Henrietta Lacks Syllabus by eng1102madison.gray

The

Henrietta

Lacks Syllabus

A Collection of Sources Related to The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks by Rebecca Skloot

Introduction The touching story of Henrietta Lacks, an African American woman whose cervical cells created the world's first immortal cell line, shows a number of approaches in which issues of race and class have shaped and still continue to shape and influence the various institutions that govern American society. Rebecca Skloot's attempts to tell the story of one of the most notable discoveries in medical history gives understanding into the many issues that are integral to understanding American studies. Here are some sources that contributors thought to be useful for additional information on the book.

Table of Contents Development, History, and Importance of HeLa Cells

Class and Poverty in African American Communities

Gender Studies Education and Disability in African American Communities

Literary Aspects Film, Reviews, Criticism, and Related Novels

Professorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Page Contributorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Page Back Page

Development, History, and Importance of Hela Cells Barone, Jennifer. "The Immortal Woman." Science World, vol. 70, no. 9, 03 Mar. 2014, pp. 14-17. EBSCOhost, ezproxy.augusta.edu/login?url=http:// search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx? direct=true&db=fth&AN=94828273&site=eds-live&scope=site. The Immortal Woman showed our group the many milestones in the discovery and research of the immortal cells called HeLa from the cervical cancer patient named Henrietta Lacks. Some examples of accomplishments of HeLa cells were how these cancer cells taken from Lacks' cervix and still survived, the success in cloning the cells exactly, and the cells' traveling into space aboard a Russian satellite. Also mentioned is their use in the study of HIV. Gelling, Cristy. "Genes & Cells: Famed Cancer's DNA Sorted Out: Analysis Sheds Light on Virulence of Hela Cell Line." Science News, vol. 184, no. 5, 07 Sept. 2013, p. 8. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1002/scin.5591840504. This article displays the research done on DNA outline of HeLa cancer cells. HeLa cells, a cell line which was obtained from a cervical cancer patient Henrietta Lacks in 1951. Scientists discovered the HeLa genome already contained the human papillomavirus DNA. This being because it came from the invading virus that causes cervical cancer prior to. The detailed research came to the conclusion that the DNA from the virus placed itself near the human gene MYC, which when turned on can cause cells to become cancerous. International Business, Times. "HIV Cure Scientific Pursuit? Researchers Ask Henrietta Lacks' Family to Study Her Cells." International Business Times, 09 Aug. 2013. EBSCOhost, ezproxy.augusta.edu/login?url=http:// search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx? direct=true&db=bwh&AN=497973.20130809&site=eds-live&scope=site This source describes how after 62 years researchers finally asked Lacks’ family for consent as a new approach for possibly an HIV cure. The National Institutes attempting to make an agreement about privacy with the family since when Henrietta died, they took the cells without their knowledge. That was the family’s biggest concern. They didn’t know what information was going to be out to the public. They are being used in cancer and AIDS research, radiation effects and sex steroid hormones.

Development, History, and Importance of HeLa Cells Samuel, Leah. “5 Important Ways Henrietta Lacks Changed Medical Science.” STAT, 13 Apr. 2017, www.statnews.com/2017/04/14/henrietta-lacks-hela-cells-science/ comment-page-1/#comments. Leah Samuel’s article gives a brief description of how Henrietta’s cells were used for science and how the book was published in 2010. She provides five great examples on how Henrietta Lacks’ cells have changed medical science. Those ways were vaccinating girls against cancer, eradicating polio, showing us how cells stay young, mapping the human genome, and creating the field of virology. Each example was explained in great detail to inform the reader of how the HeLa cells was used in each process. Skloot, Rebecca. The Immortal Life Of Henrietta Lacks. New York : Crown Publishers, 2010. Print. When looking up information on HeLa cells, it is hard to find all of the accomplishments and milestones that the cells have accomplished. The reason this is so hard is because some scientist did not give credit to “HeLa cells”; wherefore, they either called the cells the wrong name or they did not give credit at all. Skloots book has some of the best research and insight in to accomplishments of the cells; therefore, it makes it a vital source of information. Zielinski, Sarah. “Henrietta Lacks' 'Immortal' Cells.” Smithsonian.com, Smithsonian Institution, 22 Jan. 2010, www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/henriettalacks-immortal-cells-6421299/. Sarah Zielinski wrote an article about the history of Henrietta Lacks and how her cells advanced cell research. She has multiple headings that present questions that most individuals may ask and she provides lengthy responses for each question. She mentions the book that was based on Henrietta’s life and the scientific aspects behind it all, which was written by Rebecca Skloot. At the end of the article, she tries to make sure that the readers understand that tissue culture is not bad and to not be afraid. She wants to continue to educate them and make sure they are aware of the history of science.

Class & Poverty in African American Communities

Gadsden, Vivian L., et al. "African American Fathers and Families within Cultural and Historical Perspective." Fathers across Cultures: The Importance, Roles, and Diverse Practices of Dads., Jaipaul L. Roopnarine and Jaipaul L., (Ed) Roopnarine, Praeger/ ABC-CLIO, 2015, pp. 155-182. This source here elaborates on how the father in the African American family are looked at by scholars to see engagement and activity in their children’s life’s. The father plays a vital role in the family’s shaping and kids life’s. Scholars want to study the activities of the father to see social practices and cultural practices. To see if middle class American African fathers have the same practices of lower class American African fathers. If any to see collation between social status and the father’s role in the family.

Marshall, Jane Marie and Wendy L. Haight. "Understanding Racial Disproportionality Affecting African American Youth Who Cross over from the Child Welfare to the Juvenile Justice System: Communication, Power, Race and Social Class." Children and Youth Services Review, vol. 42, 01 July 2014, pp. 82-90. This source discusses the concepts of miscommunication, different levels of power, race, and social class within the African American youth that are a part of the child welfare and juvenile justice system. Professionals within the child welfare and juvenile justice system, and the ecological systems theory contributed to the perspective of this issue through thirty-three different interviews. The professionals discussed how different the routine and cultural patterns of communication contribute to the racial disproportionality among this youth group. This source also discusses that if the African American youth use different language and behaviors than what the systems prefer, those among the youth group are severely sanctioned. Professionals may also associate them with something negative. This can create problematic outcomes, which can result in distrust, hostility, and resistance towards the professionals.

Class & Poverty in African American Communities

Nyame, Kiah E. The Relationship between Discipline Practices and Cultural Socialization among African Americans. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences, vol. 78, ProQuest Information & Learning, 2017. The source here is about how a Blacks functions in and outside of society. Scholars were looking at how discipline practices and bias are taught as well as pride within a black family. Patterns of verbal and physical discipline tread in the black families and show results. They found that there were different patterns of discipline, but not that of racial socialization. Also found that if African American kids are taught a certain why then they most likely teach their children.

Perry Brea L., author, et al. "Racial and Gender Discrimination in the Stress Process: Implications for African American Women's Health and Well-Being." Sociological Perspectives, no. 1, 2013, p. 25. This source focuses mainly on the exploration the role of discrimination on African American women in the stress process. Due to the fact that stress can be a major effect on the minds of people that are constantly being discriminated against. As stated in the literary work, â&#x20AC;&#x153;racial and gender discrimination increases risk for poor health and low well-beingâ&#x20AC;?. Along with this, the relationship between individual and social stressors is also analyzed in this article.

Class & Poverty in African American Communities

Pressman, Steven. "Poverty and Race." Salem Press Encyclopedia, 2014. This source here is talking about how when a large part of a group is poor, the whole general group is looked upon as poor. This leads to negative feelings and bias from other races based upon things they assumed. Scholars have put race and poverty together to see if the two are correlated, but in the end it isn’t quite that simple. Many of the scholars attempt to give a reason why “minorities” could have a higher poverty rate than that of a “majority”. Many variables are taking into account when reading the article and research.

Sanchez-Jankowski, Martin. "The Concentration of AfricanAmerican Poverty and the Dispersal of the Working Class: An Ethnographic Study of Three Inner-City Areas." International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, vol. 23, no. 4, Dec. 1999, pp. 619-637. This source focuses on the concern and debate of poverty among African Americans within the inner cities of America’s metropolitan areas. The two main topics focused on by Douglas Massey and William Julius Wilson include what the root cause of this issue is, and its impact on the African American community. For this study, data was collected from a five-year ethnographic study of areas in Los Angeles, New York, and Detroit. This study demonstrated how the issue is more complicated than just a simple job lay off explanation or the effects of segregation. The study also shows evidence that social isolation has increased among the African American poor and other strata of the African American community.

Class & Poverty in African American Communities

Steven P. Wallace, author. "Race Versus Class in the Health Care of AfricanAmerican Elderly." Social Problems, no. 4, 1990, p. 517. In this source, the effects of race and class on the African American elderly in Missouri are closely assessed. In the article, numerous amounts of data and statistics are shown in order to investigate these theories. The institutional patterns in medical care in regards to racial variation along with many other sets of data are used in this article. The importance of race as well as class in the delivery of such care is analyzed and determined in this article. Overall delves into the topic of whether or not healthcare is “color blind”.

Willis, Tasha Y. "And Still We Rise…": Microaggressions and Intersectionality in the Study Abroad Experiences of Black Women." Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad, vol. 26, 01 Jan. 2015, pp. 209-230. This source brings focus to a study concentrated on the racial micro aggressions aimed at people of color, but is more focused on the micro aggressions against black women. The author, Tasha Willis, defines racial micro aggressions as verbal, nonverbal, or visual racial insults that could be unconscious or automatic. Willis brings on the concept of black women not only facing these micro aggressions on home campuses, but also on campuses abroad. This study focused on three regions where U.S. study abroad students traveled: The British Isles, the Mediterranean, and West Africa. The findings that resulted from this study showed the intricate interaction that race, ethnicity, gender, etc. has on the social experience of black women abroad

Class & Poverty in African American Communities

Sanchez-Jankowski, Martin. "The Concentration of African-American Poverty and the Dispersal of the Working Class: An Ethnographic Study of Three Inner-City Areas." International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, vol. 23, no. 4, Dec. 1999, pp. 619-637. This source focuses on the concern and debate of poverty among African Americans within the inner cities of America’s metropolitan areas. The two main topics focused on by Douglas Massey and William Julius Wilson include what the root cause of this issue is, and its impact on the African American community. For this study, data was collected from a five-year ethnographic study of areas in Los Angeles, New York, and Detroit. This study demonstrated how the issue is more complicated than just a simple job lay off explanation or the effects of segregation. The study also shows evidence that social isolation has increased among the African American poor and other strata of the African American community.

Gender Studies Gill, Michael and Nirmala Erevelles. "The Absent Presence of Elsie Lacks: Hauntings at the Intersection of Race, Class, Gender, and Disability." African American Review, vol. 50, no. 2, Summer2017, pp. 123-137. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1353/afa. 2017.0017. This article highlights Rebecca Skloot's skimming over of Elsie Lacks in The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks. The authors argue that the bioethical and ontological disputes in Skloot's novel surpass the single focus of Henrietta Lacks and HeLa cells but also acknowledges the being of human bodies intersected with race, class, gender, and disability. Gill and Ervelles also argue that Skloot's denotation of Elsie's disabilities were a valid reason for her institutionalization, influencing the readers unconscious dismissing of Elsie in the novel. The authors outline Skloot's normalization of Elsie's treatment stem from race, disability, gender, and class.

Grabe, Shelly. Womens Human Rights: a Social Psychological Perspective on Resistance, Liberation, and Justice. Oxford University Press, 2018. Shelly Grabe, an assistant professor of Psychology at the University of California, details in her book "Women's Human Rights" how women are mistreated through daily interactions in terms of social psychology. In the book, she highlights the connections between the perspectives of WoC, LGBTQ+ women, as well as many others. With this, she discusses social mechanisms in which women are brought down and treated as second class citizens. Additionally, she focuses on the question: Why do violations of Women's rights still continue?

Gender Studies

Güneş, Gizem and Zekiye Karaçam. "The Feeling of Discomfort during Vaginal Examination, History of Abuse and Sexual Abuse and Post-Traumatic

Stress Disorder in Women." Journal of Clinical Nursing, vol. 26, no. 15-16, Aug. 2017, pp. 2362-2371. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1111/jocn.13574.

The study highlights and evaluates the discomfort that women often feel during vaginal exams when they have a history of being sexually abused. The study included 320 women and the data was collected via a questionnaire that included questions about personal discomfort, history of PTSD, and other past experiences that might affect how they felt before, during, and after the exam. The results showed that more than half of the women had some form of PTSD and that exposure to emotion or sexual violence greatly increased the possibility of discomfort during the exam. This study coincides with the large about of sexually assaulted women feeling uncomfortable or violated during vaginal exams.

Henderson, Carol E. "AKA: Sarah Baartman, the Hottentot Venus, and Black Women’s Identity." Women's Studies, vol. 43, no. 7,Oct.2014, pp. 946-959. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1080/00497878.2014.938191.

This article highlights Sarah Baartman, a South African woman who was in a European freak show, and later in a human zoo in France. She was put on display because of her significantly large buttocks, which was the result of steatopygia. After her death in 1852, her body was displayed in a Paris museum until 2002, when she was repatriated and buried in her homeland, the Gamtoos Valley. Her life and subsequent death spurred a conversation about human rights. It also brings up the concept of body image, what is considered to be beautiful, and why those who do not follow the rigid, European beauty standards set forth by the public are subject to ridicule and dehumanization. Sarah Baartman was dehumanized in life because of her body, and again after her death. She was dissected “in the name of science”, only for her body be an attraction for the amusement of others.

Gender Studies Tebbe, Elliot A., et al. "'I Donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t Care about You as a Person': Sexual Minority Women Objectified." Journal of Counseling Psychology, vol. 65, no. 1, Jan. 2018, pp. 1-16. EBSCOhost, doi: 10.1037/cou0000255. This study highlights the consistent objectification of women and their experiences, while focusing on the question: What is the content of sexual minority womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s experience of objectification? Elliot A. Tebbe and colleagues examine the social, relational, and cultural aspects of women in varying situations. The participants included in the study have had experiences with sexual harassment, discrimination, and other forms of dehumanization that women of all backgrounds experience on a daily basis. They were asked questions about past experiences as well as questions about the societal norms that they're expected to follow. Considering all the findings in the study, the researchers believe that one of the best forms of actions is social justice and breaking norms and stereotypes in order to eventually move past the sexism of today.

Schulman, Ari N. "What Is the Body Worth?." New Atlantis: A Journal of Technology & Society, vol. 35, Spring2012, pp. 99-115. EBSCOhost, http://ezproxy.augusta.edu/login?url=http:// search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx? direct=true&db=a9h&AN=78132539&site=eds-live&scope=site The author, Ari N. Schulman, reviews The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks and highlights the ethics of consent of cells and body tissues. Schulman begins by describing Henrietta's medical story and how it plays into a bigger problem, the mistreatment of poor, uneducated, black Americans. The author also mentions Henrietta's own daughter, Elsie Lacks, and how she was taken advantage of in a mental hospital all because she did not have the means to protect herself. The entire article focuses on how Henrietta's, as well as many other minority groups, race, background, and gender left her without proper treatment from the institutions that promised to help her.

Education and Disability Banks, Joy. These People Are Never Going to Stop Labeling Me: Educational Experiences of African American Male Students Labeled with Learning Disabilities. Equity & Excellence in Education, v50 n1 p. 96-107 2017

This source elaborates as an investigation in regards to multiple aspects of intersection when determining labels for African Americans within education. It provides outliers when determining aspects of racism and ableism within the school atmosphere. This article establishes a well laid out framework for the readers to better understand how labels affected African Americans within education. This article is resourceful in understanding different experiences African Americans experienced while in a school setting. The authorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s background as an associate professor at Howard University with a centered exploration study of intersectionality establishes her validity as an author for this article.

Harris, Yvette R. & Graham, James A. The African American Child, Second Edition : Development and Challenges. The African American Child 2nd ed. New York : Springer Publishing Company. 2014 This article argues the importance of a childâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s cultural background and how their culture affects their development. It also brings to light some educational challenges in African American communities.

Education and Disability Johnson Jr., Odis. Still Separate, Still Unequal: The Relation of Segregation in Neighborhoods and Schools to Education Inequality. Journal of Negro Education; Summer 2014, Vol. 83 Issue 3, p199-215. This article shares the statistics of math and science test scores of third graders that were apart of the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, and compares the scores of minority versus majority children in segregated neighborhoods.

Joyner, Irving. Pimping Brown vs. Board of Education: The Destruction of African-American Schools and the Mis-Education of AfricanAmerican Students. North Carolina Central Law Review, January 2013, Vol: 35, p160 This article states how the case of Brown vs. Board of Education overruled the decision made to keep African Americans â&#x20AC;&#x153;separate but equalâ&#x20AC;? previously concluded in the case of Plessy vs. Ferguson. The author also gives facts of both cases and discussed the constitutionality and morality of the rulings. This article helps the reader to understand in a greater depth the details of the court cases. The author also includes the historical context in which the court cases took place. The author is very credible with the information presented.

Education and Disability Lash, Martha & Ratcliffe, Monica. The Journey of an African American Teacher Before and After Brown v. Board of Education. Journal of Negro Education; Summer2014, Vol. 83 Issue 3, p327-337 This article gave historical context to racially separate schools. The authors offered statistics regarding black populations in schools in the north and south. The author also describes how schools became segregated again in current times. It is also useful that court cases and descriptions of historical events were included. The authors seem very credible, citing relevant sources and quoting useful information.

Mayes, Renae D. & Moore III, James L. The Intersection of Race, Disability, and Giftedness. Gifted Child Today; April 2016, Vol. 39 Issue 2, p98-104. This article speaks on the overlapping of race, disability and also giftedness within African Americans. This article identifies challenges within identification, social and personal challenges. It also describes the intersection within the main aspects of the title. This article aids in the understanding of intersection across multiple aspects within the African American culture. Both offers have a PhD background, establishing validity for subject matter

Education and Disability Tyler Jr., Dennis. Jim Crow’s Disabilities: Racial Injury, Immobility, and the “Terrible Handicap” in the Literature of James Weldon Johnson. African American Review; Summer2017, Vol. 50 Issue 2, Preceding p185-201 In this article, the author ties in African American disability with racism. He illustrates his point using the example of the Indian caste system. This helps the reader to further understand “blackness” in America. The author also discusses an interesting and new view on disability that magnifies a simple understanding of it. He claims that disability is physical as well as social, and racism does in fact play a part in disability.

Walker, Janiece L., Thorpe, Jr., Roland J., Harrison, Tracie C., Baker, Tamara A., Cary, Michael. , Szanton, Sarah L., Allaire, Jason C. Original Article: The Relationship between Pain, Disability and Sex in African Americans. In Pain Management Nursing October 2016 17(5):294-301 This article displays the relationship between African Americans and age and disability. The authors include statistics and useful descriptions of terms. Sex as it pertains to disability is also discussed. This helps the reader to further understand how all these factors work together. The authors include that African Americans suffer from more disability than other racial groups.

Literary Aspects

Film, Reviews, Criticism, and Related Novels

Barbian, Elizabeth, et al. Beyond Just a Cells Unit by Gretchen KraigTurner, www.rethinkingschools.org/articles/beyond-just-a-cellsunit. This article reveals the massive amount of educational value that Skloot’s novel has when used in a high school classroom, specifically a biotechnology setting. The author of this article is a teacher who uses this novel to help effectively teach many concepts to his biotechnology high school class. The novel is explained to have enough scientific reference to be relevant to his course along with it having the bonus effect of being engaging and motivating to all of his students. The teacher claims that there are enough intersections of institutionalized racism and biomedical history that his students are constantly curious about the story and simultaneously understanding biomedical topics more thoroughly. One of the most major benefits of using this novel in a classroom, however, is stated by the teacher to be that it motivates specifically his African students by showing them how much biomedical science owes every African American that suffered and were exploited in the name of science.

Cruz, Lenika. “An Uneven Tribute to The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks.” The Atlantic, Atlantic Media Company, 24 Apr. 2017, www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2017/04/theimmortal-life-of-henrietta-lacks/523962/ This article is a surface level comparison between the novel The Immortal life of Henrietta Lacks and its respective HBO released movie. Some major problems stated in this article about the movie are how short it is. The author of the article explains how it is impossible for the movie to possibly fit all the information in the novel into a 92-minute period of time. Because of this lack of time, the novel itself is almost made less by all the information left out in the movie. The problem with information being left out is explained by the author as also leaving out part of Henrietta’s story. Besides some other problems with time and information, the article also explains certain weaknesses and strengths of some of the chosen actors when playing certain characters of the novel.

Literary Aspects

Film, Reviews, Criticism, and Related Novels

Garner, Dwight. “A Woman's Undying Gift to Science.” The New York Times, The New York Times, 3 Feb. 2010, www.nytimes.com/ 2010/02/03/books/03book.html?pagewanted=all. This New York Times article is a review of the novel The Immortal life of Henrietta Lacks that analysis it through the lenses of race, science, and class. Most of the review highlights the strengths of the novel in these three areas and constantly praises Skloot for how well she writes about such topics. Topics such as the Tuskegee Experiments, Elsie Lacks, and Skloot’s interactions with the Lacks family are used to explain why Skloot’s writing is praise worthy. While some flaws of the novel are mentioned, the article mostly explains the strengths and even ends with the author stating they would not change the novel even if they could.

Parker, L. S. "The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks, Feminist Themes, and Research Ethics." IJFAB: International Journal of Feminist Approaches to Bioethics, vol. 5 no. 1, 2012, pp. 159-165. This article reveals how Skloot’s novel The Immortal life of Henrietta Lacks can be a lesson for feminist approaches to bioethics through how Skloot illustrates the novel. This article explains how if the author were anyone other than Skloot with a different background the whole novel would have been different due to Skloot’s feminist narrative approaches. The way in which Skloot approaches many situations that make her such a unique author are detailed along with why each works so well in the novel. The article also makes sure to explain how Skloot is always respectful of the Lacks family and doesn’t take advantage of them like many others had in an effort to show Skloot is in no way a hypocrite.

Literary Aspects

Film, Reviews, Criticism, and Related Novels

Sharpe, V. A. "One Life, Many Stories." Hastings Center Report, vol. 40 no. 4, 2010, pp. 46-47. Project MUSE, doi:10.1353/ hcr.0.0283 This article see’s Skloot’s novel The Immortal life of Henrietta Lacks as mainly a lesson on medical ethics. The topic of how helpful Henrietta’s cells were for the advancement of science is constantly brought up alongside how much Henrietta’s family suffered because of her cells. This article is seeking to explain how Skloot’s novel isn’t one that shows a strictly right or wrong side of medical ethics through Henrietta’s cells, but more as one that shows how every part of the HeLa story is neither right or wrong as there is both a good and bad side to everything that happens due to the HeLa cells. The article also uses examples such as the Tuskegee Syphilis experiments to further explain what the author of the article believes to be ironies within the novel.

Contributors Page

Dr. Seretha Williams Professor English 1102 – AU

Maddie Gray

China Lee

Project Manager English 1102 – AU

"Development, History, and Importance" Designer English 1102 - AU

Ashlyn Hill

Beau Rush

"Development, History, and Importance" Supervisor & Copy Editor English 1102 - AU

"Development, History, and Importance" Lead Researcher English 1102 - AU

Keylanni Hatfield

Darrius Hunter

"Class & Poverty" Supervisor & Lead Researcher English 1102 - AU

Odessa Hinton

"Class & Poverty" Designer English 1102 - AU

Michael Jones

"Gender Studies" Supervisor & Copy Editor English 1102 - AU

"Class & Poverty" Copy Editor English 1102 - AU

Jillian Krapes

Courtney Adams

"Gender Studies" Lead Researcher English 1102 - AU

"Gender Studies" Designer English 1102 - AU

Taylor Crosby

Chloe McDargh

Madison Handy

Kaecee Netties

"Education & Disability" Supervisor & Copy Editor English 1102 - AU "Literary Aspect" Supervisor & Copy Editor English 1102 – AU

Daniel Hampson "Literary Aspect" Designer English 1102 - AU

"Education & Disability" Lead Researcher English 1102 - AU "Education & Disabilities" Designer English 1102 - AU

Jake Davis

"Literary Aspect” Lead Researcher English 1102 - AU

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