7.8 Using the -ing Form after Time Words

When the main clause and the time clause have the same subject, we can delete the subject of the time clause and use a present participle (verb + -ing) after the time word.

EXAMPLES

1. Einstein left high school before he finished his studies.

Einstein left high school before finishing his studies.

2. After Einstein left high school, he studied mathematics and physics.

After leaving high school, Einstein studied mathematics and physics.

Note: In the second set of examples above, notice that the subject (Einstein) becomes part of the main clause.

EXERCISE 12 Change these sentences. Use a present participle after the time word. Make any other necessary changes. entering Einstein 1. After Einstein entered the university, he developed his theory. 2. Einstein passed an exam before he entered the university. 3. He left high school before he received his diploma. 4. After Einstein developed his theory of relativity, he became famous. 5. He became interested in physics after he received books on science. 6. After Einstein came to the U.S., he got a job at Princeton. 7. Before he came to the U.S., Hamdi Ulukaya lived in Turkey. 8. While the children were living in the refugee camp, they didn’t go to school. 9. The parents were working while they were raising a family.