July/August 2022

JULY � AUGUST 2022

PROMOTING ENERGY EFFICIENCY

www.eibi.co.uk

In this issue

Heat Pumps CPD Module: Energy Auditing Combined Heat & Power & District Heating Monitoring & Metering

Decarbonisation and efficiency Heat pump-led networks

City-wide district heating How Stoke is cutting emissions

Building performance Data can unlock energy savings

NEWS � FEATURES � INTERVIEWS � REVIEWS � PRODUCT PROFILES � CPD MODULE � DIRECTORY � JOBS EIBI_0722_001_(MT).indd 1

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JULY � AUGUST 2022

PROMOTING ENERGY EFFICIENCY

www.eibi.co.uk

In this issue

Heat Pumps CPD Module: Energy Auditing Combined Heat & Power & District Heating Monitoring & Metering

Decarbonisation and efficiency Heat pump-led networks

City-wide district heating How Stoke is cutting emissions

Building performance Data can unlock energy savings

NEWS � FEATURES � INTERVIEWS � REVIEWS � PRODUCT PROFILES � CPD MODULE � DIRECTORY � JOBS EIBI_0722_001_(T).indd 1

JULY � AUGUST 2022

11/07/2022 14:44

www.eibi.co.uk

Contents 21

33

FEATURES

10 Heat Pump Technology

Ed Morris explores how efficiency and decarbonisation of heat networks can go hand in hand by using HIUs on heat pump led networks Simon Bennett delves into the complexities of the heat pump market and the challenges building owners and operators are going to have to face in the coming years (13) A new heat pump can help industrial users recycle heat to deliver energy reductions up to 90 per cent. Viessmann launches a heat pump designed to replace domestic boilers (14)

Heat & Power 22 Combined & District Heating

As heat networks continue to rise in it’s important for specifiers to understand the importance of annual Volume Weighted Average Return Temperature (VWART), writes Ian Bradley

REGULARS

06 News Update

Government admits it needs to do more on energy efficiency following scathing report, while China vows to make deep cuts to industrial energy use

09 The Warren Report

Devolution has freed the Scottish government to come up with innovative publicly funded energysaving schemes. Whitehall should take note of their success

16 ESTA Viewpoint

Mervyn Pilley highlights the need for clear political guidance when it comes to energy policy or we

Three CHP installations are playing a key role in a major decarbonisation project in Stoke-on-Trent. A CHP unit begins operation at a Southampton care home (24) Clarke Energy has recently delivered a hybrid energy system to power one of the largest greenhouses in the UK. Aldenham School in Elstree, Hertfordshire, has reduced energy demand, carbon and electricity bills at one of its boarding houses (27)

29 Monitoring & Metering

A comprehensive metering strategy will be a fundamental part of the government’s plans to boost Britain’s energy security and the move to a low-carbon future, says Will Darby Energy managers in industrial and commercial settings now have more tools at their disposal than ever before to transform energy efficiency, says David Sing (31) goldeni’s real-time insights aid building managers in the creation of healthier commercial and residential spaces and support the journey to net-zero. Phil Copperwheat explains (32)

face making little progress on promises made at COP26

building in Manchester while stylish lighting has been installed at Europe’s largest electric vehicle charging park

33 New Products 17 The Fundamental Series: CPD Learning Paul Bennett delves into what makes a good energy audit and the best way of carrying out a successful survey and report

21 Products in Action

Air-cooled chillers are delivering comfort for a new landmark

Coming on to the market this month are new infrared occupancy sensors and guides on solar and designing and commissioning heating systems

34 Talking Heads

Mark Bruno believes that a new competition, first introduced in France six years ago, is bringing tenants and landlords together to make major savings through behaviour change

Follow us, ‘like us’ or visit us online to keep up to date with all the latest energy news and events www.eibi.co.uk JULY � AUGUST 2022 | ENERGY IN BUILDINGS & INDUSTRY | 03

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Editor’s Opinion

Follow us on @ twitter.com/eibi and twitter.com/eibi_magazine

Don’t wait for Government

If I had a fiver for every energy minister who has come and gone since I’ve been editing this magazine I’d have enough, well, to pay for a month’s worth of home heating.

This appalling lack of continuity has undoubtedly led to a total lack of long-term planning for our energy future. Many experts have said this has contributed to the current mess in the energy market. It has meant that energy efficiency has all too frequently been pushed to the sidelines of energy policy. Even in the recently announced Energy Security Bill there is a total absence of energy efficiency policy.

The Bill has been launched when the Government has come under attack from the Climate Change Committee (see page 6). The CCC pointed to a “shocking gap in policy for better insulated homes,” and urged the government to work more closely with local authorities and with the energy efficiency industry to help accelerate the rollout of energy efficiency measures, alongside stronger financial and policy incentives to build up the market.

“There is a need to gear up again and build new supply chains for all of these loft and wall insulations,” said the committee’s CEO, Chris Stark. “We are asking consumers to start demanding this stuff, all largely without policy at the moment. We’ve called

this shocking. And that is what it is. There must be more attention paid to energy efficiency generally, especially for owner occupiers.”

The current situation contrasts starkly with the progressive steps the Scottish Parliament has been taking (see page 9). One such measure is the muchlauded Business Energy Scheme, since March also administered by the EST. This offers initial free advice and support for any SME to create a comprehensive report on potential savings in their buildings.

Following such an assessment, interest-free loans worth up to £100,000 continue to be available (these used to exist, but were also scrapped in England).

To encourage even greater take-up in this longneglected sector, a Scottish SME can also receive up to £20,000 cashback on loans for energy efficiency and renewable energy measures.

With a lack of effective Government in Westminster for the coming months it is unlikely that we can expect any change in attitude any time soon.

2050 fast approaches and increasingly it will be left to companies supplying energy products, trade bodies, and trail-blazing industrial and commercial energy users to show the way.

MANAGING EDITOR

Mark Thrower

The EIBI Team Editorial

MANAGING EDITOR Mark Thrower Tel: 01483 452854 Email: editor@eibi.co.uk Address: P. O. Box 825, Guildford GU4 8WQ

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THIS MONTH’S COVER STORY

Clarke Energy has recently delivered a hybrid energy system to power one of the largest greenhouses in the UK that has been developed by renewable energy company, AGR. The 217,000m² greenhouse site combines a 33MWth heat pump system with a 9MWe CHP plant with CO recovery. The installation of heat pumps provides renewable hot water heating to the site and the CO recovered from exhaust gases is transferred to the greenhouse to help accelerate the growth of the produce. The greenhouse will grow 10 per cent of cucumbers consumed in Britain and uses 30 per cent less CO than conventionally heated greenhouses.

See page 27 for more details Photo courtesy of Clarke Energy

Administration/ production Fran Critchlow Tel: 01889 577222 Email: info@eibi.co.uk

Publishing Directors Chris Evans Russ Jackson

Magazine Designer Tim Plummer

For overseas readers or UK readers not qualifying for a free copy, annual subscription rates are £85 UK; £105 Europe airmail; £120 RoW. Single copies £10 each.

Published by: Pinede Publishing Ltd 16-18 Hawkesyard Hall, Armitage Park, Nr. Rugeley, Staffordshire WS15 1PU ISSN 0969 885X This issue includes photographs provided and paid for by suppliers

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Visit us online to keep up to date with all the latest energy news and events www.eibi.co.uk

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04 | ENERGY IN BUILDINGS & INDUSTRY | JULY � AUGUST 2022

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News Update

For all the latest news stories visit www.eibi.co.uk

Energy worries now top concern for over half UK businesses

Energy costs are now the top concern for UK businesses, according to a new survey from npower Business Solutions (nBS), driving more than half to proactively manage risk by investing in energy efficiency measures.

Over 200 large organisations were asked about the impact of the energy crisis on their confidence to invest in decarbonisation and other measures, as well as how they are managing energy risk.

The research showed that 77 per cent of businesses say energy is now their biggest concern, followed by the ongoing recovery from Covid-19 (72 per cent). Nine out of 10 predict the cost of energy to their business will increase over the next 12 months, and 80 per cent report that energy is now a major boardlevel issue.

A majority (82 per cent) believe the government needs to respond with measures to protect them from the impact of the energy crisis in terms of policy and incentives. One in five (21 per cent) believe nothing is being done at all.

Consequently, more than half (58 per cent) of those surveyed said they were taking a proactive approach to combat the current crisis by increasing their own resiliency. This figure rises to 84 per cent among those with more than a £2m spend on energy. Over half (55 per cent) said that sustainability measures, such as energy efficiency and energy management, would be their most important investment priority over the next 12 months.

A quarter of those surveyed said they are investing in on-site generation to become more self sufficient, with solar photovoltaic the most popular technology – 27 per cent said they were already investing in it, and 43 per cent said they plan to in the future.

Waste heat recovery is also seen as an important emissions reduction technology, with 23 per cent already invested and 33 percent with plans to invest.

Other measures favoured to manage risk include using energy management tools (48 per cent) and switching to renewable energy (39 per cent).

SCATHING REPORT FROM CLIMATE CHANGE COMMITTEE

Pressure builds on Whitehall to boost efficiency Following a plethora of criticism, UK business secretary Kwasi Kwarteng has at last admitted “more needs to be done on home insulation, after yet another highly critical report,” the Press Association reported. The newswire says Kwarteng “defended the government’s record, while also indicating that a fresh scheme on insulation may be in the pipeline.” In mid-June The Times newspaper had reported that Prime Minister Johnson intended to add £1bn of public money to the - still as yet unlaunched - ECO 4 scheme.

This scheme had been due to begin in April, and, as in previous phases, would have been funded as an obligation by energy supply companies. However, at the time of going to press, absolutely no official announcement has been made, although Kwarteng has held preliminary talks involving the insulation industry.

Energy minister Greg Hands also hinted at this initiative, during an interview with the BBC Radio 4 PM programme. This followed the publication of the annual report of the official Committee on Climate Change (CCC) chaired by Lord Deben (above), the former Conservative environment secretary.

The Committee had re-emphasised that the amount of insulation being installed in British homes had dropped by 90 per cent over the past decade.

Minister Hands acknowledged that “home insulation is a win-win” and

that “we are looking to do more with existing programmes we have in place.” But he also claimed that half a million homes were being insulated each year, a statistic that puzzles many.

In his radio interview, Hands also claimed that “I always listen very carefully to what Lord Deben and his team have to say.” If so, he had obviously failed to hear them complain over and over that those new homes meeting today’s building regulations would still need considerable retrofitting to meet net zero standards. He sounded incredulous when this was raised, mumbling: “I will have to check that.”

Echoing criticism from environmental and business groups the CCC’s latest report had again

stressed that energy efficiency should be near the top of the government’s agenda, highlighting how despite the UK having some of the least efficient homes and buildings in Europe the government had yet to come forward with promised new policies and funding to accelerate the roll out of insulation, heat pumps, and other energy efficiency measures.

The CCC pointed to a “shocking gap in policy for better insulated homes,” and urged the government to work more closely with local authorities and with the energy efficiency industry to help accelerate the rollout of energy efficiency measures, alongside stronger financial and policy incentives to build up the market.

“There is a need to gear up again and build new supply chains for all of these loft and wall insulations,” said CEO Chris Stark. “We are asking consumers to start demanding this stuff, all largely without policy at the moment. We’ve called this shocking.

And that is what it is. There must be more attention paid to energy efficiency generally, especially for owner occupiers.”

Stark also stressed that the Energy Security Strategy unveiled earlier this year was focused entirely on the supply side of the energy system, while offering nothing on reducing demand for energy across the economy. This was despite the huge opportunity to drive down both bills and emissions through efficiency measures and behaviour change.

switching to LED lighting in the commercial sector could reduce CO2 emissions by 3.9m tonnes in the UK&I region, the same amount of CO2 that 175m trees could sequester in

a year. Making the switch would also save 16.1 TWh of electricity, which is equivalent to the annual electricity consumption of more than 4.3m households. This would result in a saving of €3.8bn on electricity costs.

Upgrading to connected LED lighting can offer enhanced controls that would enable better energy consumption management, says Signify.

Given the hike in the energy price cap introduced in April, British householders could also benefit by switching to energyefficient LED lighting, potentially saving them £250 per year, according to Signify’s analysis.

Switching to LED lighting ‘could save UK and Ireland €3.8bn’

A switch to LED lighting in the professional market could mean eliminating nearly 4m tonnes of CO2 emissions and save a total of €3.8bn per year.

This is a key message of Signify’s call on business in the UK and Ireland to accelerate the transition to energy efficient connected LED lighting to help mitigate the effects of the energy crisis.

According to its findings,

06 | ENERGY IN BUILDINGS & INDUSTRY | JULY / AUGUST 2022

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News Update

For all the latest news stories visit www.eibi.co.uk

UK ‘NEEDS TO INVEST £5.2BN EVERY YEAR’

CBI leader calls for home insulation programme The Confederation of British industry’s new director-general, Tony Danker, has warned that the UK will need to be investing around £5.2bn every year until 2035, in order to properly insulate its homes, which lose heat faster than any in Europe.

“That may sound expensive,” he told business leaders at a CBI conference in London. “But higher energy bills and the resulting inflation just cost the Chancellor £22bn worth of support in the spring; £15bn in May; and we haven’t reached October yet.

“Do we want a new normal of energy efficiency, or a new normal of billionpound bailouts every quarter?” The Energy & Climate Intelligence Unit has estimated that households are currently paying around £40 extra per year each – or £2.5bn collectively – because of Government cuts to energy efficiency schemes and other

programmes over the last decade.

UK homes lose heat up to three times faster than more energyefficient homes in countries such as Germany or Denmark, Danker stated.

“The UK has some of Europe’s oldest,

leakiest buildings. Insulating homes better can both reduce bills and help the country reach its climate targets.”

Danker called on the Government to table and then adopt a new statutory instrument, to extend the ECO (Energy Company Obligation) scheme, which helps households with energy efficiency improvements, before Parliament breaks for summer.

“Both householders and suppliers still await confirmation of the details of ECO’s fourth phase, despite fuel prices having rocketed since the previous round closed in March.

The CBI said that an extra £1bn should now be committed every year for retrofitting older buildings with better insulation, windows and other improvements. “As such, it’s the fastest tool we have to get thousands more homes upgraded before the winter.”

Major investment for heat pump supplier

Legal & General has boosted its investment in the Kensa Group by £8m to accelerate deployment of ground source heat pump technology and networks.

This brings LGC’s total investment in the Group to £15.7m over two years.

Kensa Group CEO, Dr Matthew Trewhella, said: “This second investment from Legal & General Capital cements the successful partnership we have built these past two years and marks a major milestone in the development of Kensa’s GSHP solutions.”

Off-grid energy provider expands range

Off-grid energy solutions provider Flogas Britain has acquired Protech Group, adding low-carbon and renewable technologies to its portfolio.

From June, Flogas will offer commercial and industrial customers a wide range of alternative heating and cooling solutions, including air source and ground source heat pumps, solar PV, and hybrid systems. It will also provide a comprehensive range of HVAC solutions, maintenance services and water management.

Flogas says it is now fully equipped to help businesses meet legally binding carbon reduction targets.

Making schools energy efficient should be a priority, says TUC Making UK school buildings energy efficient should be a priority in light of soaring costs. However, government funding falls well short of what is needed and BEIS is considering making cuts to the budget.

This is according to a new report from the TUC that looks at the current spending on schools through the Public Sector Decarbonisation Scheme (PSDS) and estimates how much more investment is needed.

To date, a fifth of all PSDS funding (£335m) has benefited schools, but analysis found that this has met just 3 per cent of their overall retrofit needs.

The report states that most schools have seen their energy bills rise by around 93 per cent in the past year, making energy efficiency retrofits an urgent priority. However, the Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy suggested last week that the PSDS budget may be slashed.

Energy Secretary Kwasi

In Brief

Kwarteng told the BEIS Committee that some funding to decarbonise public buildings could be transferred to pay energy companies to improve domestic energy efficiency.

But as the official Climate Change Committee noted in its most recent progress report, the energy efficiency of UK non-residential buildings has barely changed at all in the last eight years.

The TUC says that instead of cutting funding for public buildings to reallocate to other schemes, the government should increase overall funding for energy efficiency. This would maximise financial savings and

carbon reductions across the whole economy.

The report shows that there is an opportunity to save schools money, help reach net zero, and create thousands of good quality jobs by installing measures like installing insulation, draught-proofing, and mechanical ventilation. Retrofits would also help classrooms stay cool in summer heatwaves.

It recommends a retrofitting programme, with £13.5bn of government investment over ten years, creating 42,000 construction jobs and cutting 1.2m tonnes of annual CO2 emissions.

Proactive initiatives bring top award

Ideal Heating commercial have been awarded the ‘Business Initiative of the Year’ award at the recent BSS awards.

Presented for a number of initiatives, including being voted best BSS branch-partner, the award also recognises the proactive work undertaken within the commercial team to supply innovative heating products.

The awards, which suppliers that go above and beyond, was presented

by James Cornish, commercial director at BSS to Ideal Heating chief commercial officer - commercial products, Darren Finley.

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News Update

For all the latest news stories visit www.eibi.co.uk

China resolves to cut industrial energy use

UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE STUDY

China is determined to improve its industrial energy efficiency by 13.3 per cent between 2021-2025. This will be achieved by “introducing new technologies, standards and financial services,” according to a new action plan published late June.

Realising this ambition will have enormous implications for world energy consumption. China is now the largest energy user of any country. According to the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT), industries now account for around “65 per cent of total national energy consumption.”

So “more efficiency improvements” could contribute around “37 per cent of the country’s planned carbon emission reductions from now until 2050.”

The new action plan will focus on “traditional sectors like steel, nonferrous metals and construction materials, as well as growing highenergy consuming segments like data centres”, according to China Energy News, a Chinese state-run industry newspaper. The plan seeks to promote coal reduction and replacement in an “orderly manner”, and to promote the transformation of coal into “clean fuels, high-quality raw materials and high-quality materials.”

Citing a CCTV report, the same industrial newspaper reports that the monitoring data provided by the Chinese national grid reveals that, under the impact of “continuous high temperature” at the end of June, the electricity load “hit a record high” in the provinces of Shandong, Henan, Shaanxi and Xinjiang.

However, the China government has also announced that it will “subsidise refiners if global oil prices hit above $130 a barrel”. An official announcement from the ministry of finance “reiterates an existing fuel policy that closely tracks international markets, but also with a goal to shield consumers from price shocks.”

But CNOOC, the Chinese oil giant, has issued a new climate action plan.

In it, the company promises it will “increase spending on clean energy so that its carbon emissions peak by 2028, as well as bringing forward our net-zero deadline to 2050.”

Factory-made modular homes can slash the levels of carbon emissions associated with housebuilding by almost half, an academic study has found.

Construction using volumetric modular systems - whereby modular components are precision manufactured offsite - can produce 41 to 45 per cent less CO2 when compared to traditional methods of building homes, a joint study by the University of Cambridge and Edinburgh Napier University has found.

Focused on two residential developments delivered by Tide Construction in Croydon (right) and Gants Hill, London, comprising 879 homes, the study calculated those 28,000 tonnes of embodied carbon emissions had been avoided, thanks to the modular construction process.

The savings are significantly ahead of industry targets, with the researchers concluding that the analysis underscores the huge potential of modular construction to “radically reduce the carbon footprint associated with the UK government’s ambition to build annually 300,000, better quality homes.”

Modular homes can cut construction emissions

The savings come via a reduction in the embodied carbon of the developments, which includes the CO2 produced during the design, construction, and decommissioning phases of a development. According to the World Green Building Council, around 11 per cent of global energyrelated carbon emissions are from construction materials and processes, known as embodied carbon.

Training costs, paperwork add to installers’ heat pump worries

New research has found that installers are split on whether they will be installing heat pumps in their customers’ homes, with training costs, lack of customer demand, and paperwork cited as barriers to change.

The report from Baxi assessed what would encourage installers to take the leap to low carbon sources of heat and found that nearly a third – equivalent to about 37,000 of the more than 130,000 of the UK’s heating engineers – are prepared to embrace heat pumps in the near future.

“The striking results of this study show that the Vision Modular system can significantly reduce the embodied carbon footprint of buildings,” said Christy Hayes, CEO of Tide Construction. “In the UK, modular housing has a huge role to play in ensuring that the government’s ambition to build 300,000 better quality homes per year is achieved faster and more sustainably.”

Tide Construction and Vision Modular Systems completed the two schemes involved in the study in 2021, with architectural design provided by HTA Design. The George Street development in Croydon also boasts the world’s tallest modular building.

Professor Francesco Pomponi of Napier University, said: “This study is a truly comprehensive and robust life cycle assessment of the modular solution. The analysis of two residential developments, each highly representative in terms of function, size and height, was conducted in accordance with the latest carbon assessment guidelines, and analysis was based on conservative assumptions and a careful selection of data inputs.”

By contrast, around 30 per cent say they are extremely unlikely to install heat pumps.

The government is targeting 600,000 heat pump installations every year by 2028. That is ten times the current market and represents a transformation from early adoption to a mass market proposition, which Baxi says would require an army of low carbon heating installers to facilitate.

Among the findings in the report, “Heating Installers: Taking the Leap to a Low Carbon Future”, are that the government and the industry will need to address the issue of training costs, ensuring there is enough demand from customers and reducing paperwork.

Almost 40 per cent said they would be more likely to install heat pumps if they received help with training costs. They currently pay the full cost of training and forgo work in order to receive heat pump training.

Fifty six per cent of installers said customer demand needed to be addressed and 38 per cent of installers are concerned about lack of government support for the market. The current Boiler Upgrade Scheme, which pays a maximum £5,000 grant to support air source heat pump installations, ends in 2025.

Almost half wanted support to reduce paperwork, for example in applying for government assistance schemes.

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THE WARREN REPORT

07/8.2022

Scotland can show England the way

Devolution has freed the Scottish government to come up with innovative publicly funded energy-saving schemes. Whitehall should take note of their success

T

here has been much despondency regarding the short-term, start/stop nature of UK policy regarding promoting energy efficiency investments. Much of this despair is all too well founded. At least regarding England.

But this month let us take a look at a country which has long taken energy saving seriously, that has created and then continued with, some well-thought through policies.

Which are practical, tried and trusted.

That involve, rather than dictate to local communities (including local government). That listens to those charged with delivering programmes on the ground – and rather than ignoring, actually improves programmes in light of such advice. It is be found north of the border.

Under devolution, the Scottish Government may be given little say on strategic decisions regarding the supply of energy. But it is in charge of delivering much on the demand side of the energy equation. Except when it comes to UK-wide programmes, like the Green Deal or the Energy Company Obligation. How the ECO is funded and operates, what are the criteria for qualification, how much money is to be spent in Scotland: these are all far from devolved matters.

However, what can be controlled from Edinburgh is how the existence of (for instance) ECO funding can best be leveraged. Over the past nine years, the Scottish Government has invested £373m in the creation of a series of area-based schemes for energy efficiency. Designed and delivered by local councils working in conjunction with the ECO-obligated energy companies. Rather than relying on a scattergun approach, these schemes frequently target whole wards in deprived areas. Delivering large numbers of improvements to mixed tenure, multi-occupancy properties in particular. Such projects deliberately prioritise help for “harder

to treat” properties requiring solid wall or complex cavity wall insulation.

For the past decade, there has been no publicly funded programme to improve the energy efficiency of English people living in fuel poverty.

Conversely, all three devolved administrations have not just retained their dedicated programmes, they have all increased them in size.

Through Warmer Homes Scotland, low- and zero-emissions heating systems are still being installed, as part of bespoke packages together with new insulation measures (like the Q-Bot underfloor insulation system installed by a robot), and low energy lighting. The Scottish government has deliberately concentrated such improvements in rural and remote communities not served by the gas grid. And ensured that its supply contracts are specifically supporting skills development and training opportunities.

Free and independent advice

Having initially created the Energy Saving Trust as a mechanism to provide free and independent advice, that role has been permitted to wither south of the border. Instead, it is left largely to overwhelmed non-specialised Citizens Advice Bureaux. Meanwhile, Scotland has long continued to fund the EST to act as a referral scheme for Warmer Homes Scotland and as a portal for accessing a whole variety of support packages practically all of which are now unavailable in England.

One is the Home Energy Scotland loan scheme, now offering owner occupiers 40 per cent cashback on loans for energy efficiency measures, and 75 per cent cashback (capped at £7,500) towards the installation of renewable heating schemes).

In addition, loans are still available to private sector landlords to upgrade the energy performance of their buildings. Up to £15,000 is available to

Andrew Warren is chairman of the British Energy Efficiency Federation

My advice to Whitehall is simple.

You had best be copying Scotland's initiatives

cover items like glazing and insulation; £17,500 for up to two renewable systems per property, and £6,000 for energy storage systems.

The Community & Renewable Energy scheme provides advice and funding to community groups and others to explore local renewable energy options - well over 600 projects already have received pump priming over the past 12 years. Loans are also available for district heating systems.

Then there is the much-lauded Business Energy Scheme, since March also administered by the EST. This

offers initial free advice and support for any SME to create a comprehensive report on potential savings in their buildings. Following such an assessment, interest-free loans worth up to £100,000 continue to be available (these used to exist, but were also scrapped in England). To encourage even greater take-up in this longneglected sector, a Scottish SME can also receive up to £20,000 cashback on loans for energy efficiency and renewable energy measures.

Similarly, the Scottish government has been building upon the UK-wide Salix Finance Loan system, designed to improve the energy performance of existing public sector buildings.

This has been complemented by a Non-Domestic Public Sector Energy Efficiency Framework, designed to support public sector and non-profits to procure retrofit energy efficiency work. By offering economies of scale and standardised approaches, this initiative (operational since 2016) offers better solutions and better value for money. Obviously, the recent surprise move by the UK Treasury to cease ring fencing for future energy efficiency usage all Salix’s loan returns, will require some reassessments in Scotland too.

Last month the Scottish National Investment Bank published an impressive insight paper called “Scotland’s transition to net zero heat.” It sets out this new bank’s role in reducing “greenhouse gas emissions from homes and buildings by more than two thirds by 2030.”

No such publication yet exists from the new Leeds-based UK National Infrastructure Bank, despite former chancellor Sunak’s instructions.

Equally, no such set of activist programmes to stimulate energy efficiency yet exists from the UK Government. My advice to Whitehall is simple. Whether you take the high road or you take the low road, you had best be copying Scotland’s initiatives. 

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Heat Pumps

Ed Morris is technical manager at Altecnic Ltd

End users will suffer if meticulous attention is not given to the design and sizing of heat networks

It’s all about design and sizing

Ed Morris explores how efficiency and decarbonisation of heat networks can go hand in hand by using HIUs on heat pump led networks

M

odern Heat Interface Units (HIUs) boast an impressive array of ‘smart’ features that provide close control of heat output and energy use.

Instantaneous HIUs ensure that the whole system is efficient, with heat pumps helping to decarbonise heating and DHW supply. However, the lower flow temperatures of heat pump networks require careful selection of the HIU. HIUs that have DHW plate heat exchangers that are specifically designed for low primary side temperatures can give exceptionally high DHW outputs and primary return temperatures. Current market leading HIUs can output 44kW of DHW at a 55oC primary return temperature.

CIBSE’s CP1 (2020) gives guidance stating that even three-bed apartments, with two bathrooms only require 35kW of DHW, so the HIUs currently available to engineers are efficient enough to be fitted on numerous networks.

Dropping the primary flow temperature further, down to 50ºC gives an output of 33.5kW with DHW at 48ºC, covering the requirements of most single bathroom apartments.

However, should you require more

output, some HIUs available have the option for an inline electrical element to be installed and controlled by the HIU. Under most circumstances, heating and standby, the element is not in use. However, the moment there is a DHW demand, the HIU energises the element and boosts the primary temperature by up to 10 degrees.

Using the example earlier in this paragraph, the DHW output increases to a potential 56.5kW. As the element is on the primary side of the HIU, then the network delta T is not reduced, in fact it is increased.

If the electrical element was on the outlet (secondary) of the HIU or in a cylinder, then this would have a negative effect on the network delta T. As a result, network efficiency would be reduced, losses would increase and the potential for the building to overheat would also increase.

DHW storage will, inevitably, reduce heat network temperature differential. As soon as the store gets even halfway up to temperature, the temperature difference on the primary will be significantly reduced.

Data from existing projects show that delta Ts on DHW storage networks typically operate on average around 10 degrees or less. The smaller the

delta T, the more flow rate required for a given energy output and therefore the greater energy use. High return temperatures also increase the network losses and can lead to buildings overheating.

Possible Legionella growth

There are additional downfalls to DHW stores. One of the most obvious is that storing DHW gives an increased likelihood of Legionella growth.

Therefore, the temperature of the DHW store either needs to be kept at, or above, 60ºC or regularly cycled to this temperature.

A single instantaneous HIU will have a higher instantaneous demand

The heat network needs to operate on the widest delta T possible

compared to a cylinder. However, the time that the HIU is on that demand will be short. Filling a bath may take around eight minutes, but once filled, there is no demand. If you fill the same bath from a cylinder, the instantaneous cylinder load will be smaller but the time that the cylinder will be reheating will be around 30 minutes or more.

It has been common for engineers to focus on the plantroom first and decide that the network will be a 70/40 system or some other flow and return values. This is an approach not without its problems. It forces an engineer to select a return value that may or may not be achieved. When the HIU is on hot water demand the return will be lower, when the HIU is on heating, possibly higher. Selecting a return temperature at this point is more of a ‘guesstimate’. We need to know what the flow temperature is going to be, and this will be typically dictated by the energy source, for example, 55ºC from a heat pump.

Once an engineer knows this, the HIU can be selected and then the actual return temperature calculated.

The fact that most heat pumps typically operate most efficiently with a 10-degree temperature difference should be ignored at this point. The heat network needs to operate on the widest delta T possible, to make it efficient, reduce heat losses and reduce the likelihood of the building overheating.

After this is done, an engineer should design in a thermal store.

This reduces the peak load on the energy centre and has the capacity to ensure that the heat pumps can keep running even when network demand is low. The thermal store should be connected in a two-pipe arrangement reducing mixing, maximising both stratification and the available energy to the network for that given volume.

So, how do we ensure that the heat pumps are not subjected to a 20–30ºC delta T? The answer is to create a ‘microclimate’ around each heat pump. A mixing valve, preferably electronic, can be configured to mix flow from the heat pump into the return to the heat pump to stabilise the delta T at 10ºC. Each heat pump then operates in series bringing the flow temperature up to the required 55ºC, for example.

In the future, the focus still needs to remain on the design and sizing of the network first. If this is not the focus of an engineer, the network as a whole and the end users will suffer. 

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Heat Pumps

Simon Bennett is senior applications engineer at Adveco

How heat pumps are evolving

Simon Bennett delves into the complexities of the heat pump market and the challenges building owners and operators are going to have to face in the coming years

A

ir source heat pumps (ASHP) have become the poster child technology for the government’s net zero strategy. The advantage of ASHPs is that, with a performance greater than 100 per cent, they can extract additional energy from outside the building’s metered systems to deliver significant carbon savings. The problem starts when the efficiency of an ASHP is based on working flow water temperatures of 35°C. It needs to be recognised that this temperature is insufficient to safely provide DHW for commercial applications, where achieving 60°C in a calorifier is a basic requirement. Additionally, the lower system temperatures required for truly efficient ASHP operation are likely to increase the size of a system and, at 35°C working flow, it will also struggle to support underfloor heating in the UK’s cooler months.

Using ASHP for commercial projects is currently going to be complex and, compared to traditional gas-fired alternatives, is going to have higher up-front costs. This is especially so for DHW applications, so designing an ASHP-based system for peak efficiency and delivering reductions in CO₂ emissions to meet sustainability goals is, therefore, a must to help offset the additional capital investment.

Working water temperature

For a commercial DHW system, it is recommended that a working water temperature from the ASHP must be at least 55°C. This is certainly attainable from current generation ASHPs when deployed in a hybrid approach. This uses the ASHP as preheat and combines it with either gas-fired or more preferably an electric top-up to achieve the required hot water temperature. This is where the additional system complexity and cost can creep in. It’s here that correctly balancing a system so that it doesn’t fight itself becomes a critical issue. That is best served by a mix of physical spacing in the vessel and system monitoring with dedicated controls to ensure the ASHP preheat and immersion work seamlessly to deliver the highest operational efficiencies. With a clear

refrigerant’ with a long history of use in the refrigeration industry. In terms of application in heat pumps propane stands out as it combines an extremely low GWP, where 1 kg of propane is equivalent to only 3 kg of CO, with excellent thermodynamic properties. These properties translate into good coefficient of performance (COP) in a heat pump even at commercial working temperatures up to 75°C and potentially much higher. This means future commercial systems can be less complex, without the need for additional electric immersion for high-temperature flushing for legionella protection. That said, immersions will almost certainly still be specified to provide system redundancy ensuring businesscritical DHW demands are met.

Increasingly limited

sight of energy and water usage, facility managers also then gain more comprehensive control over day-today operations which translates into energy reduction and real carbon savings.

Technical improvement of ASHPs is also a critical need, and in the past year, there have been significant inroads made in the alteration of hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerant usage. R-32 (Difluoromethane HFC32) has begun to replace R410A and while all HFCs remain greenhouse gasses, R-32 has a much lower Global Warming Potential (GWP).

More importantly, new refrigerants are not only environmentally friendly, but they also enable higher performance which means units can be more compact and lower cost moving forward.

This April, the European Commission proposed a tightening of F-Gas regulations, accelerating phasedown schedule beyond 2030 to remove 97.6

per cent of HFCs in the market by 2050. It also sought to tighten ozone depleting substances proposals. In practice, this would require a further redesign of heat pump systems from manufacturers to support R290 as the default refrigerant.

More commonly known as propane, R290, is often referred to as a ‘natural Commercial organisations face tough technical and regulatory challenges in the coming years

Very high-temperature propane heat pumps, delivering flows of up to 90°C are attainable but become increasingly limited in terms of application as temperature increases, so will not be applicable to every commercial site.

Propane also demands specialist installation, with training required to handle flammables, although future generations of propane heat pumps should use increasingly smaller amounts of the refrigerant increasing installation and maintenance safety.

With an envisaged minimum of 600,000 heat pump installations per year by 2028 set to climb to 1.9m per year from 2035, specialist installers will be in considerable demand, so there are fears that already complex project timeframes could well be negatively impacted by the new proposals.

In the meantime, with R32 heat pumps becoming more widely available, the expectation is for a mixed offering to the commercial sector well into the later 2030s that will rely heavily on R32 systems with R290 eventually taking the lead as high-temperature ASHP technology matures and becomes more widely applicable. This is especially the case for existing commercial buildings that will struggle to cost-effectively achieve insulation levels needed for lower temperature systems that are better suited to new build projects.

What is very clear at this stage is that commercial organisations face a complex technical and regulatory challenge in the coming decades if they are to successfully navigate to a future with decarbonised buildings across their estates. 

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Heat Pumps Heat pump to recycle waste heat from industrial processes London-based start-up FUTRAHEAT has developed a ground-breaking high temperature heat pump – known as Greensteam – which can help industrial users recycle heat thus delivering energy reductions of up to 90 percent.

They have partnered with manufacturing integration specialists Projective to secure £149,000 Phase 1 funding from the BEIS Industrial Fuel Switching competition to investigate the feasibility of their product with leading food and pharma businesses.

The project will identify potential partners for a potential £1.5m Phase 2 where, with BEIS support, Futraheat and Projective will deliver two commercial scale 500kW Greensteam heat pumps for use in an industrial process, with two customers to be confirmed from Phase 1.

It is hoped that Futraheat and Projective will secure in kind support for Phase 2, which could commence early next year, from one manufacturer in the food and drink sector and one from the pharmaceutical industry.

Futraheat’s modular, Greensteam heat pump uses a new type of patented turbo compressor, known as TurboClaw, which cost-effectively

recovers low grade waste heat – a byproduct of many industrial processes and boost it up to 150oC, where it can be successfully reused onsite for other purposes.

Futraheat managing director, Tom Taylor, said: “Up to 70 per cent of all industrial energy demand is for heat in sectors including pharmaceutical and food manufacturing.

“This heat is commonly provided as low-pressure steam, and in many cases it is used once and then released to the atmosphere as a waste stream.

“Our ground-breaking Greensteam heat pump can recover much of this lost heat – as low as 70oC – and boost it cost-effectively to the high temperatures that industrial

customers require. This can deliver CO₂ reductions of around 80-90 per cent, rising to 100 per cent if electricity from renewables is used. Even with a switch to electrical power, users can expect fuel cost savings of between 25 and 40 per cent.

“Our high temperature heat pumps will pay for themselves in two to three years and are a ‘no regrets’ technology which will remain relevant whatever future energy source is used,” Taylor added.

Energy and Climate Change Minister Greg Hands said: “As we accelerate the UK’s energy independence by boosting clean, home-grown, affordable energy, it’s crucial that our industries reduce their reliance on fossil fuels.

Easy to commission heat pumps offer a straight swap for boilers

VIESSMANN has launched two new-generation monobloc air source heat pumps, the Vitocal 150A and Vitocal 151-A, which are ideal for replacing boilers in the UK’s existing housing stock and are exceptionally easy to install. Each is available with outputs of 10, 13 and 16kW. Both the wall-mounted Vitocal 150-A and the floor-standing Vitocal 151-A have a high maximum flow temperature of 70°C (at an outside temperature down to -10°C), meaning that in most cases they can use existing radiators and do not require underfloor heating. Both use the same control platform as Viessmann’s boilers, so that they are compatible with the rest of the company’s product range.

The Vitocal 151-A has an integral, 190-litre DHW cylinder, yet is unusually compact. Both models are extremely quiet in operation thanks to Viessmann’s Super Silent Design.

The Vitocal 150-A and 151-A take up 60 per

cent less space in the home than other heat pumps, due to the unique and innovative Viessmann OptiPerform, incorporating the Hydro AutoControl

“This investment will help them to not only cut emissions, but also save money on energy bills, on top of supporting jobs by encouraging green innovation across in the UK.” Already the Surbiton firm has developed a 300kW prototype and is identifying industrial customers for their beachhead 500kW commercial Greensteam high temperature heat pump.

According to the UK Government, industry accounted for 16 percent of UK greenhouse gas emissions in 2018, making it the third largest emitting sector – therefore meeting the Net Zero target requires a near-complete decarbonisation of UK industry. The Committee on Climate Change (CCC) estimated that decarbonising industry will take c. £8 billion public and private investment a year.

The BEIS Industrial Fuel Switching competition aims to address this by providing innovation funding, as part of the £1bn Net Zero Innovation Portfolio, to develop fuel switching and fuel switch enabling solutions for industry, while building the UK’s decarbonisation skills and supply chain.

The competition supports the recently published Industrial Decarbonisation Strategy (March 2021), which identified that government investment is required to advance the development of low carbon technologies to address the barrier around uncertainties associated with novel technologies for the private sector. 

feature. The buffer tank, expansion vessel, and overflow valve – components which usually have to be installed and connected separately – are now integrated in the IDU. Locating the defrost buffer inside the IDU also ensures that the heat pump never fails to start, regardless of system temperature. For future-proofing and to ensure very low global warming potential (GWP), the system uses R290 (propane) refrigerant, one of the most climate-friendly and cost-effective available with a GWP of less than one.

With a COP (Coefficient of Performance) of 4.9-5.0 (according to EN 14511 for A7/W35 and depending on the model), the new heat pumps generate up to five times the usable heat for heating and hot water from 1kW/hr of electricity and heat from the outside air.

Commissioning these new heat pumps is also made easy, by using the Vitoguide app. The patented Hydro AutoControl hydraulic function assists reliable integration into existing heating systems. The Service Link integrated internet connection allows for remote updates with a fast connection, even if there is domestic internet disruption and the unit is not connected to the internet. 

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Time to stop kicking the can

Mervyn Pilley highlights the need for clear political guidance when it comes to energy policy or we face making little progress on promises made at COP26

O

ne of my lifelong travel ambitions not yet met is to go to Denmark. As I watched the virtual sessions from the seventh annual International Energy Agency energy efficiency conference recently, I did wonder what it would have been like to actually be there but unfortunately my travel budget did not have the scope and the majority of the presentations were available both live and on demand.

It was interesting to see some thirtyfive energy ministers from across the World attending. The underlying message from IEA remains that energy efficiency really is the key to energy supply, security and helping to solve the climate crisis. As many people watching pointed out this message is most certainly not new although as the IEA executive director, Fatih Birol, pointed out the current situation bringing all three things together into alignment is very different indeed to past energy market crises.

For me what the event brought home was the fact that energy efficiency really is a supply issue and needs to play as important a part in the transition as generating renewables. In addition, the disparity of speed of the transition between different continents and countries

Mervyn Pilley is executive director of ESTA (Energy Services and Technology Association)

was very telling. In particular the Nigerian Energy Minister reminded the audience that for many of his population access to electricity is not a given and his people need to eat!

Tied into the IEA event were some early postings on LinkedIn around COP27. In addition, there is a clear need for a clear action strategy for so many of the businesses that ‘ticked the box’ to sign up for the race to net zero.

In terms of cost and relative payback period, the message had never been clearer – start with energy efficiency. I have to say that I am very worried about COP27. The recent failure of the world’s wealthy nations to agree to pay the previously agreed contributions for poor and developing nations to cover their climate emergency abatement costs has certainly not given the event a flying start and the considerable geopolitical distractions is also making it likely that many of the countries attending the event in Egypt will not be reporting great progress from their agreed positions in Glasgow.

Clear political action

One other strong message coming out of Denmark (highlighted by the Danish Energy Minister) was the straightforward evidence of what can be achieved on the energy efficiency front by clear political policy action.

I am currently updating our energy efficiency manifesto. In all honesty I wish I could be more congratulatory to the UK government on progress made, but regrettably that is just not the case.

I suspect that many of you will have read the recent conclusion of the Climate Change Committee that the government is just not taking enough

tangible action to meet its legally binding targets. Having enshrined our targets into law we now seem to be trying to win the ‘kicking the can down the road’ world championships.

For all of the strategies published on the subjects the devil is still in the detail, with that still sadly lacking.

Without detail it is impossible for the private sector to plan properly, and the Government still seems to be suggesting that it is fully expecting the private sector to be riding to the rescue.

On the subject of our manifesto, as was the case in 2021 I am very keen for this to be a genuinely open-source, thought-leadership type of document as opposed to being an ESTA-owned document. If any readers want to have a say, please contact me.

Two other issues have concerned me recently. One is not UK related, but I believe has huge implications for the human race. The decision of the US Supreme Court with regard to what the Environmental Protection Agency can do shows just what damage short-term political interference can do. Much closer to home OFGEM has been doing a great deal of navel gazing and has finally accepted its total failure to deal with the attempts to increase competition into the energy supply market. The accountant in me has long thought that the total lack of due diligence conducted on the potential incoming suppliers, especially with them being actively encouraged to accumulate substantial customer bases was a shocking denigration of duty. OFGEM’s continued defence has been that they are trying to protect the customer but of course the supply company failures, especially Bulb, have just lumped increased costs onto the already hard-pressed consumer.

Yes, they have finally admitted their fundamental errors in examining business models, but this has to be one of the worst ever cases of shutting the stable door after the whole herd has left. With twenty plus failed suppliers it is very hard indeed to see whether there will ever be a rush of potential suppliers looking to join the market. Personally, I doubt it. It is also worth remembering that the newer suppliers in the market are not all using their own money and not making a sustainable profit. This needs to be considered, as some suppliers seem to think they can solve all of the energy sector’s problems on their own. 

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SERIES 20 / Module 02

Energy Auditing

The practicalities of energy auditing

This month's CPD Module is sponsored by

by Paul Bennett, executive chairman of BSSEC

N

ever has there been more interest in energy efficiency and the need for energy auditing as now. The drivers not only include compliance to UK legislation (such as ESOS, MEES and SECR), the need to decarbonise to achieve a net zero carbon future, and, most recently the increase in energy prices making energy savings an immediate priority for most organisations.

There are two widely used energy auditing methodologies used in the UK. These are BS EN 16247 and ISO 50002. Both are widely used, and both are acceptable methods of conducting audits for legislation such as ESOS. BS EN 16247 (see Table 1) is the British adaptation of EN 16247, the European standard for carrying out energy audits. It sets out a step-bystep list of what is to be included in an energy audit. The British version is split into five sections comprising general requirements, auditing buildings, auditing processes, auditing transport and energy auditor qualities.

ISO 50002 is an international standard for identifying energy savings opportunities set by the International Standards Organisation to standardise procedure. It also sets out a step-by-step list of what is to be

Overvoltage is a problem that can be easily identified and rectified

included in an energy audit.

There are a few minor differences between the two standards, but they are both widely considered acceptable methods for carrying out energy audits within the industry. UK organisations most commonly opt for the BSEN 16247 standard and global organizations tend to opt for the ISO50002 standard. It is notable that in Northern America the ASHRAE 211-2018 Standard for Commercial

Table 1: A step-by-step guide to what should be included in an energy audit BS EN 16247 British adaptation of European standard for carrying out an energy audit.

Split into 5 sections: Part 1 - General Requirements Part 2 - Energy in Buildings

Part 3 - Energy in Processes Part 4 - Energy in Transport

Part 5 - Competence of Energy Auditors Fig 1: The seven stages to complete a typical energy audit

For details on how to obtain your Energy Institute CPD Certificate, see ENTRY FORM and details on page 20

Building Energy Audits is used.

BSEN 16247 Part 2 (Energy in Buildings) follows a seven-step energy audit (see Fig. 1) process. Traditionally, the energy audit commences when a fee proposal is requested by an organisation and a quotation with a proposed scope of works is provided.

If accepted and agreed a purchase order is provided and a start-up meeting is arranged to establish timelines and the process to be followed.

Analyse performance

The data collection phase is the energy auditor’s opportunity to collect as much data as possible from the organisation in order to analyse performance and identify trends.

Initially, energy auditors normally submit a data request, or request for information (RFI), to collect data such as energy consumption and cost data (and supporting invoices or spreadsheets), hourly and half hour metered data (including any sub meter readings), previous energy audits, other relevant reports e.g.

AC Inspection Reports, DECs, EPCs O&M manuals and the like. Some organisations will have the requested Produced in Association with

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Energy Auditing information and will be able to pass it on to the energy auditor; others may only have part, or, sometimes very basic to none of the information that is being requested.

Once the information available has been collected, the energy auditor reviews the data to assess the quality and completeness of the data provided. If data is missing it can be re-requested at this stage or an agreement made on how ‘data gaps’ will be managed and/or estimated.

The energy auditor then undertakes a preliminary analysis of the data to understand fully how energy is used in the organisation, establish a baseline and plan a method of further data collection when on site to collect missing information. The main benefit of developing an energy baseline at this stage is that it provides pre-visit insights and most importantly a datum that future energy savings can be measured against.

It is useful at this stage to hold a video conference meeting and virtual tour prior to the actual site visit being held so to better understand the site, energy management practices, operations and health and safety requirements. It is at this time that risk assessments and method statements can be prepared.

Specific on-site equipment

The energy auditor normally prepares himself/herself with information and audit checklists and specific equipment to take along on-site visits.

Checklists can be a useful audit guide that can include the sequence of the audit i.e., metering, BMS, fabric, M&E, energy management, operations and maintenance and noted opportunities etc. The type and extent of equipment that an auditor brings to site varies from auditor to auditor and site to site, but a general list of equipment includes: ● digital camera; ● tablet or clipboard to take notes and photos; ● thermal imaging camera; ● IR temperature device; ● lux meter; ● voltmeter; ● rucksack; ● PPE (bump cap, high-vis vest, steel toecap boots); ● head torch; ● selfie stick to photo awkward locations; and

Thermal imaging can pick up areas of energy loss, for example, uninsulated pipes and flanges (left) and a grille blowing warm air

● basic tools.

The use of tools and equipment can help the auditor record salient details of the energy audit site visit and to some extent to ‘see behind the scenes. For example, a thermal imaging camera can be used to visually identify heat losses and/or system fight where simultaneous heating and cooling is occurring which may not be apparent to the human eye.

The field work part of the audit is the energy auditor’s opportunity to assess energy use first-hand on site and is commonly termed as the site visit.

The energy auditor uses the field work stage as an opportunity to inspect the buildings, metering, M&E services and operations and maintenance and compare their observations to the data received.

This is also their opportunity to assess if the technical systems installed are adequate or fit-for-purpose.

At this stage, the auditor will be considering various energy efficiency opportunities suitable

for implementation within the buildings. The energy auditor should show an adequate level of professional conduct throughout the visit as outlined in part 1: General Requirements.

Energy auditors may meet with and interview individuals such as the building owner, property manager, facilities manager, engineering services manager, operation and maintenance staff, security staff and permanent staff.

Gather adequate information

The energy auditor should be prepared for these encounters to ensure they are not wasted opportunities, and that adequate information is gathered according to the scope of the audit.

Most buildings will have operation and maintenance manuals for their electrical and mechanical building services and if these were not previously issued, they should be referred to while on site. These allow

Degree days are a very useful tool to identify energy loss

energy auditors to understand how the building should be operated and maintained, compared to how it is operated and maintained, and exactly what services are installed.

From an inspection perspective the energy auditor will usually first review the sites energy metering and also interrogate the BACS or BMS system as it can contain valuable information about the building, how it is operated, and the live and historic energy demands of the installed services.

Next the energy auditor will most commonly begin their site tour in the building’s plant room(s). Energy auditors will often need access to the building’s roof as plant, heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) system plant will often be located here. The energy auditor will look at the mechanical building services on site and record all information they find. The energy auditor will observe the electrical building services on site, ensuring they keep a log of all equipment. Finally, the energy auditors will make observations to the condition and thermal performance of the building fabric.

The energy management practices of the building’s occupants are usually assessed using an energy management assessment. This is usually conducted before, during and after the site visit. The assessment usually considers the site’s operational procedures, policy, standards, targets, structure, procurement, monitoring practices, staff engagement, training and communications in relation to energy. Typically, a site score is awarded. This is useful as the site can use this as a benchmark to improve upon. Comparison against ISO50001

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Energy Auditing

Inspection and cleaning of air conditioning filters (left) and monitoring of AC unit temperatures will help cut energy losses

can be useful and aid organisations in how they can achieve best practice in energy management.

Time-consuming analysis

The analysis stage of an energy audit can be the most time-consuming part of the process. This is where the auditor will bring together all the data collected to date and evaluate the energy use and how reductions can be made without compromising the existing services.

This analysis should include a comparison of building energy performance with reference benchmark buildings, energy performance indicators, weather data, degree days, regression analysis, an evaluation of the building fabric, an evaluation of building energy usage per fuel, and a breakdown of energy use by services and carrier to identify which parts of the building are responsible for consuming the most energy which is commonly termed as end use analysis.

Suggestions for improving energy efficiency (see Table 2) are then developed drawing upon the auditor’s own experience, knowledge and expertise. These are known as recommendations, energy savings or energy saving measures (ESMs) and include energy consumption/ cost savings, carbon savings, capex requirements and payback. Higher capex recommendations are usually provided with more complex life cycle costing and/or NPV (Net Present Value) calculations.

Forming recommendations is the pinnacle of the energy auditing process. It is the science of taking all of the information gathered so far

and applying the knowledge of the organisation, the buildings visited and the people who have been met and identifying the most suitable recommendations to save energy.

However, energy auditors should be cautious as not every energy-saving technology or technique will fit all organisations and the auditor has to carefully consider what is best for the organisation in terms of saving energy, improving occupant comfort, efficiency and improving productivity.

Categories of measures

Typically, energy-saving measures can be categorised as energy efficiency technology refit, fabric improvements, energy management improvements, and operating and maintenance improvements.

Examples of energy efficiency technology refit are: ● LED lighting and automated controls; ● high-efficiency motors;

● variable speed drive (VSD) controls; ● high-efficiency cooling; ● automated heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) controls; ● high-efficiency fans; ● improved thermal insulation of pipes and ductwork; ● heat exchangers in ventilation systems; and ● renewables.

Examples of fabric improvements include: ● thermal insulation (floor, wall and roof); ● double and triple glazed windows; ● draught proofing around windows, doors and openings to reduce air leakage; ● fast-acting roller doors (industrial buildings); ● external solar shading; ● external blinds; and ● applying solar film to windows Examples of energy management include: ● metering and sub metering;

Table 2: An energy auditor can draw on his/her experience to make recommendations

Top 10 energy saving recommendations ● Energy management improvements e.g., policy, targets, submetering & MM&T; ● Behaviour change, training and upskilling; ● Operating and maintenance improvements; ● Improved thermal insulation of pipes and ductwork; ● Fabric thermal insulation and air leakage improvements; ● LED lighting and automated controls; ● High-efficiency motor replacements to IE4 & IE5 standard; ● Variable speed drive (VSD) inverter controls; ● EC fan replacements; and ● BMS and automated heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) controls improvements

● energy monitoring and targeting; ● building energy management system; ● development of processes and standard operating procedures; ● training; and ● ISO50001 implementation Examples of operation and maintenance changes include: ● scheduling maintenance e.g., regular air filter changes, thermal insulation repairs, operation of valves, dampers and control devices and recommissioning of controls; ● better planning of maintenance; and ● better instruction to the operation and maintenance staff.

The penultimate stage is to prepare a written report that communicates and includes all stages of the energy audit. This is normally in word format but more commonly are being prepared in PowerPoint format with fewer words and more graphics, photos and facts and styled more towards executive readers.

Senior managers to attend

A final meeting, presentation or virtual meeting is held with the energy audit stakeholders to talk through the report and, most importantly, the next steps. It is important to request and arrange for senior decision makers to attend the de-brief as it is an excellent opportunity for them to ask questions and build confidence in which recommendations they will take forward for implementation.

In recent times there has been a move towards the inclusion of net zero carbon and decarbonisation considerations that can be achieved at the sites. This is generally an addition to the energy audit scope but can easily be addressed with the addition of how electricity and heat can be decarbonised at the sites. This is often included as a separate service or section within the report. This will typically require further and more detailed studies to be provided so typically only high-level information is usually offered.

The top five decarbonisation (net zero) considerations are: ● heat pumps; ● district heating from a decarbonised source and/or heat recovery; ● on site PV arrays; ● energy storage and EV charging; and ● National Grid decarbonisation.

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Refrigeration

teamed up to bring you this Continuing Professional Development initiative”

ENTRY FORM

MARK THROWER Managing Editor

Please mark your answers below by placing a cross in the box. Don't forget that some questions might have more than one SERIES 20to/ mark Module 02 in pencil first before filling in the final answers in ink. Once you have correct answer. You may find it helpful the answers completed the answer sheet, return it to the address below. Photocopies are acceptable.

Energy Auditing

Questions ENTRY FORM

Please mark your answers below placing a cross inof the box.6)Don't forget that some questions might have more What is a typical range for COP? 1) Refrigeration accounts for by what percentage than one correct answer. You pencil first before filling in the final answers in total global electricity use.may find it helpful to mark the answers □ 1-3 in18 SERIES | MODULE 03 SEPTEMBER SERIES 17 09 | MARCH 20202020 ink. Once you have completed the answer sheet, return it to the address below. Photocopies are acceptable.

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Don't forget that some staff financial accounts and monitoring practices, Which of these isinprofitability, not a type refrigeration questions might have more than one correct answer.

You may find itof helpful to mark the questionsenergy might have more than one correct answer. You may find it helpful to mark the 1). Which of the following is the UK’s most common engagement, training andin communications answers in pencil first before filling in the final answers ink. Once you have completed compressor?

2) What percentage of a supermarket’s energy answers in pencil first before filling in the final answers in ink.

Once you have completed auditing standard? the answer sheet, return it to the address below. Photocopies are acceptable. the answer sheet, return it□ the address below.

Photocopies areprotection acceptable. use is accounted for by refrigeration?

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ENTRY FORM

Questions

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“Energy in and Industry How toBuildings obtain a CPDandaccreditation the Energy Institute are delighted to have from the Energy Institute teamed up to bring you this Continuing Professional Development initiative” This is the second module in the nineteenth series and focuses MARK THROWER Managing on Refrigeration.

ItEditor is accompanied by a set of multiple-choice questions.

To qualify for a CPD certificate readers must submit at least eight of the ten sets of questions from this series of modules to EiBI for the Energy Institute to mark. Anyone achieving at least eight out of ten correct answers on eight separate articles qualifies for an Energy Institute CPD certificate. This can be This is theon second module in the 20thofseries and focuses on obtained, successful completion the course and notification Energy Auditing.

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Modules from thecorrect past 18answers series can be obtained free of initiative.

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* Only17 available to download after publication date 18 SERIES SERIES SERIES 16 SERIES 17 MAY MAY2019 2018--APR APR2020 2019

MAY JUNE- APR 20202020 - MAY 2021 MAY/2019

SERIES 20 JUNE 2022 � MAY 2023 11 Batteries & Storage 11 Energy Efficiency Legislation BEMS Batteries & Storage 22 Energy as aSteps Service 22 Building Controls Refrigeration Energy as a Service 1. First to Net Zero 33 Water Management 33 Smart 2.Technology Energy Auditing LED Water Grids Management 3. Training for Energy Management* 44 Demand Side Response 44 Lighting District Heating DemandTechnology* Side Response Internet of Things* 55 Drives & Motors 55 Heat Pumps* Air4.

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Products in Action

Air-cooled chillers deliver comfort and energy efficiency for landmark Manchester building CARRIER AQUAFORCE VISION 30KAV air-cooled chillers delivering 2.4MW of cooling have been selected to provide comfort and energy efficiency for Manchester Goods Yard, a new landmark building in the heart of Manchester’s St. John’s regeneration area.

Three of the award-winning Carrier chillers were installed by NG Bailey to support the development’s Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM) rating of Excellent, and are used in combination with off-site Modern Methods of Construction to reduce waste, improve quality and minimise the building’s carbon footprint. Energy efficient solutions like the AquaForce 30KAV chiller support Carrier’s 2030 Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) Goals to reduce its customers’ carbon footprint by more than 1 gigaton.

The chillers provide air conditioning for the building’s 31,000m² of openplan office space, retail and leisure facilities that form the centrepiece

of Enterprise City, a new digital technology hub that will be home to creative and media companies.

The ultra-modern 11-storey building, constructed by Lendlease for developer Allied London, was inspired by the industrial warehouses in Brooklyn, New York, and includes a mix of café bars, restaurants and leisure facilities, designed to create a vibrant neighbourhood in which to live

and work.

“The work took place at the height of the epidemic and there were a number of design changes along the way, which required the installation team to change plans at short notice,” said Darren Smethurst, NG Bailey’s project manager who led the installation. “With support from Carrier, we were able to adapt and still achieve the tight time timescale for

installation and completion, to keep the project on track.”

The chillers are equipped with variable-speed screw compressors and dual variable-speed pumps, plus Carrier’s proprietary Greenspeed intelligence control system for enhanced energy efficiency. Given the premium application, low operating sound-level was a key requirement, and the units are equipped with bespoke acoustic treatment packages to further minimise noise levels.

Carrier AquaForce 30KAV chillers contribute to building sustainability, determined by BREEAM or LEED, in several ways: ● enhanced efficiency reduces carbon dioxide emissions associated with the operation of the cooling plant; ● reduced refrigerant charge and integral leak detection further minimises environmental impact; ● when configured for free-cooling or heat recovery, the 30KAV can further reduce carbon emissions; and ● low-noise operation due to its intelligent inverter control and acoustic treatment results in a more peaceful environment. 

with access points and provide a free W-LAN connection throughout the site. This is ideal, for example, for taking a detour to the Internet during a charging stop. At the same time, IoT camera modules in the ConStela LED luminaires increase visitors’ sense of security on the site.

The interior areas are also smart and stylish: In addition to TRILUX’s E-Line Next LED continuous row in black, Inplana recessed ceiling luminaires,

Finea LED light channel, and Oktalite tracks with light panels and spotlights ensure optimally and atmospherically illuminated areas. All the luminaires are networked via the KNX building technology network. This allows the lighting of the entire area to be controlled and monitored with unique precision.

The site covers approximately 35,000m² and is designed as a campus for digitalisation, energy efficiency and

innovations - and impresses with its wide range of offerings to make each trip productive and enjoyable.

E-mobilists don’t have to be idle while filling up: They can spend time at a café and shops within the Innovation Park, which will also feature offices, conference rooms and innovative communication technology. Or while away the time in the attractive outdoor seating area and playground. 

Stylish and intelligent lighting for Europe's largest vehicle charging park

SORTIMO, the market leader for in-vehicle equipment, has recently built Europe’s most innovative and largest charging park, with 72 charging stations in the first stage of expansion, close to the A8 Autobahn next to the Zusmarshausen in Bavaria.

After completion of the Sortimo Innovation Park, up to 4,000 electric vehicles can be charged there daily at 120 standard charging points (max. 60kW) and 24 rapid charging points (max. 350kW).

The lighting was required to be stylish and intelligent and TRILUX was a chosen lighting partner for this innovative project.

The award-winning networked TRILUX ConStela LED column with integrated IoT modules forms the core of the outdoor lighting concept.

Some of the stelae are equipped

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Combined Heat & Power & District Heating

I

t’s probably safe to say that ancient Greek philosophers are rarely quoted in the building services media. But one such philosopher, who went by the name of Heraclitus, actually captured how it feels to be in the industry these days: “Change is the only constant in life.” He’s not wrong. It seems like every day there’s a new acronym or advisory to pay attention to – especially in the pioneering world of heat networks.

Of course, the driving force behind all this change is the concerted move away from fossil fuels and decarbonisation. Combined with the inexorable energy price rises over the last year or two, the industry has experienced an increased demand for heat pump-based heat networks.

Since the third generation of heat networks in the 1970s, we’ve moved to the fourth generation – which use renewables like heat pumps and other electrification to maximise output and minimise harmful emissions. The exponential growth of heat networks that integrate heat pumps has changed the regulatory framework.

This ensures the latter are designed to maximise the latest technological developments and manufacturers’ ingenuity in combining ever more efficient appliances with renewables.

We have seen this with the revision to CIBSE’s Guide to Heat Networks (CP1 2020). As you would expect, the emphasis currently is on operating heat networks that utilise heat interface units (HIUs) at low temperatures.

As a result, manufacturers are creating advanced HIUs and this is where annual volume weighted average return temperature (VWART) becomes so crucial; equally it is important for specifiers and heating engineers to get to grips with when designing heat pump-based heat networks.

Ian Bradley is managing director at Modutherm

Modutherm’s Alira HTS heat pump is available in four models with heating capacity up to 98kW

The return is king As heat networks continue to rise in popularity it’s important for specifiers to understand the importance of annual Volume Weighted Average Return Temperature (VWART), writes Ian Bradley

Standard benchmarks

Back in 2016, BESA (British Engineering Services Association) launched a UK Standard for Heat Interface Units, which had been developed in collaboration with industry experts.

The BESA standard benchmarks HIU performance and verifies it against a set of tests that replicate typical UK operating conditions. A key factor of the test is VWART, which is an amalgamation of estimations of the annual VWARTs for domestic hot water, space heating and keep-warm functions.

Modutherm’s MTA PLUS TWIN heat interface unit is claimed to be the most efficient on the market

The BESA testing has been an important step towards improving the performance of UK district heating schemes. By measuring the performance data of different HIUs within the context of typical UK

operating conditions, it becomes valuable in enabling heating engineers and heat network system designers to consider the performance of specific HIUs – not only against design requirements but also the many

competing manufacturers.

In simple terms, VWART measures return temperature, which is one of the best ways to consider a heat network’s efficiency. A lower return temperature results in a larger delta T, which means lower flow rates are required to achieve the same kW delivery. In practice, this allows smaller pumps and pipes to be used and smaller pumps mean lower capital expenditure and power consumption.

Smaller pipework also reduces surface area and related heat losses.

To conclude, specifying equipment that delivers low VWARTs is the best approach to improving the efficiency of a heat pump led heat network, remembering, of course, that, the CIBSE Code of Practice states, as a minimum requirement, the VWART should be no higher than 33°C.

Designing heat networks

Here at Modutherm, we’re very happy that our MTA PLUS TWIN HIU recently achieved top marks in registering the lowest VWART in both the high and low temperature tests of any heat interface unit, with values of 26 and 24 respectively. That’s better than any other HIU previously tested. We can claim that our HIU is the most efficient on the market.

There are multiple ways of designing heat networks, depending on the needs of any given situation, and a myriad of variables that contribute to the best performance of each system.

By using VWART, consultants are able to specify the most efficient HIUs – especially when they are combined with matching heat pumps.

This gives engineers and specifiers the ability to create incredibly energy efficient heat networks that deliver generous amounts of heating and DHW to a building’s occupants. And they do all of this while contributing to decarbonisation goals, reduction in harmful emissions and the wider use of renewables.

The team at Modutherm is always searching for ever more efficient and innovative ways to build heat networks. It’s our ambition to be the very best at what we do, which brings us neatly back to that ancient Greek thinker again, who also once wrote: “Big results require big ambitions.”

In the coming years the fifth generation of heat networks will see networks include perhaps cooling – using reverse cycles with heat pumps and keeping internal temperatures at a very comfortable level all year round. 

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Combined Heat & Power & District Heating CHP installations contributing to the decarbonisation of Stoke-on-Trent Three CHP installations are playing a key role in a major decarbonisation project in Stoke-on-Trent.

In 2017 the city council formed a collaboration with SIEMENS to develop a series of energy-saving projects as part of the council’s plans to cut carbon emissions, increase the use of renewable energy and reduce costs.

As the lead technical partner, boosted by several local partnerships, Siemens entered discussions to investigate ways of improving the energy performance of the local authority’s buildings over a five-year period.

As part of its decarbonisation drive, the council secured £4.34m funding from the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS) under the Public Sector Decarbonisation Scheme, delivered

by Salix Finance. The scheme aims to put the public sector at the forefront of decarbonising buildings in the UK. The first phase of the programme involved a widescale LED lighting upgrade. A total of 5,440 energyefficient LEDs were installed in many well-known locations in the city over nine months.

The three new CHP installations are at the Civic Centre, Dimensions Leisure Centre and at Fenton Manor Sports Complex. All will be operational by 2025 to generate electricity and steam for power and heat on-site, saving the council £250,000 per year.

In addition, solar PV installations supply power to Dimensions Leisure

Centre and Fenton Manor Sports Complex, adding further to onsite power generation.

Air source heat pumps at Fenton Manor Sports Complex and New Horizons Leisure Centre also provide a lower-carbon way of heating the swimming pools and contribute further to decarbonisation. New pool

pumps, filtration and control systems were added. Heat pumps and air handling units have also replaced panel heating at Steel House, an operational council-run building.

To help manage the new technologies, Siemens Desigo CC was deployed as an upgrade to the existing building management system which has improved the optimisation and efficient use of building services across the sites.

Councillor Carl Edwards, Stoke-onTrent City Council cabinet member for housing and the environment, said: “The decarbonisation works sit alongside innovative programmes such as the District Heat Network, where more than four kilometres of piping is already installed under roads in Stoke town with the aim of connecting properties up to more sustainable energy supplies.”

As well as its work with Stoke-onTrent City Council, Siemens has also supported other decarbonisation projects across Staffordshire. Its work with Keele University and its SEND project created Europe’s largest testbed for the research and development of renewable and smart energy technologies. Through SEND, energy generation, distribution, storage, forecasting and energy balancing implementations are being learned in a ‘living laboratory’ to help achieve cost and carbon savings for the university. 

the CHP in the plant room on behalf of a contractor.

As this is an upper floor plant room, the CHP had to be extra quiet with

its running noise. The acoustic insulation provides a sound pressure level (SPL) for this CHP at 46 dB(A), measured at 1m distance - quieter than an American-style double door fridge. Snowdrop Place expects to save around 104,000kWh of electricity per year, which could reduce the care home’s electricity bill by as much as £15,600 per year.

Jonathan Passmore, UK technical sales manager at Helec Ltd, said: “We were delighted to support the site installation team in order to deliver this efficient 16kWe CHP unit which will contribute well to help reduce the running costs at Snowdrop Place.”

Run by Barchester Healthcare, Snowdrop Place is designed specifically to support people living with dementia and those who require residential care. 

Care home’s new combined heat & power unit slashes electricity bills HELEC LIMITED, an M&E specialist in the specification, design and installation of combined heat and power systems in pre-packaged plant room solutions, has supplied and commissioned an Energimizer EM16NG CHP unit to Barchester Healthcare’s Snowdrop Place care home in Botley, Southampton.

Helec was tasked with this project in December 2019, when it worked with the main M&E contractors’ consultant Mark Comerford to optimise the hydraulic layout. Work started in May 2020, when the CHP unit was

delivered to site, but the pandemic delayed the build, so it was eventually commissioned in December 2020.

Helec supplied and commissioned

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Advertisement Feature

Electricity Supply Options

Tom Abbott is head of PPA at EDF

Choosing an electricity supply option that is backed by zero carbon sources can be a quick and simple way to improve your sustainability credentials

providing long-term cost certainty.

This then enables the generator to make a final investment decision and bring that new renewable asset onto the grid. Your power would still come via the grid (there’s no physical connection), but you are contracting with a named generator, enabling you to say that your energy is coming from a specific source.

This creates a strong sustainability message and is a huge commitment to net zero, as without that contractual agreement put in place, that renewable power wouldn’t have come onto the grid; true ‘additionality’. The challenge with a CPPA is the complexity, as they are much more involved to set up and manage, so you need the resources to make it work, and that’s where an experienced and trusted partner is important to help you make it happen.

Renewable generation onsite

Choose the right power option

How can you use your electricity supply to support your sustainability goals? Tom Abbott outlines some of the options available to businesses and the associated benefits

W

ith such an unstable macro environment resulting in an increasingly complex energy landscape, juggling prices while continuing to meet your environmental targets is a challenge right now.

But it’s important that we don’t let this veer us away from reaching net zero. So, business should take control of their energy; choosing the right electricity supply option, that aligns with their organisation’s priorities and enables them to achieve their sustainability goals.

Especially in the current market, it’s essential for businesses to plan and budget their energy spend.

Understanding your energy needs and consumption patterns can help you significantly reduce your environmental impact and by taking control of your energy you can unlock bottom-line value for your business.

A considered approach to how your business is using energy enables you to save both money and carbon.

What is the right option for my business? Well, that depends on your business’ goals, capabilities and risk mandate. Let’s look at some of the options available to help you understand which approach may be

best for your business.

Choosing an electricity supply option that is backed by zero carbon sources can be a quick and simple way to improve your sustainability credentials and requires minimal investment. It is a great first step on the journey to net zero and would see your energy supply made up from a number of different zero carbon sources, backed by a mix of nuclear and renewables which are evidenced by certificates known as Generation Declarations (for nuclear) and REGOs (for renewables). This offers a good sustainability message to your customers, suppliers and investors as it enables you to report zero marketbased emissions under the GHG Protocol Scope 2 reporting guidelines.

You may also choose to power your business through 100 per cent renewable electricity. There are a range of options available here, ranging in specificity. From powering your business through any form of REGO backed supply, to options that offer the ability to specify a particular source, such a wind or solar power.

You can even choose a contract that links you to a specific, named renewable generation asset, this allows traceability and gives you an even stronger sustainability message

for your investors and suppliers.

This variety of options, backed by renewable certificates, again enable you to report zero carbon emissions, and are relatively simple to put in place.

Make a difference to the grid

For larger energy consumers who can make a longer-term commitment, a Corporate PPA (CPPA) could be an interesting option. When you start to look at CPPAs, things start to get more complicated to put in place but you’re also starting to make a real difference to the energy grid and decarbonisation.

A CPPA is a direct contractual agreement between a business and a renewable energy generator, to build a new renewable asset. In a CPPA you would usually agree to pay a fixed price for all of the generation from that asset over a 10-15 year term,

Experience tells us that businesses make better decisions when they’re better informed.

Another consideration is onsite generation. Rather than sign an agreement to buy power from elsewhere, your business could install renewable generation onsite, usually solar panels on top of a roof or on unused land space. This option again offers you true additionally by bringing new renewable generation onto the grid and again, creates a great sustainability story for your customers, investors and suppliers.

There can be upfront costs involved, but there are options for financing without the need for capital outlay and the benefits case for onsite solar has never been stronger given current high power prices. It’s a great way of reducing complexity and can reduce energy bills, removing third party delivery costs. Investing in decentralised opportunities, like onsite generation, can also increase resilience, as you reduce your dependence on the grid and are protected from market price volatility.

Every business is different. And it’s essential that you have a supply contract structure that suits you.

The energy market is complex, but experience tells us that businesses make better decisions when they’re better informed. Working with a reputable supply partner will help you devise and execute an energy strategy to meet the short and long term needs of your business.

At EDF, we can help you navigate these options and guide you to balance your budgetary and sustainability goals.  ● Get in touch with us at letstalkpower@edfenergy.com

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Combined Heat & Power & District Heating Heat pump system provides hot water and CO2 to aid cucumber growth CLARKE ENERGY has recently delivered a hybrid energy system to power one of the largest glasshouses in the UK that has been developed by renewable energy company, AGR. The 217,000m² glasshouse site combines a 33MWth heat pump system with a 9MWe CHP plant with CO₂ recovery. The installation of heat pumps provides renewable hot water heating to the site and the CO₂ recovered from exhaust gases is transferred to the glasshouse to help accelerate the growth of the produce.

The glasshouse will grow 10 per cent of cucumbers consumed in Britain and uses 30 per cent less CO₂ than conventionally heated glasshouses.

The Energy Centre for the glasshouse combines a 33MWth heat pump system with a combined heat

and power (CHP) plant comprising three high-efficiency INNIO Jenbacher gas engines with CO₂ recovery. The installation of heat pumps provides renewable hot water heating to the glasshouse and will qualify for the Renewable Heat Incentive (RHI). IES Energy, a heat pump manufacturer, has supplied and installed the heat pumps for the project. The company’s partner,

Hertfordshire school replaces ageing boilers with combined heat and power Aldenham School in Elstree, Hertfordshire, has reduced energy demand, carbon and electricity bills at one of its boarding houses, while improving comfort levels, with the installation of a BAXI CHP system.

When the ageing boilers serving Paull’s House reached end of life, the school was keen to explore replacement solutions to improve its green credentials. However,

complex retrofit challenges in the draughty 16th century building meant that use of renewable heating technologies already had been ruled out.

The school’s main requirements were to ensure an efficient heating and hot water service for the boarders, connect the system to the neighbouring science block, and complete the work within the summer shutdown period. Reliability was also

Pure Renewables, has designed and installed the open-loop collection system which runs over a distance of 750m. Clarke Energy and AGR opted for an ammonia (R717) refrigerant system as opposed to a hydrocarbon refrigerant from IES Energy as ammonia has a higher efficiency value and global warming potential of zero.

The liquid-to-water heat pumps

recover renewable heat from local reservoirs on site via the reverse Carnot cycle and through the use of an ammonia refrigerant. The openloop collection system involves eighteen pumps floating on platforms spread across the three reservoirs which extract water and transfer any available heat to the ammonia refrigerant (approx. 10°C). The heated ammonia is pumped to the seven compressors located near the glasshouse where the ammonia is compressed, and heat is transferred to the site thermal stores at circa 50°C. The compressors are split into three separate, skid mounted systems, one single compressor (4.7MW) and two twin compressors (9.5MW), powered in part by the Jenbacher engines.

The CHP plant comprises Jenbacher J416, J620 & J624 engines providing an electrical output of 9MWe, which are used to power the glasshouse, the LED grow lights and various site auxiliaries.

Waste heat generated from the engines will produce hot water which will be stored in two 6,000m³ thermal stores and used to heat the glasshouses. 

key as neither Paull’s House nor the science facilities could be without hot water.

“We were working with an extremely old, hard-to-heat building in which parts of the fabric date back to 1597,” explained Tony Albon, the school’s head of estates. “So, we decided to call in the heat experts for advice.”

A successful partnership was formed with heating manufacturers Baxi Commercial Solutions. Albon and Karl Mahon, Aldenham’s bursar, held lengthy discussions with the Baxi Commercial Solutions team who carried out multiple site visits to understand the exact requirements before presenting all the feasible options.

“It was clear that the most viable solution to meet all our needs was a combined heat and power (CHP) and condensing boiler system,” Albon continued. “Not only can this solution meet the heating and large domestic hot water requirements more efficiently at Paull’s House, reducing energy demand, but it produces electricity at lower costs for use within the building.”

A Remeha R-Gen SenerTec Dachs G5.5 CHP was selected, supported by three Potterton Commercial Sirius

three 110kW wall hung condensing boilers. The project contractors were Keeble Environment Services.

Both the CHP unit and the ultralow NOx, stainless-steel boilers are compatible with the proposed introduction of 20 per cent hydrogen into the gas network, enhancing the sustainability of the installation.

“The collaboration has resulted in the best possible solution for the School, meeting all our objectives,” Albon added. “The CHP team has been by our side throughout the project. They also brought in their technical, training and commissioning experts to support us and the contractor and will be carrying out all future maintenance and servicing.

“Our boarding students have commented on the improved comfort levels in Paull’s House, as have the teachers in the science block,” he continued.

“We also anticipate an annual reduction in electricity bills of around £3,500 and a saving of over 6,000 kg of carbon from the CHP. It’s a fantastic result – we have great plans for further projects with this partnership.” 

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Monitoring & Metering

Will Darby is managing director of Carlo Gavazzi UK

Metering must not be overlooked

A comprehensive metering strategy will be a fundamental part of the government’s plans to boost Britain’s energy security and the move to a low-carbon future, says Will Darby

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he UK’s transition to a cleaner, low-carbon future took a step forward with the Prime Minister’s recent announcement of plans to boost Britain’s energy security by weaning Britain off expensive fossil fuels through boosting renewable energy supply.

This plan comes in light of rising global energy prices, provoked by surging demand after the pandemic as well as Russia’s invasion of Ukraine.

Gas prices are set by international markets over which the UK has no control, so the government wants to boost the UK’s homegrown energy generation for greater energy security in the long-term.

Speaking about the announcement, Energy and Climate Change Minister, Greg Hands, said: “Boosting our renewable energy supply is the only way for us to take control of energy prices. We are already a world leader in offshore wind, but we want to go further and faster so that clean, cheap energy becomes the norm.”

This bold commitment to supercharging clean energy and accelerate the deployment of renewables could see as much as 95 per cent of Great Britain’s electricity low carbon by 2030. While the plans do include new nuclear, significantly they also include: ● an ambition for up to 50GW of offshore wind by 2030 - more than enough to power every home in the UK; ● a consultation developing partnerships with communities to host onshore wind infrastructure in return for guaranteed lower energy bills; and ● plans to increase the UK’s current 14GW of solar capacity to 70GW by 2035 by changing the rules for solar projects on domestic and commercial rooftops.

An electrical grid with a significantly greater proportion of electricity from renewable sources has the potential to turn electricity pricing strategies on their head. At the moment fossil fuel-powered generating capacity can be turned on and off to meet demand.

But renewables cannot be switched on

three phase applications, such as public fast charge points, Carlo Gavazzi’s EM340 or EM24-E1 energy analyser are the perfect solution.

Both meters are MID certified making them suitable for cost allocation and sub-metering and for fiscal/legal subbilling. For residential charge point applications, Carlo Gavazzi’s single phase energy meter EM111 & EM112 is suitable for active energy metering and can measure imported and exported energy.

Electric heat pumps

and off and so demand will increasingly have to follow supply. That means harvesting cheaper energy when renewables are providing through battery storage, for example, and minimising energy use when that is not the case.

Battery storage controls are also becoming more sophisticated. For example, companies produce a grid-parallel energy storage system designed to work with battery storage systems. Many include a Carlo Gavazzi energy meter to monitor and measure power import/export, so the system knows when to charge or discharge the battery to increase self-sufficiency.

a £1.3bn investment in electric vehicle infrastructure.

Electric vehicle charging stations consume significant amounts of electrical power when drivers refuel their vehicles. The amount of power consumed needs to be metered to ensure fair and accurate cost allocation for the energy used. For Accurate metering will be key to the roll out of many smart future energy systems

Battery storage systems

Alongside the growth in domestic and commercial battery storage systems there is also the growth in electric vehicles. These are really just battery storage systems on wheels. In much the same way that domestic and commercial battery storage systems can be used to store excess power generated by grid renewables, smart electric vehicle charging points can vary the charge rate of the vehicle’s battery in response to the available power.

The government wants to accelerate the rollout of charge points for electric vehicles in homes, streets and on motorways. Its recent announcement of a Ten Point Plan for a green industrial revolution included

Renewables have the potential to turn electricity pricing strategies on their head

The plans to boost Britain’s energy security also include a £30m initiative to encourage electric heat pumps to be made in Britain to “reduce demand for gas.” For new single phase heat pump metering applications, Carlo Gavazzi’s EM100 series of energy meters offer a cost effective, compact and MID certified solution to measure the electricity consumption of the heat pump. While the EM300 series is an MID certified meter for 3-phase commercial and domestic applications.

It is clear that ditching gas and oil heating in favour of cleaner, greener electric heat pumps will have huge environmental benefits. These benefits can be further enhanced by extending the lifetime and reliability of the heat pump compressor motor by eliminating the start capacitor.

Carlo Gavazzi’s High Dynamic Motor Starter (HDMS) eliminates the need for a starting capacitor altogether. It features an innovative algorithm to ensure sufficient torque is generated to soft start the single phase capacitor start/capacitor run (CSCR) motors used in some heat pump compressors.

Carlo Gavazzi’s soft starters optimise scroll compressor start-up while delivering unmatched inrush current protection. The RSBS, RSBD and RSBT scroll compressor soft starters are suitable for single and three-phase controlled motor starts respectively to help heat pump manufacturers further extend the lifetime and reliability of their equipment to further enhance the UK’s transition to a cleaner lowcarbon future. 

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Energy monitoring and sub-metering experts

Monitoring & Metering

David Sing is managing director, assets, at Energy Assets

T

here are around 1.5m industrial and commercial buildings in England and Wales, and these are estimated to account for around one third of all UK carbon emissions from total building stock. Self-evidently, any improvement in energy efficiency in industry will be significant both for individual organisations - particularly with escalating energy costs - and for longer-term ambitions to decarbonise the economy.

There’s been some criticism that the government’s energy strategy does little to incentivise building energy performance, but the good news is that there are lots of digital tools available to help managers bear down on consumption. Moreover, the value of this data will only increase with the Market-wide Half-Hourly settlement (MWHH) reform due by 2025, which will enhance opportunities for demand side response incentives and preferential time of use tariffs.

The question for energy and sustainability managers is where best to invest time and resources to bear down on energy consumption and reduce carbon emissions?

At one level, this means optimising the value of energy metering, consumption monitoring and data insights; at another it means applying advanced technologies, such as machine learning, artificial intelligence and automated monitoring to drive out waste.

Getting all these systems working in harmony is critical to optimising energy efficiency and reducing carbon emissions.

For managers, this means: ● capturing consumption data in granular detail via automated meter reading (AMR) systems; ● monitoring and analysing data through advanced AM&T portals, such as WebAnalyser, and setting automated alerts for unusual patterns of behaviour; and ● applying advanced tools such as machine learning and artificial intelligence to identify efficiency opportunities This will not only help bear down on cost at a time of spiralling energy bills, it will also support carbon reduction strategies linked to corporate Environmental, Social and Governance programmes and the achievement of Energy Savings Opportunity Scheme (ESOS) targets.

Machine learning, such as that employed by AMR DNA from Energy Assets, uses artificial intelligence (AI) to automatically learn about and improve energy consumption.

Data provides the hard evidence for staff engagement to drive energy savings

How data can unlock energy savings

Energy managers in industrial and commercial settings now have more tools at their disposal than ever before to transform energy efficiency, says David Sing It does this by assimilating halfhourly meter data and interpreting it in the context of operations and external factors (weather, occupancy levels). This creates ‘fingerprints’ of consumption – and, using AI, the system then progressively learns what best performance looks like. And because the system is smart, it learns to ignore outcomes that are irrelevant, mistaken or due to bad data.

Often, it’s a question of spotting improvement opportunities hiding in plain sight, such as equipment running needlessly or heating controls incorrectly set - and machine learning is the perfect tool to do that by crunching big data.

Consumption data generated via AMR systems can also be fed automatically into monitoring and reporting platforms such as WebAnalyser. This provides an easy

AFE Group is cleverly harnessing energy data and staff engagement

way of comparing actual consumption versus benchmark parameters and to measure the impact of any efficiency improvements. This tool also offers a customisable approach to energy reporting, whether that’s monitoring consumption by period, comparing performance to ‘standard’ operating profiles, validating and analysing usage, or automatically alerting users to unusual consumption patterns.

Harnessing the power of data

When it comes to energy efficiency, one of the world’s leading manufacturers of professional cooking, bakery and refrigeration equipment has developed a recipe for success.

AFE Group, which employs 1500 people over 15 sites, has identified a sweet spot for optimising energy performance by harnessing gas and electricity data with people power.

The result is year-on-year energy performance improvements on the road to Net Zero, supported by metering and data services from Energy Assets.

AFE operates multiple manufacturing, service and contracting centres across Britain – each with distinctive energy profiles. So, the Group provides each site with the autonomy and the tools they need to manage their individual energy footprint.

“As a business, we have a clear aim to lead by example when it comes to optimising energy consumption and operating sustainably,” says AFE Group chief executive officer, Tim Smith.

“This means not only monitoring and measuring the energy we use in granular detail, but also creating a workforce trained and empowered to take responsibility for consumption.”

Through a ten-year partnership with Energy Assets, the company receives half-hourly electricity and gas data through automated meter reading systems.

This data feeds into the WebAnalyser monitoring and reporting platform, enabling AFE to compare actual performance versus benchmark parameters and to measure the impact of any process improvements. The tool also enables the company to track the impact on energy costs and carbon emissions of its solar renewables investment.

Says Tim Smith: “At one level, the dashboard quickly enables us to take the ‘pulse’ of energy consumption by day, week, month or over the course of a year and compare it to ‘standard’ operating conditions. At another level, we can dive much deeper into data to validate and analyse usage and spot unusual consumption patterns.

“The ultimate aim is to operate as efficiently as possible, to minimise our environmental impact and to make good our pledge to work towards Net Zero.”

While data provides the hard operational evidence – and helps drive AFE’s ESOS actions - it is staff engagement that creates the momentum for success. Each business unit nominates an Energy Champion to drive energy and sustainability improvements aligned to targets. This includes a daily energy walk to eradicate waste, identify inefficient equipment usage and flag poor energy habits.

In addition, every colleague receives an AFE Guide to Energy Management. This demonstrates how even small efficiency gains can enhance the bottom line, support customer sustainability goals and mitigate environmental impact. Regular energy audits also identify areas for improvements, tagged with potential financial and carbon benefits for the company.

Tim Smith adds: “Our data focus, together with staff training, progress bulletins and regular audits, gives our people the information and tools they need to support our energy consumption goals. Our aim is to create a culture in which everyone can be an active contributor to our group-wide Greenlogic energy efficiency, waste reduction and sustainability initiative.” 

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Monitoring & Metering

Phil Copperwheat is information systems director at goldeni

goldeni’s digital twin provides a simulated visual representation of a building

Gain a greater insight into a building

goldeni’s real-time insights aid building managers in the creation of healthier commercial and residential spaces and support the journey to net-zero. Phil Copperwheat explains goldeni from Morgan Sindall Group, is a cutting-edge IoT and software platform that provides property maintenance companies, building owners and occupiers with insights into the health of commercial and residential buildings.

These insights are delivered in realtime and focus on internal conditions such as air quality, temperature, humidity, and leak detection, allowing property maintenance teams to ensure safer and healthier environments for building users.

The goldeni platform also has a critical role in the journey to net-zero. The climate crisis is now more urgent than ever, and goldeni provides practical recommendations in real-time that can help to reduce the carbon emissions generated by buildings and make them more energy-efficient.

The platform captures, collates and unlocks data’s potential to enable property managers to make informed, evidence-based decisions about their energy usage. Insights are delivered through a set of integrated goldeni products, including an Insight Portal, Diagnostics Portal and for the

residential sector, a Home Health mobile app. The platform combines Internet of Thing (IoT) technologies with unrivalled data analytics.

Sensors give critical data

A series of sensors are deployed throughout the property to deliver critical data about aspects such as the internal temperature, occupancy, CO2 levels, ventilation and the energy usage of specific assets within the building. This information is delivered to the portals where advanced AI-powered analytics interpret the data sets and generate actionable insights for the service and maintenance teams. These insights are not one-size-fits-all solutions and are personalised to meet the targets and requirements of the building manager or occupier based on the action they need to take to ensure the safe and efficient operation of their home or workplace.

For example, the deployed sensors can monitor the internal air quality (IAQ). They recommend opening more windows to improve ventilation if the CO2 concentration rises above safe levels or if the humidity increases.

This allows the property managers to take action that will ensure the space remains safe for residents and building occupiers and reduces the chance of virus transmission and mould growth. The system can also identify water leaks in real-time, allowing immediate repairs to be carried out. It can assess when an asset requires maintenance or repair based on fluctuations in its energy usage.

The goldeni platform has been developed with the client at its core and the resulting data model offers unparalleled results. Goldeni’s approach to creative and ethical data analytics focuses on behavioural intent data.

Building users’ influence

To develop an in-depth understanding of the behaviours of building occupiers, goldeni takes data from a variety of different sources. This shows how building users influence the operation and performance of the property, but this data can also highlight the impact these behaviours have on both the internal and external environments.

Artificial intelligence-powered by big data analytics and machinelearning algorithms is the ‘brains’ behind this advanced analytics and insights platform. The AI processes consume many data sets and interpret these to deliver actionable insights that allow service and maintenance personnel to make informed decisions and actions. goldeni is leading the charge in advancing visual digital replication technology. This new development can help the commercial and residential sector continue to work towards energy efficiency and operational cost savings by creating a “digital twin” of a location.

In its simplest form, goldeni’s digital twin technology provides a simulated visual representation of a building or local area. Data is pulled from the IoT sensors within the building and externally deployed sensors and compatible third-party systems, which contribute factors such as the location and weather to provide a more authentic and accurate representation of the conditions.

By generating a simulated representation of a property or portfolio of properties, the digital twin goes much further than graphs, data and reports, and has the power to revolutionise the service, maintenance and management of buildings. By creating a realtime visualisation of the building’s operations, energy use, and faults, the digital twin allows property managers to quickly identify and rectify energy inefficiencies, ensuring the building upholds its net-zero commitments. goldeni enables property maintenance teams, building owners and occupiers to receive real-time insights into the internal conditions of the commercial and residential buildings. For maintenance teams, goldeni empowers their move towards predictive, prescriptive maintenance routines and for building owners and occupiers, confirmation that the internal environment is safe and healthy.

Following the Covid-19 pandemic and COP26 this year, internal air quality and the climate crisis are at the forefront of everyone’s minds. This innovative new platform is claimed to offer a brand new way of ensuring that both commercial and residential properties are safe, comfortable and energy-efficient. 

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New Products

Facade system can reduce a building's heating costs by up to 50 per cent SCHWANK has added to its portfolio of heating products to include solar air collectors alongside its recently launched hydrogen-operated tube heaters.

The new product group is launched under the name solarSchwank. The products for renewable heat generation are conceived as facade systems. The actual solar air collector consists of perforated, durable, aluminium, with a solar active surface (absorber). This selective coating ensures a highly efficient conversion of solar energy into thermal energy. When the sun’s rays meet the solar active surface, they are converted into thermal energy and released into the air layer below the absorber. The heated air cushion is then fed directly into the building assisted by a fan. This is carried out without any conversion processes or use of a heat exchanger. Thanks to this efficient method, heating costs can be reduced, for instance, by 50 per cent and CO emissions can likewise be lowered.

The solarSchwank System is available with or without fresh air supply. The air collectors are easy to install and can be implemented very quickly in both new and existing buildings. Thanks to the use of lightweight materials, they can be mounted on almost any building facade.

Easy-to-install emergency lighting range ABB is launching an easy-to-install modular Movion emergency lighting range designed for commercial applications such as offices and retail, as well as schools, restaurants and hotels.

The line features a modular design that is suitable for a range of applications including recessed and surface mounting, as well as walls and ceilings. In addition, the exit signage can switch from ceiling to wall mount, by simply changing the position of the electronics box through 90º.

The range provides better cable access and terminal connections for quick and easy installation, while offering a new track mounting option using a 3C interface for mounting to any type of track adapter available on the market, making it highly flexible and adaptable. The batteries are also simple to replace which reduces maintenance time.

For installations where there is a need to optimise the number of luminaires, ABB has developed a hybrid Movion version, which combines escape route signalisation and lighting into one product. The solution can be used to provide one lux as escape route lighting and five lux on safety equipment. For these specific applications, different lenses are available, and both are supplied with the product. On site, the lens can be rotated to adjust to the actual situation, or the escape route lighting lens can be replaced by the lens designed for illuminating safety equipment.

TALKING HEADS

Mark Bruno is chief ambassador of CUBE and partner at Ampersand Partners

Mark Bruno

The CUBE route to savings

Mark Bruno believes that a new competition, first introduced in France six years ago, is bringing tenants and landlords together to make major savings through behaviour change

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ommercial premises – even the most sustainably designed or BREEAM ‘Excellent’ rated ones – can still be very wasteful when it comes to energy efficiency, depending on how they are used. Real change begins with focusing on the attitude and behaviour of the people who occupy and use them day in and day out. Net zero is achievable if it becomes a collective responsibility, with building managers, landlords and occupiers working together towards shared goals.

When the CUBE competition was born in France six years ago, we saw first-hand how collaboration of this kind leads to reduced energy use in commercial buildings from day one without major investment. Average energy savings are around 12 per cent, but top performers have managed to cut energy waste by as much as 40-55 per cent. The competition drives positive environmental impact by encouraging everyday behaviour change and simple building reprogramming in a gamified way.

Such initiatives and tools are very much needed, now more than ever, because they are designed to galvanise action. In the spirit of healthy competition, diverse building stakeholders can come together to achieve and beat goals and instil a culture of environmental awareness in the workplace.

Since CUBE’s UK launch in May this year, we’ve seen significant appetite from participating companies including Landsec, the Howard de Walden Estate, Savills, Stanhope, Dorrington, BNP Paribas, Workspace and more. They all want to connect with tenants and try a fresh approach to tackling energy waste and cutting emissions. At a recent kick-off event an informal poll showed that 47 per cent have signed up primarily to hit net zero targets.

Motivating building users or employees to be more mindful of

Bruno: 'motivating employees to be more mindful of their energy use goes far beyond sending emails'

their energy usage goes far beyond sending emails telling them to power down computers and remember to switch off the lights. Such instructions are easy to ignore and fail to appeal to human nature. It’s about getting genuine buy-in from everyone by cultivating effective communities at grassroots level, while adding fun and competition into the mix. This can help people feel empowered by seeing how small steps can add up to make a big contribution to net zero.

In the first instance, participants have been raising awareness with occupiers, talking with them to set up an actionable plan with clear touch points on how to work together to reduce energy consumption. They have also been establishing and mobilising dedicated green teams comprising occupiers and site technicians to get to grips with how energy is used in their buildings.

Together, they identify areas where immediate efficiencies can be made.

Doing all this as part of a national

competition makes it easier to inspire a collective sense of purpose. It wakes up people’s sense of competition in wanting to do better than their peers and outperform the next building. It also opens up avenues for knowledge sharing among like-minded participants – they are learning while competing with each other.

Historical energy data

One of the most important things that participants are doing is submitting their historical energy data. We’ve made it as easy as possible for them, without burdensome reporting or the need to gather reams of complicated figures. They just provide their utility bills, which are then used to establish a baseline of the building’s typical energy use and performance.

As companies embark on the year-long competition, each month’s progress is assessed and benchmarked against that baseline to measure progress and visually show how improvements are accumulating

into tangible, demonstrable energy savings. This is collated into monthly rankings featuring top performing participants. Already, the highest performers in the first month have seen savings of up to 5 per cent.

Making this energy consumption data available to tenants is important. It helps them understand the immediate effects of their actions, and how their use of lighting, heating and electricity translates into their building’s ranking for the month.

There’s the added advantage, too, of measuring actual in-use energy efficiency. The wider landscape is evolving in that direction already, aiming to prioritise real – not theoretical – impact. For example, the BEIS consultation called for the creation of a new accreditation system for the operational usage of large commercial premises, instead of their theoretical future performance.

The paper outlined how, to make meaningful improvements, “owners and occupiers must have a detailed understanding of how the building operates and uses energy.” It stressed that this is particularly crucial when considering how to decarbonise buildings in the long-term to reach net zero by 2050. Softer interventions proposed include recommendations to publish top performing buildings and introduce an element of competition as a way to drive energy usage efficiency, which is one of the key tenets of CUBE. The built environment as a whole contributes around 40 per cent of carbon emissions worldwide, with a huge 28 per cent of this coming from the energy required to power, cool and heat buildings. Undeniably, the role of energy efficiency in meeting climate ambitions is a vital one.

What we’ve learned is that participants from absolutely any company size, sector, location or building type (whether it is new, refurbished or heritage) can still find room for improvement on their energy use. And their chances of doing so are higher if they work together, sharing and comparing best practice and outcomes, and engaging building users in fresh, more exciting ways.

Bringing tenants along on the journey to net zero is crucial to success.

34 | ENERGY IN BUILDINGS & INDUSTRY | JULY / AUGUST 2022

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DIRECTORY CONTACTS

To advertise in this section contact classified sales on Tel: 01889 577222 Email: classified@eibi.co.uk www.eibi.co.uk

Air Conditioning

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SME’s, City Wide Projects, Large Organisations. Pulse, Modbus, Mbus. www.energymeteringtechnology.com enquiries@energymeteringtechnology.com Tel: 01628 664056

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LET US SOLVE YOUR METERING PROBLEMS

EMT resolve issues with meters and aM&T systems that have been badly fitted and are inappropriate or wrongly installed, systems that have never functioned properly and unsuitable or wrongly configured software.

We have considerable knowledge and can help assess, recommission or replace any aM&T system to render them as useful tools for your utility management needs.

For more information on how we can help, Tel: 01628 664056 Email: enquiries@meteringtech.com www.energymeteringtechnology.com

JULY/AUGUST 2022 | ENERGY IN BUILDINGS & INDUSTRY | 35

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