Project Presentation: HeatReserves Xiaojing Zhang
HeatReserves: Overview uncertain production
compensate with reserves
HeatReserves Use thermal loads to provide power reserves (ancillary services)
Reduce transmission line loads Reduce consumption peaks Improve ancillary service market
Xiaojing Zhang | NanoTera Annual Meeting | 04th May 2015 | 2
Households and Office Buildings uncertain production
compensate with reserves
Buildings as Thermal Loads Residential Buildings:
Office Buildings:
Thermostatically controlled loads (TCL)
HVAC systems
Fridges, boilers, heating systems
Heating, ventilation, air conditioning
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Research Questions uncertain production
compensate with reserves
Work Packages Economic & technical analysis Aggregation of TCLs
Building climate control Consumer involvement
Field testing Xiaojing Zhang | NanoTera Annual Meeting | 04th May 2015 | 4
Work Package 1+2: Building Climate Control (ETHZ) uncertain production
compensate with reserves
Work Packages Economic & technical analysis Aggregation of TCLs
Building climate control Consumer involvement
Field testing Xiaojing Zhang | NanoTera Annual Meeting | 04th May 2015 | 5
Work Packages 1+2: Building Climate Control (ETHZ) request
TSO
Determine Reserve Capacity energy-efficient ensure comfort nominal consumption power
mathematical framework
reserve request
reserve capacity sold to TSO
time Xiaojing Zhang | NanoTera Annual Meeting | 04th May 2015 | 6
Framework for Optimal Reserve Capacity
follow reserve requests ensure comfort constraints
Robust Program with Modulated Uncertainty Set
Non-conventional optimization problem
uncertainty set (reserve capacity
) is decision variable
Tractability ensured if:
linear dynamics
polyhedral constraints
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Potential of Aggregation of Swiss Office Buildings Example of behavior within a building
Example of HVAC consumption and optimized reserve capacities for aggregation of 16 buildings
Reserves robustly provided
Buildings complement each other
Office buildings can provide reserves Xiaojing Zhang | NanoTera Annual Meeting | 04th May 2015 | 9
Probabilistic Reserve Demands
Reserve request signal
Statistics of frequency control signal
ďƒ˜ Reserve capacity increases up to 12% Xiaojing Zhang | NanoTera Annual Meeting | 04th May 2015 | 10
Work package 3: Aggregation of TCLs (ETHZ)
Work Packages Economic & technical analysis Aggregation of TCLs
Building climate control Consumer involvement
Field testing Xiaojing Zhang | NanoTera Annual Meeting | 04th May 2015 | 11
Work package 3: Aggregation of TCLs (ETHZ) Challenges Hybrid/switched systems Large aggregation of small units:
Information collection and processing Decentralized control
Contributions Modelling of aggregate power dynamics Communication and estimation schemes for aggregated behaviour Broadcast control signal to individual units
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Work Package 4: Field Testing (EMPA)
Work Packages Economic & technical analysis Aggregation of TCLs
Building climate control Consumer involvement
Field testing Xiaojing Zhang | NanoTera Annual Meeting | 04th May 2015 | 13
Work Package 4: Modelling and Field Testing (EMPA) Dynamic models of office buildings Establish database of typical Swiss office buildings
NEST Experimental Platform “Building laboratory” with modules Advanced control infrastructure Implement controllers and run experiments Operation starts in November 2015
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Work Package 5: Consumer Involvement (St. Gallen)
Work Packages Economic & technical analysis Aggregation of TCLs
Building climate control Consumer involvement
Field testing Xiaojing Zhang | NanoTera Annual Meeting | 04th May 2015 | 15
Work Package 5: Consumer Involvement (St. Gallen) Incentivizing Customers Increase acceptance through offering punishments instead of rewards Make people think about the future first, and then their hypocritical behaviour
Accepted Temp. Deviations Changing HVAC set points will influence room temperature Survey among Swiss households [20, 23] °C acceptable
Next Design Experiment Which factors determine the household or building manager’s willingness to participate in HeatReserves?
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Summary and Outlook HeatReserves Use thermal loads to provide ancillary services to power grid Over 35 conference and journal publications so far Fruitful collaborations with ABB and EKS
Next Steps Study economic potential of thermal loads in ancillary service Testing on NEST building Incentive design for consumer participation
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