositions

and attempt to fit them into the overall scheme of prevailing tectonic theories to understand better their origin and evolution.

o -Weiland's advisor is Dr. John l.W. Rogers, Kenan professor of geology. o o d

Electron micrograph of uvsX protein binding to a knotted DNA. Note area of strand where protein has not yet covered the DNA.

tion of the basal River Bend Formation from North Carolina. Located in a quarry near New Bern, the unique outcrop Rossbach is studying once contained fossils which have dissolved away, leaving only hollow spaces. Reconstruction of the mollusks, along with identification of undissolved coral, bryozoa, and chondrichthian teeth fossils found in the rocks, will help to determine possible age of

the rock unit, as will the faunal list Rossbach is making. He is also constructing lineage charts for the mollusks showing evolutionary trends in the upper Tertiary with attention given to biogeography and extinctions of species. Rossbach notes that the unit may be a unique age for the Eastern Seaboard area. "Even if the age does not prove to be unique, the habitat in its diversity exhibits a unique spatial settingl' he says. In order t0 reconstruct the molluscan fossils, Rossbach pours latex rubber into the hollow rock spaces, allows it to dry, and then pulls the cast from the rock. He has made at least 1,000 of these "pullsl' or casts, of the areas fossils. "We have found the fauna of this area to be much more diverse than we

first thoughtl'says Rossbach. He notes that one great advantage of this technique is that the original rock specimen is left intact for further study by others. is Dr. loseph G. Carter, -Rossbachb advisor associate prolessor of geology.

in upper right

corner

The Origin and Evolution of Central American Volcanic Rocks Tom Weiland is involved

studying

Marine Cycles in the Appalachian Region Finishing his master's degree in geology, Jack Beuthin is investigating the sedimentology and stratigraphy of the lower Pocono (Devonian-Mississippian age) sandstone of western Maryland and the surrounding vicinity, a project which he will expand into a doctoral dissertation. Evidence suggests that

subduction-related volcanic rocks from Central America and the Caribbean. When one of the earth's plates rubs against another, or slides under another, violent activity occurs. In the case of specifically volcanic activity, one plate slides under another, and the result of the destruction of the underneath plate is volcanic

activity in the upper plate. Most of the Caribbean islands have resulted from volcanoes, Weiland says.

Chemical analysis and microscopic study of the Aguacate volcanics, a widespread group of Miocene to Pliocene volcanics

in western

and

central Costa Rica, formed the basis of Weiland's master's thesis. "We were able to theorize that this was a typical subductionrelated episode, just like that which is occurring in the Caribbean nowl' he says. The data on the Costa Rican volcanics was further used

to determine the origin and significance of this group of rocks in the overall geologic evolution of Central America. Weiland is currently involved in a study of Cretaceous (75-135 million years old) volcanic rocks in Puerto Rico. "By studying the mineralogy and chemistry, we hope to be able to tell what is meltinq down under the

c o

:r=

u o o d

Students

Ton Weiland (sitting) and Jack Beuthin

E.II

.D.E.A.Y.O

these shoreline shifts were due to eustatic changes, or global fluctuations, in sea level.

By studying the ways in which the shoreline shifted geographically during deposition of the lower Pocono strata, Beuthin hopes to establish the occurrence of these eustatic changes. The shoreline of the late Devonian sea was located in the area Beuthin is studying about 360 million years ago. As the shoreline moved back and forth across the area, it left behind a sequence of deposits that alternate between marine and nonmarine. Beuthin is examining how these deposits accumulated, and is developing a paleographic history for the sequence of strata. He will then tie it into a more regional and global geologic history. To verify the possibitity of eustatic changes,

Beuthin is examining outcrops of the strata, making measurements of thickness, and recording the sequence of rock types. He says, "Specific sedimentary structures are probably the best indicators of environments-whether sediment is being deposited along a barrier, in a lagoon, or in the open seai' Beuthin also studies subsurface data found

in the logs of oil and gas wells. He

explains

that whenever a company digs a well, they examine and describe the drill core. "l hope

to develop a threedimensional geometry of this sequence of rocksl' he says. "The use of eustatic sea curves can be a powerful correlative tool in the exploration of petroleum

Abiihit Kshircagar works with the conplex "Superstring" theory in physics.

resourcesi' he adds. Beuthin and advisor Dr. John Dennison, professor of geology, have coauthored a paper which they will deliver this spring in Germany on the issue of latest Devonianearliest Mississippian eustatic sea level rises

in the central and southern

Appalachians.

Bringing Superstring Theory into the Real World The field of theoretical elementary particle physics is one of rapid change, according to fourth-year doctoral student Abhijit Kshirsagar. He says that until the last decade or sg physici$s thought they had fairly sound ideas,

but new discoveries have led to the realization that the existing theories in particle physics are no longer complete. The focus in particle physics is to unify both the fundamental interactions that describe elementary particles and gravity interactions. IGhirsagar is working on the latest and most promising development, known as "superstring" theories, which

presume that fundamental ingredients are one-dimensional strings of finite extension, rather than the familiar point-field theories, where the fundamental objects are dimensionless and pointlike.

"We have tried to look at which 'subgrouy' of E, may describe the physics at low energies, in particular SU, x SU, x U,, which is

Kshirsagar explains that he is looking at the phenomenological implications of superstring theory and is trying to bring the theory into contact with the real world; a physicist must relate theoretical predictions to what is observable in the laboratory accelerator/ collider machines, Superstring theory, as it now stands, describes physics at such high energies that it is simply beyond the reach of any conceivable experiment using the technol-

electro-weak interactions]' says Kshirsagai.

ogy presently available. Kshirsagar is trying to discover the significance of this theory for observable energies, and to look for possible implications other than the ones conventional theories yield. Studyine "gauge theoriesl' which are based 0n a "gauge group" describing the symmetries

of the theory, Kshirsagar is looking at a particular one, namely with the group E, (the "exceptional" group of rank 8), which superstring theory suggests is phenomenologically more favorable for describing the "real worldl'

believed

to describe correctly symmetries of

the low-energy physics in terms of unified He notes that there are other possibilities,

for example SU, x SU, x U, x U,, which would mean that there may exist one more observable particle, an extra "gauge boson" at laboratory energies. The problem is to discover which is more likely and economical in terms of the number of parameters. "l am using a beautiful branch of mathematics in this study, the theory of Calabi-Yau Manifoldsl' he says. "Going from E, to the low-energy groups is also called 'symmetry breaking' because E, is supposed to describe larger symmetry than the subgroups. We are asking what the symmetry-breaking patterns

arel' he continues.

lf the superstring theories are true, the triumph witt lie in the fact that they offer a finite theory of quantum gravity unified with other forces in nature, such as strong, weak, and electromagnetic interactions-the dream of Einstein. "People are tremendously

excited

llr

E.A

programming language. Currently the translator supports extra features, and graduate student Mike Shapiro is completing a second language. Shannon says, "We hope the

will generate smart software and will optimize itself. By making the translator translator

generate a more efficient code, the programs which use this code become more eflicientl' Jerry Kickenson has been writing a debugging aid, called "lDL Assertion Checkerl' He explains, "Normally, when you write a program, you need t0 test it by generating test cases and then running them through to see what comes out. You need to make sure if your output is what you think it should bel' The process of testing is error prone because of the arbitrary nature of choosing test cases, as well as the tedium involved in manually checking input and output. The Assertion Language is a subJanguage of the IDL system which lets the system designer assert what he or she wants to be true about the program's structures-both before input and after output. For example, a billing sy$em might ideally include a list of customers and transactions from which bills would be generated. The designer would then

make assertions about these structures with Karen Shannon and Jerry Kickenson

in the Department of Conputer

Jcrence.s Slftlab, which

will enable

students t0 desiqn and inplement software systems and neasure their effectiveness.

about working 0n these issues and theoriesl' says Kshirsagar. -Kshirsagar's advisor Franpton.

for

this project is Dr. Paul

errors can easily creep into the interface between the parts, especially if different teams are writing different parts. ln order to describe the interface between the parts of a large program, a common Ianguage through which the various parts can

Smart Software Means Less Programming Error

communicate becomes necessary. lnterface Description Language (lDL) has been designed to meet this need. Kickenson and Shannon explain that the

For qraduate students Jerry Kickenson and furen Shannon, the huge tangle of programmer errors in software represents a challenge being met through their work and the work of many other students and faculty in the

information in an interface language is at a higher level than conventional programming languages, and is therefore easier for humans t0 write and understand. This interface Ianguage can then be translated automatically

Department of Computer Science. Kickenson, a master's student, explains that large

into a more conventional programming

programmed systems are invariably full of error, and correcting these systems is such a large task that the problem has been labeled a "software crisisl' Kickenson says, "Most programmers spend about one-half of their

To accomplish this translation, doctoral student Karen Shannon (along with Dr. Richard Snodgrass and former student Tim Maroney) has written a translator which automates the translation of IDL interfaces for software systems. 0nce a description is

time fixing errorsi' The solution to writing a large program to break it into smaller, more manageable parts, t0 solve each separately, and to put

them together again, says Kickenson. However,

language.

the assertion language. The checker will automatically check the input and output of a test run, telling the designer whether any of the assertions he or she made are false. Assertions also let a programmer state what he or she wants t0 be true at a higher level than conventional programming languages permit. A programmer can be more precise about what he or she wants t0 happen, thus making it possible to write more thorough and relevant test cases, and in general to understand better the problem the program is meant to solve. "The assertions essentially make testing easier and more accuratel' Kickenson says. Kickenson and Shannon note that a goal in

will

computer science is to provide methods to build efficient and reliable software, a very

difficult task. Kickenson says, "lDL represents a partial solution to the problem. Our work belongs to a larger area in computer science which attempts to make writing programs easier and less error pronei'

-Dr.

Richard T. Snodgrass, assistant professor of

computu science, advises both Kickenson and Shannon.

written in IDL, the translator will map it into a particular "target" Ianguage. The first version of the translator was completed

in July

1985, supporting one

-Ann

F. Stanford

E.III

Social Sciencest The Complexity of Human Behavior

A Cross-Cultural Perspective on Pentecostalism: America

church in America than the black, even though much of the Tobago population is descended from former black slaves and the Caribbean culture is typically syncretic. The preaching style lacks the distinctive rhythm and repetition that one immediately recognizes in Southern black preaching. "The

and Tobago In the area of cultural anthropologf Chris Walker has been studying black Pentecostal churches. For his master's project he focused

Tobagonian black preachers aspire

on fundamentalist healing as a ritual in the black Pentecostal church service in central North Carolina. This study, however, raised questions about the impact of cultural context and led him to continue his inquiry from a cross-cultural perspective for his dissertation. "Blacks here could be viewed as a minority subculturel' he explains. "So I went to a

Walker says. 0ther differences surface in the style of music and the absence of spontaneous antiphonal response from the congrega-

= .T (,

black congregation in a black majority populationi' Walker looked to the Caribbean for a site because it has a fast-growing, strong Pentecostal population. He selected the island of

o g o o

Tobago because many other islands have been

studied in depth, he says, and the unique cultural identity of Tobago has rarely been

Chris Walker and children on

Tobago.

addressed. "Tobago has been treated as an *Anthropologlr

studies at UNC-CH are divided into

three nain specialties: cultural anthropology, physical anthropology, and archaeology. The subject of all thrce is humanity and society, but each takes a differcnt approach and uses different tools. While cultunl anthropologists tend to work wilh information gained fron living people, archaeologists specialize in infening past behavior fron naterial remains. And beause nost North Anerican archaeology is prchistoric, those renains do not include tuts, which help desuibe and arplain a civilization. Physical anthropologisrc study fossilized and recent human rcmains as well as living prinates to answil questions about topia such as aolution, population daclopment, and genetics.

to a style

that one finds commonly among white fundamentalist congregations in the United Statesi'

appendage of Trinidadl' he adds.

With funding from the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research and an R.J. Reynolds Dissertation Fellowship for OffCampus Research, Walker spent almost a year on Tobago studying the Pentecostal network. He attended church, recorded and participated

in the

with members. is a strong element of

services, and talked

Because proselytizing

Pentecostal practice, Walker experienced a great deal df conversion pressure. "l had to emphasize that I was a participant in form

but not in spiritl' he says. The Pentecostal church on Tobago, Waiker found, is more like the white Pentecostal

tion. Walker notes, "The whole service has an appearance that might be evident in a black Southern church, but would more likely be found in white churchesl' The similarity between the black Tobagonian and white American churches probably is related to the arrival of the first Pentecostal church on Tobago in 1959. In America, black and white Pentecostal traditions developed side by side. But on Tobago, Pentecostalism was introduced by Canadian missionaries as an established religion. Also, Pentecostalism has been embraced as an antidote for the ills of modern times, imported from the Western world after a boom in the island's oil-based economy. "[t may well be a question of accepting an imported cure for an imported diseasel' Walker says. For Tobagonians, Pentecostalism cures one not only of physical ills but also of "a way of life that removes him from access to the healing power of faithl' Walker adds. "The Pentecostal church provides a way to be in the world but not of itl'

-Dr

og,

James L. Peacock

lll,

professor of anthropol-

has directed Walker's study

of Pentecostalisn.

E.III

lndian

sites at junctures

R.s

of rivers and trails.

One Piece of the Puzzle: The Effect of European Contact

on North Carolina Indian Settlement Patterns The work of Daniel L. Simpkins, directed by Dr. Roy S. Dickens, Jr., is part of a large, collaborative project that is being conducted by the Anthropology Department and is now in its third year. "Archaeology often works better that wa/' Simpkins sap. "When you can pool people with different expertise and knowledge and focus on one site, you can really accomplish a lot morel' The aim of the Siouan Project is to determine what happened to the lndians of the North Caro lina Piedmont when the Europeans arrived, and researchers are investigating different kinds of patterns created by the impact, which amounted to cultural extinction for the Indians.

To aid this effort, Simpkins is examining settlement patterns, the distribution of sites

over the landscape, between 1400 and 1730. "We often separate out the Europeans, but they didn't just come into a vacuuml' he says. "There was interaction between and within the two groups that determined settlement patterns. I'm looking at what that interaction was and how it affected patternsi' The main questions Simpkins is asking are how patterns of European settlements fit with those of the Indians, whether lndian ethnic groups consol-

the Europeans that it was a good site. "Layers are importantl' he says. "Settlements were often placed over others, and the layers tell us something about the interactionl' Simpkins has been employed by the Research Laboratories

of Anthropology

(RLA),

which is affiliated with the department, and has been conducting related work since 1979. His research will require one more year of fieldwork, which involves excavation and

idated into multi-ethnic communities, and whether ethnic collapse occurred mostly between the closest groups. 'As the population decreasedl' he says, "it looks as though

analysis of "pitsl' sealed packages of trash that give information about the time period and settlement. Pieces of ceramics, called pot

villages may have become multiethnic and located near old villagesi' Simpkins adds that he suspects there was more interaction between the Europeans and Indians than history records. "Hillsborough,

because the medium has more stylistic differ-

for example, didn't emerge there for no reasoni' he notes. lt was located on an Indian trade trail, which was used by the Europeans who settled around it. Alsq Indians had

twelve counties, which amounts to hundreds of sites and at least ten thousand sherds. In addition to analyzing sites that are under current excavation, he has been looking for new sites and evaluating old sites through

previously settled

in the area, indicating

sherds, are the best indicators, he says, ences than other remains and thus yields

more specific data. To get comparative data, Simpkins is looking at all sites with ceramics from about

E.A

An additional finding is that interred goods seem t0 be more utilitarian than ornamental. Shell-beaded garments of the pre-contact period are replaced by European-beaded garments, which are then replaced by utilitarian

*tXu*-.=i"&,:

goods.

"ln

other wordsl' Wilson explains,

"ornaments are no longer preferredi' Wilson is drawing data from four sites. fuo of the sites, one before and one after contact, are in the Hillsborough area. "This is a

unique opportunity because the sites are

within two hundred yards of each other, maklng them especially good for comparisonl'

a/ L

.-f

t_; Daniel Simpkins

- Xtqi$ry e.Ycavates

a pit al 0R233,

t.-

late-Prehistoric sile just outside of Hiltsborough, N

records in the RLA. The work has been partially financed by survey and planning grant funds from the N.C. Division of Archives and History.

Simpkins' research is that there was greater ethnic diversity in the populations after European contact. Different Indian groups were settling together in single communities. This same data, however, complicates interpretation

Skeletal Remains Yield

Additional Information Homes Wilson, a physical anthropologist also working on the Siouan project under Dr. Dickens, is studying Indian cemetery populations and comparing sites to determine the

of the chemical analysis of trace elements in the remains. "We can't determine whether the greater diversity of trace elements is associated with a change in diet or with people

coming in from different environments, where they had a different dietl' she says.

Wilson notes. Because these sites are relatively small population samples, she is also looking at two larger sites, using RLA data on lll burials from a North Carolina post-contact site and Smithsonian Institution data from a pre-contact site in the Virginia Piedmont. Even though the sites are distant, she says they are "culturally very similari' The main problem with her work, Wilson says, is preservation of the site and contents of graves. Some of the burials at one site have been disturbed, impairing or destroying their information value. The presentation of skeletal remains at times is very poor because of factors such as the acidic soils of the Piedmont area. "This limits our use of techniques and our ability to establish age and sexl' she explains. Interred goods made of leather and cloth, which are important for understanding the burial and site, also do not preserve well.

effects of European contact. She is determining changes in five areas: mortality; types of pathologies in skeletal remains, such as those related to traumatic in1uries, diet, and disease;

the ethnic composition of the community; trace elements present in individuals; and social status, based on types of goods interred in the graves. Grants from Sigma Xi and the Robert Bellamy Foundation are iunding archival research in Washington, D.C., and the trace element analysis, which is very expensive.

Preliminary results indicate that males were dying at a younger age and that there was a lower life expectancy at birth in general. Wilson is also finding an increase in traumatic pathologies, such as bone breaks caused by violent wounds, indicating increased conflict. She adds that there were probably a number of new diseases introduced by the Europeans, "but, unfortunately, there are very few diseases that we can identify on skeletal remainsl'

A finding corroborating information from

c D

Ed Hanlin, a graduate student in psychology, and Homes Wilson identify the different bones in the Research Laboratories of Anthropology's osteology lab.

the skult

Y.O

a laboratory in human osteology. In the lab, four to eight students work closely with Wilson and Dr. George R. Holcomb, chairman and professor of anthropology, to

niques they used are now recognized as weak, and more accurate tools are available. "The microscope they were using was not powerful enough for what they were doingl' Ghorpade explains. "l'm using a stronger statistical

analyze previously excavated archaeological skeletal remains. "The students actually reconstruct and analyze the human remains for age, sex, stature, cranial metrics, and pathologiesl' Wilson says. This work gives

microscopel' Ghorpade adds that the dominant model of development used in such studies, developed in the 1960s, is based on a Western historical context and is inappropriate for the less

students valuable hands-on experience while helping the Research Laboratories of Anthro pology gather data.

developed countries. He hopes his study, which was funded by a Pogue Fellowship for Dissertation Research, will be a starting point for the development of a new, better model.

In addition to her own

research, Wilson

teaches

The Impact of Electronic Media on Economic Growth and Social Change in IDeveloping Gountries When one thinks of journalism, one usually thinks of the news-the morning paper or six o'clock news, investigative reporting, feature stories, and so on. But some students in the School of Journalism are involved in an area of studies that leans closer to social science. Shailendra Ghorpade, a doctoral student in

Ghorpade examined 104 countries, grouping

them by their level of media penetration based on access to a medium. He concentrated on the electronic media: radio, television, and telephone. He eliminated newspapers because the medium is dependent on literacy. "Newspapers are not a true mass medium in most developing societies, where illiteracy is highl' he says. He included the telephone, previously overlooked by researchers with a broadcast bias, because its interactive capability makes it "as important a medium for information as radio and

in the School of lournalisn's in Journalisn and Mass

Shailendra Ghorpade, Center for Research Communication.

televisionl' phone access, the higher the positive effectl'

Using data provided by AT&T, the World Bank in Washington, D.C., and the British

he explains. Radio had no impact on overall

mass communication working with Dr. Robert L. Stevenson, has been investigating what role the media of radio, television, and telephone play in developing countries: do the media

Ghorpade divided the societies into three cateqories. Societies were "information effici-

growth only

influence social change or economic growth? "lf media do have a positive effect on

ent" where each household had immediate access t0 all three media and "information

Ghorpade then conducted a second study that examined the effect of each medium on

economic and social change, then if we see an increase in media penetration, we should also see an increase in economic growth and

deficient" where four 0r more households had to share one device of each medium. Socie-

various economic sectors: agriculture and

better quality of

livinsl' he

says.

Broadcasting Corporation

GNP, and television influenced economic

London,

ties between these standards were termed "thresholdl' Minimum penetration levels were

This information is valuable to planners in developing countries, who have scarce resources and have to decide how best to

based on UNESCO recommendations. To see how media penetration affected economic growth and social change, Ghorpade

allocate them. Ghorpade's study found that the electronic media, especially telecommunications, do have a positive effect on socio-

examined development in the countries over twenty years. For an index of economic growth, he looked at a country's gross national product. He created his own social

economic change, and therefore deserve a portion of those resources. "lt gives planners new information on which they can base their decision on how to allocate resourcesi'

welfare index by combining indices of literacy,

Ghorpade notes.

infant mortality, nutrition levels, and consumption of energy. These social indices were chosen on the basis of what a person

The impact of media on social change and economic growth has been examined since the 1950s, Ghorpade says, but past studies have been limited in scope and technique. Many have looked only at industrial societies.

needs for a minimum quality of [ife, not on person's wants. Ghorpade found that an increase in media penetration led to increases in both social and economic growth, which in turn led to

Those that have looked at developing countries have included only a few, have followed

further economic growth. Considering each medium separately, he also found that telephones had a positive effect on social and

them for o.nly a short time span, and have focused on either economic or social change rather than on both. Also, the statistical tech-

economic growth, even in countries with low levels of penetration. "The higher the tele-

in the information efficient

societies.

mining, manufacturing and construction, and services. Data on the contribution of individual sectors were available for only 74 of the 104 countries. "ln general, the poorer, less developed societies have less data, and they

dropped out of the studyl' he says. Here he found that television had no effect whatsoever, telephone had a positive effect on the service

and the manufacturing and construction sectors, and radio had a positive effect on only the agriculture and mining sector. These findings came as no surprise. "lf you were a stock broker, would you tune in to the radio for information on stocks?" he asks. "[ don't think so. You'd use the telephonei' Agriculture can benefit from one-way communication, he adds, while industry, which has specialization of labor that needs coordination, requires two-way communication. Ghorpade's study does not examine the internal efficiency of the media within a given country. It also does not address the overall efficiency of the media as an institution. "For that you would need a cost/benefit analysis of

EII

l{0fl t*!ttl;4li{iit:rxfi*

This nap shows the distribution of societies at different levels of information efficiency.

institutions; for example, education versus telecommunicationsl' Ghorpade says. Nevertheless, he hopes it will provide a more valid model that produces sounder evidence.

.r..

Applying the Law to Mass Communication Issues Doctoral student Robert F. Copple, who also holds a degree in law and is a member of the Nebraska State Bar Association, concentrates on legal issues pertaining to the media

and mass communication. After hotding clerkships at the state supreme court and federal levels, he is pursuing a doctorate to add breadth to his legal training. "Law doesn't exist in a vacuuml' Copple says. "We don't make laws for the iun of it, as a parlor

e o o E a

game. Law is a response to a perceived need

societyi'

Robert Copple

E.II

.D.E.A.V

American frontier and the rise of privacy law The problem with early election projections

Copple says. This trend has led states to look for alternatives, and they have found one in

is that they influence voting. When election

their own constitutions.

polls close on the East Coast and the media begin to broadcast results, voters on the West Coast can be influenced by how Easterners have voted or can be discouraged from voting at all. "Congress has been screaming about this for yearsl' Copple says. Their concern centers 0n the effect ol projections on local rather than presidential races. The percentage of voters affected is relatively small on a national level, but on a local level it can have a dramatic impact on the election and even determine the outcome. Also, it is important that people feel they are participating in the election process, and Congress fears that voters will feel disenlranchised,

The U.S. Constitution sets minimum standards and allows states to provide greater freedoms. About a third have expanded First Amendment rights in two main areas. The public and press have been granted greater

Copple adds. Early projections can be limited by two means: content regulation or access regula-

access

t0 pretrial proceedings, which

have

in the past to restrict prejudicial information that may not be allowed in the

been closed

trial. Also, states are extending the right of public expression from publicly owned property t0 areas such as shopping centers, which are privately owned but serve a public function. Copple comments, "The main advantage of the 'New Federalism' is that states can fine{une the Constitution to their own needs and structurel'

tion. Copple has examined the constitutionality of both methods. He has also examined current legislative proposals, which are designed to deprive networks of accurate information so they cannot make pro,iections. The networks base their projections on early returns and on exit polling, asking voters how they voted as they leave the polls. One legis-

lative limit that has been considered forbids exit polling within a certain distance of the voting booths. This restriction makes it impossible to poll a random, representative sample, thus destroying the accuracy ol the information.

Federal Communications Commission is

The networks have proposed some selfregulation, but none that would be effective, Copple adds. While they have agreed not to report 0n a state until after its polls have closed, they will not forego national projections. "That doesn't help the California situa-

showing a trend toward deregulation of tele-

tionl' Copple notes. The networks

communications, which is opening regulatory gaps that could be filled by state law, he says. In response to this arising need, Copple plans to examine state regulation to date, to chart

that they are willing to give up the

Copple is lust beginning a dissertation on state regulation of cable television, under the direction of Dr. William F. Chamberlin. The

the boundaries within which state legislators can begin to regulate telecommunications, and to provide policy guidelines.

A diverse and prolific writer, Copple

has

recently completed an article on legal regulation of early election projections by the media, which

will be published by the

)regon Law Review, and another on the development of state constitutional provisions to protect the right of expression. He is also working on articles on the educalional role of judges as communicators of the law and on the relationship between the closing of the

projections only

a o o

have said

Congress regulates them

through uniform restrictions, such as a uniform closing time. "This is an issue that never should have been a legal issuel' Copple says. "The networks should have given up projections themselvesl' Copple's other completed article, which is being reviewed for publication, examines how state courts are expanding freedom of expression through their state constitutions. During

the 1960s, under Chief Justice Earl Warren, the U.S. Supreme Court developed the Bill of Rights through broad interpretation. The Burger Court, however, has been more static in its interpretation and "has not as aggressively expanded constitutional freedomsl'

Liston Smith

Iioward a New Means of Evaluating Social Service Supervisors 'Assessing Supervisory Effectivenessl' a study conducted by Liston Bartell Smith in the UNC-CH School of Social Work, has surveyed

public welfare agency supervisors in North Carolina regarding what tasks, behaviors, and competencies they consider important to effective supervision. The purpose of the survey was to help create guidelines for setting standards of performance. Although

criteria for evaluating social workers exist, there are none for evaluating their supervisors. AIso, the philosophy behind the survey represents a shift away from evaluating supervisors on the basis of results to focusing on what allows them to achieve results. "lf you know what supervisors need to know and do, you can train them to be more effectivel' Smith explains. The study is a joint project of the School of Social Work and the Durham County Department ol Social Services. With conceptual direction from Dr. Phitip W Cooke, professor of social work, Smith designed and administered the survey. Dana N. Courtney, training director for the Durham County Department of Social Services, provided office space and resources. "She also gave us a good perspective from the field, versus an academic perspectivel' Smith says. Kenneth W. for the School of Social Work, is now helping Smith analyze the data. Smith contacted 22 counties, representing a Yow, systems analyst

cross-section

of regions and county sizes. of supervisors

Because no demographic profile

statewide exists, Smith notes, the researchers could not select a representative sample based on other factors such as sex, race, and age. Nineteen counties agreed to participate, and 81 percent of the supervisors surveyed

Cec.y Ussler

and Stella

Waugh examine contingency tables, which compare variables.

responded.

In analyzing the data, Smith is comparing supervisors working in different regions, in counties having different levels of population, and with different types of programs: welfare, services, and child support. Preliminary findings, based on the entire sample, are begin-

ning to show a clear trend for all the supervisors, Smith comments. For instance, knowledge of the lob, program, policy, and procedures is considered more important for effective supervision than knowledge of management methods or organizational dynamics, and an ability to communicate with a wide range of publics is more important than an ability to solve problems or tune in

to workers' needs. "How that varies when we start looking at different categories of super-

will be interestingl' he adds. The researchers presented the preliminary findings at two meetings last fall and plan to visit individual agencies. Smith adds that county directors are very interested in the results of the study, and he hopes the survey will produce information that they can apply. "The survey is timelyl' Smith says. "Job performance and evaluation are things the state and county people are starting to think visors

aboutl'

lleadng Alcoholicm: f,ow IDo

A questionnaire was sent to all alcoholism

Recoverlng-Alcoholic Gouncclorc Dlffer from lllonAlcoholic counselors?

treatment agencies in Noth Carolina in April 1984. The survey asked counselors about their education, their philosophy and methodology

Stella Waugh, another graduate student in social work, is analyzing a survey of alcoholic treatment centers in North Carolina, trying to find out how alcoholism counselors who are

about alcoholism. It also asked about the diagnostic criteria they use. There are a number of standard instruments for diagnosing alcoholism, Waugh explains, and while many counselors use them, others use their

recovering alcoholics differ from non-alcoholic counselors with respect to treatment methodology, diagnostic procedures, and philosophy.

The survey was originally conceived by Dr. H. Carlisle Henley, associate professor of social work; the late JW. Hester, an alcoholism counselor; and former graduate student Nancy King. Waugh and Cecy Ussler, a clinical social worker at Student Health Services, are now analyzing the data. "There's a lot of controversy over who can best treat alcoholicsi' Waugh says. The issue stems from the fact that while recovering alcoholics tend t0 have fewer professional degrees and less education in general than non-alcoholic counselors, they also have firsthand knowledge of alcoholism.

0f treatment, such as the role of the spouse in treatment, and their basic individual beliels

own, more subjective, criteria. 'At this point, it looks to us that-not surprisingly-recovering alcoholics are more likely to recommend Alcoholics Anonymous as a treatmentl' Waugh says, adding that studies suggest that it is the most effective treatment. Recovering alcoholics are also more likely to base a diagnosis on their own knowledge, to think one either is or is not an alcoholic, and to think all alcoholics can be treated in the same way. Neither group recommends counseling alcoholics

to limit

drinking instead of totally abstaining, and both advocate counseling for the spouse.

-Diantha J. Pinner

Continued from fronl cover

considered and solved in the near future if we are to meet our obligations in the training of these scholars. The first is monetary support. In the sciences particularly federal funds have been greatly reduced for student stipends. By 1970 the National Science Foundation supported more than 2,000 NSF Fellows whereas the figure is now about 500. The NDEA Fellowships of the 1960s have long been terminated and the NIH TYaineeship programs have been redefined and greatly restricted. Many of our science students are supported entirely by stipends from research grants t0 faculty members and if these funds are seriously reduced in the near future, again the number of graduate students in these areas

will

decrease.

ln the humanities and social

sciences

student support has been primarily derived from teaching assistantships and in few universities is the stipend sufficient for reasonable twelvemonth maintenance. The

of such students upon graduation continues to climb and represents a serious hurdle t0 a young scholar in a field where an assistant professor will face a starting salary of less than $25,000. This is a real challenge to the prospective student deciding whether to embark on the long and often lonely pursuit of the Ph.D. Outstanding students in this group very often are offered indebtedness

excellent iob opportunities without additional graduate work. This becomes even more

important when we learn that within a few will be a significantly increasing young scholars as the post-World for market War II faculty members begin to leave the years there

universities in increasing numbers. ln summary, we must find ways to attract a greater share of truly gifted prospective young scholars into research-oriented programs. The need of our society for such people continues

to grow each decade. In promoting the best aspects of the

Ph.D.

programs at Chapel Hill, the Graduate School has during the past two decades come t0 recognize the great diversity of scholarly activities on this campus and has reduced

the usual basic course requirements of the School and placed much greater responsibilities on the programs. To monitor these changes a ten-year cycle of intensive program reviews was instituted in 1975 and we have essentially completed that first cycle this year. The many lessons we have learned will enhance the success of these reviews as we begin the next round.

Another important innovation has been recently introduced into our training programs for young scholars at the doctoral level. The Carolina Minority Postdoctoral Scholars Program was started in 1984 with the appointment of nine recent Ph.D. black scholars to work one 0r two years in research with faculty members on this campus. As the program has developed, five or more applicants will be chosen each year for twoyear periods with preference given to those in the nonscience areas. This program is important for two reasons. The first is that it provides a

of the Gnduate School

since 1979. He ioined the

faculg in 1950, bsame a full professor in 1959, and was named a Kenan pratesor in 1971. In 1956-66, he sened as Assistant Vice Chancellor for Health Sciences, and was chairman of the Schoal of Medicine's Department of Bacteiology and lnmunologt (now Miuobiologlt and lmmunol'

og) fron

1966

until

1979.

Dr. Manire lo*s forward t0 rctwning to teaching and other departnental duties in July.

rare opportunity for a young black scholar to spend essentially fult time in an excellent research environment prior to beginning a complex academic career. The second important aspect is the opportunity to introduce the concept of postdoctoral training to disciplines where these opportunities are seldom or never available. A young faculty member in

the sciences who has spent two to four years as a postdoctoral researcher prior to his or her appointment is usually much better prepared for a complex of duties and assignments than is a colleague who arrives fresh

from the Ph.D. examination. I firmly believe that the research universities must begin specific postdoctoral programs in many disciplines to provide proper growth opportunities for young scholars. Perhaps the reinstitution of a regular instructorship would be a

f,ndeavors Research and Graduate Education

at the University

of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Spring 1986 Volume lll, Number Endeavors is

a magazine published three times

a division of the Graduate School of the Universlly of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Each issue al Endeavors describes only a few of the many research proiects undertaken by iaculty and'students of the

year by the 0ffice

Research Services,

University.

fot petmission lo teprint material, readers' comments, and requests for extra copies. should be sent to Editor, Endeavors,Office of Research Services, 300 Bynum Hall 008A, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 (telephone 919/966-5625). Requests

proper step.

It has been a most satisfying experience to serve for the past seven years as Vice Chancellor and Dean and I am particularly pleased by the decision to change the title of this office to that of Vice Chancellor lor Research and Graduate Studies and Dean of the Graduate School, and to provide significant new resources

to further the

research opportunities

for both faculty and students on this campus. There should be great opportunities

the

coming decades for important and creative innovations in improving the opportunities at Chapel Hill for doctoral and postdoctoral research and training.

-G. Philip Manire

Thk special tssue o1 Endeavorc, datoted entirely ta I)NC-CH gnduate iudent rexarch, is dediated to Dr. G. Philip Manirc, who will retire on June 30, 1986 as Vice Chancellor ud Dan of the Gnduate School of UNC-CH. Dr. Manire, a lbnan prcfessor of microbiology and

innunologr, hw been Vice Chancellor and

Dean

Chancellor: Christopher C. Fordham, Ill Vice Chancellor and Dean of the Graduate School: G. Philip Manire Director: 0ifice of Research Services: Tom K. Scott Editor: Suzanne Appelbaum Assistant Editors: Diantha J. Pinner Ann F. Stanford Photographer: Will Owens

Designer:

Donna S. Slade

Cover: Musicologists Paul Laird and Giulio 0ngarq on baroque cello and alto recorder, play a duet at the Chapel of the Cross, The manuscripts in the foreground are fiom the late medieval period. Stories on pages

by Rich

and 2. Front cover photography

Beckman.

O 1986 by The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in the United States. AII rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced without the consent of The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.