A Value Reflection Tool for Living Labs

In Search of the Citizen Centric City: A Value Reflection Tool for Living Labs

Louise Mullagh a , Lynne Blair a

and Nick Dunn b

a

School of Computing and Communication, Lancaster University b

Imagination Lancaster, Lancaster University

Abstract

As the rise in ‘smart’ city initiatives and implementation of technologies within the urban environment become more evident, citizens face irrevocable changes to their environment and their lives within the city. Such reliance upon technological strategies to fix cities’ problems and a drive for constant innovation within the ‘smart’ city is largely being driven by technology companies and city leaders. In the literature surveyed, little is written regarding the disruption of sense of place within the city by new technologies, or to the nuanced ways in which human values are affected in this area. We present a prototype tool for the mapping of and reflection upon, human values in order to develop meaningful engagement and experiences for citizens. Our research is situated within the context of the Living Lab, which are becoming increasingly prevalent within the ‘smart’ city, enabling designers of technologies to engage with multiple stakeholders, including citizens, in the design and implementation of new products.

Keywords

human values; urban areas; social factors; appropriate technology; design methodologies

1 Introduction

Today’s city is a complex, technologically mediated environment, consisting of numerous explicit and implicit digital layers. This new urban environment is not only the domain of buildings, transport and people but is intermingled with both visible and invisible technologies (McCullough, 2005). As examples of ‘smart’ cities increase and the implementation of urban, mobile and ubiquitous computing within this environment become more apparent, the landscape of the city is becoming redefined in a seemingly irreversible race toward the autonomous operation of the urban sphere (Townsend, 2013). A new, technological utopia is heralded by global companies (IBM Corporation, 2012; IBM Corporation, 2013) with the promise of the obliteration of inequalities and inefficiencies, through the deployment of sensors, actuators and ‘smart’ control centres (IBM Corporation, 2012). When considered alongside the disordered, human elements of the city, it proves difficult to imagine such changes having an

impact upon citizens in positive and engaging ways (Galdon-Clavell, 2013; Greenfield, 2013). Current discourses around the ‘smart’ city appear to be based around problem solving, where control centres and ‘smart’ solutions have the ability to not only ameliorate the complex problems of a city but in turn to make them run more efficiently (IBM Corporation, 2013) (Hitachi, 2012). Although cities are making some advances in dealing with major issues, such as increases in population, decreases in funding and pressure on existing services, this is not done in a holistic and integrated manner. It is accepted that physical, built environments impact upon human psychology and behaviour (Gifford, 1997) yet there is little evidence to demonstrate the human aspects of what makes a city are considered when leaders or technology companies begin to consider transformations to make a city smart (Kim & Steenkamp, 2013). Currently there seems to be a focus on the ‘smart’ rather than the ‘city’, with a bias toward technological solutions (Galdon-Clavell, 2013). When contextualised within the urban environment and removed from the desktop and traditional situations, we need to pay more attention to the physical environment where interactions occur (Ciolfi, 2013). We situate our research within the ‘smart’ city, through the manifestation of technology in mobile devices, ubiquitous and interactive systems or sensors and actuators. As such, we consider the potential impacts of such technologies upon citizens, taking the concept of the Living Lab as a potential site for critical and meaningful engagement with people. Living Labs are included in this research as sites within the ‘smart’ city, in that they seek to engage citizens in the design and development of new software and infrastructure (Tang & Hämäläinen, 2012). A pilot study, in which we designed a prototype tool, the Value Reflection Map (VRM), demonstrates that we can begin to address our concerns surrounding the complex, technologically mediated environment, or the ‘smart’ city through consideration and mapping of human values. The paper addresses how human values might be represented and made visible within physical space, in order to tackle issues created in the ‘smart’ city. We engaged a local café whose owner has demonstrated a desire to situate multiple digital interventions in the space and sought to elicit and then represent his values visually within this environment. The prototype is discussed further in the context of the ‘smart’ city, its potential impact within the Living Lab and the influence of radical cartography in the development of the method. Finally, we present concepts for future research and the development and implementation of the new value reflection tool.

2Living Labs: visions of a ‘citizen-centric’ city.

The vast array of technologies pervading the urban environment have a profound effect upon the sense of place within the city (Ciolfi, 2013). It is important to consider the notion of ‘place’ within the context of the ‘smart’ city, in that physical environments impact upon human psychology and behaviour (Environmental Psychology, 1997; Tuan, 1977). Tuan says place “has history and meaning. Place incarnates the experiences and aspirations of a people. . .It is also a reality to be clarified and understood from the perspectives of the people who have given it meaning (Tuan, 1977).” He also talks of place embodying ‘spirit’, ‘personality’, and ‘sense’ of place, all of which seem largely absent in manifestos or white papers for the ‘smart’ city. This demonstrates the

need to consider the experiences and aspirations of the citizens, and that the city needs to be understood from the position of those who inhabit the particular place and give it meaning. Current narratives around the ‘smart’ city appear to neglect the narratives of the citizens, their meanings, values, and experiences of the places they inhabit. As a result of the current focus by city leaders and technology companies largely being the solving of issues within cities, such as healthcare provision, traffic, financial efficiencies and sustainability, there is a drive towards what might be considered as “technological solutionism (Morozov, 2013).” Within the ‘smart’ city paradigm, Living Labs are important to consider, in that they provide opportunities for a level of citizen engagement. They also offer an environment in which citizen led innovation can be achieved (Mulder, Velthausz, & Kriens, 2008; Schaffers, 2013.), although data regarding the success and value of this approach is widely dispersed geographically. As a result of this, the nature of the work carried out by and in Living Labs is difficult to assess in terms of real and visible impact.

A key philosophy, shared across the variety of sites, is that the Living Lab is “not just a network of infrastructures and services, but also a network of real people with rich experiences and a way to deal with community-driven innovation. (Mulder, 2013; Mulder, Velthausz, & Kriens, 2008.) .” We believe it is this network of ‘real’ people that holds the potential for increasing the worth and effectiveness of the Living Lab in terms of meaningful citizen engagement and social action. However, we believe the current emphasis upon the development of new technologies limits such potential, reinforcing the technologically solutionist approach widely adopted by ‘smart’ cities. We seek to challenge this approach through the development of the Value Reflection Map and to enable citizens to become engaged and able to discover a sense of place within this technologically mediated environment.

3 The need for consideration of values within the smart city and Living Labs

It is widely accepted that human values become manifest in the built environment, the design and use of new technologies and within social environments (Friedman, Kahn, & Borning, 2008; Lynch, 1981; Sellen, Rogers, Harper, & Rodden, 2009). These disciplines are not the first to apply the notion of values to their practice, the concept has long been recognised as important in disciplines such as anthropology, sociology and psychology (Cheng & Fleischmann, 2010). Values in psychology are conceptions of desirable ways of behaving or desirable end states, characterised as relatively stable, transcending specific situations (Cheng & Fleischmann, 2010). All values are held by all people and across all cultures atall times and to some extent, but their importance is ranked differently with each individual. As a result of values shaping what it means to be human and people’s attitudes towards technology, there is a fundamental relationship between human values, technology and the built environment. In this particular case, we take the ‘smart’, technologically mediated and augmented city as the context. We consider the Living Lab to be an interesting research site for examining values further, in that they have engaged with values based design methods, such as Participatory Design (Iversen, Halskov, & Leong, 2010) and User Experience (Kujala & Väänänen-VainioMattila, 2009) in the design of new technologies, placing users at the core. It is within this context that we intend to develop a new tool for the reflection upon, and visualisation of human values.

4 A new tool for value reflection in urban environments: pilot study in the city

In order to investigate how physical space, human values and technologies coexist we carried out a short pilot study with one stakeholder. The aims were to ascertain whether the values held by the stakeholder were manifest in the objects and the space of his business, and if so could they be mapped visually to aid understanding of their manifestation and positioning within that space. Furthermore, the study built upon the existing gap for the development of tools for the elicitation of values within the design and implementation of new technologies (Kujala & VäänänenVainio-Mattila, 2009).

Figure 1: Panoramic image of The Hall

As an initial study, we were able to ascertain that representing values visually in an analogue manner was a valuable starting point for further research. The study engaged a high street coffee and tea merchant operating across three sites within one city, with the stakeholder being the owner of the company. The business comprises a shop, which has been part of the city landscape since the nineteenth century, and two cafés. The site of the research was the newest café, The Hall, which also serves as a tea and coffee heritage centre. A primary aim for The Hall is to create a communal place, whilst telling stories of the provenance of tea and coffee in an authentic environment. The team have embraced digital technologies, through employing QR codes, social media, the development of experimental forms of filmmaking and the live-streaming of an academic lecture about coffee farming. This engagement is illustrated in previous work carried out within this space (Edwards, Mullagh, Dean, & Blair, 2013). Our initial work was underpinned by ideas of developing a Living Lab, a site in which we could gather qualitative data regarding how different groups of people perceive, judge and experience the effects of interactive technologies within a particular place. As the stakeholder was in the early stages of considering the introduction of interactive technologies, we felt this would be an ideal opportunity to begin developing a tool for the understanding of values through visual representation.

5 Developing the prototype tool

The tool (Value Reflection Map) (Figure 5) was intended for use prior to the design and introduction of a technological intervention within a physical space. It sought to visualize human values expressed by the stakeholder, through conducting three stages of research. The stages were: completion by the stakeholder of the European Social Survey, values elicitation interview and interpretive mapping.

Figure 2. Skeleton image of The Hall

The European Social Survey: This method was chosen due to the use of empirically established questions which seek to elicit universal values (O'Shea, Bryson, & Jowell, 2006) in this case from the stakeholder. The survey is a shortened version of the Schwartz Value Survey (SVS) (Schwartz, 1994), which is widely used by social and cross-cultural psychologists for identifying individual values. It presents ten basic values recognized by people in all cultures: universalism, benevolence, tradition, conformity, security, self-direction, hedonism, power, stimulation and achievement. The ESS identifies these values by presenting forty brief, third person portraits of different people, e.g “Thinking up new ideas and being creative is important to him.” The respondent then identifies to what extent that portrait is like themselves. Through using the ESS scoring system we ascertained the dominant values the stakeholder identified with were: stimulation, self-direction, universalism, benevolence, conformity and tradition. Value Elicitation Interview: The aim of this method is to elicit values of the business owner within the context of The Hall. We developed a semi-structured interview in order to identify values most strongly held by the stakeholder. It was evident that the universal value of ‘benevolence’ for example was a key value for the stakeholder, as identified through strong agreement with the survey statements of “He wants to care for other people” and “He tries to support those he knows”. We then asked the stakeholder to consider the ways in which he cared for and supported others in the context of The Hall. He interpreted the manifestation of ‘benevolence’ within The Hall through activities which develop and maintain strong relationships with independent suppliers from around the world. Through carrying out open-coding of the interview transcript, we identified nine dominant values that were attached to the stakeholder’s relationship with coffee and tea suppliers. In total, we identified six dominantvalues through the recurrence of particular words within the interview transcript. The values identified were: sustainability, knowledge transfer, progression, experimentation, support and trust, with knowledge transfer emerging as being particularly dominant and forming a significant thread. This method proved useful, as the stakeholder interpreted his dominant values in ways we could not have identified through the sole use of the ESS. Interpretive Mapping: The final stage interpreted how the elicited values from the ESS and contextualising interview might be embedded and communicated within the physical environment of The Hall. To do this, we produced a large-scale panoramic image of The Hall (Figure 1), allowing us to identify objects within it we considered to represent and communicate the six values of sustainability, knowledge transfer, progression, experimentation, support and trust. The most dominant value of ‘knowledge transfer’ gave us a useful starting point as it was represented both within the stakeholder’s commentary and survey results. An example of this value was the presence of recycled objects. In order to function as a ‘heritage centre’, the stakeholder wanted to communicate a broad range of knowledge relating to the

process and history of coffee. Through curating objects such as decorative vintage coffee grinders, a functioning vintage hand-pulled espresso machine and decorative coffee sacks from source suppliers, he aimed to not only create aesthetically pleasing displays but for the space to act as a ‘working’ museum environment. Through employing interpretative mapping, we found many, but not all of the objects within The Hall could be related to the six dominant values, to varying degrees. Using the panoramic image (Figure one), we identified twenty-eight objects we considered to represent the value of ‘knowledge transfer’, both explicitly and implicitly (Figure three). For example, the stakeholder placed small cards next to objects within The Hall. These cards are used for explaining the functions of objects are and were identified as transferring explicit knowledge, as labels might be used within a museum. Following the identification of knowledge transfer objects, we then considered whether or not the remaining five values of sustainability, progression, experimentation, support and trust, were communicated through these objects.

Figure 3. Mapping the objects within The Hall

In order to do this, a skeleton panoramic of The Hall was created (Figure two). Using this panoramic as an experimental canvas (Figure four) we interpreted how and if, the knowledge transfer objects embedded and communicated the remaining dominant values of sustainability, progression, experimentation, support and trust previously identified in the contextualising interview. The different values were colour coded to create a visual representation that could be easily understood by the stakeholder.

Figure 4. Experimental canvas

6 Reflections on the pilot study

In this pilot study we were able to identify whether values were evenly distributed and communicated throughout the space. An interesting insight was that even though the stakeholder had identified the values of support and trust in the ESS survey, their visibility within the space was negligible. A large area of The Hall represented the value of sustainability only, whereas the value of progression was represented in clusters, creating valueand knowledge dense areas.

As a short study, it became evident that the visual representation of human values is valuable, adding a new approach to communication and understanding. Feedback from the stakeholder confirmed this ease of communication. We consider the VRM (Figure five) to be a creative interpretation of a physical space through which identification of local values are embedded and communicated, resulting from a unique way of ‘seeing’, understanding and communicating values. A crucial strength of the VRM lies in the visual representation of values on the panoramic image, enabling stakeholders, organisations and designers to clearly identify important values and where there may be clusters, clashes or particular values.

Figure 5: Value Reflection Map

7 Towards a new mapping tool for value discovery

121 The prototype tool (VRM) was developed within the context of an independent café, as a first step towards addressing wider issues in the ‘smart’ city through a new visual methodology. Living Labs carry out engaging and meaningful work with citizens in developing new, user centric technologies, but we seek to add another layer to this work through engaging with human values in more depth. Consideration of human values is essential within the context of the built environment, in that values shape not only humans and our behaviours, but cities too. The urban theorist Kevin Lynch investigated the manifestation of human values in “A Theory of Good City Form”, (Lynch, 1981) in which he sought to develop a normative, comprehensive theory of the city. Lynch identifies and lists twenty one policies relating to cities, along with reasons used to support them, in order to examine their inherent values. He then goes on to establish five distinct groups into which the policies, according to their values, can be placed. These groups; strong, wishful, weak, hidden and neglected values are all essential to the consideration of values within the city, but for the purpose of this study we highlight weak, hidden and neglected. They are described as follows: •Weak values: Frequently cited aims whose dependence on city form is doubtful or not proven. Therefore they are rarely achieved, or we don’t know if they are, or any achievement may be due to other causes. Calling them weak does not deny their importance but it may mean their role is more superficial. Lynch suggests many of the values of current form policy would fit here. He cites examples such as improving mental health, increasing social stability or reducing crime and other social pathologies. Within the ‘smart’ city these might relate to notions of surveillance through CCTV networks in order to reduce crime, without suitable regard for values such as privacy. •Hidden values: Those aims which are strong, but less often articulated, or at least less often cited as a primary purpose. They may however be as fervently desired and clearly achieved. Often enough, they are the prime movers of policy, overlaid with a delicate screen of weak and wishful purposes. He cites examples

such as maintaining social control or prestige, dominating a region or people, removing unwanted activities or persons, or isolating them. Within the ‘smart’ city these might relate to notions of new technologies to develop civic functions such as planning policy. However, if the data is collected from only tech-savvy users (i.e those who use smart phones or social media) this has the potential to isolate those who do not have, or wish to have, access to such technologies (Cranshaw, 2013). •Neglected values: Those values that are neglected, whether because they are thought not to be not to be important enough. He cites examples such as the magical power of city patterns, the fit of environment to human biology and function and the degree of user control. These values are more vague, but within the ‘smart’ city might relate to the rich density and unique character or sense of place, as discussed by Tuan (Tuan, 1977), and in the seminal works by Relph (Seamon & Sowers, 2008) and Jane Jacobs (Jacobs, 1993). Such character is threatened by gentrification, specifically through the development of computing systems that predict property values based on trends of how the populace moves through the city (Cranshaw, 2013) . Through developing the VRM in the context of the ‘smart’ city, we build upon Lynch’s plan of developing a ‘normative theory’ that is “clear enough to be useful to all sorts of actors (Lynch, 1981).” Furthermore, the VRM reinforces the need for the theory to be “useable in rapid, partial decisions and in the constant steering of policy (Lynch 1981). ” However, rather than a theory for those in power to steer policy, the VRM becomes a tool for citizens to understand the complexities of the ‘smart’ city and to be guided by Living Labs who engage with them in a meaningful way.

8 Maps for values discovery

Through employing visual mapping techniques in the development of the VRM we aim to make visible weak, neglected and hidden values. We also seek to develop a tool that helps citizens make sense of their complex surroundings and rediscover a sense of place. Cartography has a long history as a vital tool for making sense of the world, although it has also been employed in empire building and subjectivity. However, if maps are seen as instruments of power, they also have the potential to liberate as well as exploit, as whoever makes the map has the power to create their own interpretation of the world. In the context of this research, maps are considered as having the potential to liberate, for citizens to discover values hidden or neglected within their own environment. Maps can be employed as a creative tool (Corner, 2002) holding the potential to visualise values in an unambiguous and easily communicable manner, as demonstrated in the pilot study. Maps traditionally have a tendency to be static with the function of recording spatial information, once they are created they remain the same. New methods of mapping, such as GPS, enable crowd-sourced maps to be developed and have been used to challenge the status quo within society. However, this relies upon access to and knowledge of specific digital tools. In the pilot study we discovered that an analogue map enabled greater access and flexibility in interpreting the physical space and communicating with the stakeholder. Existing methods and tools have created some interesting and challenging approaches to mapping emotions or charting citizen unrest within urban environments. Panoremo (panoremo.com, 2014.) enables designers to map user’s emotions onto a variety of panoramic images, employing emotional design and market research techniques in order to evaluate how people feel about a particular

environment. The Centre for Urban Pedagogy (CUP) (Centre for Urban Pedagogy, 2014.) work with stakeholders in cities, most often with dis- advantaged or marginalised groups. They develop information brochures and paper maps that are of particular use to that community, employing analogue techniques and community led design. A variety of different techniques for making visible issues that are hidden are detailed in The Atlas of Radical Cartography. The most notable example featured is iSee (Insitute for Applied Autonomy, 2014.), an online initiative where citizens log and map surveillance, such as CCTV, through the city, enabling them to plot their routes through the ‘path of least surveillance’. The VRM builds upon the principles of making information visible and community led design, but the point of departure is that it is not intended to be a digital tool, nor will it be employed for market research purposes, such as Panoremo. It also differs from the work carried out by CUP, in that the aim of the VRM is for citizens to make the map themselves, through discovery of information and values, rather than relying upon organisations to do so.

9 Conclusion

In this paper we have presented the need for values to be considered within the complex life of today’s city, through the development of a new tool that draws upon concepts of value discovery and radical cartography. Human values are not always easy to discuss, even though we all hold them, we do not necessarily make connections between what we value and the expression of those values. Through further development of a visual a tool we aim to facilitate more effective elicitation of values within the city. In order to achieve the aim of enabling citizens to have a meaningful voice within the ‘smart’ city, it is important that future research to develop the VRM is carried out in the context of the city. The pilot study acted as a starting point from which to investigate further how values are important within urban environments and might enable citizens to engage in a meaningful manner. Furthermore, the tool seeks to ensure new technologies are not imposed upon citizens in a deterministic and solutionist manner. Key to the next stage of research is the engagement with Living Labs involved in the development of new technologies and citizen innovation within the ‘smart’ city. A crucial strength of the VRM will lie in the visual representation of values, enabling citizens and organisations to clearly identify values that might be weak, hidden or neglected. In order to develop the VRM further, we intend to use such sites as case studies to enable us to develop the new methodology through engaging with real world practices within the city. Development of the VRM within Living Labs ultimately aims to ensure consideration and discovery of human values within the built environment where technological solutions are being considered and to ensure citizens are able to flourish within the ‘smart’ city. Meaningful citizen engagement is vital in ensuring cities where ‘smart’ solutions and technologies pervade the environment, foster a sense of place and allow citizens to be informed and to flourish. As demonstrated, research relating to values in technology and the environment has been carried out, but separately, with little being carried out so far that engages the combination of values, technology and the built environment. It is also vital that citizens are offered opportunities to solve issues that matter to them, within their city, without the determining solution being necessarily technological.

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