NOMADIC REFUGE AN ARCHITECTURE THESIS BY:
EVIE ODBAYAR
NOMADIC REFUGE
REMIGRATION FROM URBAN TO RURAL
A Thesis Presented to the Undergraduate Faculty of The NewSchool of Architecture & Design
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Degree of Bachelor of Architecture
by EVIE ODBAYAR JUNE 2020 SAN DIEGO | CA iii
COPYRIGHT NOTICE
© 2020 EVIE ODB AYAR ALL RIGHTS RESERVED v
NOMADIC REFUGE
REMIGRATION FROM URBAN TO RURAL
A Thesis Presented to the Undergraduate Faculty of The NewSchool of Architecture & Design
by EVIE ODBAYAR
Approved by:
Undergrad Chair: Date:
Studio Instructor: Date:
vii
"
HIGH STATELY MOUNTAINS KHENTEI, KHANGAI AND SOYON, FORESTS AND THICK-WOODED RIDGES-THE BEAUTY OF THE NORTH, THE GREAT GOBI DESERT-THE SPACES OF MENEN, SHARGA AND NOMIN, AND THE OCEANS OF SAND DESERTS THAT DOMINATE THE SOUTH;
THIS, THIS IS MY NATIVE LAND, MY BELOVED COUNTRY – MY MONGOLIA.
"
"MY NATIVE LAND" x DASHDORJ NATSAGDORJ
DEDICATION
Not only have you raised me to be the best person I can be, but you continously inspire me to be a better person each and every day. I am forever grateful for you, mom (Ariunsanaa). To my dad, Odbayar. I hope this makes you smile from the heavens. To my greatest blessing, Egnegt. To my grandparents, who have instilled the very core values of my person. This one is for you, emee and uvuu (Batmunkh and Jadambaa). Lastly, to the land of eternal blue sky and gazing river beds. To my motherland, Mongolia.
ix
"
THE CRYSTAL RIVERS OF SACRED KHERLEN, ONON AND TUUL,
BROOKS, STREAMS AND SPRINGS THAT BRING HEALTH TO ALL MY PEOPLE, THE BLUE LAKES OF KHOVSGOL, UVS AND BUIR-DEEP AND WIDE, RIVERS AND LAKES WHERE PEOPLE AND CATTLE QUENCH THEIR THIRST;
THIS, THIS IS MY NATIVE LAND, MY BELOVED COUNTRY – MY MONGOLIA.
"
"MY NATIVE LAND" x DASHDORJ NATSAGDORJ
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Words are simply not enough to express my gratitude for my family, my friends, colleagues, mentors and teachers who have helped me throughout this journey of exploration. Special thank you to my professor, Dan Manlongat, mentor, Julio Medina, and one who is dear to my heart, Moises Robles. Each and every one of you have inspired me to keep on keeping on. Thank you, truly from the bottom of my heart.
xi
"
THE HIGH CROWNS OF SNOW CAPPED MOUNTAINS SHINING FROM AFAR, THE ENDLESS VIRGIN LANDSCAPE UNDER THE CLEAR BLUE SKY, THE NOBLE SUMMITS SEEN STANDING IN THE DISTANCE, AND THE UNBOUNDED FIELDS WHERE ONE’S SOUL AT LAST FINDS PEACE;
THIS, THIS IS MY NATIVE LAND, MY BELOVED COUNTRY – MY MONGOLIA.
"
"MY NATIVE LAND" x DASHDORJ NATSAGDORJ
THESIS ABSTRACT
In 1990, Mongolia went through an economic revolution from an authoritarian communist system to parliamentary democracy, as a result, Mongolia found itself blossoming economically. Trade and prices were liberalized, which opened Mongolia’s economy, this success gave many opportunities for Mongolia as a nation to become connected to the rest of the world. However, the transition process created serious economic and social setbacks; within two years the economy crashed. This led to massive unemployment in urban areas and increasingly more within rural areas. Poverty took over almost onethird of the population. The Mongolian nation is currently experiencing decline of livelihood due to urban-rural disparities, which is driven by negligence, poverty and lack of safety. According to UNICEF’s 2016 Situation Analysis in Mongolia, almost half of the 3.1million population resides in the capital, Ulaanbaatar, and from a global scale, the nation has a poverty rate of 28.4%. This is evident where urban development is mainly focused within the capital that only spans 1,800 square miles of the 600,000 square miles of total land space, leaving the rural areas neglected and underdeveloped. Furthermore, the lack of development of the rural areas in Mongolia is creating social inequality, separating the rural natives from the urban population. Further case study analysis of successful urban and rural planning methodologies and exploration of various typologies will allow architecture to become the key to design better communities and increase livelihood within both rural and urban spaces.
xiii
contents
00
DEDICATION ACKNOWLEDGMENTS THESIS ABSTRACT
01
PROBLEM STATEMENT CRITICAL POSITION THESIS STATEMENT
02 HISTORY PRESENT TRANSITION
03 KAZAKHSTAN RUSSIA VENEZUELA
04
SITE CRITERIA PRELIMARY SITES FINAL SITE SELECTION
05
CONCEPT BOOK OF TAO TYPOLOGY CRITERIA
06
DESIGN PROCESS MACRO MICRO REEVALUATION
07
FINAL MASTERPLAN ZEN - FINAL BUILDING FEEDBACK
01
INTRODUCTION
[PROBLEM STATEMENT]
[CRITICAL POSITION]
[THESIS STATEMENT]
INTRODUCTION
PROBLEM STATEMENT
In 1990, Mongolia went through an economic revolution as the nation opened itself to free market economy. This event created many opportunities for the nation to flourish, grow and connect with the rest of the world. However, two years later, the economy crashed due to the transition that created serious economic and social setback. This led to massive unemployment in urban areas, increasingly more in rural areas as well as increase of rural to urban migration and poverty took over almost â…“ of the population. The urban to rural disparity, poverty and its severity in Mongolia is apparent throughout all living standards. Many nomads have become unemployed since the economic crash and lost their herds over the years. The very few rural cities that were under development became abandoned and infrastructure was left unfinished, and with some non-existent (UNDP, 2016). These conditions left the nomads with the problem of seeking resources elsewhere. Most of the nomadic communities could not afford to live within the capital, which led them to move to the outskirts of the city, which are now known as ger districts. However, even though these ger districts are considered to be poverty ridden, statistics show that due to the fast and ongoing decline of livelihood within rural areas, poverty is much higher in rural areas than urban areas.
6
INTRODUCTION CRITICAL POSITION
DISPARITY
UNDER DEVELOPMENT
DECLINE OF LIVELIHOOD
The difference or lack of equality between two entities experiencing an imbalance of opportunities due to economic, social class, ethnicity and gender based on regional circumstances. Many people experience disparity due to the resources that is or is not available to them, leaving one community scarce of resources and opportunities than the other.
Specific region or area’s state of an economy where the livelihood of the community is below standard due to low levels of productivity, income and growth rate. Underdeveloped regions have inadequate socio-economic infrastructures that corresponds with the hindrance of meeting basic human needs such as water and electricity.
The decrease in living situation where a specific community lack source of income or unemployment, lack of housing, poor education, inadequate health facilities with poor water and sanitation. The rural livelihood vulnerability is the common factor to communities falling into poverty which then affects the lives of the community.
“[T]here is an increase in inequality of incomes within large urban centres and between them and remote aimag centres. There is also a divide between the income in soum centres, and among herders, and within the soum centres themselves”.
“Additionally, those who live in the isolated areas of Mongolia often do not have the resources needed to travel far from their villages. This is often exacerbated by deteriorating or non-existent infrastructure and extreme, hazardous winters, making travel to the capital city logistically challenging, if not impossible.”
“Nearly 60 percent of Ulaanbaatar’s 1.37 million inhabitants live in underserviced and underdeveloped areas. The city’s air pollution has a devastating impact on child health, including reduced foetal growth, preterm birth, pneumonia and reduced lung capacity”.
(Human Development Report Mongolia 2016)
(Peace Corps - Addressing Disparities in Mongolia)
8
(UNICEF Annual Report 2017 Mongolia)
CRITICAL POSITION (conti'd..)
INEQUALITY
SEPERATION
LACK OF RESOURCES
Reference to spatial inequality refers to the widening of opportunities and resources between communities. This is prominent in circumstances where urban centers benefit economically and socially from the development and resources that are available to them, meanwhile rural centers although have the resources but do not have the tools in order to benefit the same way.
The displacement and/or negligence of a certain group or community that are taken out of main area of civilization, thus leaving the community isolated from main souces of living necessities such as infrastructure.
Lack of a stock or supply of money, materials, staff, and other assets that can be drawn on by a person or organization in order to function effectively. In correlation to connecting communities with their basic human needs, lack of resources are main criteria to be examined.
“Urban residents have a distinct advantage over rural residents. Yet even within urban centres, opportunities are far from even and there is a great divide between the “haves and have-nots”. The challenges of spatial inequality are growing in Mongolia”.
“The physical isolation of many rural communities and small urban centres poses a severe challenge for the provision of social services and other public goods, which rural community members say they desperately need if their livelihoods are to be both more secure and more sustainable”.
“Due to urbanization impact, the herdsmen community is decreasing eventually. Further, in case such pace of rural-urban migration remains, nomadic civilization and cultural values may be at risk of extinction or loss”.
(Human Development Report Mongolia 2016)
(Human Development Report Mongolia 2016)
10
(UN Habitat - Mongolia National Report 2016)
INTRODUCTION THESIS STATEMENT
The Mongolian nation is currently experiencing decline of livelihood due to urban-rural disparities, which is driven by negligence, poverty and lack of resources According to UNICEF's 2016 Situation Analysis in Mongolia, almost half of the 3.1 million population resides in the capital, Ulaanbaatar, and from a global scale, the nation has a poverty rate of 28.4%. This is evident where urban development is mainly focused within the capital that only spans 1,800 square miles of the 600,000 square miles of total land space, leaving the rural areas neglected and underdeveloped. The lack of development of the rural areas in Mongolia is becoming detrimental to the nomadic lifestyle 40% of the natives follow. Through extensive analysis of the Mongolian nomadic culture and its evolution and implementing basic human needs will set a criteria of what is necessary in creating better living standards within nomadic communities. An essential component that is introduced to this research is one of the basic human need of water, as it functions both as a drive to survive and metaphysical qualities which it holds to our existence. This concept is studied through models that capture water and its movement in time. Combination of these strategies allow for better understanding of how to incorporate water as both design and infrastructure. Mongolia is known to be one of the world’s truly last nomadic cultures. Utilizing Altanbulag, a nomadic city 35 miles from the capital, as a blank canvas allows for creating a prototype model of a rural masterplan by integrating technologically advanced infrastructure and an architectural design that aims to bring back the indigenous culture and propose an environment that provides more as where we carry less in other rural cities within Mongolia.
12
02
FRAMEWORK
[HISTORY]
[PRESENT]
[CONSEQUENCES]
15
FRAMEWORK HISTORY
The population dynamics of Mongolia are similar to the majority of other developing countries in the Asia-Pacific Region, with population growth rates of 1.0-1.5 percent (UNICEF, 2016). However, many important changes have marked the demographic patterns of Mongolia since the beginning of the political/economic/social transition in 1990. These changes have resulted in social demographic trends which differentiate Mongolia from other developing countries. Over the past 15 years of transition, Mongolia has shown trends of decreasing total fertility rate, increasing life expectancy, decreasing death rate, decreasing infant mortality rate, and a high rate of rural-to-urban migration in the context of an extremely low population density. Approximately 60 percent of the population lives in urban areas, with major concentrations in the three main cities of Ulaanbaatar as the national capital, Darkhan City in DarkhanUul Aimag, and Bayan-Under Soum in Orkhon Aimag. Approximately 40 percent of the population lives in rural areas, and the rural lifestyle is nomadic, semi-nomadic, or residing in soum centres or aimag centres.
16
19
FRAMEWORK
BASIC HUMAN NEEDS
The livelihood within the rural communities are analyzed utilizing Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, focusing mainly on the physiological and security needs. Data has shown that only 30% of the population has access to clean water. Within that percentage, 98% of the clean water is distributed to urban cities meanwhile only 2% is distributed to rural cities (Sigel, 2012). In correlation to water, food and health are declining within these areas where children are underweight, anemic and stunting. This is detrimental to the overall health of nation due to the fact that the younger generation holds up over 60% of the population (Erdenee, 2017). Air quality is fastly worsening due to the coal burning within ger districts, where settlers are burning whatever they can find to heat up their homes during winter time. Lastly, the home environment is continuously declining due to the growth of the ger districts, where many are unable to find jobs, and struggling to find means to survive.
20
FRAMEWORK CONSEQUENCES
The consequences of this rural to urban migration created social inequality where the people within the low class experienced declining livelihoods through an increase of unemployment due to urban-rural disparities. Regional disparities throughout the country are extreme in terms of medical provision, schooling, industrial activity, financial transactions, or the location of high-income groups (Dorjdagva, 2015). Ulaanbaatar occupies only 0.3 percent of the total territory of the nation, but the most prominent public and private institutions of economics, higher learning, and medical services are centred in this capital city. The environmental issues concern the quality of basic natural elements - climate, air, water, land - that make a place habitable for families, and their communities. A change in one part of the environment induces changes in other parts of the environment, therefore the impact of the accumulative conditions affect the overall population.
22
03
CASE STUDIES
[KAZAKHSTAN]
[RUSSIA]
[VENEZUELA]
CASE STUDIES INTRODUCTION
The comparison between big cities versus small cities are interdependent on the experiences within the two areas through its culture, climate and people. “Big City� is an area where much of the infrastructure is developed and is tailored to accommodate those hundreds and thousands that live and work, serving as a big economic value. However, in such cities, the human carbon footprint is much higher which correlates to the environmental aspect of what it means to be in a big city. Air quality can become a problem which puts many at risk of health issues. The experience of living within big cities can make one feel motivated, alive, enthusiastic, and on the other end can make one feel anxious, frustrated, and unsafe. In the same prospect of analyzing small cities, rural areas allow one to become closer to nature. The calmness and serenity it brings for people is the root of the peace of the land and lack of infrastructure with mostly residential and farm lands. However, looking through countries that are third world countries or developing countries, many rural areas are underdeveloped in the means of having inadequate resources such as electricity, plumbing and sewage systems. This can have negative effects of livelihood, neglecting the basic human needs. Although the marginalization of rural areas are problematic on the economic level, the rural ideology is also being neglected as the significance of rural areas being the key to understanding where the nation and its people has evolved, plays a major role in the historical, traditional and cultural aspect. By examining different nations and comparing where the urban to rural relationship occur will allow better understanding of how to create a healthy coexisting urban and rural spaces.
26
KAZAKHSTAN
POPULATION: 18.04MIL. AREA: 1.052MIL. MI2
URBAN 56%
RURAL 44%
[ CASE STUDY I ]
While Kazakhstan was not considered by authorities in the former Soviet Union to be a part of Central Asia, it does have physical and cultural geographic characteristics similar to those of the other Central Asian countries. The Kazakhs’ traditional customs uneasily coexist alongside incursions of the modern world. Nur Sultan is the capital and one of the largest cities in kazakhstan. The city’s importance was greatly enhanced during the Soviet period by the government’s Virgin and Idle Lands Campaign of the mid-1950s. There was much new construction and the establishment of various research and higher educational institutions, such as teacher training, agriculture, medicine, and engineering and construction. In contrast, Muchirino is a rural area that is home to little over 100 people. Since 1990s, Muchirino has officially been an area of environmental disaster. Due to unemployment young people has been leaving the city for Baikonur, Kyzylorda and other cities of Kazakhstan and Russia. In the present day, Muchirino functions as a land mine to the Kazakhstanians.
27
NUR SULTAN
42MI
MICHURINO
NUR SULTAN
MUCHIRINO
POPULATION: 1.002MIL. AREA: 278.8MI2
POPULATION: 105 AREA: 13.1MI2
BEACON LANDMARK PUBLIC SPACE
BEACON
NATURE
LANDMARK
28
VENEZUELA
POPULATION: 31.98MIL. AREA: 353,841MI2
URBAN 88.8%
RURAL 11.2%
[ CASE STUDY II ]
Venezuela as a nation is placed among the top 60 countries in global trade in 2016, shipping $29.3 billion worth of goods to the latest estimates from the International Trade Center. Caracas is Venezuela’s capital, the commercial and cultural center. It has the highest murder rate in the world per capita. During the 1950s, particularly, large numbers of Spaniards, Portuguese, and Italians settled in Caracas. By 1956, Caracas and the Federal District were the home of half percentage of Venezuela’s foreign residents. Internal migration has added significantly to the population growth rate of the capital city, as has a high index of natural fertility. In contrast, Tacata is a small town 45 miles distance from Caracas. The city thrives on the natural elements that surrounds them and there are a lot of open space that allows for greater community events. It has been said that Tacata is one of the towns that takes one back in time and allows one to experience the culture and richness of Venezuela.
29
CARACAS
45MI
TACATA
TACATA
CARACAS
POPULATION: 256 AREA: 25MI2
POPULATION: 2.082MIL. AREA: 300MI2
NATURE LANDMARK PUBLIC SPACE
PUBLIC SPACE NATURE
30
RUSSIA POPULATION: 145MIL. AREA: 6.6 MIL. MI2
URBAN 75%
RURAL 25%
[ CASE STUDY III ]
Russia is by far the world’s largest country, which covers nearly twice of Canada. Most of the Russian population is concentrated in the European portion of the country, especially in the fertile region surrounding Moscow, the capital. Moscow is the capital of Russia, has played a major role in the Russian history. Today Moscow is not only the political centre of Russia but also the country’s most populous city and its industrial, cultural, scientific, and educational capital. Many historical architecture is known to be in Moscow such as Vladimir Ilich Lenin’s Mausoleum remains intact, as do many dreary five-story apartment buildings from the era of Nikita Khrushchev’s rule. In contrast, Zhdanovskoye is the home of a large copper mine industry, which reserves 4 billion tonnes of ore grading. Ore grading is one of the largest economic value to the nation thus making this rural area to be significant to the nation's well standing.
31
MOSCOW 35MI
ZHDANOVSKOYE
MOSCOW
ZHDANOVSKOYE
POPULATION: 11.92MIL. AREA: 970MI2
POPULATION: 500 AREA: 38MI2
BEACON BEACON
LANDMARK LANDMARK NATURE 32
CASE STUDIES CONCLUSION
Through evaluating different nations and their urban to rural connection created a starting point on why urban-rural disparity occurs and how does it impact each relative community. The urban-rural disparities cause development to be focused in one central area, leaving the potential opportunities of growth in rural areas. Underdeveloped rural areas lack infrastructure which is a key element to better communities and better livelihood. The lack of plumbing, electricity, and heating system/strategies remain to be a constant problem for the rural natives, making these amenities as significant missing link to the architectural design. Areas where infrastructure and establishments are sparse causes the livelihood of the community to worsen. This is an architectural problem where there is a demand for resources but not enough of design endeavors to serve rural communities. Livelihood is correlated to the architectural environment where architecture is meant to serve as the protective shell during the moments which one should be sheltered from external forces of danger such as air pollution and extreme cold climates. The lack of housing and basic facilities such as education, health care and sanitation is correlated to the decline of rural livelihood which is based on the agricultural productivity that communities prosper from, thus the natural resources should be utilized and maintained.
34
04
SITE SELECTION
[SITE CRITERIA]
[PRELIMINARY SITES]
[SELECTED SITE]
[SITE ANALYSIS]
37
SITE SELECTION INTRODUCTION
Site selection derives from previous investigations on the livelihood within rural communities, referencing Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. This allowed to select potential sites that lack to meet those needs. The basic 5 human needs in order to survive are which we know are water, food, air, shelter and sleep. In addition to the basic human needs, it is essential to consider specific areas that are within close proximity to the main capital, Ulaanbaatar. The consideration of the adjancies are correlated to the phenomena of "Ripple Effect" which refers to the theory when one area of community is revitalized, the surrounding communities benefit from it, allowing for the ripple to catch on to mass areas. This sets the criteria to maintain site exploration of 50 miles radius from Ulaanbaatar, and analyzing three potential rural areas that meet the site criteria.
38
39
SITE SELECTION CRITERIA
The site criteria is developed from the current issues related to the urbanrural disparity in Mongolia. The three sites evaluated are Gachuurt, Terelj and Altanbulag, ranging 30 to 40 miles distant from the capital. Each town are considered to be underdeveloped, with low density areas.
40
[PRELIMINARY SITE #1] GACHUURT | MONGOLIA POPULATION: 1,504 AREA: 11.2MI2
47°42’02.6”N 106°24’30.3”E
The small village of Gachuurt is 35 miles East of Ulaanbaatar, at the edge of the Gorkhi-Terelj National Park and of the strictly protected area of Khan Khentii. It stretches on the banks of the Tuul River, that passes through the capital. The village offers a peaceful atmosphere, a good environment for field sports like biking, hiking, horse riding. The area has recently become one of the focused areas of rural development as many high class private investors and developers are creating venues of housing in the hills. Economically, the village gets a substantial revenue by hosting the annual Playtime Music Festival.
42
[PRELIMINARY SITE #2] TERELJ | MONGOLIA POPULATION: 785 AREA: 9.5MI2
47°42’02.6”N 106°24’30.3”E
Located about 40 miles east of the capital, the Terelj settlement is located in the valley of the Terelj River. Terelj tourist zone has a number of "tourist camps". It is connected with Ulaanbaatar by a paved road. A small southern portion of the park is developed for tourists, with restaurants, souvenir shops, horses and camels for rent, and tourist ger camps, many of them run by the Juulchin corporation, the former state tourism company. However, most of the park is undeveloped and difficult to access. Although this area is protected by the nation for it holds the National Park, Terelj community is rising in development due to the tourist attraction and is currently developing multiple resorts.
44
[CHOSEN SITE] ALTANBULAG | MONGOLIA POPULATION: 500 AREA: 12MI2
47°42’02.6”N 106°24’30.3”E
Altanbulag, town of Tuv province is 30 miles west of the capital city of Ulaanbaatar and 30 miles from the province center. Sergelen, Bayantsagaan Bayan-Ungu, Bontang, Undurshireet, Lun, Bayankhangai, Argalant and Bayantsogt districts in the south and south, along the Songino Khairkhan and Khan-Uul districts in Ulaanbaatar. The town has 20 miles of paved road from Ulaanbaatar and 10 miles paved road within the soum center. Population influx is relatively stable. The community rests on 5,900,000 hectares of land, where 90% of pasture land. Of the total landscape, 1810 hectares dedicated to forestry and greenscape. Currently, Altanbulag lacks basic infrastructure, and many natives and nomads do not have access to clean water, and means of sanitation which are detrimental to the livelihood for the community.
46
SITE ANALYSIS
CHOSEN SITE | ALTANBULAG
From the three neighboring rural cities from the capital that were analyzed, the town of Altanbulag corresponded as closely to the site criteria. Altanbulag is a small rural land, dedicated to its true nomads, where 90% of the landscape is for herding purposes. Although, the nomadic culture of Mongolia resonates in areas such as Altanbulag, the livelihood within these communities do not meet the basic human needs. This prompted further analysis of the land and its existing conditions, in pursuance to understand what is necessary to revitilize the livelihood within the community.
48
[RIVER]
[ROADS]
[TOWN CENTER]
The town of Altanbulag rests nearby the Tuul river that is about 1.5 miles distant from the town center. However, the community does not have access to clean water, therefore many settlers travel 8 miles to the northeast to Tuul Village in order to get clean water from a water reservoir.
There are two main roads intersect the town, one is a paved road which leads travelers to the capital and the other is a dirt path that leads to a new airport project to the southeast of the town.
The town center where the two main roads intersect, is an area comprised of abandoned buildings that are mostly factory type. These building were once utilized as spaces for the nomads to trade, however due to the economic fall, it became neglected and left to rust.
49
[SETTLEMENT]
[ACCUMULATIVE]
[LAND AREA]
The nomadic settlers base their homes around the perimeters of the town center. Many are made of yurts, where the settlers build their fences to mark their land space. There is a clear deficit of sanitation facilities due to the lack of infrastructure.
The existing site in its entirety created its spatial organization based on the existing infrastructure, the town center and the roads, nesting between the valley ranges.
The site offers great potential of landscape, which is important to the nomadic herders. Holding almost 90% of the land, it is crititcal to maintain the existing soil and natural elements.
50
05
CONCEPT + TYPOLOGY
[CONCEPT]
[THE BOOK OF TAO]
[TYPOLOGY CRITERIA]
"
THE SUPREME GOODNESS IS LIKE WATER. IT BENEFITS ALL THINGS WITHOUT CONTENTION. IN DWELLING, IT STAYS GROUNDED. IN BEING, IT FLOWS TO DEPTHS. IN EXPRESSION, IT IS HONEST. IN CONFRONTATION, IT STAYS GENTLE. IN GOVERNANCE, IT DOES NOT CONTROL. IN ACTION, IT ALIGNS TO TIMING.
IT IS CONTENT WITH ITS NATURE AND THEREFORE CANNOT BE FAULTED.
"
THE BOOK OF THE WAY + ITS VIRTUE
CONCEPT
INTRODUCTION
The concept exploration of water was inspired from the site analysis and the problem statement. Water, as it relates to the need for the community of Altanbulag, as well as the town's main forefront, the Tuul river. Understanding water and its physical properties began from experimenting how water moves, breathes, flows, and molds. The following conceptual models were conducted in attempts to capture these movements in time by utilizing resin to imitate water. Another resource that assisted the investigation was the Book of Tao, also known as the "Tao Te Ching". Water as Lao Tzu explains in his short literature, “Nothing in the world is as soft and yielding as water. Yet for dissolving the hard and inflexible, nothing can surpass it�. By observing its stillness, allows for deeper contemplation.
58
CONCEPT
STUDIES OF WATER
[SINK]
"to become deeply absorbed" By putting natural elements such as rocks into the resin, the rocks began to sink in to the bottom of the resin mold, meanwhile the resin remained undistrubed and cured around the edges of the rocks.
60
CONCEPT
STUDIES OF WATER
[FORM]
"to come into existence" In attemps to imitating the river bed, the mold was created from series of stacked museum board. However, upon removal, the resin split and within face of the resin remained the debris of the museum board, showing how perfectly the resin was able to mold into the edges.
62
CONCEPT
STUDIES OF WATER
[DISSIPATE] "to vanish" By experimenting with paint, metallic textured paint was mixed with the resin. After the resin was cured, the model appeared like clouds, portraying water in a different state of being.
64
CONCEPT
STUDIES OF WATER
[ASCEND] "to move up" By mixing black paint resin with white paint resin in the mold, upon its cured state, the black and white had become swirled but not completely mixed with one another. This confirmed water's ability to holds memories as it obtains its original qualities.
66
CONCEPT
STUDIES OF WATER
[COEXIST]
"to live in peace with each other" In a mold of freshly poured clear resin, I added droplets of white and black paint. In the end, the cured byproduct appeared as though the resin interacted with the unknown elements, creating harmonious existence with its surroundings.
68
CONCEPT
STUDIES OF WATER
[CONVERGE] "to come together" From pouring black paint based resin first into the mold and letting it cure halfway, and pouring white paint based resin on top resulted in the uncured black paint resin to come through the white resin. This showed the ability of water to converge with a different state of being.
70
CONCEPT
STUDIES OF WATER
[OBSCURE] "to make indistinct" Simlifying the mixology, only black paint was mixed with clear resin. Instead of the resin to cure completely dark, the end result showed otherwise, creating dark particles with light peaking through. This captured the obscurity and the unknowness of water in its pure form.
72
CONCEPT
STUDIES OF WATER
[LUMINOUS] "to emit or reflect" Continuing the simple mixology, with this time around only mixing white paint into the clear resin created a form that not only was luminous and light but also reflective and opaque, showing how lights penetrates through water.
74
CONCEPT ANALYSIS FUNDAMENTAL NEEDS
From utilizing different mediums such as watercolor and resin models allowed for further understanding of the physical properties of water. Water is everchanging and undisturbed; luminous but obscure; it can converge and coexist with the living and nonliving beings around it. Water has memories and it is truly one of the oldest historical value to our existence. Although the exploration was introduced by examining the physical properties of water, a realization began to emerge where the connection between water and living beings are more than physical, more than what is tangible. It is known that we need water in order to survive, and although we can live without food for over a month, we cannot survive without water for more than three days. The second connection resonates within the metaphysics. In times of stress, hard times, we seek to go to the ocean or to go for a swim, why? This is because water is something that we not only feel with our five senses but something that brings us tranquility and sense of calmness. From studying water through these two connections allows for the development of a typology criteria that meets both of these needs, through establishing access to clean water for the nomadic community by placing basic infrastructure, meanwhile, creating a place of refuge by bringing them closer to the river.
76
EVOLVED COMMUNITY
USE OF HYDROPONIC GARDEN INTEGRATING FOOD SUPPLY
DEVELOP RURAL ECO-SYSTEM
SMART HERDING SYSTEM WATER FILTRATION PLANT RAINWATER PRESERVATION USE OF BIOFABRICATION
VITALITY
USE OF WOOD/NATURAL RESOURCES
ENHANCE CULTURE
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY SOLAR ENERGY
MAINTENANCE
PASSIVE HEATING + COOLING PLUG IN SYSTEM
PROSPERITY
COMMUNITY LEARNING
STRENGTHEN FACILITIES
GREEN SPACES SOCIAL DINING
BALANCE
FARMER’S MARKET NOMADIC STRUCTURE
CONNECTIVITY ABUNDANCE
TOURIST ATTRACTION
CREATE BETTER LIVING STANDARDS
JOB OPPORTUNITIES ZEN/MEDITATION ECOLOGICAL MEDICINE/PRACTICE
TYPOLOGY CRITERIA
By implementing the concept of water as it relates to the means of survival and its metaphysical qualities, the main goal for this thesis is to create better living standards within nomadic communities in Mongolia. The development of the masterplan schema of a rural ecosystem that involves enhancement of the nomadic culture will be the stepping stone to mapping out the appropriate design strategies and integration of infrastructures.
78
06
SCHEMATIC DESIGN
[MASTER PLAN]
[BUILDING PLAN]
[REEVALUATION]
[DESIGN DEVELOPMENT]
81
DESIGN PROCESS MASTERPLAN
The process of masterplanning of the rural town begins with the three main components: i) Town Center ii) Settlement Zone iii) River Each sketches are made to study the programmatic organization as well as connection from one zone to the next. By understanding its spatial organization allows for further investigation of design criteria and infrastructure that is needed within specific areas.
82
DESIGN PROCESS
SCHEMATIC MASTERPLAN
The schematic masterplan follows the series of initial sketches. The journey from the town center to the river would meander like that of water, as the path leads the community to the building by the edge of the river. The town center would consist of hydroponic gardening, that would allow for the community to come together and plant their own produce, meanwhile creating more opportunities for seasonal jobs. The settlement area would be organized in a circular formation, allowing for the settlers to take advantage of the natural pasture space, and within traveling from one settlement area to the next will be series of bladeless wind turbines that function as a pillar to the path. Lastly, the building by the river would function as the water collection system, where water from the river can go through natural filtration process, allowing for the community to transport water to their homes.
84
85
DESIGN PROCESS
ZEN | SCHEMATIC BUILDING DESIGN
The initial sketches of form exploration of the building by the river began from examining the site and its natural condition. The contemplation began from a point of understanding the land and its natural topography and whether if the building follows that change in elevation. The next was in consideration if the building juxtaposes the topography, allowing for orthagonal elements to be introduces. The third form generation was made in attempts to creating a circulation which flow like water, meanwhile the building mass act as the juxtaposition. Lastly, the fourth form generation was derived from the second and third form exploration, where the circulation throughout the building masses flow like water and as the cirulation passes, the building mass forms into the path. Throughout each of these sketches, the form of the building was created and developed into a schematic building design.
86
DESIGN PROCESS
ZEN | BUILDING BY THE RIVER
The initial design of the building by the river serves as the connecting bridge between the nomadic community and the river. The design goal is to experiment with spaces that are associated with the metaphysical connection with water by stimulating the five senses. The circulation is divided into two continous paths marked by a gabion wall that leads the user to experience water first through bodily senses as they go through the wellness center. Next by connecting the physical senses to the mind by inviting them to the yoga pavilion. The materials that were explored within this initial design stage were two continous structural gabion walls that mark the flow of circulation along with concrete and wood elements for the reception, wellness center and the yoga pavillion. This initial design presented itself as a valuable iterative process to understand the circulation within the building and its programmatic organization that would benefit further development of the final design.
88
DESIGN PROCESS REEVALUATION
Upon constructive feedback of the schematic masterplan and the building design, it was critical to take a few steps back to research and re-analyze. In regards to the schematic masterplan, it is apparent that the site has three main elements: the town center, the settlement and the river. However, the connection between each element is in need of more clarification and whether that each element can be connected by the path which one travels. On the other hand, the building design received concerns whether the building was anti-nomadic, due to the heavy materials and the static spatial programming. The feedback of the initial design stage was imperative for the continuation of this thesis research and served as a lesson, that as designers, we must be perceptive to change and trust the design process.
90
91
DESIGN DEVELOPMENT MASTERPLAN PROGRAMMING
By taking a few steps back from the initial masterplan created the opportunity to consider the main concerns which were the connection from each zone to the next. In consideration, I began to divide the settlement zones into two main areas. By doing so, allowed the circulation to flow in two different paths, creating an intersection point. In addition to creating meandering paths, the bubble diagram allowed for a clear programmatic organization. The town center would include a living plant, which would serve as a home to the water filtration plant and hydroponic gardening. The bladeless wind turbines would be placed on the highest point on the site. The pasture land would be connected to the settlement areas and constructive wetland would be placed on both sides where the paths intersect. The intent of incorporating nature and enhancing the existing site allows for the path from the town center to the building by the river to become more of a journey rather than a simple path.
92
07
FINAL DESIGN
[MASTER PLAN]
[EXPERIENCE]
[BUILDING PLAN]
[SECTIONS]
[RENDERINGS]
ALTANBULAG | MONGOLIA FINAL MASTERPLAN
In the final design of the masterplan, the site was divided into five zones. The first zone is the town center - where the living plant is placed and the node which the two roads intersect. The main path intersects at a connection point where the constructure wetlands are. This leads the nomads to each settlement zones. To the east and west of the site are the two main settlement zones that include the bladeless wind turbines on the highest point of the valley. Meanwhile the settlement zones rest within the lower and flat parts of the valley. The continuation of the main path leads to the buildign by the edge of the river, Zen.
[LIVING PLANT]
[VORTEX BLADELESS TURBINES]
The living plant by the town center is integrated with hydroponic gardening, where the plants in the living machine extract nutrients from the wastewater. This building serves as an indoor facility for year round water treatment and part of a public amenity, allowing for the nomads to grow their own produce and have access to clean water.
In the two highest points on the site are a total of 50 bladeless wind turbines. Vortex is a modern technology that captures energy from the wind by personance phenomenon produced by an aerodynamic effect called vortex shredding. The turbines are more cost efficient and needs less maintenance than traditional turbines, making it great for a nomadic town.
INFRASTRUCTURE # 1
INFRASTRUCTURE # 2
[CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS]
[SANITATION FACILITY]
Within the connection point of the two paths of the site are two large constructive wetlands, which are highly productive and biologically diverse systems that enhance water quality, control erosion, maintain stream flows, sequester carbon. They function as a natural stormwater collection system, meanwhile creating additional source of water for the nomads and their herd.
In the center of each nomadic settlement community is a sanitation facility that allows for wastewater management. The main plumbing wall distributes water to both showers and the restrooms allowing for the service of sanitation chain to occur. The waste from the sanitation facilities can then be distributed to the landscape, as it is performs well as a fertilizer.
INFRASTRUCTURE # 3
INFRASTRUCTURE # 4
THE NOMAD, 'HOME' " FOR CANNOT BE UNDERSTOOD EXCEPT IN TERMS OF JOURNEY, JUST AS SPACE IS DEFINED BY MOVEMENT.
"
- LABELLE PRUSSIN
102
[
THE STORY OF MY PEOPLE SOAR WITH HORSES, WITH WINGS THEY REACH THE GOLDEN SUN.
]
[
THEY RETURN TO THE LAKES LIKE MIGRATING BIRDS, ACCORDING TO THE CUSTOMS OF THE GOLDEN EARTH.
]
[
FROM THE HERDS OF LETTERS FORMED WITHIN THE MOUTH, WE HAVE TAKEN THESE MIGRATING STEEDS.
]
[
AND, FROM THE HITCHING POSTS OF OUR POETS’ HORSES, WE HAVE TAKEN OFF FOR DISTANT ROADS.
]
ZE
EN
109
ZEN
FINAL BUILDING DESIGN
Sitting at the edge of the river in Altanbulag, Mongolia is the meditation center for the nomadic community. Zen serves as a place of refuge as it brings the nomads closer to the water which is an essential resource to the Mongolian nomads. The freeflowing and flexible design allows users to create suitable spaces for various needs, meanwhile the journey from each pavilion stimulates the five senses, revitalizing the metaphysical connection between the nomads and the river.
110
111
ZEN
STRUCTURAL + MATERIALITY
The building design of Zen is meant to allow the user to follow the paths from one pavilion to the next while engaging with the surrounding natural environment and activate the five senses. Utilizing wood through a light frame structure creates a warm ambiance. Meanwhile, the steel columns that follow the path creates a sense of direction. The spaces within each pavilion are integrated with sliding partition walls that are connected to the wood beams, creating a space where the users can manipulate and transform. The placement of the egress stairways framed by wooden columns allow for users to interact with the land and the building on a different elevation. Zen, is not only a place of refuge, but serves as a beacon to the town of Altanbulag.
THE JOURNEY ARRIVAL
Buildings speak the language of the land it rests upon.
118
THE JOURNEY COMMUNITY
Nomadic people create communities and build structures that reflect and facilitate a lifestyle based on movement.
120
THE JOURNEY DESCEND
By utilizing existing resources, and taking account of the needs, values and politics of the people who spend their lives moving through and creating spaces.
122
THE JOURNEY CONTINUANCE
Movement and flexibility are qualities which the nomadic people have instilled in their values throughout time. Design, in correlation, must be specific to the community for which they are built.
124
THE JOURNEY REFLECTION
The building process of the nomadic people advocates a different perspective of architecture, as the process is not just a byproduct of grandiose spaces but rather a creative process, one which is centralized around experience.
126
THE JOURNEY INTROSPECTION
The culture of nomadism can be perceived as a new way to inhabit within our surrounding environments, allowing a life of abundance as the land offers what is necessary.
128
THE JOURNEY ACCEPTANCE
The lifestyle of the nomad is not about destination, but rather the journey itself.
130
FEEDBACK
COMMENTS AND TAKE-AWAYS
The prevailing issue of urban-rural disparity occur in many nations around the world, not just in Mongolia. Investigating various means and methods to solve such "wicked" problem through a building design is to pick at the problem only from its surface. It is necessary to dissect the problem, disassemble and break it apart in order to find value of design and its impact for the community. The town of Altanbulag, Mongolia is a mere example of a community that can be improved from this outlook. The true meaning of architecture rests beneath the people and the environment that needs it the most. Design is not only about aesthetics and vanity, but rather functionality and purpose. The future which we are headed towards is one that asks us to own and carry less while depending on the environment to provide more. I believe that it is our duty as designers to invest time in creating spaces for not only the people but also the land, in efforts to leave the environment better than how it was initially found. This thesis research has lead me to embark on many new opportunities and sparked the joy that I find in architecture. I am forever grateful and humbled for the lessons it has taught me.
REFERENCES:
1.
Alexander C. Diener, Joshua Hagen. (2013) City of felt and concrete: Negotiating cultural hybridity in Mongolia's capital of Ulaanbaatar. Nationalities Papers 41:4, pages 622-650.
2.
Altanbagana, M. (n.d.). Mongolia Habitat-Iii National Report . UNDP.
3.
Carlisle, Stephanie. “‘Nomadic Architecture’ A Year Long Study on Architecture in the Nomadic Communities of Mongolia, West Africa, India, and Ireland.” George Maciunas Foundation Inc., 16 Feb. 2013, georgemaciunas. com/exhibitions/fluxus-as-architecture-2/fluxhousefluxcity-prefabricatedmodular-building-system/ fluxhouse-fluxcities/essays-2/nomadic-architecture-framework-by-stephanie-carlisle/.
4.
Charlotte Paddock, John Schofield. (2017) Authenticity and adaptation: the Mongol Ger as a contemporary heritage paradox. International Journal of Heritage Studies 23:4, pages 347-361.
5.
Dorjdagva, J., Batbaatar, E., Dorjsuren, B. et al. Explaining differences in education-related inequalities in health between urban and rural areas in Mongolia. Int J Equity Health 14, 154 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939 015-0281-9
6.
De La Compos, A. P. (n.d.). Ending Extreme Poverty In Rural Areas. Rome, 2018: United Nations.
7.
Erdenee, O., Paramita, S. A., Yamazaki, C., & Koyama, H. (2017). Distribution of health care resources in Mongolia using the Gini coefficient. Human resources for health, 15(1), 56.
8.
Essential Smart Growth Fixes for Rural Planning, Zoning, and Development Codes. (2018).
9.
Fenton, K. (2017) Innovative Waste Water Strategies in the Landscape: The Application of Green Infrastructure Principles in Cape Cod, Massachusetts.
10.
International Organization for Migration (2018). Mongolia: Internal Migration Study.
135
11.
Jiwane, A. A. V. (2013). Redefining the Role of Architects in Rural Development.
12.
TSE, L. A. O. (2020). Tao Te Ching. Place of publication not identified: EDITORIAL ALMA.
13.
McGowan, B. (2019, August 8). Addressing disparities in Mongolia, from the village to the city. Retrieved from https:// www.peacecorps.gov/stories/addressing-disparities-mongolia-village-city/
14.
Sigel, K., Altantuul, K. & Basandorj, D. Household needs and demand for improved water supply and sanitation in peri-urban ger areas: the case of Darkhan, Mongolia. Environ Earth Sci 65, 1561–1566 (2012). https://doi. org/10.1007/s12665-011-1221-7
15.
Sinclair, B. R. (2014, July). Dislocation, Disconnection, Dilemma: Exploring Urban| Rural Disparity in Contemporary Mongolia. In ARCC Conference Repository.
16.
Sutherland, A. (2018) Reinventing the rural: a new perspective on our countryside. Retrieved from https://www. architectural-review.com/essays/reinventing-the-rural-a-new-perspective-on-our-countryside/10029195. article
17.
Tawari. A. K. (n.d.). Reversing Declining Rural Livelihoods Trends. Retrieved from https://www.devalt.org/newsletter/ jul96/of_2.html
18.
UN (2018) 68% of the world population projected to live in urban areas by 2050 | UN DESA Department of Economic and Social Affairs. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.un.org/development/desa/en/news/ population/2018-revision-of-world-urbanization-prospects.html
19.
UNICEF. (2016). Situation Analysis Of Children And Women In Mongolia.
20.
UNDP. (2016). Human Development Report Urban Rural Disparities in Mongolia.
21.
Wegner, Nina [VNV]. Mongolias Nomads: Life on the Steppe. Goff Books, 2014.
136
LIST OF FIGURES: FIG 1.1
Mongolian Nomadic Steppe [Digital Image] Retrieved from https://www.travelwithasilverlining.com/ nomadic-life-mongolia/
FIG 1.2
Sprawling Shanty Towns [Digital Image] Retrieved from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/ articles/2012-06-21/mongolias-uneven-boom
(pg. 5)
FIG 1.3
Kids from Mongolia Steppes [Digital Image] Retrieved from https://www.mongolia-trips.com/kidsmongolian-steppes
(pg. 7)
FIG 1.4
Decline of Livelihood in Correlation to Health [Digital Image] Retrieved from https://www.escr-net.org/ node/365338
(pg. 9)
FIG 1.5
Lack of Infrastructure in Rural Cities [Digital Image] Retrieved from https://www.worldvision.org/ourwork/country-profiles/mongolia
(pg. 11)
FIG 2.1.
Data of Urban-Rural Disparity Illustration by Evie Odbayar
(pg. 15)
FIG 2.2
Division Between The City and Slum [Digital Image] Retrieved from https://www.worldvision.org/ourwork/country-profiles/mongolia
FIG 2.3.1
Water Shortage - Downtown Ulaanbaatar [Digital Image] Retrieved from https://montsame.mn/en/ read/224135
(pg. 19)
FIG 2.3.2
Food Scarcity - Young Mongolian Child Eating [Digital Image] Retrieved from https://www.soschildrensvillages.org/where-we-help/asia/mongolia
(pg. 19)
FIG 2.3.3
Air Pollution in Mongolia [Digital Image] Retrieved from https://blogs.ntu.edu.sg/hp3203-1819s2-u18/
(pg. 19)
FIG 2.3.4
Shanty Rural Town [Digital Image] Retrieved from http://www.unuudur.com/?p=33776
(pg. 19)
FIG 2.4
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Illustration by Evie Odbayar
(pg. 20)
FIG 3.1
Case Study I - Map of Kazakhstan Illustration by Evie Odbayar
(pg. 27)
FIG 3.2.1
Case Study I - Nur Sultan - Capital of Kazakhstan Illustration by Evie Odbayar
(pg. 28)
FIG 3.2.2
Case Study I - Muchirino - Rural City of Kazakhstan Illustration by Evie Odbayar
(pg. 28)
137
(pg. 1-2)
(pg. 17-18)
FIG 3.3
Case Study II - Map of Venezuela Illustration by Evie Odbayar
(pg.29)
FIG 3.4.1
Case Study II - Caracas - Capital of Venezuela Illustration by Evie Odbayar
(pg. 30)
FIG 3.4.2
Case Study II - Tacata - Rural City of Venezuela Illustration by Evie Odbayar
(pg. 30)
FIG 3.5
Case Study III - Map of Russia Illustration by Evie Odbayar
(pg. 31)
FIG 3.6.1
Case Study III - Moscow - Capital of Russia Illustration by Evie Odbayar
(pg. 32)
FIG 3.6.2
Case Study III - Zhdanovskoye - Capital of Russia Illustration by Evie Odbayar
(pg. 32)
FIG 4.1
Site Criteria - Proximity Map Illustration by Evie Odbayar
(pg. 37)
FIG 4.2.1
Gachuurt - Mongolia Google Images
(pg. 40)
FIG 4.2.2
Terelj - Mongolia Google Images
(pg. 40)
FIG 4.2.3
Altanbulag - Mongolia Google Images
(pg. 40)
FIG 4.3
Preliminary Site - Gachuurt Illustration by Evie Odbayar
(pg. 41)
FIG 4.4
Preliminary Site - Gachuurt Analysis Illustration by Evie Odbayar
(pg. 42)
FIG 4.5
Preliminary Site - Terelj Illustration by Evie Odbayar
(pg. 43)
FIG 4.6
Preliminary Site - Terelj Analysis Illustration by Evie Odbayar
(pg. 44)
FIG 4.7
Chosen Site - Altanbulag Illustration by Evie Odbayar
(pg. 28) 138
LIST OF FIGURES: FIG 4.11
Site Analysis Illustration by Evie Odbayar
(pg. 49-50)
FIG 4.12
Site Analysis Illustration by Evie Odbayar
(pg. 51-52)
FIG 5.1
Water Concept [Digital Image] Retrieved from https://dlpng.com/png/6390014
FIG 5.2
Water Concept - Sink Model Photo by Evie Odbayar
(pg. 59)
FIG 5.3
Water Concept - Form Model Photo by Evie Odbayar
(pg. 61)
FIG 5.4
Water Concept - Dissipate Model Photo by Evie Odbayar
(pg. 63)
FIG 5.5
Water Concept - Ascend Model Photo by Evie Odbayar
(pg. 65)
FIG 5.6
Water Concept - Coexist Model Photo by Evie Odbayar
(pg. 67)
FIG 5.7
Water Concept - Converge Model Photo by Evie Odbayar
(pg. 69)
FIG 5.8
Water Concept - Obscure Model Photo by Evie Odbayar
(pg. 71)
FIG 5.9
Water Concept - Luminous Model Photo by Evie Odbayar
(pg. 73)
FIG 5.10
Design Typology Illustration by Evie Odbayar
(pg. 78)
FIG 6.1
Masterplan Process Sketches Illustration by Evie Odbayar
(pg. 81)
FIG 6.2
Schematic Masterplan Illustration by Evie Odbayar
(pg. 83)
FIG 6.3
Building Process Sketches Illustration by Evie Odbayar
(pg. 85) 139
(pg. 55-56)
FIG 6.4
Schematic Building Floor Plan Illustration by Evie Odbayar
(pg.87)
FIG 6.5
Masterplan Design Development Diagrams Illustration by Evie Odbayar
(pg. 91)
FIG 7.1
Perspective View of Altanbulag Rendering by Evie Odbayar
FIG 7.2
Final Masterplan Design Illustration by Evie Odbayar
(pg. 97)
FIG 7.3
Infrastructure Diagram Illustration by Evie Odbayar
(pg. 100)
FIG 7.4
Nomadic Refuge Rendering Rendering by Evie Odbayar
FIG 7.5
Town Center Rendering with Masterplan Section Illustration by Evie Odbayar
(pg. 103)
FIG 7.6
Wind Turbines Rendering with Masterplan Section Illustration by Evie Odbayar
(pg.. 104)
FIG 7.7
Settlement Zone Rendering with Masterplan Section Illustration by Evie Odbayar
(pg. 105)
FIG 7.8
Sanitation Facility Rendering with Masterplan Section Illustration by Evie Odbayar
(pg. 106)
FIG 7.9
Overall Rendering of Zen Rendering by Evie Odbayar
(pg. 107-108)
FIG 7.10
Final Building Floor Plan Illustration by Evie Odbayar
(pg. 109)
FIG 7.11
Final Building Structural Diagram Illustration by Evie Odbayar
FIG 7.12
Final Building Section Perspective Illustration by Evie Odbayar
(pg. 113-114)
FIG 7.13
Final Building Section Perspective Illustration by Evie Odbayar
(pg. 115-116)
(pg. 95-96)
(pg. 101-102)
(pg. 111)
140
LIST OF FIGURES: FIG 7.14
Final Building Rendering (pg 117)
(pg. 117)
FIG 7.15
Final Building Rendering (pg 119)
(pg. 119)
FIG 7.16
Final Building Rendering (pg 121)
(pg. 121)
FIG 7.17
Final Building Rendering (pg 123)
(pg. 123)
FIG 7.18
Final Building Rendering (pg 125)
(pg. 125)
FIG 7.19
Final Building Rendering (pg 127)
(pg. 127)
FIG 7.20
Final Building Rendering (pg 129)
(pg. 129)
FIG 7.21
Final Building Overall Rendering (pg 131-132)
(pg. 131-132)
141
143
144