To the Teacher Since I first started writing about the pitfalls of English for Japanese learners, it has been suggested to me many times that the last thing Japanese people need is to have more attention focused on their English mistakes. It is my belief that teachers who take this approach do their students a disservice. Although you may well struggle to learn a foreign language if you worry too much about your mistakes, your progress is going to be just as limited if no one ever corrects them for you. The introduction for students beginning on page 8 relates a story about a time when I confused the Japanese words yasui (cheap) and yasai (vegetable). It explains how being laughed at by colleagues for making that mistake almost made me want to give up studying the language altogether. However, it then goes on to describe how I learned to use my mistakes as stepping stones to help me reach higher levels of proficiency. The aim of this book is to encourage Japanese learners to use their English errors in the same way. Many of the mistakes made by Japanese learners of English are predictable, and most can be avoided with explanations of the most common pitfalls. An A-Z of Common English Errors allows teachers to provide these explanations either in English with this book, or in the students’ language with the Japanese edition. Teachers who provide objective, non-judgmental feedback can use errors to create personalized learning opportunities by giving students access to the explanations they need as and when they need them, something that is not normally possible with large classes. Having the explanations written down also means that students can review the points they have learned whenever they need to. Encouraging students to discover for themselves how to correct their mistakes makes more efficient use of teachers’ time. It also helps to 4
promote a culture of independent learning. In particular, feedback on written reports becomes much more engaging when teachers simply write key words for the appropriate explanations (or highlight them on the List of Key Words, which can be downloaded from <www.btbpress.com>) and leave students to explore for themselves ways of correcting their mistakes. Beginning on page 11 is a section entitled How Do You Say This in English? This covers everyday expressions such as itadakimasu and yoroshiku onegaishimasu that Japanese people inevitably want to know how to say in English. As well as suggesting translations where appropriate, the explanation also draws learnersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; attention to cultural and other factors that can make a common expression in one language unnatural and redundant when translated into another. It also discusses reasons why English tends to use fewer fixed expressions than Japanese. Asking your students to read this section early on in the course will raise their awareness of the limitations of using direct translation as a means of learning a foreign language. If you speak Japanese, it will also save you a lot of time answering their questions later! Following the main body of this book is a workbook section with exercises grouped by theme and type. The exercises allow teachers and learners to focus on specific grammatical areas such as tenses, or specific themes such as self-introductions and describing places. A guide is provided to give teachers an indication of how much time students are likely to need in order to read the explanation and complete each exercise, and a full list of answers is available from the web page. Using the exercises as a diagnostic tool will allow more advanced learners to skip points they already know, but for most Japanese university English classes, the workbook section can be used as a basic grammar syllabus. The exercises are particularly suitable for use as homework assignments in classes where teachers
5
want to spend more time on speaking practice and less time explaining grammar and correcting mistakes. Some readers may be surprised to see sentences and phrases that they consider to be acceptable English listed in a dictionary of errors. As explained in the key on page 23, these are included either because Japanese learners tend to overuse that particular word or phrase (e.g., so-so), because the sentence does not mean what most students think it means (e.g., I am boring), or because many students are unaware of a more natural-sounding alternative (e.g., My house is far from school). The fact that the sentences are not necessarily grammatically incorrect is made clear in the explanations, and many of these items are grouped together in the It’s not grammatically wrong, but… section of the workbook beginning on page 318. The errors in this book have been collected over a period of two decades of teaching Japanese learners of all ages in both EFL and ESL contexts. The examples are all real mistakes made (repeatedly!) by students, colleagues, friends, and the Japanese media. Many of the explanations are revised versions of material that I have previously published in two best-selling books—Eigo to Nakanaori Dekiru Hon (Barker, 2003, ALC Press) and Moshi mo Eigo ga Dekita Nara (Barker, 2004, ALC Press)—with additional material from various columns and articles in publications including the Japan Times ST, ALC’s English Journal, and an NHK textbook. An A-Z of Common English Errors for Japanese Learners brings together everything I have ever written about this topic in a way that I hope will make it accessible to both teachers and students. As a British person, one of the most challenging aspects of writing this book was dealing with the differences between British and American English. Indeed, it was often difficult for me to know whether something that I consider to be strange or unnatural English might actually be acceptable in the US or Canada. In this 6
respect, I am indebted to my American editor, Dorothy E. Zemach, and to all the American and Canadian colleagues who were kind enough to read over the manuscript. As English education in Japan is based on the American variety of the language, I have used American spellings and punctuation throughout the book. However, I have also included as examples some expressions that are used only in British English. These are marked “BE.” If you would like your students to know and understand the content of this book but do not feel that their level is high enough to allow them to read the explanations in English, you may prefer to have them use the Japanese edition. The English and Japanese editions of this book are not word-for-word translations of each other, but the content is virtually identical, and the same (or very similar) examples and explanations are given under the same key words on the same page numbers. A book of this nature can never aspire to be more than a work in progress. I have tried to list here all the mistakes I have discovered over the years, and twenty new key words have been added to this second edition, but there are undoubtedly still more that could usefully be included. If you have any suggestions for additions, or any other comments regarding any aspect of the book, please email me at <info@btbpress.com>. I hope that you and your students get as much out of using this book as I got out of writing it.
David Barker, June 2010
7
To the Student I often hear teachers say that Japanese learners of English worry too much about making mistakes, and to some extent, I agree. As English classes at junior high and high schools have traditionally emphasized the importance of accuracy, many Japanese students seem to believe that the most important thing when they speak is to avoid making errors. However, just as a person who wants to learn to snowboard but is afraid of falling over will never make any real progress, becoming proficient in a foreign language without making mistakes is simply not possible. Of course, even though they understand that, there are many language learners who still do not like to make mistakes. In fact, I am one of them. I started studying Japanese at the age of 26. At the time, I was teaching English at a language school in Singapore. The school also offered Japanese classes, so I joined a beginner’s class that met twice a week. However, I never tried to use Japanese outside the classroom, so I did not make much progress. Nevertheless, whenever I met the Japanese teachers in the corridor of the school, they would always greet me in Japanese. That sent me into a panic, so I started doing my best to avoid bumping into Japanese teachers altogether. Looking back now, I realize how ridiculous that was, but at the time, I was happy just taking my classes twice a week and feeling like I was studying the language. One day, I was waiting in the lobby to get into the school’s elevator. When the door opened, I was horrified to find it full of Japanese teachers. Of course, I could not run away, so I had no choice but to get in. When I did, one of the teachers spoke to me in Japanese: “Hello, David. I see you’ve bought some new trousers.”
8
I must have been having a particularly good day that day because I actually understood what she had said. And what’s more, I even knew how to respond! I was indeed wearing new trousers, but they were just cheap ones that I had bought in the market. I expressed this in the following way: Hai. Demo totemo yasai deshita. (Yes, but they were vegetables.) The word I wanted was actually yasui, not yasai, and my grammar was completely wrong as well! Of course, all the teachers burst out laughing when I said this. I felt terrible, and I decided at that moment that I had had enough of trying to learn this crazy language with all its similar-sounding words. I went home, put all my Japanese books in a cupboard, and stopped going to classes for two weeks. Looking back on this episode now, it is easy to laugh. However, it is also interesting that someone like me who is definitely not shy, and who teaches a foreign language for a living, would feel so selfconscious about making a mistake. For that reason, I hesitate to say to my own students, “Don’t worry about making mistakes!” because I know from personal experience that it is a lot easier said than done. Of course, I finally got over my embarrassment and started going to Japanese classes again. Eventually, I even managed to learn enough Japanese to enable me to write books in the language. My first attempt at writing Japanese was back in 2002. At that time, my writing was barely comprehensible, but I had a friend who patiently corrected everything I wrote. Every time she corrected one of my sentences, I carefully read what she had written and tried again. Slowly but surely, my Japanese started to get better. Even now, I do not like to make mistakes in Japanese, but experience has taught
9
me to see errors as stepping stones to help me improve, so I am still writing. The mistakes in this book are made by many Japanese learners of English. Of course, it is not possible to eliminate all your mistakes completely, but if you read and understand the explanations in this book, you will at least be able to avoid the most common pitfalls. If you can do that, it will make a big difference to your English. When this book was being prepared, the explanations were checked by many Japanese learners and teachers of English. The feedback I got helped me to make my explanations easier to understand. However, the only person who really knows whether you can understand is you, so if you have any questions or comments about the book, please email me at <info@btbpress.com>. If you want me to, I will reply in Japanese, but please tell me if I make any mistakes!
David Barker, June 2010
How Do You Say This in English? As a teacher, I am often asked by Japanese learners how to say things in English. In a similar way, when I first arrived in Japan, I remember asking Japanese people for translations of English expressions. That was a long time ago, but I still clearly recall one question I asked and the answer I received. The expression I wanted to translate was “Remind me.” Being a forgetful person, this is an expression I use a lot in English, and so naturally I wanted to know how to say it in Japanese. However, when I asked a friend for a translation, she said, “Well, it’s something like omoidasasete kudasai, but Japanese people would not usually say that.” “So what would you say?” I asked. She replied, “I suppose we would say something like ato de ~ suru yō ni itte ne, but we don’t really have a translation for ‘Remind me.’” This exchange illustrates a point of huge significance for learners of foreign languages. In fact, I do not think it is overstating the matter to say that it is not possible to achieve any real degree of mastery of another language until you have understood this basic concept: No matter how useful or common an expression or a word might be in your native language, there is no guarantee that translating it will produce an equally useful and common expression in the language you are trying to learn. “Remind me” is one useful English expression that has no direct Japanese equivalent, but of course, there is no shortage of cases of the reverse situation. One such example is the Japanese word yappari. When I first arrived in Japan, I heard people using this word all the time, so naturally, I looked it up in a dictionary. However, the translations I found were “as I expected” and “not surprisingly.” There is nothing particularly strange about these expressions,
10
11
cute / cool
A-Z
My boyfriend was a customer at the café where I used to work. C
However, even when money is being paid, service industries such as hotels often refer to people as “guests” in order to create an atmosphere of hospitality. An okyaku of a company can also be described as a customer, but lawyers, accountants, and other professionals would be more likely to describe them as “clients”: I have a meeting with a very important client today.
▶
cute / cool
! Cute! ! That’s cute! ! He is really cool. Q He is really good-looking. The Japanese language is very efficient when it comes to the use of adjectives, and just a single adjective can count as a complete utterance. In English, however, subjects are almost never dropped, so something like “it,” “that,” or a person’s name is always required, along with the verb “be.” Another problem is that Japanese learners of English have a tendency to overuse a small number of adjectives. In Japanese kawaii can be used to talk about a wide range of things including people, clothes, buildings, and ways of speaking. Although “cute” has a similar basic meaning to kawaii, it is not used with anything like the same
78
dates
A-Z
frequency. Overusing “cute” can sound childish in English, so it is important to be aware of and use other adjectives. If you are talking about a woman’s appearance, words like “pretty,” “beautiful,” and “gorgeous” are often more appropriate than “cute.” When talking about clothes or accessories, you can also say, “That necklace really suits you / him / her,” or “That jacket really looks good on you / him / her.” The same can also be said of “cool.” This word has a fairly high frequency in English, but it is not in the same way as kakkoii. Here are some examples of how it is commonly used: Okay. That’s cool. Is that cool with you? Are we cool? I found a really cool place to ride my mountain bike. My dad bought a really cool computer. If you are talking about a man’s appearance, use adjectives like “good-looking,” “attractive,” “handsome,” or even “gorgeous.” “Cool” can be used to talk about a man’s personality or style, but it is not normally used to talk about looks.
▶
dates
X May 21th Q May 21st Wherever I went in Japan in January 2000, I saw references to the fact that we were at the beginning of the “21th” century. If you spell the phrase out, however, you will see that “th” cannot be used after 79
D
day
A-Z
D
delicious
21 because “first” ends in “st,” so these are the letters that you should use for the abbreviation. In the same way, “second” is written “2nd,” and “third” is written “3rd.” Dates higher than third (or twentythird) are written “4th,” “5th,” and so on. In British English, dates are normally written with letters after the number, but in America, people usually write just “May 5,” or “September 9.” There is also another difference in the way that dates are written in British and American English. In American English, dates are written month/date. This means that “4/6” is the 6th of April. In British English, however, dates are written date/month, so “4/6” is the 4th of June.
A-Z
Most Japanese learners know “tomorrow” and “yesterday,” but do you know how to say asatte or ototoi? Here are some useful expressions: the day before yesterday the day after tomorrow a week from / on (BE) Friday the year before last the week / month / year after next
▶
D
delicious
! Is the curry delicious? Q How is the curry?
▶
day
X The day, it was raining. Q That day, it was raining.
! I play soccer on Saturday. Q I play soccer on Saturdays. Many Japanese learners of English use “the day” or “this day” as a translation for sono hi, but the correct phrase is normally “that day.” Also, if you do something regularly every week on the same day, add a plural “~s” (e.g., on Saturdays), or use “every” (e.g., every Saturday) to talk about this.
“Delicious” has the same basic meaning as oishii, but it is not used as much. To describe food, words like “good” and “fantastic” are more common in English. Also, although it is quite natural to ask oishii desu ka? in Japanese, “delicious” means “very tasty,” so it is unnatural to use it when you have no idea whether someone even likes the food. If you use “delicious” to ask about food that you have made, it sounds as if you are fishing for compliments. In this case, it is more natural to ask simply, “How is the food?” or “Is it all right?” As “delicious” means “very tasty,” it is not used in negative sentences. To express the meaning of Is it delicious? oishikunai, say, “It’s not very good.” ▶ fine, 100
To express the meaning of senjitsu in English, use “a few days ago” or “the other day”: I went to Kyoto a few days ago. I bought a new shirt the other day. 80
Students sometimes ask about the meaning of “yummy.” This word has the same meaning as oishii, but it is normally only used by young children. 81
difference
A-Z
▶
do you know / I don't know
▶
difference
X What is different… and…? Q What is the difference between… and…?
A-Z
do you know / I don't know
X Do you know where is the station? Q Do you know where the station is?
D
D
In Japanese, you would say dō chigaimasu ka? to ask about differences, but in English, this is phrased as chigai wa nan desu ka?, so you should ask, “What is the difference?” (This phrase is essential for language learners, so please learn it!) If you want to describe the scale of a difference, you can say, “There is a big / huge difference” or “There is a small / slight difference”: There is a slight difference between “beautiful” and “pretty.”
▶
! My room is very dirty. Q My room is very messy. The English adjective “dirty” means yogoreteiru, so you need to be careful when you use it. If you want to say chirakatteiru, use “messy” or “untidy.” “Clean” means seiketsu na. If you want to say seiri sareteiru, “tidy” is the correct translation.
82
Most Japanese learners of English know that in questions, the auxiliary verb comes before the subject. ▶ auxiliary verbs, 51 For example, if the affirmative sentence “The bank is near the station” is made into a question, “is” and “the bank” change places to make “Is the bank near the station?” In a question that begins with “Do you know…?”, “do” and “know” form the question, so the following subject and verb should be in the same order as the affirmative sentence:
dirty / clean
“Tidy” can also be used as a verb, so you can say, “I have to tidy my room.” If you say, “I have to clean my room,” it means watashi wa heya no sōji o shinakereba narimasen.
X I don’t know what should I do. Q I don’t know what I should do.
Where is he? →
Do you know where he is? (Do you know where is he?)
Where does he live? →
Do you know where he lives? (Do you know where does he live?)
Dō sureba ii no? can be translated as “What should I do?” However, if you want to say dō sureba ii ka wakarimasen, it is no longer a question, so the word order is the same as a regular affirmative sentence: What should I do? →
My room is dirty.
I don’t know what I should do.
“I don’t know what to do” can also be used as a translation of dō sureba ii ka wakarimasen.
83
dream
A-Z
▶
dream
X I saw your dream last night. Q I dreamed about you last night. D
X My dream is a teacher. Q My dream is to be / become a teacher. It is important to remember when you use English nouns that they do not necessarily collocate with the same verbs as their Japanese translations. When you learn an English noun, make sure that you also learn which verb or verbs it collocates with. The mistake in the first of the sentences above comes from directly translating yume o miru. In English, “dream” collocates with “have,” not “see.” Some other examples of useful noun / verb collocations are “make / break a promise,” “win / lose a game,” “pass / fail a test,” and “follow / break a rule.” ▶ accident, 37 ▶ keep, 133 ▶ medicine, 161 When you want to talk about your dreams for the future, you cannot directly translate watashi no yume wa ~ because English speakers do not say “My dream is a….” The normal way to express this is to say, “My dream is to be / become a…,” so you should say, “My dream is to be a teacher” or “His dream is to become a doctor.”
84
during
▶
A-Z
during
X I studied English during I was in London. Q I studied English during my stay in London. Q I studied English while I was in London.
D
“During” is a preposition, so it is followed by a noun. In the examples above, “during my stay in London” is okay because “my stay in London” is a noun phrase. “During I was…” is incorrect because a preposition cannot be followed by a clause with its own subject and verb. If you want to express the meaning of “during” with a clause, the correct way is to use the conjunction “while.” Here are some examples of the usage of “while” and “during”: during the break; during the movie; during the vacation while I was waiting for the bus; while they were on vacation It is also possible for “while” to be followed by a participle: The people sang songs while working in the fields. ▶ with, 250 “During” cannot be used in this way.
85
Workbook
Workbook Contents
T Explanation is short and simple. Exercise(s) should only take five minutes or less to complete. TT Explanation is longer or more complicated and may include more than one reference to other sections. Exercise(s) should take around five to ten minutes to complete. TTT Explanation is quite complicated, and students may need to read it more than once. Exercise(s) will take ten minutes or longer to complete. Questions with no symbols are part of a set with the question(s) above.
All of the exercises in this part of the book contain mistakes, strange English, or something that could be said in a more natural way. There is only one problem in each sentence. Write the correct version on the line underneath (or follow the instructions given).
Section
1
Talking about yourself and your family … ………………… 282
Section
2
Talking about places ……………………………………………… 283
Section
3
In the classroom … ………………………………………………… 285
Section
4
Tenses and tense words … ……………………………………… 287
Section
5
Time words and expressions …………………………………… 289
Section
6
Writing mistakes …………………………………………………… 291
Section
7
Japanese English …………………………………………………… 292
Section
8
Student life … ……………………………………………………… 294
Section
9
Difficult distinctions … …………………………………………… 296
Section 10 Direct translations … ……………………………………………… 301 Section 11 Questions and answers … ……………………………………… 305 Section 12 Tricky grammar … ………………………………………………… 307 Section 13 Everyday conversation …………………………………………… 310
Example: I have two pen. I have two pens.
Section 14 Health and the human body …………………………………… 312
If you do not know why a sentence is wrong, or if you want to check your answer, read the explanation on the page number given.
280
Section 15 You know the meaning, but can you use it? (verbs) …… 313 Section 16 You know the meaning, but can you use it? (other) …… 316 Section 17 It’s not grammatically wrong, but… ………………………… 318
281
Workbook
Workbook
Difficulty / time guide for teachers
Section
1
Section
Talking about yourself and your family
Talking about places
1. I have two sisters. My younger sister is in high school, and the TT another sister works in a bank. (p. 46)
1. After class, I have to back home. (p. 54)
T
2. My best friend is from Okazaki City. (p. 69)
T
3. My grandmotherâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s house is very countryside. (p. 77)
T
4. Shihoro is famous for potato chips. (p. 98)
T
T
T
3. My hobby is taking my dog for a walk. (p. 121)
T
4. [in an email] Hello, I am Sayoko. (p. 168)
T
5. My old brother works in Osaka. (p. 178)
T
5. Ken invited me to his party next Saturday, but I donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t know how to go to his house. (p. 112)
6. Our dog is a very small size. (p. 211)
T
6. We went shopping, and after that, we went to home. (p. 123)
T
7. I love my hometown because it has a lot of nature. (p. 170)
T
8. Emi walks past the park on my way to school. (p. 179)
T
9. Exile is one of popular group in Japan. (p. 180)
T
282
283
Workbook Section 2
Workbook Section 1
2. Including my grandparents, my family is six people. (p. 97)
2
A a/an
B
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
I am a office worker. It took a hour.
a/the
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
I have a dog. A dog’s name is Taro. I went to the Tokyo Station.
a.m./p.m.
… ………………………………………………………………………………………
The shop opens at a.m. 10.
abroad
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
I want to go to abroad.
absent
… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………
I will absent next week.
accident
………………………………………………………………………………………………
I met an accident.
adjective order
… …………………………………………………………………
Japanese traditional clothes
admit
… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………
My mother does not admit me to stay out overnight. advice see uncountable nouns
after see later/after ages see first time agree
English Index
… ………………………………………………………………………………………………
I am not strong for alcohol. … …………………………………………………………………………………………………
Almost Japanese people like rice.
already/yet/still
… ………………………………………………………………
He was sleeping yet.
and/but/so (writing)
… ……………………………………………
My father is a teacher. And my mother is a doctor.
and so on
… ………………………………………………………………………………………
I went shopping with Mari, Natsumi, and so on.
320
… ………………………………………………………
My another sister is a dentist. any see some/any
46
35 36 37
apart from see except apartment see narrow/wide appointment
… …………………………………………………………………………
I have an appointment with my friend. as… as possible see possible
ashamed/embarrassed
…………………………………………
37
I was ashamed because I made a mistake. ask see reported speech
38
at/in/on
… ……………………………………………………………………………………………
My birthday is on March.
at first see soon auxiliary verbs
………………………………………………………………………
39 40 41 42 44 46
… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………
I backed to home.
bargain
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
This store has a bargain in December.
anything/anywhere see somewhere/anywhere
35
back
because (writing) 49
49
50 51
……………………………………………………………
I didn’t eat anything. Because I wasn’t hungry.
become
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
I became to like coffee when I was 16. been to vs. gone to see ever/never
believe/trust
………………………………………………………………………………
Her husband did not believe the online store. belong to see join
54
catch a cold
56
challenge
56 57
59
61
my both brothers my all friends
breakfast/lunch/dinner
by
… …………………………………
… …………………………………………………………………………………………
I want to brush up my English.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
I came here by my car. I come to school by walk.
by/until
circle
… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………
… ……………………………………………………………………………………………
I have to hand in this report until Friday.
… ………………………………………………………………………………………
I live in Sapporo City.
claim
… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………
63 63 64
66 68
69 69 70
70
comfortable
71
… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………
62
65
club see circle, join color
My car is red color. come vs. go see go/come … ……………………………………………………………………………
It’s a comfortable day, isn’t it?
company
I had a breakfast at 8 o’clock.
brush up
… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………
I have a part-time job, but the pay is cheap. check see make sure
Some customers made a claim. client see customer/guest
both/all
… ……………………………………………………………………………………………
cheap
city/town
59
……………………………………………………………
… ………………………………………………………………………………………
I want to challenge it.
I’m going to my circle after class.
besides see except boring see ~ing/~ed adjectives borrow/lend/rent
Can you borrow me your pencil?
… ………………………………………………………………………………
I catch a cold.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
I go to my company by train every day.
comparatives & superlatives
……………………
a more long time complain see claim
compound adjectives
… …………………………………………
a thirteen-years-old girl conditional sentences see if/when
condition
…………………………………………………………………………………………
I was bad condition. How is your neck condition?
continuous aspect
… ……………………………………………………
I was getting on the train for three hours. He is going out.
72 73 74 74
271
321
English Index
I am agree.
almost
26
another/the other
How much are these jeans cost?
… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………
alcohol
24
C
D convenience
… ……………………………………………………………………………
The bus service is very convenience. cool see cute/cool
cost see numbers could
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
When I read your email, I could learn some expressions.
countryside
…………………………………………………………………………………
My hometown is countryside.
customer/guest
……………………………………………………………………
Some foreign guests came to our café.
cute/cool
……………………………………………………………………………………………
Cute! He is really cool.
75
dates
… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………
May 21th
day 76
E
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
The day, it was raining. I play soccer on Saturday. day off see holiday
delicious 77 77 78
…………………………………………………………………………………………
What is different... and... ? diet see weight … …………………………………………………………………………………
My room is very dirty. dislike see like/hate
do you know/I don’t know
… ………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
I saw your dream last night. My dream is a teacher.
during
… …………………………………………………………………………………………………
81
enjoy
… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………
We enjoyed snorkeling. I was enjoy.
82
enough
82
especially
… ………………………………………………………………………………………………
It is enough small to put in your pocket.
… …………………………………………………………………………………………………
I studied English during I was in London.
83
ever/never 84 85
…………………………………………………
I watched the second movie even I hadn’t seen the first. ………………………………………………………………………………………
I have ever been to New York. I have never been to Disneyland this year.
every time
………………………………………………………………………………………
Every time, I am tired.
everyday (writing)
… ……………………………………………………
I like to use my computer everyday. ……………………………………………………………………………………………
Everyone were very happy.
except
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
I learned many things in your class except English.
expect
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
I am expecting you.
exciting see ~ing/~ed adjectives
86
family
86
famous
87 89 90 90 92
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
My family is four people. I have four families. … ………………………………………………………………………………………………
My hometown is famous for potatoes.
far
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
My house is far from here. favorite see like/hate, spelling
94 95 96
finish
100
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
A: Have you finished? B: Finish.
first time
… ……………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
It’s my first time to do this. I heard that song at the first time. food see uncountable nouns
101 102
for vs. since see since/for for ages/for a while see first time for/to (1)
103
for/to (2)
104
…………………………………………………………………………………………
English is difficult to me.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
I went to Shizuoka for climbing Mount Fuji.
for example (writing)
… ………………………………………
I have been to many Japanese cities. For example, Tokyo and Kyoto.
forget
… …………………………………………………………………………………………………
I forgot my dictionary at home.
322
99
100
… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………
I’m very fine. My sister isn’t fine.
We did fireworks on the beach.
94
98
feel (like) see look/look like find out see know/find out fine
fireworks 93
97
104 105
323
English Index
everyone
English Index
… ………………………………………………………………………………………
Especially, I like bananas.
even if/even though
Do you know where is the station? I don’t know what should I do.
dream
… …………………………………………………………………………
I got up quickly this morning. earrings see pierce He is easy to get angry.
Is the curry delicious?
dirty/clean
80
early/quickly easy to
… …………………………………………………………………………………………
difference
79
F
G free
… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………
If I have free, I’ll call you.
from now
………………………………………………………………………………………
We are going bowling from now. fruit see uncountable nouns
fun
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Learning English is very fun. He makes me fun.
future forms
……………………………………………………………………………
What will you do tonight?
H
106
get something done see
106
get to see go to/get to get used to
… ………………………………………………………………………………
107
I get used to living by myself.
getting ~er see become give up
… ……………………………………………………………………………………………
268
habit/custom
have/get something done
I gave up to study abroad. I want to give up to smoke.
glad
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
I am glad to be born in Aomori.
go/come
……………………………………………………………………………………………
I’ll go to your house tomorrow. I’ll go there soon.
go to/get to
… ……………………………………………………………………………
Please tell me how to go to your house. going to vs. will see future forms
108 109 110 111 112
gone to vs. been to see ever/never grow up 113 … …………………………………………………………………………………………
had better
… …………………………………………………………………………………
If you go to Paris, you had better visit the Eiffel Tower.
half
… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………
I was in Australia for a half year. two years and a half
happening
…………………………………………………………………………………
There was a happening yesterday.
hard/hardly
………………………………………………………………………………
I studied hardly for the test. hardly any see almost
hate see like/hate have
… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………
The boy is having a pencil.
have/get something done
… …………………………
I cut my hair. have a go at see challenge
hobby
115
holiday
116 116 117
118 118
… …………………………………………………………………………………………………
My hobby is sleeping. What is your hobby? … ……………………………………………………………………………………………
Tomorrow is my holiday.
home
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
I went to home at 5 o’clock. Let’s go to my home.
hope/wish
… …………………………………………………………………………………
I wish I will pass the test. I wish you will get well soon.
how
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
How are you going to do? How about Japan? How do you think?
hurry up
… ………………………………………………………………………………………
I hurried up to school. hurt see pain
121 122 123 123 125
126
haven’t vs. don’t have see negative sentence word order
hear see listen/hear hear from
119
hearing
119
… …………………………………………………………………………………
I heard that from you already. heard of see know ………………………………………………………………………………………………
My English hearing is not very good.
hip
… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
I fell on my hip.
324
114
English Index
English Index
My mother grew up five children. guest see customer/guest
…………………………………………………………………………
It is my habit/custom to take a shower in the morning.
120
325
I I (1)
J ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
I and Mayumi talked about the movie.
I (2)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
I was fun.
if/when
………………………………………………………………………………………………
When you feel cold, please turn the heater on. If I can go, I would. impressed see moved/impressed
increase/decrease
…………………………………………………………
Young people in Japan are decreasing. information see uncountable nouns
~ing/~ed adjectives
…………………………………………………
I was boring in school today.
it/that
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
I know it.
126 127 127
K
job see company, office lady, part-time
keep
join
kind
job, salaryman
… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………
I join the tennis club. I am going to join a soccer tournament. journey see travel/trip/journey
junior/senior 130
…………………………………………………………………………
I went to the movies with my senior.
132
L … ………………………………………………………………………………………………………
It is important to keep the rules. … ………………………………………………………………………………………………………
There are many kind of books in the library.
kindly 133
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
My friend is very kindly. (be) kind to see for/to (1)
know
… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………
I like Jennifer Aniston. Do you know?
know/find out
… …………………………………………………………………
I knew it yesterday.
130 131
know/understand
… ……………………………………………………
The man did not understand where he was.
133
last/next/this
134
late
134
later/after
135 135 136
…………………………………………………………………………
on next Monday ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Sorry for late. lately see recently/these days ………………………………………………………………………………………
I am going to Guam two weeks later. lend see borrow/lend/rent
let see make/let let’s/shall we/why don’t we
… ……………………
Let’s go with me. Why don’t you go shopping with me?
license
… ………………………………………………………………………………………………
I’m studying to get a computer license.
like/hate
… ………………………………………………………………………………………
I like dog. My like food is... I very like...
listen/hear
… ………………………………………………………………………………
I like to hear music on my iPod.
English Index
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
I went to my friend’s live.
look/look like
… ……………………………………………………………………
You look like tired.
look/see/watch
… ………………………………………………………………
I looked the baseball game.
look forward to
… ……………………………………………………………
I’m looking forward to go there.
326
138 138
140
142 143
145 145 146 149 151
327
English Index
live
137
M
N
make/let
… ………………………………………………………………………………………
Everyone thought he had let her cry.
make sure
… …………………………………………………………………………………
Please make sure the schedule.
manage to see could manager
… ………………………………………………………………………………………
I’m a manager of the baseball team.
marathon
………………………………………………………………………………………
I took part in a three-kilometer marathon. marry vs. be married see continuous aspect
master
… ………………………………………………………………………………………………
The master of the bar is very friendly.
maybe
… ………………………………………………………………………………………………
Maybe I will go shopping tomorrow.
me too
… ………………………………………………………………………………………………
A: I don’t like sushi. B: Me too! A: Nice to meet you. B: Me too.
mean
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
medicine
………………………………………………………………………………………
Did you drink any medicine?
meet/see
… ………………………………………………………………………………………
I want to meet you!
member
……………………………………………………………………………………………
My club’s members are seven. Tomorrow’s members are…
midnight
… ……………………………………………………………………………………
I always study at midnight.
miss
… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………
I mistook. I did a miss.
moved/impressed
… ……………………………………………………
I was moved by the beautiful ocean.
328
much/many
154
my car
………………………………………………………………………………
I have many time. I want to save much money. … ………………………………………………………………………………………………
I want to buy my car.
myself/by myself 155 156
I live myself.
……………………………………………………………
166
name
167
narrow/wide
168
nature
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
May I have your name, please? (on the telephone) I am Shizue. … ………………………………………………………………………
My room is narrow. … ………………………………………………………………………………………………
There is a lot of nature around my house.
negative questions
… …………………………………………………
Can you swim? vs. Can’t you swim?
negative sentence word order
… …………
I think it is not interesting. next see last/next/this
168 169 170 170 171
next time
157
no see yes/no noisy
173
nothing
173
158 160 161
I want to go there next time. … ……………………………………………………………………………………………………
My mother is noisy. Our teacher scolds us if we talk in class. … …………………………………………………………………………………………
A: What’s your favorite song? B: Nothing. Time is nothing.
notice/realize
… ……………………………………………………………………
161
When I thought about it, I noticed that I had made a mistake. nought see zero
162
noun clauses
163
now
164
numbers
… ………………………………………………………………………
the reading newspaper man his around people ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
now vs. at the moment … ………………………………………………………………………………………
This jacket cost five… (¥50,000)
172
… …………………………………………………………………………………
My sister is an O.L.
okay
… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………
I can come at 7 o’clock. Are you okay?
old/young
… …………………………………………………………………………………
My old sister works in a hospital.
on the way
…………………………………………………………………………………
The man listened to music on my way home.
one more
… ……………………………………………………………………………………
One more please.
one of the
156
… ……………………………………………………………………………………
office lady
………………………………………………………………………………………
Kendo is one most popular sport in Japan.
one’s
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
I injured one’s leg. ordinal numbers see dates
177 178 178 179 180 180 181
174
English Index
English Index
What means this? What is this mean?
152
O
175 176 176
165
329
P pain
Q … ………………………………………………………………………………………………………
My leg is pain. pardon (me) see one more
part-time job
…………………………………………………………………………
I was working my part-time job last night. My part-time job is McDonald’s.
passive voice
… ………………………………………………………………………
I was stolen my watch.
past continuous tense
…………………………………………
I slept when you called me.
past perfect tense
…………………………………………………………
I had played soccer for five years.
past simple tense
… ………………………………………………………
I asked him what his name is.
pension
… …………………………………………………………………………………………
We stayed in a pension.
persons
………………………………………………………………………………………………
There are nine persons in my class.
pierce
… …………………………………………………………………………………………………
My mother bought me some pierce.
play (noun)
… ……………………………………………………………………………
play (verb)
… ………………………………………………………………………………
I played with my friends last night. play sports see sports
plural negatives
… ……………………………………………………………
There was no towel in our hotel room.
possible
… …………………………………………………………………………………………
I want to make money as possible as I can. prefer see like/hate
330
present
183
present continuous tense
… ……………………………………………………………………………………………
My girlfriend presented me a book for my birthday. I do not work this week.
present perfect tense 277 258 264 256 184 184
… …………………………
… …………………………………………
I am living in Osaka for 15 years.
present simple tense
………………………………………………
In my free time, I am listening to music. probably see maybe
promise
… …………………………………………………………………………………………
I have a promise with my friend tomorrow.
188 255 259 254
qualification see license question tags see tag questions
raise see grow up range of meaning see cheap recently/these days
189
recommend
190
……………………………………………………
I am very busy recently.
………………………………………………………………………………
My recommend movie is... rent see borrow/lend/rent
reported speech
………………………………………………………………
He said that I don’t want to go.
retire 188
… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………
I retired my part-time job.
ride
… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………
I rode my car.
191 195 196
room vs. apartment see narrow/wide
run
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
I saw a group of people running on bikes.
196
185 185 186
English Index
English Index
I like his play.
182
R
186 187
331
S ’s
T
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
I went to Tokyo with my high school’s friends.
safety
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
I am a safety driver.
salaryman
……………………………………………………………………………………
My father is a salaryman.
same
… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………
Hitomi has the same watch with Mami.
say/tell
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
She said me that…
school
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
when I was a junior high school scold see noisy
sea
… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
I went to the sea with my friends.
198
size
199
sleep vs. go to sleep see smart
201
smell/taste
202 205
English Index
206
… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………
shopping
… ……………………………………………………………………………………
I went to shopping yesterday.
sign
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Please give me your sign.
since/for
… ………………………………………………………………………………………
I have liked it since twelve years old.
sing
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
I like to sing a song.
332
so
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
It tasted so good.
so/such a
…………………………………………………………………………………………
so-so
… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………
A: Do you like Chinese food? B: So-so. … ……………………………………………………………………………………
I want to get any information about Hawaii.
somewhere/anywhere
…………………………………………
I have a car, so I can go somewhere. … ………………………………………………………………………………………………………
I went to bed soon.
let’s/shall we/why don’t we
I went to a great shop last night.
It is good smell. smell (like) see look/look like
soon
shall we see shop
… ………………………………………………………………………………
208 208 209 210
sore see pain sound (like) see look/look like spelling
……………………………………………………………………………………………
How to spell? My name’s spell is R-I-S-A.
spend
… …………………………………………………………………………………………………
We spend together at school. I spent a good time.
sports
… …………………………………………………………………………………………………
I play ski.
staff
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
The staffs were very kind. I am a sports store’s staff. stiff see pain
stop doing/stop to do 212 212
… ………………………………………
The children stopped to fight.
such
… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………
I do not like such people. such as see for example
223
224 224
213 214 215
comparatives & superlatives
surprised
… ……………………………………………………………………………………
I surprised!
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
I take an hour to get to the university.
talk
… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………
I was listening to my teacher’s talk. Her talk is interesting.
talk about
225
…………………………………………………………………………
Are you still in Japan, aren’t you?
take
superlative forms see 213
tag questions
… …………………………………………………………………………………
I’m interested in the job you talked. As we talked before,... taste see look/look like, smell/taste
teach
… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………
Please teach me your telephone number.
teacher
… ……………………………………………………………………………………………
Excuse me, Susan teacher. team see circle
225 227 228 228
229 230
tell see reported speech, say/tell, teach
216
telling the time
217
tension
… ……………………………………………………………………………………………
I was high tension.
thank 218
… ………………………………………………………………
I will meet you at five half.
… …………………………………………………………………………………………………
I thanked to my mother. that vs. it see it/that
then
… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Then, the people were very friendly.
220
there (1)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
I went to there with my friends. There is an interesting place.
230 232 233 233 234
222
211
333
English Index
You seems to be enjoying yourself. You seem to had a good time. senior see junior/senior
She is very smart.
some/any
look/see/watch
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
… …………………………………………………………………………………………………
He is so cute baby.
205
211
continuous aspect
200
see vs. look/watch see
see vs. meet see meet/see seem
… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………
The fish was a big size. ski/snowboard see shopping, sports
U there (2)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
There is my house on a hill. There wasn’t the book I wanted in the bookstore. these days see recently/these days
think/thought
… …………………………………………………………………
I think I want to go to India. I thought I wanted to wear a kimono. this vs. last/next see last/next/this
times
… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………
I work three times in a week. to vs. for see for/to (2)
today
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Today is I am busy.
too
… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
That’s too expensive!
235
236
237 238 239
……………………………………………………
English Index
ride, run
until vs. by see by/until used to/would
I was playing baseball in high school.
usually
… ……………………………………………………………………………………………
I usually go swimming.
240
266 243
very enjoy see enjoy very fine see fine very fun see fun very like see like/hate very vs. so/too see so, too
waiting
… ……………………………………………………………………………………………
I am waiting for your call.
want
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
I want that he will come. I want to eat it every day! watch see look/see/watch
239
244 244
we see you wear
245
weight
246
… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………
She went to the store to buy some wear. wear vs. put on see continuous aspect … ………………………………………………………………………………………………
I want to lose my weight.
well
… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………
My younger brother sleeps well. I don’t know well about that. … …………………………………………………………………
What do you like sports? Why you don’t like sports? when see if/when
where
… …………………………………………………………………………………………………
247 248
249
I live in Kagoshima, where is in Kyushu. whether see if/when, reported speech
while see during, with why don’t we see
let’s/shall we/why don’t we
wide see narrow/wide will see future forms wish see hope/wish with
… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………
I ate breakfast with watching television. within see later/after
334
250
335
English Index
transportation (forms of) see by,
… ………………………………………………
Please give me some informations. I have a good news! I like fruits. understand vs. know see know/understand
W
wh~ questions
let’s/shall we/why don’t we
I went on a travel to Hokkaido. I tripped to Korea. try see challenge
uncountable nouns
… …………………………………………………………………
together see
travel/trip/journey
V
Y word order see do you know/I don’t
yes/no
work see company, office lady,
you
know, negative sentence word order, wh~ questions
part-time job, salaryman
write/draw
… ………………………………………………………………………………
I wrote pictures on the cover of my book. would see used to/would
251
Z …………………………………………………………………………………………………
A: Don’t you like natto? B: Yes. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
We can see a lot of snow in Hokkaido.
251
zero
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
My room number is three zero four.
253
253
English Index
English Index
336
337