Read to Write 2nd Edition By Douglas Moore & David Barker © BTB Press, 2014 First printing, March 2014 Published by BTB Press (www.btbpress.com) Japanese editing by Tomoyo Horiguchi & Mutsumi Kawasaki Design and layout by Paul Lewis Cover design by Conrad Bucsis and Paul Lewis This book may not be copied or reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher. EnTuiries regarding reproduction should be directed to <info#btbpress.com>. ISBN 978-4-905088-47-9 Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank all of the students who allowed us to use their writing to make the model paragraphs in this book. We would also like to thank the following people for their support and feedback during the piloting phase of the original book. Robert Croker Harumi Kimura Sharif Mebed Cameron Smith Vick Ssali Suma Suzuki Tamami Wada
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To the Teacher “We Japanese are not good at speaking English, but we are good at reading and writing it” is a claim with which most teachers will be familiar. As those who have taught Japanese students for any length of time will know, however, it is simply not true. First-year Japanese university students generally have no idea of what an English paragraph is supposed to look like, and the writing they produce consists mainly of direct translations of Japanese sentences. Read to Write addresses both of these problems. The English Writing Manual introduces students to basic English writing conventions, and the model paragraphs provide them with input of the language they need for the topics we generally ask them to write about. Students who complete this book will have been exposed to more than 8000 words of comprehensible input of language that they can realistically expect to use. This will inevitably have a major impact on the way they write English. The key aim of this book is to train learners to identify patterns in the sentences they read. For example, if students can draw from the sentence I was born in Nagoya in Aichi the pattern <person> <past tense of “be”> born in <name of city> in <name of prefecture>, they will then be able to generate accurate, natural sentences about themselves. The process for identifying patterns is explained in English on p. 34, and in Japanese on p. 36. Practice exercises are provided, and an example of how a student should analyze a model paragraph is provided on p. 37. The basic idea of this course is that students spend the Àrst week or two studying the English Writing Manual. An eͿective way of approaching this is to assign one point to each pair or group and ask them to explain it to their classmates. This new edition of the book contains practice exercises so that students (and you) can check their understanding of each point. An answer key for the exercises, along with a teacher’s guide for the book, is available from <www.btbpress.com>. After they have covered all of the points in the writing manual, students read the model paragraphs. After they read each model, they use the language they have learned from it to create their own sentences. At the end of each unit, they combine these sentences with their own ideas to produce an original paragraph. First drafts are submitted on loose-leaf paper for checking, and then written on the “My Paragraph” page at the end of each unit once they have been corrected. We recommend that you use the checklist on p. 32 (or p. 131 in Japanese) to give the students a framework for peerediting and checking. We also recommend that you refer them to relevant points in the manual by writing numbers or letters on their papers as you check them. For example, if a student is making mistakes with layout, write “L”; if he or she is making mistakes with capital letters, write “1,” and so on. A simple and eͿective way of testing students at the end of the semester is to ask them to produce one or two of the paragraphs for the Ànal test. This will reTuire every student to memorize more than 1000 words of correct, natural English on a variety of useful topics. Read to Write is based on a very simple idea that has been around for years, but we think you will be pleasantly surprised when you see the results it can produce with Japanese learners. Douglas Moore & David Barker, March 2014 To the Teacher
3
Writing Manual Contents English Writing Manual L 1 2 3 4 5a 5b 6 7 8 9 10 C
Layout Capital Letters What Is a Sentence? Simple Sentences And, But, & Or in Simple Sentences Compound Sentences (1) Compound Sentences (2) Because and So Complex Sentences Subject-Verb Agreement Tense Agreement Singular and Plural Nouns Checklist
4 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
英語ライティングマニュアル L 1 2 3 4 5a 5b 6 7 8 9 10 C 4
Contents
レイアウト 大文字の使い方 センテンスとは？ 単文 単文と接続詞 重文と接続詞（1） 重文と接続詞（2） becauseとsoの使い方 複文 主語と動詞の一致 時制の一致 名詞の使い方 チェックリスト
32 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45
Model Paragraphs Topic 1
Self-Introductions
38-45
Topic 2
Family
46-53
Topic 3
Hometowns
54-61
Topic 4
School Life
62-69
Topic 5
Friends
70-77
Topic 6
Part-Time Jobs
78-85
Topic 7
Free Time
86-93
Topic 8
Childhood Memories
94-101
Topic 9
Trips & Travel
102-109
Topic 10
Dreams & Plans
110-117
Contents
5
L
Layout
English Writing Manual
When you write an English composition, you must make sure that the layout is correct. (Layout means how the writing looks on the paper.) Look at the example below, and read the key points on the next page.
2
1 3
4 5
6
L
7
9
8
10
6
Writing Manual
2) The title of your composition should be in the center of the page. The Àrst letter of each word in the title should be capitalized. Small words like a, the, and as are not capitalized unless they are the Àrst word, but pronouns are capitalized.
A Perfect Day Choosing a Present My Journey to School Describing My Room 3) Skip one line under the title before you start writing.
English Writing Manual
1) Write your name in Roman letters in the top right-hand corner of your paper. Write your student number below your name.
4) The Àrst line of a new paragraph should be indented about one centimeter. 5) Write so that the bottoms of your letters touch the lines of the paper. Do not let your writing Áoat above or sink below the lines. 6) Your writing should be double-spaced. Skip one line after each line you write. 7) Do not start a new line after a period. Keep writing until you reach the end of the line, and then continue on the next line. 8) Leave a margin of about two centimeters at the left of the page. Use your eyes to judge this. Do not draw a line down the page. The model compositions in this book are written without margins to leave enough space for you to write notes, but your own writing on loose-leaf paper should have margins. 9) The margin on the right of the page should be about the same as the margin on the left, but it is okay for the end of each line to be in a slightly diͿerent position. 10) Write the number of words in your composition at the bottom of the page.
Writing Manual 7
L
L
Practice
English Writing Manual
Look at the composition below. The English is correct, but there are a number of problems with the layout. Check the rules explained on the previous page, and rewrite the composition with correct layout on the opposite page.
L
8
Writing Manual
English Writing Manual
L
Writing Manual 9
1
Capital Letters
English Writing Manual
The use of capital letters is very important in English. It is dicult to learn all the rules because there are so many of them, but here are some key points that you need to remember. 1) The Àrst letter of a new sentence must always be capitalized. 2) The names of people and places are always capitalized. ( John Smith, Professor Davies, Tokyo Station) 3) The names of days, months, and public holidays are capitalized. ( Monday, March, Christmas, Halloween, Labor Day) 4) The names of the seasons are not capitalized. ( summer, winter) 5) The names of countries, nationalities, and languages are always capitalized. ( Japan, Chinese, French) 6) The names of subjects in school or university are not capitalized unless they are also the names of languages. ( mathematics, social studies, English, physical education [but see 11 below])
7) I is always capitalized, but you, his, her, our, and theirs are not capitalized unless they are the Àrst word in a sentence.
1
8) For names of singers and bands, only the Àrst letter of each word should be capitalized.
✘ DREAMS COME TRUE ✔ Dreams Come True 9) The names of rivers are written like this: the Shinano River, the river Shinano. 10) Directions such as north and south are not capitalized unless they are part of a place name. ( the north of Japan, South Dakota) 11) Acronyms are capitalized. ( the USA, the UK, USJ, PE [ physical education ])
10
Writing Manual
1
Practice English Writing Manual
Missing capitals These sentences have been written without any capital letters. Rewrite each one on the line below, and use capital letters where appropriate. Example: my mother and i went shopping at the mall yesterday. My mother and I went shopping at the mall yesterday. 1) my name is taro, and my brother's name is jiro. 2) my house is close to osaka station. 3) next monday is valentine’s day. 4) my friend is from korea, but she can speak japanese.
1
5) my father and i like southern all stars.
Correct the mistakes These sentences contain mistakes. Rewrite each sentence correctly on the line below. Example: I live in tokyo. I live in Tokyo. 6) My favorite group is EXILE. 7) I like Math and English the best. 8) Keiko often goes to karaoke with Her sister. 9) It is very cold in Hokkaido in the Winter. 10) Takayama is in the North of Gifu Prefecture.
Writing Manual
11
2
What Is a Sentence?
English Writing Manual
English sentences begin with a capital letter and end with a period ( . ), a Tuestion mark ( ? ), or an exclamation point ( ! ). An English sentence must have a subject and a verb, and it must express a complete thought. (Commands like Stop and Don’t worry are special cases. They are sentences even though the subject you is not written.) If what you write does not satisfy all of these points, it will not be a sentence. A group of words that has a subject and a verb but does not express a complete thought is called a clause (if you go, when they return, etc.). Learners of English often write incomplete sentences. A common mistake is the use of for example. We visited many cities. For example, Paris and Rome. The part that begins with For example is not a sentence because it does not have a subject or a verb. To make this a sentence, you would have to repeat the subject and verb from the previous sentence. For example, we went to Paris and Rome.
2
English sentences must also express a complete thought. Look at the example below. I decided to go home. Because I was tired. The part that starts with because is not a sentence because it has no meaning by itself. In order to give it meaning, it should be joined to the previous sentence. I decided to go home because I was tired. You can read more about how to use because on p. 26.
12
Writing Manual
2
Practice English Writing Manual
Is it a sentence? Mark numbers that are sentences with ✔ and those that are not with ✘. If you put ✘, write “No subject,” “No verb,” or “Not a complete thought” on the line below. Example: When I am happy. (
✘
)
Not a complete thought. 1) It hurts! (
)
2) Because the weather was nice, we went swimming. ( 3) My new classmate from Mie. ( 4) Is very handsome? (
)
)
)
5) Because they are friends. (
2
)
Correct the mistakes Numbers 6 to 10 below all contain mistakes. Identify the mistakes and correct them. Example: We visited many European countries. For example, Spain and France. We visited many European countries. For example, we visited Spain and France. 6) I like animals. For example, dogs and cats. 7) I stayed home. Because I was tired. 8) it was sunny yesterday. 9) What do you want to do in the future. 10) My father very busy because of his job.
Writing Manual
13
English Writing Manual
C
C
32
Checklist
❏
Your name and student number are written in the top right-hand corner of the page.
❏
The title is in the center of the page and has capital letters for all of the main words.
❏ ❏ ❏ ❏ ❏
One line has been skipped below the title.
❏ ❏ ❏ ❏ ❏ ❏ ❏ ❏ ❏ ❏ ❏
Commas (
❏ ❏
There is a good balance of simple, compound, and complex sentences.
The Àrst line of the paragraph is indented. ETual margins have been left on both sides of the paper. The writing is double-spaced. Every sentence begins with a capital letter and ends with a period ( . ), a Tuestion mark ( ? ), or an exclamation point ( ! ).
, ) and periods ( . ) look very diͿerent.
Every sentence has a subject and a verb. Every sentence expresses a complete thought. No sentence starts with and, but, or, or so. Every place that needs a comma has a comma. There are no unnecessary commas. (Check because clauses.) All verbs agree with their subjects. All verbs are in the correct tense. The singular and plural forms of nouns are used correctly. All singular countable nouns have a determiner. Letters that should be capitalized are capitalized; letters that should not be capitalized are not.
There are no spelling mistakes.
Writing Manual
C
Practice English Writing Manual
This composition contains ten mistakes. Find them using the checklist on the opposite page. Go through the items one by one. When you Ànish, compare your answers with your partner’s answers. You do not need to correct the mistakes; just Ànd them.
C
Writing Manual
33
How to Use the Model Paragraphs This part of the book has 10 topics. In each topic, there are seven examples of student writing. These are called “model paragraphs.” The Read to Write system has four main steps.
Words & phrases means single words, multi-word units, phrases, and even sentences that you can use without making any changes. After you Ànish reading each model, write new words and phrases in the Words & Phrases box. If you need to use your dictionary, make sure that you Ànd the correct translation for the context.
As you read the model paragraphs, you will notice sentences that you can adapt to use in your own writing by changing one or more words. When you Ànd a sentence like that, underline it in the model and put angle brackets < > around the words that can be changed. Change the words in brackets as necessary, and write the new sentence in the box. Remember that if you change verbs and nouns, you may also My Sentences need to change other words to agree with them. Here is an example.
Do not worry if you Ànd it dicult to identify patterns at Àrst. Look for language that you can understand but could not have produced yourself.
When you have read all the models on one topic, write your own paragraph using both the new English you have learned and the English you already knew on loose-leaf paper. Use the checklist on p. 32 to check your writing before you hand it in.
After your teacher has checked your paragraph, rewrite it on the
My Paragraph
page.
Before you read the models, use the exercises on the next page to practice identifying sentence patterns.
34
Model Paragraphs
Read to Write Practice Read the sentences below. Identify the patterns by putting angle brackets < > around the words that can be changed, and then write a new sentence on the line below. The Àrst one has been done for you as an example. 1) I was born in <Hamamatsu> in <Shizuoka>. I was born in Kuwana in Mie. 2) I am studying law at Tokyo University.
3) I live with my parents and my brother.
4) My blood type is “O,” and my birthday is February 18th.
5) I went to Tokyo with my friend from high school last weekend.
6) I played the trumpet for the Àrst time when I was in elementary school.
7) I have been playing baseball since I was twelve years old.
8) Toyota City is the home of the Toyota Motor Corporation.
9) I used to have a friend called Eri when I was in kindergarten.
10) I have never been to Tokyo Disneyland, but I am planning to go there next summer.
Model Paragraphs 35
モデルの使い方 English Writing Manual
この本には１０個のトピックがあり、７つずつ英作文のモデル（Model Paragraphs）が含まれて います。Read to Write では、下の４つのステップに従って学習していきます。
モデルを読み、わからない単語やフレーズを Words & Phrases に書き出し、意味を調べま す。１つの単語には複数の意味があるので、文脈に合ったものを書きましょう。ただし、読み続 ければ意味がわかる場合もあるので、最後まで読んでから辞書を使いましょう。
モデルの中には、少し変えれば自分でも使える表現がたくさんあります。そういう表現を見つけ たら、直接モデルに線を引き、置き換えられる単語に＜ ＞をつけましょう。次に自分の情報と My Sentences 入れ替えて、新しい文を に書き出しま しょう。単語を置き換えると、ほかの 単語も形を変えなければならない場合が多いので、特に動詞と名詞の形に注意しましょう。
置き換えられる部分を見つけるのは難しいので、すぐにできなくても心配しないでください。 「読めばわかるけど自分では書けなかった」という表現に注目しましょう。置き換える場所が わからないときは、先生に確認しましょう。
５つのモデルを読み終えたら、Words & Phrases や My Sentences に書き出した英語と、自 分の知っている表現をうまく混ぜながら、トピックに合う自分の英作文をルーズリーフに書き ます。提出する前に p. 32 にあるチェックリストを見ながら確認しましょう。
先生のチェックが終わったら、 My Paragraph に清書します。 「Pictures」という枠もあるの で、自分の作文に関係する絵を描いたり、写真を貼ったりしてみましょう。 それでは、実際の Read to Write に挑戦する前に、p. 36 で少し練習しましょう！ 36
Model Paragraphs
Example
Two Names My name is unusual because you can read it in two ways. The Chinese character means “<love>,” but it can be read as either “<Ai>” or “<Megumi>.” Even Japanese people are not sure how to read my name. There is another girl in my class who writes her name with this character. She is Ai, and I am Megumi. <Our teacher> sometimes gets <our names> wrong. (66 words)
Phrases Words & &Phrases Patterns
unusual Chinese character either A or B
珍しい 漢字 AかBか
Even Japanese people are not sure how to read my name. 日本人でさえ、私の名前をどう読むかわからない。 get ... wrong
∼を間違える
My Sentences
The Chinese character means “good health,” but it can be read as either “Takeshi” or “Ken.” People sometimes get my name wrong.
Model Paragraphs 37
Self-Introductions (1)
My Self-Introduction Topic
1
My name is Keiko Hibino. I am 20 years old, and I come from Hida in northern Gifu. I am a first-year student at Daisuki University, and I am studying economics. My parents’ house is a long way from my university, so I live by myself in Nagoya.
2
I like living by myself, but I get a bit homesick sometimes. I have two sisters, but they are much older than I am. They are both married, and I have two nieces and two nephews. I am looking forward to seeing them at New Year. My oldest sister
3
lived in the United States for two years before she got married. I have never been abroad, but I hope to go to the US someday. (123 words)
4
Words & Phrases
5 6 7 My Sentences
8 9 10
38
Model Paragraphs
Self-Introductions (2)
Nice to Meet You Topic
My name is Mai Hirakawa. I am from Okazaki in Aichi. Okazaki is a thirty-minute
1
train ride south of Nagoya. I have lived there since I was born. I am studying law in college, but I am also very interested in English. I did a homestay in Australia last summer, and I hope to go back there next year, so I am studying English hard at
2
the moment. I live with my parents and my brother. My father works for the city government, and my mother is a homemaker. My brother is a high-school student. He and I used to fight a lot when we were younger, but we get along well now.
3
(113 words)
4
Words & Phrases
5 6 7 My Sentences
8 9 10
Model Paragraphs 39
Self-Introductions (3)
This is Me Topic
1
My name is Tomohiro, but my friends just call me Tomo. I go to a vocational school for art and design. I am hoping to become a graphic designer in the future. I live with my family in Mie Prefecture. It is a nice place to live, but my school is in
2
Nagoya, so I have a two-hour commute. Some of my friends live by themselves near the school, but my parents do not want me to live alone. I do not have any brothers or sisters, but I have a beautiful dog called Taro. He is a golden retriever, and he is
3
five years old. I take him for a walk every morning before I go to school. (119 words)
4
Words & Phrases
5 6 7 My Sentences
8 9 10
40
Model Paragraphs
Self-Introductions (4)
My Life Topic
My name is Yusuke Suzuki. I am nineteen years old, and I have a twin brother. His
1
name is Daisuke. We look like each other, but we have very different personalities. He loves sports, but I am more interested in English. I study English in college, and I also go to an English conversation school three times a week. My dream is to live
2
and work in a foreign country after I graduate. I have liked English since I went to Canada with my family when I was in junior high school. I want to learn English so that I can make friends with people from other countries.
3
(108 words)
4
Words & Phrases
5 6 7 My Sentences
8 9 10
Model Paragraphs 41
Self-Introductions (5)
About Tomoe Topic
1
My name is Tomoe Honda. Honda is a very common name in Japan, and it is famous throughout the world because of the Honda Motor Company. I was born in Kyoto, but I moved to Tokyo when I was in junior high school because of my father’s
2
job. I still have friends in Kyoto, and I go back there sometimes to visit them. My hobby is playing the guitar, and I am in a band with three of my friends from high school. We have been together for six months. We are not very good yet, but we
3
practice very hard. We are planning to do our first live show next month. (112 words)
4
Words & Phrases
5 6 7 My Sentences
8 9 10
42
Model Paragraphs
Self-Introductions (6)
About Me Topic
My name is Emi Sakakibara. My blood type is O, and my birthday is February
1
18th. I was born in Fukuoka, but now I live in Aomori with my parents and my younger sister, Hiromi. I am a student, and I have a part-time job in a convenience store near my house. I live quite near my school, so I do not have to get up early
2
in the morning. I am studying English because I love watching foreign movies. My favorite movies are “Back to the Future” and the “Harry Potter” movies. I also like watching English TV dramas, such as “Prison Break” and “Entourage.”
3
(106 words)
4
Words & Phrases
5 6 7 My Sentences
8 9 10
Model Paragraphs 43
Self-Introductions (7)
Ryuji Okuda Topic
1
My name is Ryuji Okuda. I come from a small town called Kamagaya, which is just to the east of Tokyo. I am studying business management at a university in Tokyo, and I am in my second year. I am in the baseball club at my university. We
2
have to practice almost every day, and we have games every weekend, so it is very tough. I sometimes get in trouble with my teachers because I do not have enough time to do my homework. I have a younger brother called Shota. He plays baseball,
3
too. We practice together in a park near my house on Saturdays. (106 words)
4
Words & Phrases
5 6 7 My Sentences
8 9 10
44
Model Paragraphs
My Paragraph
Topic T
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
My Paragraph
45
英語ライティングマニュアル
L
レイアウト
英語のレポートを書くときは、 レイアウトが間違っていると不合格になることがあります。 「レイアウト」 と は、 ページの見た目のことです。下記の例をよく見てから、次のページのキーポイントを読みましょう。
2
1 3
4 5
6
L
7
9
8
10
118 ライティングマニュアル
2) タイトルはページの中央に書き、 単語の始まりは大文字にします。 ただし、 タイトルの最初と最後 にくる場合を除いて、前置詞や冠詞は小文字にします。 代名詞は大文字で始めます。
A Perfect Day Choosing a Present My Journey to School Describing My Room 3) タイトルの下は１行空けます。 4) １行目の先頭の単語を１センチほど字下げします。
英語ライティングマニュアル
1) 名前はローマ字でページの右上に書きます。 学籍番号はその下に書くこと。
5) 文字は罫線にしっかり沿って書きます。 文字が線の上に浮いたり、 下に沈んだりしないこと。 6) 文章は１行おきに書きます。 7) ピリオドの後は改行をしません。 そのままその行の終わりまで書き続けてから、次の行に進みます。 8) ページの左側には２センチほどの余白を空けます。 鉛筆で線を引かず、 目測で判断すること。 （本 書では、皆さんが自分の例文を書くスペースを残すために、 パラグラフの余白を空けていません が、 ルーズリーフなどに書く場合は、 必ず余白を空けること） 9) 右側の余白は、 できるだけ左側の余白と合わせます。 ただし、 行によって多少のずれがあっても かまいません。 10) ページの下部に単語数を書きます。
ライティングマニュアル 119
L
英語ライティングマニュアル
1
大文字の使い方
英語では大文字・小文字の区別は重要です。誤った大文字の使用は減点の対象となります。 すべての ルールを覚えるのは難しいですが、 ここでは基本的なルールを紹介します。 1) センテンスの最初の文字は必ず大文字で始めます。 2) 人・場所の名前は、 必ず大文字です。 ( John Smith, Professor Davies, Tokyo Station) 3) 曜日・月・祭日の名前は大文字にします。 ( Monday, March, Christmas, Halloween, Labor Day) 4) 季節の名前はすべて小文字です。 ( summer, winter) 5) 国・国籍・言語は大文字にします。 ( Japan, Chinese, French) 6) 学校の科目名はすべて小文字です。 ただし、 言語の名前だけは大文字で始めます。 ( mathematics, social studies, English, physical education [11を参照]) 7) I は必ず大文字ですが、you、 his、 her、our、 theirs などはすべて小文字です。
1
8) バンドや歌手名の場合は頭文字だけを大文字にします。
DREAMS COME TRUE Dreams Come True 9) 川の名前には表記の仕方が２つあります。 ( the Shinano River, the river Shinano) 10) 南・北などの方位は原則として小文字ですが、 地名の一部として用いられる場合は、 大文字にし ます。 ( the north of Japan, South Dakota) 11) 頭字語は大文字にします。
( the USA, the UK, USJ, PE [ physical education ] )
120 ライティングマニュアル
2
センテンスとは？
センテンスには、 必ず主語と動詞が必要です。 さらに、 意味が完結していなければなりません。 この2 つのポイントを満たしていないものは、 センテンスとは言えません。 ただし、 Stop! や Don t worry. などの命令文は例外です。命令文は、主語がなくても、 センテンスとして認められます。 主語と動詞が あっても、 意味が完結していない不完全な部分は 「節」 と呼ばれ、 センテンスではありません。(if you go、when they return など) 上記の2つのポイントを満たしていない、不完全な文章を誤って書くことが多くあります。 よくある間違い は for example と because を使う場合です。
We visited many cities. For example, Paris and Rome.
英語ライティングマニュアル
英語のセンテンスは大文字で書き始め、 ピリオド （.） 、 疑問符 （?） 、 または感嘆符 （!） で書き終え ます。
上の例の For example から始まる部分には主語も動詞もないので、 これではセンテンスとは言えま せん。正しく直すには、 主語と動詞を加える必要があります。
For example, we went to Paris and Rome.
2
さらに、英語のセンテンスは意味が完結していなければいけません。
I decided to go home. Because I was tired. because から始まる節は、 意味が不完全なので、 センテンスとして認められません。 正しく直すには、 前のセンテンスからそのまま続けて書きます。
I decided to go home because I was tired. because の使い方は p. 60 で詳しく説明しています。
ライティングマニュアル 121
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