U.S. History Notes and Reviews from the Beginning- 1877
History 2300 Notes pertaining to Test 1 9/1 Rise with the Atlantic World: exploration, exploitation, along with conquest New Hampshire- provide wood in order to English navy Africa will end up being the loser because involving technology; total disruption associated with culture-a lot of infants along with old people Slave trade happens bc regarding requirement for labor, new crops, etc. Few convicts that truly came to North America; Virginia packed with indentured servants Africa, Europe, New Globe (Americas) Europe imagined your far east--gold along with riches China--pepper, cinnamon-both preservatives in order to mask the flavors involving spoiling food Wanted to find route to end up being able to China and India-jewels, sapphires, riches Northwest Passage- to China as well as India- magic route to riches Previsions, bilge, people crammed in the ships Scurvy-vitamin deficiency by which teeth fall out, gums swell up and joints seize up Columbus had been an Italian ship captain, son of the weaver whom located Hispaniola- his trip funded by Ferdinand and also Isabella inside 1492 People began claiming property with regard to strategic purposes Exploring Atlantic World 1400 ad shift involving European power and also prosperity to Northern kingdoms Maritime technical developments Prince Henry the actual Navigator of Portugal sailed Horn of Africa throughout 1488 Contest regarding Atlantic as well as the "players" 1492 Spain along with Columbus 1497 England and also John Cabot to try and discover Northwest Passage
Magellan and circumnavigation Cartier, La Salle, Cortez England, France, along with Netherlands--all economic powerhouses Guns, Germs along with Steel Columbian or perhaps Ecological exchange--two cultures 1st come in contact Bartholomew de las Casas--"The Devastation of the Indies" (1552) Spanish priest change Indians for you to Christianity and then get these phones work Black Legend--English reputation for beating as well as operating your Indians for you to death "Beneficiaries regarding catastrophe" The Particular Europeans; didn't need to put down to destroy Monoculture- one crop Plantation system- sugar, indigo, rice, tobacco is brown gold Chattel slavery- prolonged slave, inheritable through slave children, results in social death meaning birth is not recorded, no one cares, simply no rights Atlantic World Caribbean slavery is a total lot more brutal, nothing to stop it, far far from house and isolated Contingency-human decisions Inevitability- in the event it starts, happens then it is inevitable Mediterranean implies the biggest market of the particular world Columbian or even Ecological Exchange To old Globe In Order To New World Beans Apple Sweet Potato, White Potato Sugarcane Tobacco (plantation crop) Cabbage Corn (maize) Carrot Tomato Celery Bell and hot peppers Eggplant Blueberries, cranberries Grapefruit, lemon,
Peach, plum 9/6 Spanish along with Portuguese Empires- 16th century; English and French describe these empires as brutal Europe in the Atlantic World Motives- open up markets, locate excellent along with resources. Discover the fabled Northwest Passage to be able to Asia Method- Technologies for really long sea voyages Lateen (triangular) sail- Arabia Movable rigging- tipping sails capture wind- east Africa Military technologies superior for you to other people fulfilled in the Atlantic Basin such as the Americas, Africa, and Caribbean "Beneficiaries regarding Catastrophe" Disease as well as conquest; Not Really "germ warfare" yet any item involving deliver viruses along with "germs" straight into an isolated environment Technology and conquest Virgin soil epidemics--90% fatalities Influenza- death inside 24 hours, measles, chicken pox, along with pneumonia- primary killer up to WW2 Germs get in no way been exposed to population consequently the majority of population is actually wiped out Biggest killers pertaining to children- pneumonia as well as fireplaces Back then there was simply no electricity, operating water, engines, tractors, dentistry, as well as toilets More with regards to Virgin soil epidemics 1) by 1700 just 10% regarding original population with the Americas survives 2) 1518 smallpox devastated Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, as well as Cuba 3) by 1520 smallpox reaches Mexico, 1525 Ecuador, 1528 Peru along with Bolivia 4) 1590-1620 smallpox and influenza on the New England coast
5) "Smallpox" a new risk in order to all- nevertheless devastating within the Americas- leads to intense dehydration The Conquest in the Aztec Empire Aztec- mighty, extensive, performing people any favor, militaristic, determines status, armor 1519 Cortez to always be able to (Mexico) Tenochtitlan 300K Urban complex together with aqueducts, pyramids, central government, mathematics, etc. Religion- "Heathens" as well as human sacrifice Aztec empire spread through region simply by brutal conquest along with subjugation European technological superiority The pattern involving conquest within the New World: 1) Guns, germs, along with steel 2) "beneficiaries of catastrophe" Tenochtitlan ruins in Modern Mexico City Aztec Cultural World Spanish recorded rituals encountered many specially "human sacrifice" Human flesh with regard to ritual purpose 1) Honored dead transmits characteristics 2) Subjugation regarding conquered peoples 3) Horror involving non-Christian procedures pertaining to explorers 4) Priests as intermediaries in between Gods and also men Wall associated with Skulls throughout Tenochtitlan- intimidates people Human Sacrifice Ritual, Victims, and also Methods 1) War captives along with ritual; the majority of common 2) Method- frequently individuals drugged, dragged up pyramids, hung 3) "eagle men" human sacrificesĂƒ sail to become able to God; ripped heart out and also kicked them along the pyramid
4) Captor and relatives-honor- these people took your body away, butchered the person, and made a human meat, beans, along with corn soup; these people ate the bit and has been more for ritual than anything How were this kind of individuals conquered? Divisions inside region in between Aztecs in add-on for you to their conquered peoples Guns and also steel- technological advantage, horses as well as mobility and speed, guns and armor, depopulation by means of disease depletes adults able to fight Encomienda system and also conquistadors- military men in order to force Recap: Europe throughout Atlantic World Result: the discovery, conquest, and also settlement of the "New World" by simply Europe Destruction involving west African civilizations Long term modifications in Globe History Development involving plantation agriculture Development involving chattel slavery Creation of overseas empires with regard to economic along with strategic purposes Beginnings of the Permanent Presence How to gain economic take benefit of new lands? Markets: so what can be exported? Until settler colonies: ships and also supplies; after settler colonies: luxuries Resources: what can always be extracted? raw materials- timber along with minerals agricultural: sugar, tobacco, indigo, rice- territory means power Financial: uncooked supplies as well as agriculture Strategic: shipping along with military base How for you to obtain labor? Ships: shares regarding profit to become able to crews Plantations: offer land for you to adventurous subjects; to be able to military men ending service Answer to Labor Problem: Forced Labor Indentured servants: (economic pressure) paid out transportation pertaining to labor contract
Convicts: (punishment) virtually none found Americas Slave labor: (ultimate forced labor condition) started as contract labor, shifted to chattel slavery 3 Regions regarding U.S. Present British North American Colonies, New England, Mid-Atlantic, Chesapeake 9/8 New England- Plymouth, Mass. Bay colony Mid-Atlantic- New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania Chesapeake- Virginia, Maryland Other North American Colonial areas (British)- Caribbean Islands, Canada Big problem throughout Setting Up British North American Colonies Labor- demographics Plymouth- little family members farmsà Labor pool matches farm size Jamestown- great significant scale farm land, absolutely no interested settlers (bad climate, etc)à no English labor pool Caribbean- aristocratic absent owners of large plantationsà no English labor pool. not living using consequences along with social stress matters for human behavior. We do not know what happened to Roanoke-Lost Island Jamestown , Virginia 1607 108 men-fortune, adventure 1609-10 Starving time: Smith worked these at gunpoint; Very first colony Bad Indian relations; Indians assisted and then English just took Brown Gold John Rolfe and others introduce tobacco Wildly well-liked in England- James I calls it a "noxious weed"- highly addictive Proves to be monetary creating involving Virginia (1617 20K pounds/ 1618 40K) Plantation crop= leads to slavery (think settler demographics, geographic situation
Mostly pipe tobacco Pocahontas (Rebecca Rolfe) No romance using Smith; he invented it in order to exaggerate his heroism Married John Rolfe Not the "princess" Died associated with tuberculosis or even pneumonia within 1617 after sons' birth and also buried within England Chattel Slavery Slave labor-started as contract labor, shifted for you to chattel slavery. 1619-20 Africans sold on labor contracts for you to Virginia planters English had zero provision with regard to slavery inside law. The Particular 20 had been fee subsequent contract end. Nearly All settled within Maryland and also Virginia about their really own tiny farms New World Slavery "chattel slavery"- lifelong, inheritable by simply children, human beings as property How creates this change develop? Economic need, power, distance, what planters want, what they can force others to do Distance from their really own homes and communities (more settlers=less brutality and a lot less slavery) Why does Plymouth live in American memory since the "founding" website if Jamestown ended up being first? Association together with Thanksgiving holiday Efforts involving descendants; Problems together with Jamestown's origins A product regarding nineteenth century popular culture and schoolbooks Resist immigration and then for racial reasons The Real Plymouth as well as its Real People A separate colony until 1688 Settlers were "dissenting separatists" which referred to as on their own "saints" who attempted to stay "ancient lives"--live from the Bible
Wanted to be able to remove their own youngsters from your worldly corruption regarding England along with Europe 1620 "Mayflower" arrives in Plymouth harbor Plymouth's culture Family teams with a congregation Not religious freedom but to be left on your current own to generate their really own religious community Forbid other religious practices Established institutions: Courts, schools, and also churches 9/13 Colonizing North America: 1 War, two Revolts, and a Witch Hunt Bacon's Rebellion (1676), King Phillip's War (1676), the actual Pueblo Rvolt (1676, 1680), your Salem Witch Hunt associated with 1692 Caribbean Colonies Absentee plantation owners, monoculture (sugar, rice, indigo), significant slave populations Essentially only a pair of social classes. Overseer as well as manager "over class" plus a slave class Problem- concern with uprising, brutal environment Islands constantly change hands more than the particular centuries Social economy (exchange) involving power- want individuals reluctant to complete whatever they say yet not very a lot brutality simply because then there will be certainly not even attempt to lose New England Colonies Families settle, strong religious communities, institutions developed, small farms as well as enterprise along with comparatively little forced labor of any sort-upper merchant class, vigorous middle class, emerging lower class involving poor whites, Indians and also slaves Problem: the concern with secular inluences, anxiety about Indians as God's "scourge" Plymouth 1620, Mass. Bay Colony 1628, Rhode Island and also Providence Plantations 1636 Chesapeake Colonies Young men, monoculture (tobacco), creating plantation monoculture dependent on indentured servants as well as slave labor--upper class, very small "middle" class develops, large slave class and also growing whites lower class mainly composed of former servants Problem: fears associated with "lower sort" rebellion turn out to become able to be reality together
with Bacon's Rebellion within 1675-6. Permanent fear of slave rebellions Chesapeake Expansion via 1607-1700. Tobacco costs fall via 1618-1710 because involving more competition Mid-Atlantic or even middle Colonies Similar development for you to New England the actual colonies regarding NY, NJ, Pennsylvania-mixed kind involving communities (secular, religious), small farms, economic orientation involving settlers within an agricultural framework however with a rising middle class within the port cities Settled with a variety involving northern European powers as well as immigrant groups (including: England, Sweden, Netherlands, France, Germany, Scotland) 1675-6 King Philips War: One of The Most Deadly War within American History Indian tribes practically extinguished within New England English lost 25 towns as well as 10% population The English won your war and wrote the particular histories King Philip's War effected Indian policy from the colonial periodĂƒ 20th century shaped American Indian policy via 1850's John Sassamon, the "praying Indian" is actually murdered 3 Wampanoags attempted and executed Sassamon as getting a symbol. To End Up Being Able To the English-the possible pertaining to conversion and "civilization." to the particular Indians-the "treachery" of literacy King Philip ended up being your leader of the Confederation associated with tribes such as Wampanoag and Narragansett Philip has been the particular baptismal Christian title of "Metacom" or perhaps "Metacomet "King" has been put into Philip's name to insult his leadership Should or not really it's "Metacom's War?" 1676 Bacon's Rebellion-Virginia Nathanial Bacon leads a "back country" uprising of settlers contrary in order to the government Issues: freed indentured servants are usually given poor terrain about the frontier and also the government wont allow all of them to "police" the Indians Eventually the federal government prevails, Bacon dies involving dysentery and farmers return for their lands
1675-80 the particular Pueblo Revolt: Santa Fe, New Mexico Franciscan Mission supply frontier defense using their mission churches Indians are generally forced labor (encomiendas) 1675 drought, starvation, with no protection through Apache/Navajo raids cause the revolt by simply Pueblo Indians 43 Pueblos are generally whipped in public places pertaining to practicing "old religious ways" By 1675 approx. 20, 000 Indian converts through 50 missions in what is now New Mexico and Arizona. Spanish colonies, Franciscan brothers. By 1680 the Pueblos destroyed the Spanish colony, Franciscian brothers By 1680 the particular pueblos destroyed the actual Spanish colony from Taos down the Rio Grande 400 colonists, 21 Francicans killed 9/20 Salem Witchcraft-Myth and also Reality -How would Salem happen? What happened? -Who caused it? -Were folks burned at the stake? -How and also why made it happen end? -How as well as why will Salem live on? The Truth Only 10 weeks of accusations, trials, and executions 19 hanged, 1 man tortured to be able to death Over 200 arrested including any 4 yr old. Accusations created not merely simply by girls nevertheless adult females and also men--14 ladies hanged--5 men. Two dogs were hanged Salem isn't typical witch hunt Major Myths: Jealous girls Vicious lying neighbors
Encephalitis or other illnesses Real witches or perhaps real ladies practicing witchcraft Puritans and also Religion A world of indicators along with wonders. Events (natural as well as human) were seen to become carrying an email through God. Witchcraft was a real fear--breaking the actual covenant along with God for you to form one using the Devil. Salem's witch hunt had not necessarily been the product associated with negative people it was a fair response in order to events from the certain worldview. Religious and also Social Context involving Witchcraft (Puritans as well as the Devil) - Devil would always be a physical presence - Devil could process others for you to torment - Devil allied with almost all the "heathen" Indians - Signing your Devil's guide inside the woods - Bodily vulnerability of women tends to end up being able to make a lot more these people more obtainable to the Devil Social tensions throughout Salem as well as Essex County - Church divisions - Long-standing property disputes - Colonial political/ charter problems - Frontier wars using the French and Indians - These did not cause the trials but provided a new context by giving events in which required explanation The Usual Suspects Sarah Excellent hanged July 19, 1692. Within reaction to test as well as obtain a confession, Sarah good referred for you to as for the crowd: I'm simply no a lot more the witch when compared with you're a wizard....Take away my life along with God will give you blood in order to drink. Noyes (minister) died in 1701 from the hemorrhage--bleeding from the mouth Confession, Faith, along with Guilt - problem of confession when belief which you could be possessed against your current will--some confessed since they believed they "might have completed it." - A Range Of confessed to conserve lots of their very own lives, a few refused to sin simply by confessing to what these people knew that they did not do
- problem involving "hindsight"--ascribing motives in our globe to theirs Community and also Turmoil (reactions) - some protest the particular trials along with arrests--NOT from superior logic yet since the rules of evidence weren't getting followed properly - Cotton Mather did have problems with almost all the trials however he also gave the us government "cover" within his post-trials history of the events There had been real witches? Folk magic as well as methods vs. witchcraft - customs rooted in country ways - ministers didn't such as these but dismissed them - absolutely no evidence "maleficium" ended up being practiced - astrology - the actual invisible world - indicators and also wonders Failure involving Leadership Failure to adhere to established practiced - medical/religious - legal--"spectral evidence" 1692 Puritan Connecticut tried a pair of witches = simply no "hysteria" = no guilty verdicts The difference is inside the behavior in the adult authorities Failure regarding leadership: Parris and Mather After your trials (1693-2001) no significant witch trials at any kind of time inside the colonies Change inside Puritan concepts in the Devil Mass. Bay Colony gets new charter. Plymouth can be brought into MBC. Puritans no more possess
full authority. Victims along with households petition (sue) pertaining to restitution, restoration regarding reputation. last name had been cleared within 2001. Myths come from: novels, poems, plays, movies "gothic" plot device "improved" through dramatic elements The 1741 Negro Plot The merely legal execution by burning inside US colonial as well as national history 13 black men burned, 17 hanged 70 sold towards the Caribbean 2 white men/ 2 white women hanged 7 white men banished from NY colony The Crucible--1950's provides framework to always be able to remark upon contemporary politics History 2300 Notes for Test 2 Exam 2: October 20 From 1700-1815 (The Pre-Revolutionary time period via the particular War involving 1812) Textbook chapters 3-9; Rockman "Welfare Reform inside the Early Republic" Format: Essay-take residence 50% In class-25% multiple choice/25% Bill involving rights (you will record almost all ten amendments) 9/27 European Competition with regard to Europe: to 1763 France, Spain, England Control in the Americas: economic and strategic benefits The use regarding warfare: colonial and also European issues The relationship associated with European powers along with native inhabitants The issue associated with "colonials" within the empire The "shape" of the eastern area of No. America by simply 1763 along with coming associated with Revolution The legacy with the colonial era (France)
Life in the eighteenth century colonial world Building secure societies Home rule The introduction involving "genteel" society The transatlantic nature in the colonies Problems with almost all the house government Transformation regarding power within North America-British domination New France Jacques Cartier, 1534-42 explores Canada Samuel de Champlain found Quebec 1608 (Quell bec= "what the nose" an exclamation made by Cartier about the terrain in Quebec) Roman Catholic France official policy associated with conversion regarding Indians, intermarriage of fur trappers, merchants, soldiers using Indians VS. English policy of simply no racial "mixing" and private church efforts in conversion King George's War: 1740-48 New England and also upper new York colonies are the frontiers involving England and France 1745 Battle involving Louisburg (Nova Scotia). 4000 New England colonists (167 killed). More Than 7 week siege to adopt the particular fortress. 1748 Treaty offers the fortress back to always be able to France-New England's British colonists resent this The Seven years War: OR the particular French along with Indian War 1756-1763 France and allied Indians vs. English (and his or her not many allies) Young Main George Washington involved with Ft. Duquesne Issue will be English as well as expansion in to French managed Ohio River Valley William Pitt promises that parliament would shoulder economic costs regarding war if colonists would raise sufficient troops- these people raised greater than 21, 000 Critical Moments as well as Issues Colonists below the particular command of standard British officers do not really like the discipline "Arcadia"--(New Brunswick and also Nova Scotia) taken simply by British and Arcadians sent into exile ("Arcadian"= "Cajun")
Generals Montcalm (Fr.) along with Wolfe (Eng.) meet within Quebec in the Plains regarding Abraham where both are killed and England takes Canada from your French New France ceases to become able to occur within the northern area involving the North America England dominates The United States west in the Mississippi Debt in the war along with lingering resentments more than its execution cause conflicts that deliver Revolution The 1763 Proclamation Line Defensible boundary Indians west/English east Unpopular along with colonists Cultural clash between colonists and also countrymen beyond the legal issues Cost regarding garrisons Arcadians: "Cajun" The French Regime (1534-1763) Canadian maritime provinces. 1763 Treaty associated with Seven years War offers territory to English--8000 exiled Restrictions on property ownership and voting Large migration for you to French colonies upon lower Mississippi River Mythology associated with dispersal--fictionalizing the actual tragedy--serves as ethnic rallying point "Evangeline" (1847) Longfellow Traces regarding colonial Past(s) Quebecois--dual language law. Louisiana--French law and also culture French Quarter. "Cajun" bayou Arcadian settlement areas: Louisiana--crawfish along with Tabasco with regard to everyone More compared to "Uses involving History" yet of the persistence regarding history Community identity even though the actual past The "authenticity" of claims Providing unity by means of the particular common
Reducing "heritage" to commerce 10/4 Aftermath of Seven years War Colonist's attitude (mixed). Pride within victory more than France. Resentment regarding remedy of militiamen throughout war. Your Proclamation line of 1763- restraint upon migration west and also terrain speculation Home nation attitude. Pride throughout victory more than France. Resentment associated with the expense of overseas war. the Proclamation line regarding 1763- cost of protection and threat to treaties. Government policies as well as the end involving "salutary neglect" with the colonies Parliament's Position- the Navigation Acts (the right regarding taxation) Colonist's Reaction- local manage problems relating to taxes. "No taxation without having representation" (virtual representation argument) The Stamp Act, 1765 (vertical support) Political Ideology: Enlightenment as well as Revolution John Locke "Essay regarding human understanding" Ideas are not "born"within man nevertheless acquired through experience as well as reflection. "Reason" can be supreme God gave man intelligence so as to live along with being capable of reason out the particular world People form governments below "social contracts" that allow these phones benefit through the "natural rights" of life, liberty, along with property. Enlightenment as well as Deism: (Franklin as well as Jefferson) God developed an ideal universe along with does not intervene throughout human affairs but leaves it to work about "natural laws"......so there's a belief that there's a God, nevertheless it certainly just isn't Christian Sugar Act "The American Income Act regarding 1764" Two issues: Tax income and trade monopoly American ships buying in the French Indies denying British the particular lawful tax and also trade associated with their colonies. Americans furthermore making rum coming from molasses. Cut tax 50% nevertheless begun to enforce your law Stamp Act, 1765 Producing 'vertical support' Using goods pertaining to political purposes: Stamp Act Crisis involving 1765 framed in colonies as a "conspiracy" against these "natural rights." Ministers inside New England offer the protests about the grounds associated with protecting: "the liberty using which in turn Christ has produced us
free." Thus, Locke's Enlightenment suggestions mixed with Christian ideas Boston Massacre, 1770 Those which acquire the particular war write the histories along with provide the events their particular names Demonstration: sailors, "idlers", throw snowballs in British troops. A Person fires on the crowd. Very first martyr to Independence: escaped slave and also mariner Crispus Attucks Burning in the Gaspee, 1772 Jefferson: "the state of the or else minded" Rhode Island declared ahead involving the Declaration has been written- 1st "out" inside Could 1776 and also final "in" your union in Could 1790. British patrol boat grounds inside Naragansett Bay. Rather compared to assist, Rhode Islanders set your boat burning along with refused to recognize individuals involved Boston Tea Party, 1773 Band involving "Mohawks" dump tea overboard (Reaction for you to Tea Act involving 1773) Protection with the British East India Tea company via monopoly sales to colonies. Fear: regarding acceptance, associated with taxation rights via "luxury" items First Continental Congress, 1774 (Philadelphia) Reaction for you to "Coercive Acts" Mass. Calls for any secret meeting "Continental Association" formed to organize boycotts and also checklist grievances to petition the King Issue: Legal Rights as Englishmen were becoming violated. Later, John Adams would say: "The revolution has been complete, Throughout the actual minds in the people, and the Union of the colonies, before the war commenced." Boycotts, pamphlets, Committees regarding Correspondence Power involving print in the very literate society- builds support, spread ideas Economic protest- action just about all could decide to become able to use resist economic actions of the government "Circular letters" connect British colonies and coordinate protest actions and boycott Sons as well as Daughters associated with Liberty The general population getting action. "Sons regarding Liberty" enforced boycotts--sometimes
brutally along with arbitrarily. "Daughters associated with Liberty" political virtue through the actual manufacture involving cloth (etc) at home as well as refusal to get luxury merchandise as well as imported foods (tea) The "Shooting War" begins Battles involving Lexington and Concord, April 1775. 700 British soldiers attempt to seize militia retailers in the countryside. 273 British soldiers killed, 8 colonial militiamen. Your "Redcoats" retreat for you to Boston chased through every 1 regarding the residents in the countryside Battle involving Bunker Hill, June 1775 Lord Dunmore's Proclamation, 1775 (brings your south into the war). 800 African Americans (mainly enslaved) respond to initial call. 20, 000 would be any part of during the war on the British side. Right After the war British abandoned virtually just about all of which and many re-enslaved The Declaration of Independence, 1776, provoked by: 1) British employ mercenaries "Hessians" for you to control population 2) Petitions towards the kind pertaining to relief yield simply much more oppression 3) Thomas Paine "Common Sense" is actually published Battle regarding Bunker Hill: "A tale associated with great blunders heroically redeemed" Idea associated with holding the particular heights (Charlestown and also Porchester) once the British held Boston throughout June 1775 British Won 1500 patriots- 500 lost. Retreated only when out of ammunition. General Warren killed in battle Thomas Paine "Common Sense" 1776 pamphlet "We have it within our power to begin the planet again" Print can be important, spreads ideas regarding principles Declaration associated with Independence: July 4th: Date signed within Philadelphia John Hancock, president with the Congress, warns that all "must hang together" and not splinter into factions. "We must indeed most hang together, we most assuredly we'll all hang separately. Who fought your Revolutionary War?
The short-lived "rage militiamen" Most radical patriots: Boston 1776: 1/3 pro, 1/3 con, 1/3 apathetic "Civil War" also as rebellion. With occasions everyone fought as the war found them Britain's military superiority vs. poorly trained as well as funded local militias 2.5 million British colonists--20% openly identified as "Loyalists." The 1st Rhode Island Regiment: African Americans and also Revolution, 1777 No segregated units legally as well as custom. State paid proprietors and promised freedom for you to slaves with regard to "good service" unit in addition had white and Indian soldiers. Fought together with distinction in Newport, Red Bank, Saratoga, Yorktown until the end with the war 10/6 Exactly Where does architecture design arrive from? Just what will it represent? Just what selection of places can it display up? How to produce unity? Via arts along with architecture and also physical world "The Republic of Virtue" Pillars associated with Montechillo according to Roman temple 555 foot high- Washington monument Lincoln Memorial will end up being the nearly all famous. Arches represent unity and democracy Last major memorial monument- Vietnam War Memorial, citizens separately recognized, 58, 000 folks within all Living products in memorial- started with Vietnam War memorial Jefferson's monument- Montechillo. He marketed slaves to get artwork How did the particular Patriots win? British- poor assistance coming from southern "tories" Bad selection throughout 1781 with Yorktown. Unpopular war at home Patriots- French alliance- saved Yorktown. Washington's management of the military war. 5 % of the free of charge white men between 16-45 have been killed within the war( equal to 14 million today) We stay in a democratic republic- not entirely direct Republic, Democratic- modern parties Republic, democratic- the actual principles
Economy involving Power- Washington understood this principle Slaves got freedom for service Yorktown may end up being the moment when something broke; played Yankee Doodle in order to humiliate them Benedict Arnold, Traitor Negotiated with British to end up being able to offer his command with the fort at West Point, NY within 1780 His British contact: Significant John Andre captured along with hanged Arnold escaped and also ended up being commissioned inside the British Army as becoming a general He ended up being shunned Used to be the hero within the Seven A Extended Time War 1785 Treaty regarding Paris: The Country comes into Being 1783 John Adams, John Jay, as well as Ben Franklin negotiators for that new Unites States regarding America American Independence, evacuation regarding British soldiers Set boundaries for the new US Britain abandons its Native American allies, and, to a diploma its loyalist colonials After the War Remaining Questions: 1) Exactly what kind of society the new nation would have? 2) Exactly what sort of government will be formed? 3) What with the Indians whom now lived inside it? 4) Just what with the fate involving slaves inside a "free" nation 5) Vermont- only state without slavery Creating your American Nation Liberty: Which will be free, what does it mean? The creation of the actual political nation: the particular Constitution, Bill regarding Rights,
Presidency Establishing authority: Shay's Rebellion (Massachusetts), the actual Whiskey Rebellion (Pennsylvania) Liberty: not truly a straightforward idea o Post- Revolutionary defining regarding "liberty" o Every Person believes in it, however what is it? Revolutionary pamphlets, speeches, broadsides, men, women, servants, slaves o Begins challenging that is just partially fixed simply by laws Liberty: who can be a citizen: citizen is a concept Under the actual law, only 1 class can always be a "citizen" Voting is the correct secret Bank Home Foreclosures Columbia Heights DC determinant Defined slowly: Independent: adult, free, property owning. Until 1820 in certain states voting qualifications broad - free black men and some women along with property - white ladies with property By 1820, citizenship regarding legal purposes: adult white men with plenty of property under the law (property value often miniscule) Why does citizenship matter? Voting Legal standing- the citizen offers rights; other people don't possess any rights "Non citizens" get "virtual representation" until... The Constitution 1785. 25. May. The Actual Federal Convention convenes inside Philadelphia, although simply seven states are usually represented James Madison's Virginia Plan: included any "tripartite" government which usually became part of your US Constitution. Sent to states in Sept. 1787 pertaining to ratification 1790 Rhode Island ratifies last 10/11 Bill of Rights
Memory regarding colonial abuse regarding the folks through government The formation of your strong centralized authorities raised similar fears Anger that will individual rights (and restrictions about government) were not within the Constitution George Washington urged Congress in his firs inaugural address for you to propose amendments in which offered "a reverence for the characteristic rights associated with freemen along together with a regard pertaining to public harmony." Washington supported Bill of Legal Rights in his first inaugural speech Bill involving Rights Congress submitted amendments for the Constitution towards the states regarding ratification The Bill associated with Rights-Ăƒ as they were called urged in order to protect the folks from the energy associated with government. Argument against: "Don't worry everyone understands what your own rights are!" Biggest advocates- South Carolina and also Rhode Island preferred to have what people "know" published down Biggest opponents- Massachusetts, Connecticut, as well as Georgia ratified finally in 1939 Be able to checklist just about all ten amendments 1st amendment: freedom associated with religion, freedom of speech, freedom with the press, freedom involving assembly 2nd amendment: the proper for you to bear arms 10th amendment: rights certainly not specifically assigned to the federal government belong for the states. The Presidency: who would lead? Powers? Title? King? Whom would be first? 1787 known as from retirement in order to lead your Constitutional Convention--seen as only individual to always be able to unite various sides. Served only a pair of terms. Refused 3rd term upon principle George Washington: Patriot 17 September 1796: Washington publishes his Farewell Address; it states his causes of returning to private lifestyle and determining not to run for a 3rd term as president Beware associated with foreign entanglements
"excessive zeal" as well as "partisan politics" Action v. Rhetoric: 1796-1799. Washington's slaves-Ăƒ "de facto" (by nature). Emancipation: retirement in order to Mt. Vernon. "De jure" (By law) emancipation: last will and testament. Zero "hand wringing" similar to Jefferson. Economic consequences in order to descendants. The Stability associated with Government Hamilton's Program for that monetary stability regarding the nation to produce it an advertisement and also military power. Credit-worthiness, national debt, national bank, tax in wine as well as coffee and tea along with whiskey, as well as tax imported items along with subsidize v. industrial development Shay's Rebellion (Mass.): Liberty or perhaps License
1786-7 Shay's Rebellion inside western Mass. Economic depression after war: many with the farmers are generally veterans or even kin associated with dead soldiers Taxes about 1/3 involving total annual income Money devalued and also inflation rampant Farmers facing foreclosure march on court 1000 militiamen confront 1500 farmers--4 killed The Whiskey Rebellion (Pennsylvania): Initial test regarding government authority 1794 Whiskey Rebellion breaks in western Pennsylvania among farmers whom oppose the gathering in the tax upon liquor and stills Unfairness: taxation regarding distilled grain v. absolutely no tax in grain itself- distance to market issue Washington's symbolic ride: ordered 12, 000 troops to put down the tax rebellion. He rode out of the richesse in the head of the army as well as then...fell back. Why? Right now there is no much more rebellion 2000 farmers head for that Ohio Valley 10/13 Jefferson's West National Expansion Thomas Jefferson, 1743-1826 1800 and also 1804 elected President in the United States
Lewis as well as Clark (Corps of Discovery) Jefferson's West: The Northwest Territory raises new questions: States states western lands settled by simply 1802 Ordinance involving 1785--surveying The Northwest OrdinanceEstablished the rules involving frontier settlement and also admissions to the union Promise of adequate land with regard to all Established the particular precedent with regard to banning slavery But...no immediate effect...Indians managed your territory Northwest Ordinance regarding 1787: Survey, settle administration and also statehood terms, outlaw slavery Territory--StatehoodGovernor as well as idol judges appointed 60,000 population within the territory 5,000 adult (white) males inside residence Write a new constitution along with elect legislature State constitution published to Congress Jefferson' West: The Actual Lewis as well as Clark Expedition The Northwest Territory 1785-1787 Surveyed with regard to uniform townships Provided pertaining to later on divisions directly into states 1802-1803 Louisiana Purchase Jefferson's "Empire associated with Liberty" totally free and also virtuous individuals always expanding into obtainable land Napoleon's plan to find a New France more than seasJefferson fears French plans regarding New France on the American border Napoleon needs funds with regard to European wars
"The Corps regarding Discovery"Desire for you to know this recently acquired land Trade opportunities Trace the particular Missouri River in order to its source, discover water route towards the Pacific (find NW passage) Advance scientific knowledge "Tall Tales" Reports involving gigantic Indians, soil too rich to grow tress, mountains regarding pure salt Jefferson believes many---his enemies joke concerning his gullibility Louisiana Purchase, 1803 Double size nation 15 million dollars The Lewis along with Clark Expedition William ClarkOnce Lewis' superior officer Second within Command involving expedition Lt. Meriwether LewisPersonal secretary in order to Jefferson Commander with the expedition Trained within botany, zoology, astronomy prior to trip What these people found 300 miles of mountains between the Missouri and additionally the Columbia Rivers...unlike anything they knew Many new Indian groups, unknown animals as well as plant species Result: enormous interests inside the West The context... Optimism along with anticipation Jefferson main booster The Corps of Discovery Diaries: result associated with curiosity, produces curiosity The Mammoth Craze
Started a fad associated with "biggest everything Idea was ready national pride along with potential "American Exceptionalism" The Mammoth Cheese: "The greatest cheese in America for the greatest man inside America" Presented to President Jefferson, 1802 1870 advert along with 1940 memorial Local Baptist supporters celebrating his assistance involving religious freedom as well as political positions They were both any political as well as religious minority---in your northeast 900 cows: 4feet throughout diameter, 18 inches substantial along with 1200 lbs. Title given to the cheese supposed to ridicule your givers as well as the recipient--the joke ended up being upon them. American Exceptionalism Anything was feasible for that individual or the nation Immune from the cycles regarding history Idea which heaven's special blessing given 10/18 War of 1812: Pride and also Economics. National Sovereignty/ National Pride British raids in American ships during Napoleonic Wars- "impressments" and interference using markets inside the Caribbean James Madison, President inside 1812: feared British destruction involving American trade, angered in failure to end up being able to respect national sovereignty over neutrality Economics: agricultural depression within the West (Kentucky, Ohio) as well as the south 1812- National pride and also economics. Napoleonic wars- US neutral. Caribbean harmful because of consequently many distinct European powers with assorted territories. 1808- White house construction. The Actual White Residence completed in 1814 The Burning with the White House The try to "conquer" Canada- 1812-1814. three campaigns to consider Canada Failure: Indian policy in the Northwest Territory alienated tribes, gave Canada an ally
The Burning of the White House. 1814 British invade the particular capitol- President Madison. Escapes in for you to the Virginian Hills- Mrs. Madison. Escapes just before British army with the Washington portrait along with a variety of products from your White House. British soldiers sit to eat, then burn off it down. British capture and also burn off (August 1814). Fort McHenry (September 1814) stopped British advance Lawyer Francis Scott key writes a poem regarding watching battle and waiting Set to the tune of the British tavern song January 8, 1815 Battle associated with New Orleans Americans had good thing about height and crazy people British: 11, 000- 14, 000. Americans: 4, 000- 6, 000 Casualties British: 2, 036 (700 killed). Americans: 71 (13 killed) Treaty involving Ghent: Dec. 24, 1814: Status quo ante bellum (state ahead of the war) Secured "title" to Louisiana Purchase Stimulated the particular economy No issue with regards to victories more than British now Fueled your thought concerning westward expansion (Manifest Destiny) Rise associated with Jackson to national political region (tied for you to final two: myth in the Kentucky Rifles). Andrew Jackson: Hero involving New Orleans along with 7th President associated with US Jackson the Planter. King Andrew the actual I. Responsible regarding Trail of Tears The Hunters of Kentucky Celebrates your victory in New Orleans Elections involving 1824 along with 1828 Supporters portray Jackson as being a Classical hero in images Inaugural- the legendary "crush" associated with "common" folks in the inaugural First to take the particular oath with New Capitol building Best Pal was Sam Houston The Rise of Jackson
"Age of Jackson" employed for era through 1815-1830 Jackson lived 1767-1845 Market, Print Revolutions, rise of evangelical Protestantism= democracy Jefferson's opinion associated with Jackson: "A man regarding violent passions along with unfit for the presidency" according to Gordon Wood. The Context Cultural context: "the most enthusiastic democratic rhetoric in which just about any modern country had experienced" Jackson expressed along with embodied the new vs. Jefferson's tips regarding equality and democracy produced what he despised Market and also Industrial Revolution Economic development Milestones, 1790-1830 1792-96 epidemic Yellow Fever in Philadelphia: rise with the Port regarding NY 1790 Samuel Slater, RI Textile Industry 1793, Eli Whitney, Cotton Gin 1807, Robert Fulton, Steamboat History 2300 Notes for Test 3 10/25 Religious "innovations" in the early republic Part associated with the thought of "liberty" "Disestablishment" involving official state churches through 1830. means to get rid associated with or even undo an existing religion Freedom to select a new religion, or even none, to participate and financially support Explosive Growth regarding Religious Innovations Revivals- emotional, enthusiastic New religions- denominational splits as well as new movements Context- your "revolutions" inside the market, within print as well as in politics. Episcopal churches believed some other churches had been as well passionate, believed they were mad. all involving this was largely fueled through marketplace revolutions and politics Reactions
"Mainline" denominations- Presbyterian, Anglican (Episcopal), Congregational notice membership decline. Bishops educated clergy most seen as restrictive Evangelical denominations- Baptist, Methodist discover membership rise. Ministers known as in order to pulpit from faith, congregations determine qualifications- attractive to post- Revolutionary generations What else Drives This kind of Religious Energy "Civic Religion": belief within the nation and its divine guidance as well as its mission Optimism with the people The "republican" experiment merges along with religious vision to create "American exceptionalism"- the actual US is immune towards the usual laws of the rise and also fall of societies New denominations frequently supply a lot for the marginalized- women, African Americans, your poor. The second Fantastic Awakening, 1800-1820 Revivals from your Atlantic coast to the frontier involving Kentucky as well as Ohio- attracted thousands Doctrine will be unnecessary when faith is really a guide Emotional experience along with spiritual renewal "Burned over district" folks previously converted. Sunday college movement, foreign missions, domestic missions (frontier, cities). Great Revival involving 1801: Kane Ridge Kentucky 10, 000 attend- 5 times of meetings Circuit riders and the frontier Most thrilling factor within 1000 miles See family, social event, dancing, joke telling, several remain with regard to weeks Religious Actions throughout early 1800s Swedenborgian: direct spiritual intercession along with God, belief your millennium can be underway. Transatlantic movement Mesmerism or even Animal Magnetism: hypnosis. "align individual forces with universal ones" Shakers: Mother Anna LeeĂƒ 2nd coming involving Christ about earth. 1772 migrated in order to America. Celibate to be able in order to commit energy to become able to serving God. Lived
"plainly" and also sought perfection in all things. 1840: 6, 000 members (Ohio-New England). Shakers believed items that made work easier would be a excellent thing. Die out- not really out trying to acquire converts and never discussing very own children. Helpful innovations- shaker chair along with widespread broom Prophet Mathias: self-proclaimed messiah whom ended throughout scandal along along with a murder trial. His community only has ten members. The Particular scandal assisted establish your every day newspaper throughout NYC. thought this as they has been carpenter and also had grand tips with regards to him. Definition of your cult. He decides all ladies inside cult are his wife. one dies, Mathias charged with murder, convicted, jail, wanders around Mellerism: your millennium was in hand. Predicted in 1843 along with 1844. The Particular "disappointed"- nothing happened, poverty, folks go insane. Split into 7th Day Adventist and also later Jehovah's Witnesses. Simply No doctrine or perhaps a church, simply no converting, that is why they failed. in 1844, a range of marketed farms, other people failed to plant. Can not really endure, had deadline, no structure. Spiritualism Spiritualism: 1848 upstate NY sisters Margaret and Kate Fox. Claims associated with communication using the dead. popular until the particular Civil War, especially one associated with the griefstricken as well as the "scientific." Quasi- religious reform movements Perfectionalism: perfect the nation, perfect the actual self Sylvester Graham: Dietary reform. The Actual Graham Cracker Hiram Thompson: health-related reform. Thompsonianism. Prison and Asylum reform. Phrenology: healthcare reform. Your form of the skull in the exposes character towards the "reader." Remnants of this even now today. 10/27 Anti-Catholic or Anti-Popery Pre-dates Revolution Themes would seem inside additional "anti" campaigns (most notably "anti-Mormon") Threat of your religious state for you to liberty and also freedom Fear of "foreign" influences (Pope) Census numbers Roman Catholics 1776 20, 000 (less than ½ associated with population) 1850 1, 088, 000 (about 13% regarding population) Not planning to ask these numbers upon any tests
This growth helps make folks anxious "Anti" Campaigns Ridicule- create entertaining of Demonization- state evil Set a group as well as individual outside "normal" "Moral Panics" as well as Political Manipulation Most with the "popular riots" tend to be driven via above Workers are usually told immigrants a new threat Whites tend to be informed Blacks certainly are usually a threat Protestants are usually informed Catholics (or Mormons) certainly are usually a threat Ask: who benefits? Who is preaching, creating newspapers, adding signs Anti-Convent Literature 1830-1865. Small girl inside convent, labored to death, delivered back in order to family for you to die. other story, lovely girl inside convent, priest will take benefit of her The mystery of the convent may become the "unnaturalness" associated with celibacy The Awful Disclosures involving Maria Monk 1836: 26, 000 copies. 1860: 300, 000 copies Like Rebecca Reed involving Charlestown, the become Catholicism whom entered the convent Claims associated with illicit sex, illegitimate births, along with murder in "Nun Island" in Canada Newspaperman William Stone investigates: Calls it any "fraud" Her later guide fails, her pregnancy and also instability discredits your ex with almost all of nevertheless the "fanatics"--dies 1839 inside NY Almshouse Books mainly a marketplace for men Charlestown Convent Fire: Anti-Catholic Boston August 1834 Not a new "lower class" riot (economics) No theft, absolutely no assaults
Firemen (middle class) concerned (religion) Convent as well as institution burned Newspapers and nearby sermons. Lyman Beecher's campaign. General "anti-popery" atmosphere. Rumors involving "abuse" of novice nuns Middle class riot with regards to religion About moving in along with saving youthful women The threat to school: fights more than Bible reading (1840s) Tools of anti-Mormon propaganda Playing on long-standing cultural fears Defining your group as "alien" "foreign" Inciting "moral panics" Simple ridicule Irony in the "anti-Mormon" campaign First genuinely American religion that will "sacrileges" the American soil itself simply by placing Jesus Christ on its landscape Church associated with Jesus Christ regarding Latter-day Saints (Mormons) Church founded inside 1830 by Joseph Smith. Smith is from the 'burnt-over district' associated with NY Joseph Smith reveals throughout 1830 which God had shown him golden plates containing the particular book involving Mormon 1831 the actual Church is formed LDS moves through NY-Ohio-Missouri-Illinois-Iowa-Utah territory among 1831 and 1847. 1833 Missouri "extermination" order Polygamy is actually revealed throughout 1840s in order to faithful Joseph Smith can be assassinated inside Illinois 1844. Brigham Small will take leadership Name Mormon originates from "enemies" Reasons for Opposition Competition along with various other "Protestant" groups for very first time converts
Drawing converts from your ranks associated with existing mainstream Protestant churches The Church endured/prospered LDS Why prosper? Building community as well as institutions Doctrine defines church as well as members--faith is specific Emphasis on conversion Aided simply by Utah isolation after 1847 to end up being able to strengthen the particular faith community Anti-Mormon Campaigns: Recurring themes "Old fashioned" or "alien"--tolerance certainly not extended Cast as a "secret" religion creating "conspiracies" contrary to be able to the nation Polygamy: "moral panics" incited when statehood apps made Linked slavery as well as harmful loss of individual will- "kings and also popes" Themes of Anti-Mormonism Secretiveness and evil by means of association Illustrating "difference" Loss regarding will as well as brutality The "Mormon Tragedy" Theme involving older as well as younger wives The "Mormon Comedy" Similarities Anti campaigns give interest to maximizing and also redirecting anger of large categories Idea of your threat for you to livelihood as well as status Idea of your threat to become able to morals Idea of your threat to end up being able to individual liberty
19th century campaigns usually fueled through the press as well as the pulpit 11/3 questions raises through the Alamo A defeat being an iconic "American" event? Fighting with regard to "American rights?" What will be heroism and also who can be a hero? The strange disappearance regarding Seguin as well as the Tejanos The life of the Alamo throughout popular culture Alamo can always be a chapel, holy site Manifest Destiny: the West and additionally the American Imagination 1607, 1620: Straight Into your Atlantic 1763: Proclamation Line Jefferson: "Empire of Liberty" Lewis along with Clark, journal publication popular Other well-liked non-fiction: Geographies, Daniel Boone's biography (later: Davy Crocket, Kit Carson) 1835: John O'Sullivan coins a reputation pertaining to this: "Manifest Destiny" Texas Rebellion. "Thirteen Times of Glory": The Actual Alamo, the actual west, as well as American Identity Becoming Mexican
Impresario Moses Austin along with 300 people permitted to settle throughout 1820 (Missouri). These People became Mexicans 1824 son Stephen carries project forward using 272 colonists
By 1830, 16, 000 Americans immigrated or perhaps born Conditions with regard to land grants: Citizenship, Conversion to Roman Catholicism Asserting "American" Rights By 1830 new immigrants have 4 to the single ratio Many refused to honor circumstances associated with terrain grants Mexican governments tries to regain control of the particular region-reaffirms ban upon slavery 1832 Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna gets president. 1834 dictator 1835, objective regarding "American" colonists: independent statehood inside Mexico Specifically: the return towards the 1824 Constitution. Issue will be slavery 1835: from Skirmishes to always be able to Revolt 1835- 300 plus men of the "Texas Army" capture San Antonio military Headquarters Santa Anna himself using 7000 men marches north to crush your revolt Houston ordered your city abandoned 150 led simply by Travis, Bowie, as well as Crockett remain in the former mission Desire to arrive back for you to 1820 Constitution which says "free slavery" Rebellion Demand a Texas state within Mexico Return for the Constitution involving 1824 (slavery) March two or even 3, 1836 Independence declared Goliad- March 19, 1836 342 executed thus soon after the Alamo defeat provoked "The Runaway Scrape" (settlers flight to be able to Louisiana) Santa Anna had promised prisoner status in exchange regarding surrender Col. Dimmitt's "Bloody Arm Flag" San Jacinto- April 21, 1836 General Sam's army went to the struggle with cry "Remember your Alamo." "Remember the Goliad". 800 Texians roared to the Mexican Army camp with San Jacinto: 650 Mexican soldiers killed and
also 700 Mexican soldiers captured. Many importantly: President-General Santa Anna captured and there is no problem of victory Sam Houston (1793-1863): President, Slaveholder, Senator, Revolutionary 1820s using Jackson throughout Tennessee- Congressman, Governor 1830s Texas- commander of the Army, President, Senator, Governor Slaveholder, who opposed extension directly into new areas, opposed CSA. Removed in 1861; Died in Huntsville in 1863 Juan Seguin: Mayor regarding San Antonio, landowner, Revolutionary, Patriot Sent out of the Alamo for reinforcements Fought with San Jacinto Accused involving treason throughout 1842 from the Mexican commander he just defeated Vigilantes force his family members out Prison or a commission within Mexican Army Died within Nuevo Laredo (Mx.) in 1890 Reluctant Republic associated with Texas (1839 official flag of the Republic-later regarding state) The desire post-Independence was US statehood The 1830s along with 1840s had been hostile occasions pertaining to admission of the slave state An further difficulty had been the Roman Catholic population Texas is forces to become an Impartial Republic Consequences of nationhood 1845 annexation (deathbed cause regarding Andrew Jackson) receives favorable terms The proper associated with Texas flag being the only real state flag in order to fly in exactly the particular same amount of the actual US flag is an urban legend. NOT TRUE "Texas exceptionalism"- Texas will be different 11/8 "Thirteen Times involving Glory" Col. William B. Travis and also around 180 one thing men vs. Mexican President Santa Anna and also 5000 men (1550 Mexican Army dead, 8:1 ratio) 13 day siege with a final battle on March 6, 1836 ending throughout death with regard to most
Texian defenders...how did that they die?How could they will be remembered? 'Texans comparable in order to their historical myths' said by Don Carleton Typical site description "On March 2, 1836 throughout the siege with the Alamo, Texas independence declared. four days later, document signed together with blood shed in the Alamo. Myth formed because of in order to lack of information (how the particular Alamo went). later eyewitnesses account found. Your plot to "buy along with burn" the actual diary of a Mexican soldier. Feb. 24th Letter to Texians I shall never surrender. I contact you within the identify of almost all things dear in order to Americans, to always be able to come to aid together with dispatch. Alamo can be iconic moment since involving letter William Barrett Travis (1809-36) Bankrupt, abandoned family, patriot Attorney together with Austin terrain grant Commander of the Alamo Tradition: died inside battle, go down swinging What is the eyewitness report? Travis fought just similar to a "true soldier." This is from a commander saluting his enemy Jim Bowie The 1960 "death scene and the 1836 man slave trader, "confidence man", patriot He runs from ammunition and still kills together with Bowie knife Travis died being a women hidden through covers, says eyewitness reports David Crockett frontiersman, congressman, patriot "You can easily just about all visit hell, I'm planning to Texas." Drinking, swearing, dipping, killing Reputation coming from frontier biography Becomes the particular Alamo guy Eyewitness variation regarding Dave's Death Named as captured. Just 7 men survived as well as captured. Tortured and also killed.
The Myth Version Beating multiple soldiers using empty guns. "Coonskin cap" craze- Disney movie event began this. Random crap 1824 Constitution along with slavery- center regarding independence through Mexico Labor system as well as Social System. Slavery just isn't an abstract issue Very important: From the end with the Civil War, 4 million men, women, and children tend to be free. Not Necessarily most associated with these individuals turn out to be able to be citizens inside a legal sense. These People had to make people Americans because they will didn't can become found before. before Civil War, they had social death. Slavery Old world Slavery: Romans, Anglo-Americans, Americans, etc. War captives as well as debtors. Freedom accessible by simply many means. children born free New Globe Chattel: Pertaining To life, family born slaves, not a citizen or perhaps person Slavery in the Americas 6 weeks to become able to 3 several weeks as cargo Estimated in which in between 30 along with 60 million Africans were captured and also enslaved 1/3 survived the trip to Americas Varieties associated with shackles utilized by slavers "Sometimes most around the ship had been dead" Sales inside markets: Wash your filth off, show wholesome glow, hide wounds 11/15 Liberty and also Slavery: Precisely why the actual Revolution didn't issue much How "liberty" is actually defined-legal/political/social. South-slavery looks to be ending thanks to end up being able to decline associated with tobacco rates and also multi-crop/livestock farms North-gradual manumission schemes start. Urbanization/industrialization. European tips regarding "humanitarianism" turn against slavery. Evangelical revivals. Why will we possess a civil war? Tariffs, economics, cultural differences, structural differences, bottom regarding this list can be slavery The Cotton Kingdom: the Revival involving Slavery 1830-60 Migration in to become able to the "Old Southwest" (Mississippi, Missouri, Alabama, etc). Strain regarding cotton cultivated
Cotton-mills with the northeast/Europe wealth to the north and also south increases requirement for slaves Slave Rebellions: The Actual greatest fear 1822 Denmark Vesey- So. Carolina. Discovered before it started, 35 hanged 1831 Nat Turner- Virginia. 60 whites dead throughout raids, 100 totally free Black along with slaves dead within "suppression" (16 hang) Turner's confession: religious vision "Thunder rolled in the heavens, and also blood flowed throughout streams." Religious Abolition efforts: Jonathan Edwards inside 1798 and also Sunday University Union Tract Slave Narratives (1850) the Narrative associated with Sojourner Truth: The Northern Slave (1845) Your Autobiography associated with Frederick Douglass Underground Railroad: Escape routes with regard to c. 100, 000 slaves Routes for you to free states as well as Canada, 1817-1861 Escaping slaves concealed through abolition minded whites and also totally free blacks Harriet Tubman: Symbol of the URR inside the North. "When the particular Sun comes back and additionally the first quall calls, stick for you to the drinking gourd. With Regard To the old man is actually awaiting regarding to hold one to freedom, if you keep in order to the drinking gourd." Political movements along with Print "The liberator" edited by William Lloyd Garrison (1831) New England Anti-Slavery Society (1832). extreme abolitionism." I will not speak, think, as well as create with moderation." Garrison believed slavery ought to finish immediately 1836 "Gag Rule" Abolition petitions for you to Congress "tabled" 1837 Rev. Lovejoy can be murdered inside Illinois Creating the Sympathetic North (1852) Uncle Tom's Cabin simply by Harriett Beecher Stowe Humanizes slaves, dramatizes brutality, banned within many slave states Eliza 'sol south' runs together with the woman's child: Escape more than the particular frozen Ohio
River. Based upon a real story via Ohio URR operator John Rankin "Free Soil" parties "free soil for free associated with charge men": didn't want slavery locally, but not significantly concern about the institution Concern concerning economic competition (very strong within the mid-west) Popular Sovereignty vs. Constitutionalism Popular Sovereignty (Northern View) proper regarding citizens to determine status regarding slavery Constitutionalism (Southern View). Constitution enables slavery 1848 Mexican War ends Treaty associated with Guadalupe Hidalgo: NM as well as California for 15 million. Rio Grande gets border Compromise involving 1850 California enters as a entirely free state NM as well as Utah produced territories using popular sovereignty to decide their particular status as states Slave trade throughout Washington, DC ended Fugitive Slave Law strengthened NO one is happy "Bleeding Kansas" 1854 "Rehearsal for the Civil War" New England Immigrant Aide Society- make an effort to fill territory using abolitionist settlers Majority had been "free soil" settlers Missouri immigrants-try in order to fill territory with pro-slavery settlers 1858 Kansas enters as free involving charge state May 22, 1856: The Actual canning involving Senator Summer Summer practically killed Significance: Ends the era regarding "accommodation" within the Senate
Dred Scott Selection of 1857 The fate of your slave taken into free state or perhaps territory-becomes free? Supreme Court decides the framers in simply no way meant citizenship to extend to black men (slave or even free). Crucial in order to comprehending the 14th amendment Scott stays a new slave- Northern states inflamed Harper's Ferry, 1859 John Brown attempts in order to incite a new slave uprising within Virginia (now West Virginia) Funding along with assistance Attempted capture with the federal arsenal Captured and executed "A misguided fanatic" A. Lincoln. "Blood thirsty murderer" J. Davis. "19th century Christ" RW Emerson Two Nations 1860 election outcomes as well as reaction Succession regarding S. Carolina throughout December Creation regarding Confederate States regarding America (CSA) throughout 1861 Issue associated with "nationhood" Texas succeeds throughout February. 1861 joins CSA. Sam Houston argues strongly against it. Houston urges for an independent republic with regard to Texas Ft. Sumter, SC fired upon within 1861. NOW, your Civil War is inevitable 11/29 the particular Civil War (1861-65) "I would like to determine truthful history written." U. Grant in Memoir of 1885 Attitudes during the war Contention, North isn't unified Good Friday, April 14, 1865- Lincoln's assassination Public grief- engravings of the death scene-12 day funeral train procession Walt Whitman's poems with regards to Lincoln
Association: Devil and CSA Contrast to God's "protection" involving USA. Northern Press and also War's End. Jefferson Davis' escape- dressed as a woman without having even shaving Prisoners of War: USA prisons. Your Victor's Story More supplies- much more food Distance coming from battlefield- POW not really within danger Nearness to civilians...shaping perceptions. limits in order to everything you may rationalize when every person is really close Ft. Sumter Andersonville: initial battle pertaining to public opinion o 22 US colored troops killed (mainly Mass 54th) o 13, 000 total USA prisoners o Definition regarding southern depravity o Since much as 100 died each day Andersonville, Georgia. July 1864 33, 000 people inside 26 acres. the most had been 45, 000 People 12 years-very previous whom guarded the actual prison Andersonville National Cemetery: CSA Clara Barton Dorence Atwater, prisoner who smuggled out the set of the actual dead Accounted its the 13, 000 but 460 "Unknown Union Soldier" Andersonville (CSA) 14 several weeks operating Died from disease, malnutrition, poor sanitation, as well as exposure Who had been there? Enlisted men as well as white officers whom lead black regiments Andersonville Captain Wirz had been executed November of 1865 Race as well as Reconstruction or the status quo antebellum (state ahead regarding the war)
The emancipationist view: Remembering and also equality-mean meet men and also who cares about race Reconciliationist view: Greeley's "hands over the bloody chasm." Nast's view of the campaign theme 1872 transfer on Decoration Day/ Memorial Day: Remembering and Forgetting May 1, 1865 Charleston, South Carolina. 10, 000 African Americans at the sites of unmarked Union graves NOT 1866 through Ladies Memorial Association in nearby cemeteries associated with Southern towns NOT within 1866 in new York or even Pennsylvania These stories are generally false and also just made up to produce people really feel better June 1870: Center Class Holiday Rural cemetery movement, Union grief pertaining to Lincoln, Nationalist overtones, Cult regarding Sentimentality Representing Race: Sure symbols matter Brutal physical stereotypes mark campaigns- north and south Representations: alienate sympathy as well as replace it along with fear Extra-legal techniques as well as their rationales. 4 million slaves were freed simply because with the Civil War Phrenology as well as Racial Stereotypes: the views in the north. Must comply with facial features of whites and also blacks "Freedman's Bureau": Crude racial stereotyping in election campaigns Myths involving Reconstruction: The Actual "ignorant" Black elected official 1870, Hiram Revels (Miss.)- very first black US senator- born free, higher education educated, ordained minister Social Control: view coming from South Establishment associated with KKK 1865 Pulaski, Tennessee. Resist Congressional Reconstruction Local opposition: Wealthy whites far federal response (Nathan Bedford Forrest denounces not enough "honor" in 1869) NOT any "poor white" movement
Those hoods... Increases terror, decreases ambushes, standardized in 1920's Explanations: Inquisition executioner, Crusaders, "Ghosts" associated with CSA dead, White purity, Red CSA blood 1868: warnings to always be able to "carpetbaggers" and also "scalawags" 1870: Harper's View KKK: Fighting your Modern 1915 "second KKK"- cross burners Uses mass media Targets: race, religion, immorality Social dimensions and organizations 12/1 Radical Republicans: Punish the actual south, end slavery 4 million "new" Americans assuring in which "emancipation" is actually liberty. Harsh terms regarding re-admittance for the Union- military districts until 1877 Constitutional Amendments 13th -ends slavery. Formally constitionalizes place regarding abolitionists 14th- provides federal citizenship. Access for you to federal courts, rewards all 15th- suffrage regarding Black men. nearly universal male voting rights Problem: Enforcement Impeachment involving Johnson, 1868 Radical Republicans in Congress furious because: No enforcement regarding voting legal rights involving freshly freed White governments filled with former CSA leaders No federal opposition for you to Black codes State as well as local Law: Social along with Economic Control Labor contracts/Sharecropping Black codes- manage freedmen and women, offer labor. no labor contract? Arrested like a "vagrant."
Jim Crow 1870s-1880s racial segregation statutes with the state level Criminalize unemployment "Redeemer" Governments as well as the finish of Reconstruction Return associated with capacity to conventional forms Compromise following 1877 election. Hayes wins: military leaves the actual southern states Overturn of federal law through non-enforcement and creation of state laws 1913: "A quarrel forgotten" Pres involving Us, Woodrow Wilson Blue and also gray reunions (1880s-1938) (1913) 55, 000 show up at 50th anniversary involving Battle regarding Gettysburg (1938) 22, 000 go to 75th anniversary 99.9% white Where would become the Black veterans? Just Like Sgt. William Carney, Medal regarding Honor No significant quantity of Black Confederate veterans 180, 000 served inside uniform for USA throughout segregated regiments Not included inside many parades as well as reunions Legal along with social segregation 54th Mass. - demonstrate unit. prove that will black troops are useful "The New South" Henry Grady, 1886 speech in order to New England Society associated with New York Economic growth (wants industrial South). 8000 miles RR track, seeking investors. Cotton weaving mills (400% increase simply by 1900). Exploitive labor practicesĂƒ N.E. declines Race relations had changed following war. Cotton mills mostly white operators. Race threats accustomed to manage white workers (sound familiar? N.E. mills as well as immigrants) The Cultural Lifestyle in the "Lost Cause" "Lee Cult"--1890 memorial "Gone using the Wind" The second battle pertaining to public opinion
1880s onward-memorialization Reframing defeat-"honor" (Lee cult) Reframing your war's cause. Ordeal, Revival and Triumph Reinforced through ritual, sentiment, and also agreement Directs anger and also grief, provides unity and feeling of control Who can end up being a citizen? Any legal status. only a new citizen if adult white male. This is prior to become able to the war. Amendment I: Congress shall help to make zero law respecting an establishment of religion, or even prohibiting the particular free associated with charge exercise thereof; as well as abridging the particular freedom regarding speech, as well as with the press; or the best associated with the people peaceably to always be able to assemble, and to petition the federal government for any redress associated with grievances. Amendment II: Any well regulated militia, becoming required to the security of the free regarding charge state, the best regarding the people to keep along with bear arms, shall certainly not become infringed. Amendment III: Simply No soldier shall, with time associated with peace become quartered in almost any house, without having your consent of the owner, nor over time of war, yet in the way being prescribed simply by law. Amendment IV: the proper involving the people to be secure within their persons, houses, papers, along with effects, against unreasonable searches and also seizures, shall certainly not be violated, with no warrants shall issue, nevertheless upon probable cause, supported by oath or even affirmation, and also specially describing the location to become searched, and also the persons or items being seized. Amendment V: no person shall always be held to resolve for any capital, as well as or else infamous crime, unless on the presentment or indictment of your grand jury, except throughout cases arising within the territory as well as naval forces, or inside the militia, when in actual services with time associated with war or even public danger; nor shall anyone become topic for your exact same offense to become twice devote jeopardy regarding existence or perhaps limb; nor shall end up being compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor become deprived of life, liberty, or property, with out credited technique of law; nor shall private property be taken pertaining to public use, without having just compensation. Amendment VI: Throughout all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the best to some speedy and also public trial, simply by an impartial jury associated with the state as well as district wherein the crime shall are already committed, that district shall are already formerly ascertained simply by law, and being informed associated with the nature and trigger of the accusation; being confronted with most the witnesses against him; to possess compulsory method for obtaining witnesses throughout his favor, also to possess the help of counsel with regard to his defense. Amendment VII: Inside suits at typical law, in which the worth inside controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the best associated with trial through jury shall become preserved, and no fact
attempted by a jury, shall end up being normally reexamined in nearly any court in the United States, compared to according for the rules in the widespread law. Amendment VIII: Excessive bail shall not necessarily end up being required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel as well as unusual punishments inflicted. Amendment IX: the enumeration within the Constitution, regarding certain rights, shall not really always be construed to deny or perhaps disparage other people retained by the people. Amendment X: the powers not delegated towards the united States through the Constitution, nor prohibited by it for the states, tend to be reserved towards the states respectively, as well as for the people. Amendment I: Freedom involving religion, freedom involving speech, freedom with the press, freedom associated with assembly. Amendment II: Your correct to bear arms. Amendment III: Simply No soldier shall stay in the residence without having the particular consent with the owner. Amendment IV: Folks ought in order to be secure within their personal products and only searched upon probable cause. Amendment V: Almost All citizens tend to be innocent until verified guilty. None shall end up being deprived of life, liberty, or perhaps property, with out due technique of law; private property can not necessarily be used with regard to public use without compensation. Amendment VI: your accused has the right into a speedy along with public trial, by simply an impartial jury. The Actual accused may possess witnesses as well as the guidance of his council. Amendment VII: The Particular correct involving trial by simply jury shall be preserved. Amendment VIII: no excessive bail or perhaps fines, with no cruel as well as unusual punishments. Amendment IX: the record of the Constitution shall not really be reworded for you to deny people's rights. Amendment X: Legal Rights not necessarily specifically assigned for the authorities belong to the states.