2018-2020 Erh-Chia Hsu

Environment-informed parametric morphology design

Abstract

The project has explored the possibility of utilizing environmental parameters to generate design morphologies that are fabricated from a biopolymer material. Design scripts have been generated through 3D printing fabrication language to develop the overall morphologies, which in turn correspond to the environmental parameters.

The project engages with the biopolymer material’s properties. This specific material is composed of local waste such as citrus peels and eggshells. The main concept is to recycle the local waste by transforming it into a material that can be used to develop façades and building materials. This material will be applied with the aid of 3D printing technologies. With the rapid development of 3D printing, the architectural instructions for robotic operations have become increasingly innovative. Integrating the material properties with the fabrication method, the design language, and the overall morphologies is of great importance for the architectural aspect. Surface morphology is a design method for producing a series of developed prototypes; in surface morphology, models are refined by adjusting parameters or topographies until the final surface geometries are generated (Steadman, 1983). Simultaneously, the fabrication formation process is greatly affected by climatic factors. For example, wind velocity and airflow circulation impact how long it takes for material to dry. The first chapter of this report introduces the importance of surface morphologies in architecture. In terms of the design language, the development of 3D printing technologies is related to the fabrication method and scripts. In general, the main focus of this project was to explore how the environment affects the fabrication process and generate the optimal morphologies to provide a feasible building environment.

Considering the above aspects, several case studies have been conducted to study how to combine these issues and develop further design methods. Several façade projects have produced surface patterns that accelerate airflow under a computational simulation (Gruber & Gosztonyi, 2010). Following a basic introduction, the present report presents the project design, which started with a series of 3D printing extrusion experiments. The 3D experiments aimed to explore the possibilities of extrusion language. Based on the developed design script, an experimental site was set up to examine whether the design script could feasibly demonstrate the design concepts. The environmental feedback from the computational fluid dynamics was refined to design scripts to generate the developed design morphologies.

In summary, this project aims to develop an overall morphology informed by the environment.

The resulting digital-aided design provides a detailed and data-based design process to predict how the environmental conditions involved in.

Design Morphology

Introduction P1-6

Literature Review P7-10

Design Methods P11-14

Design Project Macro 3D printed prototype design P15-22 Design application on experimental site P23-42 Design feedback from experiments P43-58 Environment-informed morphologies P59-92 Site context P93-106 Final design morphologies P107-134

SURFACE MORPHOLOGIES

This section provides an overview of surface morphologies of overall design geometries, computational simulations, and 3D printed extrusion design scripts. The project mainly discusses the issue in terms of specific biopolymer materials from waste food such as eggshells and citrus peels. Furthermore, exploring the relationship between biopolymer materials and architectural scale provides the potentialities of fabricating a new material as building and facade surface textures. However, in terms of material properties, the vital factors affecting the fabrication process can be discussed from an environmental perspective and leading to the overall geometries.

Fabrication is key in material properties when drying the material medium under hard conditions to utilize this specific biopolymer material. There are two kinds of material properties, namely soft and extended properties, and hard properties. As a result, this project aims to explore how to use these two properties and fabricate them on an architectural scale. Furthermore, the 3D printed robotic arms are operated to extrude the material and explore the assemble language.

As a result, exploring the relationship between the 3D printed fabrication method and final overall geometry morphologies is the focus of this project. There is specific design language according to the material properties and 3D printed extrusion, then, leading to the surface morphologies. Moreover, the environmental parameters can affect the overall morphologies and the formation of the material. The computational technology is based on logical steps or calculations to generate optimal surface morphologies for fabrication and to simulate environmental conditions. The proposed computational design generates digital forms with detailed data-based features. Environmental analysis software such as software that employs computational fluid dynamics (CFD) can be used to simulate the climate parameters and predict environmental relationships (Dunn, 2012).

1.1 Surface morphologies The project combines 3d printed extrusion language with geometries from environmental parameters. Though multiple factors affect the fabrication process, overall surface morphologies, and surface porosity can be discussed from an architectural and environmental perspective.

Environmental parameters are factors in material drying ability and airflow circulation, leading to the issue of surface morphologies.

Environmental factors have a significant impact on the fabrication process of this biopolymer material. Discussion of architectural surfaces entails discussion of surface morphology, which refers to building form. The term morphology is derived from the shape and form of organisms in biology. In illustrations developed by D’Arcy Wentworth Thompson, the deformation of coordinates is used to compare forms of species that belong to the same zoological class (Steadman, 1983, pp. 6–10) (Fig.1.a). Hence, from the perspective of biological morphology, morphology is used to show topological similitude. In architecture, in comparison, morphology refers to the form of a building, specifically to the geometries and patterns used to organize the spaces (Lewis, 1998, pp. 98–100). In terms of building forms, we can organize a plan, including structures and surfaces, using a similar approach to that used in biological morphology (Fig.1.b). Moreover, morphogenesis often addresses the evolutionary process of forms as the forms generate iterations (Steadman, 1983, pp. 2–19). For example, Daniel Richards developed architectural morphologies with the aim of producing a canopy computationally in response to daylight optimal balance (Dunn, 2012, p. 66) (Fig.2).

1

INTRODUCTION

SURFACE MORPHOLOGIES

(a)

(b)

(Fig.1) Topological similitude both in biology (a) and architecture (b) (Steadman, 1983, pp. 6–10)

(Fig.2) Architectural morphology development (Dunn, 2012, p. 66)

A fundamental part of some specific design processes is the production of a series of prototypes to explore various forms. For example, faulders studio (2008) tested different morphogenetic patterns for a façade, as the pattern affected the façade’s surface and porosity. The aim was to find a pattern that would provide privacy and buffer the weather outside to achieve multiple effects. Firstly, Dunn produced a series of patterned prototypes with porosity. Then he evaluated the characteristics of these prototypes to develop the next surface experiments (Fig.3). Faulders studio generated a layered skin system by overlapping the surfaces, changing density or enriching complexity through experiments. The final skin system is composed of two skins, each comprising unique porous patterns based on digital calculations, to create a dynamic boundary between public and private (Dunn, 2012, pp. 66–73) (Fig.4). Another parametric system was developed by Achim Menges. He developed surface geometries and used computational simulation to investigate related patterns of gravity load behaviour (Hensel, Menges, and Weinstock, 2015, pp. 158–181) (Fig.5) (Fig.6).

In short, different surface figurations can lead to various functions. By generating a series of surface morphologies, the optimal overall geometries can be generated to correspond with material properties and fabrication extrusion method. Furthermore, the overall surface morphologies can be discussed in architectural language.

(Fig.3) A series of prototypes to explore patterns (Dunn, 2012, p. 72)

(Fig.4) The dynamic layered facade (Dunn, 2012, p. 73)

INTRODUCTION

2

3D PRINTING EXTRUSION

(Fig.5) A series of surface morphologies tests (Hensel, Menges and Weinstock, 2015, p. 174)

(Fig.6) Physical model test (Hensel, Menges and Weinstock, 2015, p. 176)

1.2 3D printing extrusion The rapid development of 3D printing technologies and other new building digital techniques have transformed the manufacturing process and increased the value of the design or architecture. With the increasing role of digital manufacturing methods that simplify and accelerate the fabrication process, designers can create various applications of digital technologies (Leach et al., 2017, p. 60).

As numbers of architects and certain schools of architecture have begun to introduce new types of design practices to the rapidly expanding field of 3D printing, the fabrication of models on a larger scale requires the application of 3D printing. The advantages of 3D printing are 3D thinking and the understanding of material behaviour. For example, many artists and designers have explored the possibilities of generating flexible works out of rigid materials instead of using soft or expensive materials (Fig.7). As a result, there have arisen issues as to whether designers should reconsider the definition of architecture. New techniques such as mixing the different rates of the two materials during the extrusion process to achieve the colour change of the chair (Fig.8) have been employed. Furthermore, architects have engaged with exploring the possibilities of computation and digital-control manufacturing in order to bridge the 3D printing technologies and larger-scale architecture design. The first attempt at 3D printing on a large scale can be traced back to the research of Behrokh Khoshnevis at USC, who developed a fabrication process that was able to organize layers of material on an architectural scale. Moreover, Hansmeyer and Dillenburger at SoftKill Design proposed to 3D printing in a factory and deliver the pieces to the site for assembly. As a result, in a factory-like environment, the module unites can be printed and shipped to the site to assemble into large structures (Garcia & Retsin, 2015, pp. 331-334).

However, a larger body of research has looked into alternative low-cost and eco-friendly materials due to one of the constraints with 3D printing being the high cost of materials.

Designers and other scientists have begun to look for new possibilities in terms of materials (Leach et al., 2017, pp. 8-12). Furthermore, rapid prototyping is a series of technologies that is used to generate a model additively layer by layer. The main function of rapid prototyping systems is to manufacture 3D objects within a short period of time to cut down on product development.

3

INTRODUCTION

3D PRINTING EXTRUSION

(Fig.7) The 3d printing model demonstrates specific properties (Leach et al., 2017, p. 14)

(Fig.8) Chair fabricated by robotic 3d printing (Leach et al., 2017, p. 12)

These technologies have been applied in the biomedical field for a long time. Compared to engineering materials such as metals, ceramics, and polymers, bioengineering materials can be utilized in rapid prototyping systems (Chua, Leong, & An, 2014, pp. 1-10).

In conclusion, 3D printing technologies can be combined with biopolymer material to explore the potentialities of new building materials and facade systems. As a result, the relationship between the 3D printing extrusion language and computational design scripts is a primary issue for this project.

1.3 Computational and environmental analysis In this project, the generation of an overall geometry informed by environment includes environmental data simulation and fabrication language. Specifically, due to the material properties, the fabrication process is mainly affected by climate parameters such as wind velocity and solar radiation.

In contrast to traditional design methods, computational design is based on logical steps or calculations and generates digital forms. Initially, Computer-Aided Design (CAD) was the main tool used in the engineering and industrial design fields. CAD was applied widely in the development of cars and planes, among other products, in the 1970s. Computational models are highly detailed and able to store data; because of these characteristics, the models granted greater mobility in design, fabrication, and development in comparison with models produced via conventional methods (Fig.9). For example, CNC milling is a digital subtractive technology that applies data to manufacturing. Even when there is no signal input, the milling can still work by using data to inform matter (Carpo, 2016). However, even up until the 2000s, building forms did not really reflect the shift in digital concepts due to the fact that CAD only replaced drawings, and most buildings looked about the same. In the early 2010s, in specific projects,

INTRODUCTION

4

COMPUTATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS

Gehry & Associates finally developed the design process, using digital tools to produce highly innovative and complex geometry; at that point, the software and manufacturing processes started to advance (Dunn, 2012, pp. 14–23).

(Fig.9) Plant growth simulation based on computational technique that can store data and scripts to develop further design

Due to the increasing environmental changes, simulation approaches to architecture have since become an important part of integrating design with environmental conditions. Currently, designers manipulate digital simulation tools not only to create building forms but also to analyze and visualize the performance of those forms. Designers thereby obtain feedback and can compute factors of the environment, as well as the effects of certain materials, a form’s carbon footprint, or climate parameters, to predict how the design geometries will affect the personal and global environment. Thus, as a result of these design tools, which enable modeling and simulation of architectural environments, we can define the potentiality of space, surface, and meaning (Peters, 2018). For example, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is one of the fluid mechanics used to analyze and solve problems by employing algorithms and numerical approaches (Dunn, 2012, pp. 14–23).

As of 2019, a wide range of digital tools is available to manipulate geometries according to a specific perspective. Algorithms can be used to help solve problems in areas of mathematics.

Algorithmic architecture, for example, refers to the use of a scripting language that defines a series of clear instructions for carrying out a computational procedure. In comparison, a computer-based procedure that uses algorithmic logic helps designers to generate innovative possibilities of architectural forms and spaces (Dunn, 2012, pp. 60–65). A variety of mechanisms, patterns, and textures are exhibited in nature. One kind of design, biosimulation, studies the properties of nature in an effort to use digital tools to transfer those properties to design aspects. Through the process of generating biological design, biosimulation designers visualize the features of biology and connect design with nature (Fig.10). Dollens (2019), for example, aimed to integrate biological simulation and 3D parametric elements with digital design and growth experiments. One of Dollens’ experiments implemented a root and branch growth simulation, based on a structure of leaves and pods, in a series of bracing trusses (Dennis Dollens, 2009) (Fig.11).

In the computational design process used in this project, I use feedback data from the environment to refine the design outputs. Then, each design works are evaluated by analyzing the climate parameters on the site. Based on those results, the design outputs are refined further.

5

INTRODUCTION

AIMS

(Fig.10) Simulation of growth pattern

(Fig.11) Simulation of branching growth (Dennis Dollens, 2009)

1.4 Aims The project aims to generate overall design morphologies informed by environmental parameters that correspond to the biopolymer material properties and fabrication languages.

By analysing the on-site environmental statistics, the wind and solar radiation data are translated into simulation software. In terms of design scripts, combining the 3D printing extrusion language and material properties, the environmental simulation is used to generate the overall design morphologies.

1.5 Research questions The project asks two research questions to reflect the focus on two main elements, namely design application from environmental parameters, and overall design morphologies from fabrication language. a). How can environmental statistics be translated to generate digital simulations and computational designs? b). What strategies can be used to fabricate biopolymer materials with 3D printing extrusion to create a feasible design script?

1.6 Hypothesis The following hypothesis, which concerns the possibility of generating design morphologies informed by the environment, is based on the above two research questions: a). Investigate the possibilities of fabricating design geometry that offer optimal conditions for the biopolymer material, which is corresponding to weather feedback and fabrication language.

INTRODUCTION

6

PERFORMANCE OF SURFACE MORPHOLOGIES

2.1 Perfoemance of surface morphologies Different surface figuration parameters such as height and turbulence produce surface figurations with various environmental performances. In this section, two studies are discussed about the performance of different surface figurations.

Modulating thermal mass behavior through surface figuration / Dana Cupkova Cupkova’s (2017) study aimed to determine how surface figuration could be used to modulate thermal mass behavior. The study examined the relationship between geometric parameters and heat transfer coefficients in thermal mass passive systems. The first-stage experiment simulated how thermal behavior reacts to different shapes and sizes of surface variations and with different orientations (Fig.12). The experiment showed that the sinusoidal geometries have higher heat release but shorter heat lag, while the rectangular surfaces have a tendency to be the opposite because their shape cuts down the amount of direct surface contact between airflow and the geometric surface area.

Cupkova’s (2017) second-stage experiment was a physical experiment involving digital modeling, fabrication, and measuring. To test the relationship between surface figuration and heat behavior, Cupkova used Grasshopper to generate patterns to form panels with varied roughness and smoothness (Fig.13). As a result of Cupkova’s work, in the present project, I can generate surface morphology and test the different properties.

(Fig.12) Simulations of different shapes, sizes, and orientation profiles (Cupkova, 2017, p. 203)

(Fig.13) Surface morphology (Cupkova, 2017, p. 207)

Differentiated space frames / Dae Song Lee Hensel and Menges’ (2008) study aimed to use CFD analysis to investigate the relationship between the morphology of the structure system of an assembly form and the environment. After generating the geometries (Fig.14), the interrelation between system and environmental conditions was established and visualized, analyzed, and integrated into the design process. A range of variations was then profiled to exhibit the properties of porosity and different materials (Hensel and Menges, 2008) (Fig.15).

7

LITERATURE REVIEW

3D PRINTING EXTRUSION DESIGN

(Fig.14) The structural system profile of the gradient porosity (Hensel andMenges, 2008, p. 63)

(Fig.15) The surface affecting the climatic conditions (Hensel andMenges, 2008, p. 63)

2.2 3D printing extrusion design There are a number of specific design languages for 3D printing extrusion, namely 3D printing, printing layer by layer, and assemble printing pieces. The following projects demonstrate different 3D printing and design methods.

Microstrata / Maho Akita, Fame Ornruja Boonyasit, Syazwan Rusdi and Wonil Son The project investigated a design methodology from a sand-like material to bridge computational simulation and additive manufacturing. It was assumed that the sand material is an abstract demonstration to develop knowledge of the impact of 3D printing on reinforced methodology. In the computational process, a continuous network of channels is developed to follow the direction of predicted stress, with the inside of the material mass acting in compression (Fig.16). The fabrication process indicates that the main challenge is the optimization for channels to work with the demanding constraints of the actual casting process (Fig.17). In general, the project attempted to solve fabrication issues such as the channels becoming blocked, leading to the incomplete continuous structure and problems with connecting multiple elements (Fig.18).

(Fig.16) Computational simulation of design (Garcia and Retsin, 2015, p, 337)

(Fig.17) Robotic fabrication process (Fig.18) 3D Printed prototype (Garcia and Retsin, 2015, p, 338) (Garcia and Retsin, 2015, p, 338)

LITERATURE REVIEW

8

ENVIRONMENTAL SIMULATION AND DESIGN APPLICATION

MATAERIAL / Petr Novikov, Sasa Jokic and Joris Laarman Studio The project developed a new fabrication method and a design prototype called anti-gravity object modelling. This method is a new additive manufacturing that allows robots to 3D print independently and without support structures (Fig.19). The conventional additive manufacturing method is affected by the printing environment and gravity, which means that the design items that are irregular and nonhorizontal surfaces encounter a number of difficulties. However, the innovative technique of this project is able to extrude and neutralize during the fabrication process. Compared to the conventional 3D printing technique which is usually constrained by 2d layers stocking extrusion manners, the MATAERIAL gives the flexibility to make 3D curves (Novikov, Jokic and Studio, 2013)(Fig.20).

(Fig.19) 3d extrusion process (Novikov, Jokic and Studio, 2013)

(Fig.20) 3d curve models (Novikov, Jokic and Studio, 2013)

2.3 Environmental simulation and design application This chapter gives an overview of the current state-of-the-art methods for dealing with microclimates, and extreme conditions specifically. The series of examples presented in this chapter illuminates how other designers are dealing with microclimates.

Porous cast / Gabriel Sanchiz Garin Hensel and Menges (2008) project was inspired by the formation process of radiolaria and diatoms. The porous nature of the cells allows for various functions; when translated into architecture, this characteristic yields differentiated cast walls (Fig.21). A cast of the porous modes developed absorbed thermal energy and released it to the airflow because of the porosity (Fig.22) (Hensel and Menges, 2008pp. 60–61).

Jade Meteo Park / Philippe Rahm, Mosbach paysagistes and Ricky, Liu & Associates There are various approaches to dealing with local climate conditions. Jade Meteo Park is an

9

LITERATURE REVIEW

ENVIRONMENTAL SIMULATION AND DESIGN APPLICATION

(Fig.21) The porous models inspired by radiolaria and diatoms (Hensel and Menges, 2008, p. 60)

(Fig.22) Porous cast affects the surrounding airflow and thermal energy (Hensel and Menges, 2008, p. 61)

eco-park project designed by Philippe Rahm in Taichung, Taiwan. The park landscape project used high technology and took many aspects into consideration, such as public interaction, atmosphere, and maintenance devices. Analysis performed using CFD simulation showed 11 main climatic land areas in the park that formed the main areas for potential climatic interventions. Each of the 11 land areas had different properties of temperature, humidity, and air pollution conditions. The designers manipulated these microclimates through natural approaches and artificial manners such as high-tech devices. As a result, three main meteorium spaces emerged: the coolium, dryium, and clearium. Each space has different functions (Fig.23), and the least comfortable areas were employed as interior spaces or car parks. In the coolium, cooling devices were used to increase convection to exchange air through underground heat-exchange mechanisms. Shading, evaporation devices, and water chilling were also used to cool the space. By reacting to the three main spaces with appropriate interventions, the designers created a diverse microclimate experience and organized the spaces to host corresponding programmes (Garcia, 2014) (Fig.24).

(Fig.23) Ground floor plan demonstrates the three main spaces (Garcia, 2014, p. 82)

(Fig.24) Wind simulation indicating the influence of wind and the resulting cooling path (Garcia, 2014, p. 83)

LITERATURE REVIEW

10

DESIGN METHODS

Design methods The introduction and literature review provided the background and relevant case studies to establish the fundamental ideas of this project. Analysing the relevant projects can means that the present work is embedded in contemporary discourse.

In this project, several major software types were used, mainly to solve the design script issue and digital simulations. CFD and flow design were mainly used to simulate wind parameters, such as airflow variations or wind velocity change. In terms of the solar radiation, the plugin Ladybug (in Grasshopper) was used to simulate solar energy amounts on the surfaces over different times and seasons. After the environmental statistics analysis, the data was imported to the other design software, including Rhino, Grasshopper, and Houdini.

3.1 Design aspects from fabrication process The project involved examining biopolymer material properties and a robotic extrusion fabrication language. The design script of the final overall morphologies was supposed to correspond to the 3D printing extrusion language. Furthermore, based on the concepts of biopolymer material research from colleagues, the material is utilized in a modular system to develop further fabrication. The first stage of this project was determining the 3D printing extrusion language and develop feasible design scripts. Furthermore, the module made of biopolymer material was an at a main fabrication method in this project. The development of the overall design morphology from the modular system is the main design issue discussed in the following chapter.

3.2 Design aspects from environmental parameters Considering the material properties and fabrication process, the environmental data that can affect the material drying process has become essential. For example, a strong wind can accelerate the drying process and aid in forming the models. Therefore, the wind and solar radiation parameters become the main environmental data to be used as design reference.

In terms of design, the pedestrian path was also involved. This path can have an impact on site plan of installation, including massing study and the relevant landscape design. As such, the porosity and openings of the surfaces provide a shading area related to solar energy. By analysing the amount of solar radiation, the thickness and multiple layers of surfaces can be determined by creating the shading area variations on the site. Furthermore, the overall shape is informed in that the design scripts are related to the aerodynamic shape language.

11

DESIGN METHODS

SOFTWARE APLLICATION

DESIGN METHODS

12

MORPHOLOGIES ASPECT FROM FABRICATION

13

DESIGN METHODS

ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECT

DESIGN METHODS

14

EXTRUSION SURFACE EXPERIMENT

4.1 3D printed prototype design This chapter presents the 3D printed extrusion simulation and proposes further surface experiments. From simple surface tests to more specific and complex extrusion manners, there exist design criteria that must be followed in the further morphology design, such as pattern path, density between each path, and basic surfaces underneath.

4.1.1 Extrusion surface experiment This project was based on the biopolymer material and aimed to fabricate this specific material as a 3D printed extrusion design element. In order to manufacture the final architectural canopy or pavilion, the 3D printed technique was considered the starting point in this project.

Furthermore, the surface pattern and fabrication scale were related to the final architectural morphology.

To start this project, the basic extrusion tests on the various surfaces were necessary to draw conclusions. As the biopolymer material was extruded by the robotic arm, the speed of extrusion, the surfaces underneath, and the radius of tubes had a significant influence on the final extruded outputs. As a result, the basic simulations in 3D models were generated to determine the relationship between the variables and the final geometry outputs. In the primitive experiment, the basic surface was placed underneath the robotic arm. As the path scripts were read by the program, the material was extruded and dripped onto the surface. From spiral pattern a to d, it was apparent that the radius of tubes affected the extrusion morphology and created the various effects in terms of visibility and thickness of the panels. Furthermore, in this series of spiral pattern tests, it was found that the different angles of the surface caused the transformation compared to the initial path scripts. From spiral pattern e, it can be seen that the steeper area led to larger openings than the flat area. When the different pattern was projected onto surfaces, the openings were more obvious than previous patterns (Fig.25). According to the series of simple extrusion tests, the relationship between the extrusion variable and final geometry outputs were concluded and prepared for further complex simulations.

In further experiments, more abnormal patterns were generated and extruded onto the surfaces.

For example, in spiral pattern a and grid pattern b, the spiral was deformed to create more variations according to the different angles of surface. In the meantime, the surface is deformed to a bumpy surface. Then, the deformations from initial path scripts to extrusion outputs are different compared to the previous basic tests. A series of various patterns were then extruded onto the surfaces and contributed to the different design outputs (Fig.26). Because of the characteristics of this kind of fabrication method, the whole panel unit was porous. Then, the two different surfaces are overlapped to present the double-layer effects. As the various surface patterns assembled, the views looking through the surfaces were distinct. However, the area that the robotic arm could reach was limited. Therefore, if the width and height are too large, it is necessary to assemble the smaller components together, such as by stocking several extrusion pieces to achieve a column (Fig.27).

There was a relationship between extrusion methods and final surface morphology. Based on the conclusion of the experiment conclusion, this kind of criteria may be the design definition for further design morphology.

15

3D PRINTED PROTOTYPE DESIGN

EXTRUSION SURFACE EXPERIMENT

Robotic arm

Path scripts

onto a surface

Spiral pattern (a)

Spiral pattern (b)

Spiral pattern (c)

Spiral pattern (d)

Steep surface Spiral pattern (e)

(Fig.25) Extrusion experiment on surfaces 3D PRINTED PROTOTYPE DESIGN

16

EXTRUSION SURFACE EXPERIMENT

Spiral pattern (a)

Gird pattern (c)

Grid pattern (b)

Grid on bump surface (d)

Continuos line (e)

(Fig.26) Further extrusion experiment 17

3D PRINTED PROTOTYPE DESIGN

EXTRUSION SURFACE EXPERIMENT

Double layer surfaces (f)

Double layer surfaces (g)

Double layer surfaces (h)

Bump surface (i)

Dripping properties (j)

Column (k)

Height limited

Assemble units to achieve height

(Fig.27) Extrusion experiment variations 3D PRINTED PROTOTYPE DESIGN

18

SCRIPTS ON FURNITURE SCALE

4.1.2 Modular systems and overall design language Based on existing research and the conclusions drawn in this paper, it is clear that the relationship between extrusion methods and basic surfaces is strong and vital. However, the area that robot arm can extrude from is limited in fifty centimetres in width and length. To achieve this constraint, further tests of design geometries were conducted to make fabrication outputs feasible.

In the beginning, the design scripts were created from layers to demonstrate the concepts of 3D printed extrusion language. There are several conceptual process models showed, while there are on the furniture scale (Fig.28). The layering scripts were then operated as a new canopy on the experimental site. In terms of this script, the functional area and programs were set up in the beginning to generate a massing study. The massing box was then subdivided to create the overall shape and openings. The whole volume was sliced to create a sense of extrusion technique (Fig.29). This language was applied onto the existing building on the experimental site to demonstrate the layering concept.

Division

Buldge

Openings

Openings

(Fig.28) Furniture scale 19

3D PRINTED PROTOTYPE DESIGN

DESIGN SCRIPT STUDY

Massing

Geometry / Openings

Slicing

Houses

Houses Reception

Circulation

Function / Program

Connection

Experimental site

(Fig.29) Furniture scale 3D PRINTED PROTOTYPE DESIGN

20

Wind intervention

MODULAR SYSTEMS

Surfaces

Solar radiation

Structure : Space frame

Openings / Porosity

Space frame Material scaffold

Drapping biopolymer material

(Fig.30) Modular systems : Space frame 21

3D PRINTED PROTOTYPE DESIGN

MODULAR SYSTEMS

However, the layering script has a number of size limitations. In order to address the scale issue, the modular systems were proposed. Furthermore, the space frame is a rigid, lightweight, trusslike structure constructed from interlocking struts in a geometric pattern (Fig.30). While there are several pieces of canopies crossing the existing walls, the space frame system can compose overall shapes. Moreover, the biopolymer modular units can be fixed onto the space frame to make a porous roof (Fig.31).

Across these two kinds of script languages, the aims were to figure out the feasible fabrication manners and the overall design geometries, which are corresponded to material properties. As a result, following the experimental script studies, the following sections discuss the possibilities for further computational simulations.

Space frame structure

Biopolymer facade material

(Fig.31) Modules on design surfaces 3D PRINTED PROTOTYPE DESIGN

22

SITE LOCATION

4.2 Design application on experimental site The previous chapter developed a design script, whereas the following sections discuss a Greek island as an experimental site to examine the feasibilities of design strategies. The section begins with a site analysis to determine the importance of the weather conditions affecting the material morphology. Based on weather statistics, design morphologies are developed to demonstrate the relationship between material properties and environmental factors.

4.2.1 Site analysis Weather parameters are vital for the material in this project to analyse the site conditions and conclude that the use of environmental data is necessary to optimize the biopolymer fabrication process.

The Greek island of Milos is located in the temperate zone and is a Mediterranean climate characterized by hot, dry summers and cool, wet winters. Based on the location shown in the diagram, Milos is characterized by a climate similar to that of Santorini. Although Milos seems to own similar tourism advantages as other prosperous tourism islands, the tourism economy on Milos is limited due to some specific local issues (Fig.32).

Greek islands are mainly characterized by one climate type, allowing for the development of the tourism industry. Because of the dry summer of this specific climate type, the region is attractive to tourists. Furthermore, because of the Mediterranean climate, the wind mostly blows from the North East and between July and August, which is called Meltemi wind (Fig.33).

In Milos, the local mining industries conflict with the tourism industry. In order to solve both mining and tourism issues, the aim of the design was to utilize the existing mining site as a functional tourism building. As a biopolymer material was utilized in this project, the local waste could be collected and used to generate building materials. Moreover, given that the hot dry summer could combine the tourism program to enhance the fabrication process, while the rainy winter could be used to collect the biopolymer material, the experimental site is placed on an abandoned mine on Thiorichia Beach (Fig.34). In the fabrication process, the biopolymer material was expected to be built onto the existing building structure as a canopy. Therefore, in accordance with the local weather and tourism conditions, the program may be defined by seasonal change. For example, the citrus peel can be collected in the winter preparation phase whereas tourists can assist the material fabrication in the summer.

The photos and section analysis are shown in the diagram, while the existing abandoned mine has basic walls but no roof. The design was expected to build a canopy covering across the structure to create the interior space (Fig.35). Because of the material properties, the fabrication process was significantly affected by environmental parameters such as wind and solar radiation. In the section analysis, basic environmental data such as vegetation areas and coastal conditions were presented (Fig.36).

23

DESIGN APPLICATION ON EXPERIMENTAL SITE

SITE LOCATION

Arctic circle Temperate zone Tropic of cancer Equator

Athens Santorini Greece

Milos

Main port

SITE : Thiorichia Beach

(Fig.32) Milos, Greek DESIGN APPLICATION ON EXPERIMENTAL SITE

24

SITE ANALYSIS

Wind Speed (kts)

Solar - Daylength (HR)

Temperature (Celcius)

Humidity (mm)

25

DESIGN APPLICATION ON EXPERIMENTAL SITE

Volcanic Greek island

Meltemi winds

Mediterranean climate

Tourism

(Fig.33) Weather data and features

SEASONAL PROGRAM

Abandoned mine structure

Design facade material

Massing study Building material : Soft properties Hard properties

3D printer

(Fig.34) Fabrication process changes seasonally DESIGN APPLICATION ON EXPERIMENTAL SITE

26

SITE ANALYSIS

Site context

Site View

A

B

C

(Fig.35) Site plan 27

DESIGN APPLICATION ON EXPERIMENTAL SITE

D

E

SITE ANALYSIS

(Fig.36) Site elevation DESIGN APPLICATION ON EXPERIMENTAL SITE

28

CONCEPTUAL SECTION

4.2.2 Massing study on the site The project was based on the biopolymer material and aimed to fabricate this specific material with a3D printed extrusion technique. The design was begun with massing studies in order to apply the design scripts to them and examine the possibilities of the concepts of 3D printed extrusion fabrication.

In the beginning, there is some conceptual section to study the different space experience.

The aim of this experimental design was to generate a canopy over the old structure; section iterations showed the various possibilities of the space. Two kinds of design scripts were used in the previous design process. The feasible design script was intended to meet the standards of 3D printed extrusion language and canopy structures. Hence, the multilayer design script was applied as the design strategy (Fig.37).

In the massing study, there were three types of architecture prototypes studied, namely towers, block, and huts, from larger to smaller unit scales. In general, the massing study aimed to utilize one building scale to build on the site and test the space experience of each type. For instance, if the whole project was designed by the tower system, the human circulation and overall building height were different from the huts type. In the massing analysis, the features of three types of massing. Therefore, the block type could divide space clearly and own the individual program. As a result, the conclusion of each type was able to be utilized to develop further design volume (Fig.38).

Due to the different functions of the program, further detail was added to the basic volume. The solar radiation was a necessary environmental factor that may affect material fabrication. For example, a high solar radiation area can dry more materials, meaning a higher porosity facade and more material being utilized. Moreover, across the various program, the facade porosity can lead to different shading areas (Fig.39).

Based on the detailed massing study, the multilayer design script was applied. Based on this conceptual plan, the existing structure was covered by the new canopy. The canopy went from one wall to another, and there were supporting legs underneath some of the ceilings (Fig.40).

The aim of the canopy experimental design was to examine whether the design script was corresponding to the material properties and fabrication concept. For further tests, a detailed design was conducted to see if the design language could be utilized.

29

DESIGN APPLICATION ON EXPERIMENTAL SITE

CONCEPTUAL SECTION

Walls

Surface textures

(Fig.37) Design script on section DESIGN APPLICATION ON EXPERIMENTAL SITE

30

MASSING STUDY

Towers

Block

Huts

(Fig.38) Massing studies for three types 31

DESIGN APPLICATION ON EXPERIMENTAL SITE

FACADE POROSITY

Volume studies

Add detail in volume

Height variations

Complete circulation

Divide space clearly

Individual program

Solar radiation variation

Dense facade

Loose facade

More connection needed

Dispersed circulation

(Fig.39) Porosity from solar radiation DESIGN APPLICATION ON EXPERIMENTAL SITE

32

CONCEPTUAL DESIGN

Tower and house clusters

Reception and surroundings

33

DESIGN APPLICATION ON EXPERIMENTAL SITE

CONCEPTUAL DESIGN

(Fig.40) Conceptual Space study : Plan / Section DESIGN APPLICATION ON EXPERIMENTAL SITE

34

MORPHOLOGY INFORMED BY WIND

4.2.3 Deisgn iterations The initial concept of the design script was to present a multilayer of the facade to demonstrate the material properties and 3D printed extrusion criteria. Furthermore, based on the environmental parameters, the overall design morphology was deformed and reacting to the wind and solar radiation variations.

In the beginning, the existing site was analysed in CFD to record the wind data in order to translate environmental analysis data into design software. From the wind analysis diagrams, it is apparent that that different plan of the space led to wind velocity variations. A more intense wind velocity area can dry more material. Based on this material property design strategy, more surface layers can be created in a stronger wind area. Furthermore, the level of multilayer surfaces can be added based on the program and the function of the space. For example, if a program is designed for a self-circulation room, there may be openings on the canopy to direct airflow into the room (Fig.41).

There are four kinds of methods that can be used to explore the possibilities of design scripts, from draping network facade, folding, the curvature of surfaces, and extrusion pattern surfaces.

Among the four kinds of scripts, the iterations mainly demonstrate space experience and facade visibility from interior space. For instance, the draping network type is assembled from several modular tiles, making the facade porosity much more apparent than other types (Fig.42).

The features of the series of iteration were combined to develop another design morphology.

In terms of the function, the surfaces may be designed to direct wind (Fig.43) or separate wind (Fig.44). Firstly, CFD analyses wind velocity distribution on the initial old structure site. Based on the wind analysis diagram, the openings and surface morphologies were determined, and the overall shapes were deformed to the optimum morphologies to increase and decrease airflow.

The overall surface morphologies were generated from the wind analysis, whereas the facade porosity was the result of solar radiation. Based on the solar radiation analysis, each area on the surface was exposed to a different amount of solar radiation. Therefore, the more that an area is exposed to sunshine, the more material can be dried (Fig.45). Furthermore, according to the program, the canopy provides a shading area. When combining the solar radiation analysis with shading consideration of function, the facade material density can be determined. As a result, the biopolymer material was extruded onto the modular units, while each module was fixed onto the space frame structure (Fig.46).

35

DESIGN APPLICATION ON EXPERIMENTAL SITE

MORPHOLOGY INFORMED BY WIND Wind Velocity

Drying material

Surface layers

Downwind roof

Directing wind : Openings

(Fig.41) Surfaces informed by wind analysis DESIGN APPLICATION ON EXPERIMENTAL SITE

36

DESIGN ITERATIONS

Iteration A

Iteration B

Drapping network

Multilayers : Folding

(Fig.42) Design iterations 37

DESIGN APPLICATION ON EXPERIMENTAL SITE

DESIGN ITERATIONS

Iteration C

Iteration D

Multilayers : curvature of surfaces

Multilayers : extrusion pattern surfaces

(Fig.42) Design iterations DESIGN APPLICATION ON EXPERIMENTAL SITE

38

DESIGN ITERATIONS

Directing wind : Openings

(Fig.43) Directing wind : Openings 39

DESIGN APPLICATION ON EXPERIMENTAL SITE

DESIGN ITERATIONS

Downwind roof

(Fig.44) Separate wind : Aerodynamic shape DESIGN APPLICATION ON EXPERIMENTAL SITE

40

DESIGN ITERATIONS

(Fig.45) Modular systems on surface morphologies 41

DESIGN APPLICATION ON EXPERIMENTAL SITE

DESIGN ITERATIONS

(Fig.46) The relationship between wind analysis and design morphologies DESIGN APPLICATION ON EXPERIMENTAL SITE

42

WIND FEEDBACK FROM DESIGN GEOMETRIES

4.3 Design feedback from experiments The previous design on the experimental site aimed to explore the possibilities of design scripts and test whether they worked or not. In this section, the environmental analysis in CFD is discussed and the feedback from morphology can refine further design strategies.

4.3.1 Environmental analysis from design geometries There are two types of design morphologies that demonstrate different concepts, including direct wind and separate airflow. In order to test whether the experimental design morphologies can define different functions of space, the section drawings were imported into CFD to generate an airflow analysis. In wind analysis, the gradient diagrams simulate the wind involving and leading to airflow turbulence inside the rooms. Based on the analysis feedback from the design morphologies, the program was defined as an exhibition or space for airflow circulation in high wind velocity areas, whereas the weak wind area was defined as a waiting area and a lobby for human uses (Fig.47).

However, based on the analysis diagrams, the contrast between the two kinds of design types is not apparent. As a result, it was necessary to refine the design language in the further design study. Additionally, the airflow analysis demonstrated design criteria such as surface features that affect wind turbulence.

Given that the surface features are related to wind direction and turbulence, the further experiment involved testing how geometries lead to wind direction variations. At first, the sophisticated geometries were analysed to test the relationship between surface features and airflow. For three types of geometries, the initial wind was set from the right at 10 cm/s. It was demonstrated how the wind velocity changing related to the surface features. As a result, the diagrams were analysed by the colours to depict the different intensities of airflow, from highwind areas to low-wind areas. From the wind analysis diagrams, it was apparent that the red area usually occurred when airflow blew through the narrow gap, whereas there is no wind blew through the large massing geometries (Fig.48) (Fig.50). As a result, based on the area calculation diagrams, the large continuous geometry has a higher percentage of low-wind areas, while the section with more fragments had a stronger wind area due to the narrow gap dividing airflows (Fig.49) (Fig.51).

43

DESIGN FEEDBACK FROM EXPERIMENTS

WIND FEEDBACK FROM DESIGN GEOMETRIES

Directing wind : Openings

Exhibition

Airflow circulation

Isolation : Aerodynamic shape

Waiting area

Lobby

Pedestrian area Wind velocity Effects of drying

Dense facade

Loose facade

(Fig.47) Wind analysis from surface morphologies DESIGN FEEDBACK FROM EXPERIMENTS

44

WIND ANALYSIS FROM SECTION

Maximum speed

Initial wind direction (10 cm/s)

45

DESIGN FEEDBACK FROM EXPERIMENTS

WIND ANALYSIS FROM SECTION

Strong wind

Minimum speed

(Fig.48) Wind velocity analysis from sections DESIGN FEEDBACK FROM EXPERIMENTS

46

WIND ANALYSIS FROM SECTION

100 % Maximum speed

3.1 % 5.05 %

24.7 %

8.64 %

DESIGN FEEDBACK FROM EXPERIMENTS

18.7 %

47

14.35 % Initial wind direction (10 cm/s)

WIND ANALYSIS FROM SECTION

Strong wind

Minimum speed

25.44 %

11.67 %

22.53 %

15.42 %

30.64 %

14.7 %

(Fig.49) Wind velocity area calculations DESIGN FEEDBACK FROM EXPERIMENTS

48

WIND ANALYSIS FROM SECTION

Initial wind direction (10 cm/s)

49

DESIGN FEEDBACK FROM EXPERIMENTS

WIND ANALYSIS FROM SECTION

(Fig.50) Wind velocity analysis from sections DESIGN FEEDBACK FROM EXPERIMENTS

50

WIND ANALYSIS FROM SECTION

100 %

0% 4.65 %

28.43 %

16.7 %

DESIGN FEEDBACK FROM EXPERIMENTS

8.67 %

51

9.32 % Initial wind direction (10 cm/s)

WIND ANALYSIS FROM SECTION

23.26 %

20.5 %

27.75 %

14.02 %

26.61 %

7.54 %

(Fig.51) Wind velocity area calculations DESIGN FEEDBACK FROM EXPERIMENTS

52

CFD ANALYSIS OF SURFACE FEATURES

4.3.2 Surface features causing environmental variations Following the section analysis experiments, the simple surface prototypes were generated in order to be tested in CFD wind simulations. Based on the initial pattern, there was only gap variations deformation. Developed on the initial model, there were several deformed models, including multiple layers, draping curves, and flowing curves (Fig.52). In terms of environmental analysis simulation, the models were cut into section pieces in order to be imported into CFD. As a clipping plane moving along the wind simulation, the wind velocity changed according to the different surface features (Fig.53). As a result, based on the surface prototypes, there were a series of developed models analysed in CFD. Based on the wind velocity analysis diagrams, certain surface features led the airflow turbulence (Fig.54).

Mutiple layers

Gap vatiation

Deformation

Drapping deformation

(Fig.52) Surface prototypes 53

DESIGN FEEDBACK FROM EXPERIMENTS

Flowing curves

CFD ANALYSIS OF SURFACE FEATURES

Section

CFD simulation

CFD simulation

Section

Section

CFD simulation

(Fig.53) Surface experiment analysis DESIGN FEEDBACK FROM EXPERIMENTS

54

CFD ANALYSIS OF SURFACE FEATURES

(Fig.54) Surface f 55

DESIGN FEEDBACK FROM EXPERIMENTS

CFD ANALYSIS OF SURFACE FEATURES

feature variations DESIGN FEEDBACK FROM EXPERIMENTS

56

SOLAR RADIATION

4.3.3 CFD environmental analysis defining the functional area The surface features have an impact on the function of a space. The canopy can provide shading areas for people to stay temporarily, while the overall geometry of buildings can create areas without airflow circulations.

The project began with material properties, specifically that surface materials exposed to solar energy dry quickly. Aside from material aspects, the project being developed on an architectural scale, human activity, and space experience are discussed in this section. In other words, the program can be defined by an environmental analysis, which varies based on the building morphology design. For example, the canopy provides a shading area, which is defined as the exhibition area to experience a more pleasant space atmosphere (Fig.55).

Another design parameter, wind statistics, is involved in human activities. Wind factors are closely related to human comfort. The overall shape affects wind direction, whereas the specific geometries can speed upwind velocity (Fig.56). As a result, the design morphology and human activity are supposed to be considered together to provide an optimal building environment.

Inense

Fabrication area

Human acivities

Weak

(Fig.55) Solar radiation defines function 57

DESIGN FEEDBACK FROM EXPERIMENTS

WIND PARAMETER

(Fig.56) Wind pararmeter defines function DESIGN FEEDBACK FROM EXPERIMENTS

58

DESIGN STRATEGY

4.4 Environmental-informed morphologies This project studies the possibility of utilizing environmental parameters to generate design morphologies fabricated from a biopolymer material. This study generated design scripts through environmental deformation language to develop the overall morphologies, which corresponded to the site and characteristics of the building material. This section studies the design scripts in terms of climatic data visualization and environmental-oriented morphology.

4.4.1 Wind path visualization The first stage of generating an environment-informed script was to translate climatic data into the software. The wind statistics such as wind speed and direction were able to be analysed in CFD simulations.

In using the data, the wind path visualization was set for the beginning to start the script study.

In order to import climatic data into the software, a site analysis was first performed. The site environment was built-in CFD, and the data was visualized as simulation diagrams. For the wind data, the simulation diagrams showed the wind velocity variations and wind direction.

This information was imported as a curve in Rhino. Furthermore, the point cloud was assumed as a design method to visualize the winding path. The wind-informed morphology was then developed based on the winding path visualization process (Fig.57).

The main climatic parameter in this project was wind and solar radiation. In this chapter, the wind data was translated from the analysed diagram into a design component in Grasshopper software. In general, the analysed output can be converted as a curve in Rhino, the path creating the turbulence to form the "vector" in Grasshopper. Due to the vector and the point cloud moves, the winding path was generated (Fig.58). By playing with the point cloud and vector deformation, the overall geometry was attracted by wind or opposite to vector. Then, the wind-informed morphology script was generated in a 2D aspect (Fig.59). The series of iterations demonstrated the geometries of two different functional morphologies, including shape directing wind and aerodynamic shape (Fig.60) (Fig.61). In comparison, the section wind analysis shows that the airflow of two types of canopies expresses the different environmental outputs (Fig.62).

The previous script experiment showed a 2D point of cloud distribution. Furthermore, the overall geometry is 3D. Further development operates the 3D point of cloud (Fig.63). In this case, the z-axis has to be re-defined to distribute the points. Overall, the 3D script follows the same criteria as the 2D script, though the radius and strength of the vector have to be more accurate to develop a more accurate formation. From further iterations, it is clear that the grid of points moving and display a sense of wind path (Fig.64). Based on the design script, the windinformed morphology is developed and demonstrate an aerodynamic overall shape (Fig.65).

59

ENVIRONMENTAL-INFORMED MORPHOLOGIES

DESIGN STRATEGY

Weather data / climatic statistics / Information

DATA TRANSLATION

Environmenta simulation

SOLAR RADIATION

Color attribute

Data visualisation

WIND PARAMETER

Particle : Point cloud dstribution

(Fig.57) Environmental data visualisation process

ENVIRONMENTAL-INFORMED MORPHOLOGIES

60

SCRIPT STUDY : DIRECTING WIND / OPENINGS

Primitive grid

Attractor

61

Wind path

ENVIRONMENTAL-INFORMED MORPHOLOGIES

Vector field

Deformation of point c

cloud

SCRIPT STUDY : DIRECTING WIND / OPENINGS

Deformation from wind / attractor

Wind-informed morphologies

(Fig.58) 2D wind-oriented morphology script : Directing wind / Openings

ENVIRONMENTAL-INFORMED MORPHOLOGIES

62

ITERATION

Iteration A

Deformation

Point colud distribution

Mesh wires

(Fig.59) Iterations : 2D script : Directing wind / Openings

63

ENVIRONMENTAL-INFORMED MORPHOLOGIES

ITERATION

Iteration A

Deformation

Point colud distribution

Mesh wires

(Fig.59) Iterations : 2D script : Directing wind / Openings

ENVIRONMENTAL-INFORMED MORPHOLOGIES

64

SCRIPT STUDY : AERODYNAMIC SHAPE

Primitive grid

Attractor

65

Wind path

ENVIRONMENTAL-INFORMED MORPHOLOGIES

Vector field

Deformation of point c

cloud

SCRIPT STUDY : AERODYNAMIC SHAPE

Deformation from wind / attractor

Wind-informed morphologies

(Fig.60) 2D wind-oriented morphology script : Aerodynamic shape

ENVIRONMENTAL-INFORMED MORPHOLOGIES

66

ITERATION

Iteration A

Deformation

Point colud distribution

Mesh wires

(Fig.61) Iterations : 2D script : Aerodynamic shape

67

ENVIRONMENTAL-INFORMED MORPHOLOGIES

ITERATION

Iteration A

Deformation

Point colud distribution

Mesh wires

(Fig.61) Iterations : 2D script : Aerodynamic shape

ENVIRONMENTAL-INFORMED MORPHOLOGIES

68

COMPARISON BETWEEN TWO SCRIPTS

Directing wind / openings

69

ENVIRONMENTAL-INFORMED MORPHOLOGIES

Section : wind direction analysis

COMPARISON BETWEEN TWO SCRIPTS

Aerodynamic shape

Section : wind direction analysis

(Fig.62) Comparison between two types : Directing / separating wind

ENVIRONMENTAL-INFORMED MORPHOLOGIES

70

SCRIPT STUDY : 3D WIND VISUALISATION

Primitive grid

71

ENVIRONMENTAL-INFORMED MORPHOLOGIES

Vector field

SCRIPT STUDY : 3D WIND VISUALISATION

Deformation from wind / attractor

Wind-informed morphologies

(Fig.63) 3D wind-oriented morphology script ENVIRONMENTAL-INFORMED MORPHOLOGIES

72

DETAILED GEOMETRIES

(Fig.64) Iterations : 3D wind-oriented morphology script

73

ENVIRONMENTAL-INFORMED MORPHOLOGIES

DETAILED GEOMETRIES

(Fig.64) Iterations : 3D wind-oriented morphology script

ENVIRONMENTAL-INFORMED MORPHOLOGIES

74

ITERATIONS

(Fig.65) Iterations : Overall geometries informed by wind

75

ENVIRONMENTAL-INFORMED MORPHOLOGIES

ITERATIONS

(Fig.65) Iterations : Overall geometries informed by wind

ENVIRONMENTAL-INFORMED MORPHOLOGIES

76

MESH REFINEMENT BY SOLAR RADIATION

4.4.2 Porosity informed by solar analysis Solar radiation mainly affects the porosity of surfaces, material density, and shading area for humans. The solar radiation data was utilized in the final stage of this research to determine the porosity of the surfaces for the final geometry. Furthermore, according to human activities, the thickness of surfaces would be deformed to achieve the expected program experience.

The solar radiation analysis was the final stage in refining the final geometry in terms of the surface variations to achieve the optimal environmental design. The solar radiation analysis on the surface was mainly simulated in Ladybug, the plug-in for Grasshopper. In the study process, the simulation factors included the undulating surface itself, surrounding buildings, month, and time (Fig.66). As a result, the solar radiation on the surface is constantly changing. On any given day or during any given month, the shading area shifts and changes. In order to import the simulation results in a parametric way in Grasshopper, all results were overlapped to display an overall conclusion in terms of solar radiation data (Fig.67). The simulation is mainly drawn in a gradient-coloured diagram. In the translation process, the main design method to resolve the outputs is to utilize the colour attribute. In other words, the component in Grasshopper is mostly used to split colour attributes and blend as a concluded result. Then, the colour has the corresponded numeric value, which becomes the main design value to be operated.

The final surface was analysed to capture the colour attribute result. There was a series of simulations in terms of a different time for each month. All simulations were overlapped and blended to achieve a balance solar radiation output. According to the diagram, a certain numeric value was defined and arranged to be worked. For example, porosity is closely associated with solar energy on surfaces. If the surface is exposed to more solar energy, the more material can be dried. The dense material fabrication was designed for areas that experience enough solar radiation. From the perspective of the shading area underneath, a key issue was related to human activity. Once the canopy covers the landscape and provides a certain shading area, the function is defined as human use, such as exhibition space or as space for rest (Fig.68).

77

ENVIRONMENTAL-INFORMED MORPHOLOGIES

MESH REFINEMENT BY SOLAR RADIATION

Geometry : self-shading

Surfaces

Surrounding buildings

(Fig.66) Factors refining surfaces

ENVIRONMENTAL-INFORMED MORPHOLOGIES

78

SIMULATION RESULT

79

August 8 am

August 11 am

January 8 am

January 11 am

ENVIRONMENTAL-INFORMED MORPHOLOGIES

SIMULATION RESULT

August 17 pm

Overlapped result diagram

January 17 pm

(Fig.67) Arrange solar radiation simulation outputs

ENVIRONMENTAL-INFORMED MORPHOLOGIES

80

SCRIPT STUDY : SURFACE FEATURE

Solar radiation analysis result

81

ENVIRONMENTAL-INFORMED MORPHOLOGIES

Analyse color attribute : Color split

SCRIPT STUDY : SURFACE FEATURE

in Grasshopper

Density / Porosity Variations

(Fig.68) Surface features informed by solar data

ENVIRONMENTAL-INFORMED MORPHOLOGIES

82

ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLE : WIND

4.4.3 Design applications The design scripts in terms of wind parameters and solar radiation were developed in the previous chapter. In terms of further design applications, the environmental-oriented design script was used for site applications to verify the potential of the coding.

The experimental site was Milos, a Greek island. On this island, the prevailing wind mostly comes from the north. The existing buildings on the site are defined as a simulation environment (Fig.69). As the north wind blows over the existing buildings, airflow turbulence is generated on the site. From the wind analysis diagram, the winding path can be visualized to form a volume.

A second wind analysis was simulated to capture the aimed point cloud, which is utilized as a starting point to form an overall shape (Fig.69).

Main wind direction : from NORTH

83

ENVIRONMENTAL-INFORMED MORPHOLOGIES

ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLE : WIND

Wind path simulation

Movement of points informed by wind

Section of wind path visualisation Visulise wind wind

Wind analysis

Wind analysis in CFD : Section

Point clouds distribution Retrieve the aimed points as the original points of volume

(Fig.69) Initial wind defining overall geometries ENVIRONMENTAL-INFORMED MORPHOLOGIES

84

OVERALL DEFORMATION

Using a point cloud, certain points were taken to form different functional geometries, including aerodynamic shape and openings. Depending on the programs, the point cloud extends to form linear curves. In the section diagrams, it is shown that the overall morphologies achieved the corresponding function for human uses (Fig.70) (Fig.71).

After the surface morphologies had been deformed, the detail on the surfaces, such as porosity and density of the material, were defined. The final surfaces were imported to analyse the solar radiation amount. The results with the colour attributes were analysed with a populated comparable point cloud distribution. Based on this analysis, the thickness and porosity of surfaces were deformed accordingly (Fig.72).

85

ENVIRONMENTAL-INFORMED MORPHOLOGIES

OVERALL DEFORMATION

Human circulation / Interior space

Material dring area

Aerodynamic shape : separate wind

Directing wind

(Fig.70) Overall geometry morphologies

ENVIRONMENTAL-INFORMED MORPHOLOGIES

86

OVERALL DEFORMATION

87

ENVIRONMENTAL-INFORMED MORPHOLOGIES

OVERALL DEFORMATION

Function / Program : Shape / Volume

(Fig.71) Site plan / section : Function

ENVIRONMENTAL-INFORMED MORPHOLOGIES

88

ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLE : SOLAR RADIATION

Solar radiation analys

89

ENVIRONMENTAL-INFORMED MORPHOLOGIES

ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLE : SOLAR RADIATION

Populate point cloud on surfaces

VDB radius

sis

Thickness / Porosity variations

(Fig.72) Solar radiation on the surfaces defining porosity / thickness

ENVIRONMENTAL-INFORMED MORPHOLOGIES

90

PHYSICAL MODEL

(Fig.73) Physical model made by mesh wires and powder printing

91

ENVIRONMENTAL-INFORMED MORPHOLOGIES

RENDER DIAGRAM

(Fig.74) Perspective view

ENVIRONMENTAL-INFORMED MORPHOLOGIES

92

SITE

4.5 Site context The project aimed to explore the possibility of the fabrication of new biopolymer materials.

As a result, a site exposed to the public that demonstrates the new concept of the material is necessary. This chapter introduces the site, which is used to develop the design concept to create further design morphologies.

4.5.1 Site analysis The site was on the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) PS1, where a large institution and exhibition centre is dedicated to contemporary art in the USA. The museum is located in Long Island, New York City. The temporary summer installation winner inside the courtyard in MoMA in 2012, "Wendy" was designed by HWKN. The project demonstrates how the ecological function of the structure can actually clean the air (Fig.75). The blue fabric can shoot water, mist, and music through the playground, neutralizing airborne pollutants and clean the air (Fig.76). Jenny Sabin Studio's light-capturing installation "Lumen" won the 2017 Young Architects Program. The project shows hanging structures to display the changing colour of sunlight during one day (Fig.77) (Fig.78).

The temporary on-site installation may demonstrate an innovative possibility of architecture and building materials. Therefore, in order to design a canopy of the MoMA PS1, the site analysis is essential in developing a further feasible design. The entrance related to human activities and the relevant courtyard photos are vital for the site plan design (Fig.80) (Fig.81). Furthermore, the side elevation and the surrounding buildings have an impact on the airflow circulation and height design (Fig.84). Based on the site plan diagrams, further design can be explored.

The main environmental issues affecting the biopolymer material formation process are temperature, solar radiation, and wind statistics. Wind velocity is stronger in the winter than in the summer, suggesting that the summer is warm and windless. Most of the wind comes from the south in the summer, whereas the winter experiences mainly a western wind (Fig.86). Moreover, solar radiation and hours of daylight are vital to the material drying process. Although there is a weak wind in the summer, solar energy is strong enough to dry the material (Fig.85). The design surfaces exposed to the sunlight have become an important design factor in this project.

Furthermore, if design shapes have the potential to accelerate airflow circulation in the field, it means that the overall geometries can correspond with the environmental parameters and material concepts.

According to the site analysis, a wind simulation was conducted to determine how airflow blows through on the site. Based on the wind diagrams from three perspectives, it is seen that the wall on the site is too high and isolates the exterior wind (Fig.87). In the solar radiation analysis, June and August are characterized by a shaded area on the courtyard. An analysis of January was carried out as a means of comparison (Fig.88) (Fig.89).

93

SITE CONTEXT

MoMA PS1

(Fig.75) Temporary installation : Wendy

(Fig.76) Ecological mechanism

(Fig.77) Temporary installation : Lumen

(Fig.78) Temporary installation : Lumen

SITE CONTEXT

94

SITE LOCATION

(Fig.79) Queens, New york

95

(Fig.80) MoMA PS1 entrance building

(Fig.81) MoMA PS1 entrance building

(Fig.82) MoMA PS1 entrance to main hall

(Fig.83) MoMA PS1 courtyard

SITE CONTEXT

SITE PLAN

1524 cm

440 cm

2310 cm 1460 cm

2230 cm 6200 cm

(Fig.84) Site plan and elevation

SITE CONTEXT

96

WEATHER DATA

(Fig.85) Climatic data analysis 97

SITE CONTEXT

WIND STATISTICS

(Fig.86) Wind direction SITE CONTEXT

98

WIND SIMULATION

West wind

West velocity Low

High

(Fig.87) Wind sim

99

SITE CONTEXT

WIND SIMULATION

East wind

South wind

mulation on the site

SITE CONTEXT

100

SOLAR RADIATION

August 8 a.m.

August 1

June 8 a.m.

June 12

January 10 a.m.

January

Solar energy Low

101

SITE CONTEXT

High

(Fig.88) Solar radiation

SOLAR RADIATION

12 p.m.

12 p.m.

12 p.m.

August 17 p.m.

June 17 p.m.

January 16 p.m.

n simulation on the site

SITE CONTEXT

102

SOLAR RADIATION

August 8 a.m.

August 1

June 8 a.m.

June 12

January 10 a.m.

January

Solar energy Low

103

SITE CONTEXT

High

(Fig.89) Solar radiation

SOLAR RADIATION

12 p.m.

12 p.m.

12 p.m.

August 17 p.m.

June 17 p.m.

January 16 p.m.

n simulation on the site

SITE CONTEXT

104

DESIGN REVIEW

4.5.2 Design concept The project links the biopolymer material properties and environmental parameters to boost the fabrication process. Considering the bottom-up to architectural scale, the site feature includes more concepts to develop design geometry.

Review from the previous experimental designs, which attempt to solve the design issues, including environmental factors, design language from 3d printing extrusion, and material properties. However, the two experimental iterations can not cover all design concepts. The feedback review from previous designs is supposed to refine and develop further scripts.

Wind-informed morphology Multiple layers

Lack of : extrusion landguage / material properties

Wind-informed morphology

Lack of : structure ability form material

(Fig.90) Previous design morphologies

105

SITE CONTEXT

DESIGN STRATEGY

The first design iteration shows the layer-by-layer surface morphologies. In this case, the multiple surface design demonstrates the concepts of the morphologies deformed by airflow but is lack of the relationship between modular system language and 3d printing extrusion pattern. In the second experimental design, the elements comprise the final morphologies that show the wind path language; however, the overall linear shape is not corresponding to the modular system language. As a result, re-arrange the features and weak points from the above two designs, to develop the final scripts (Fig.90).

Regarding the final design, all issues are expected to be solved, including material, fabrication, environmental factors, and site aspects. Considering the site features, it is clear that the airflow and pedestrian circulation are weak due to the high wall isolating the connection. As a result, an undulating landscape is proposed to lift up the ground, that is expected to break the high wall. Moreover, the biopolymer material is fabricated as a canopy above to provide a shading area, in the meantime, the material exposed to solar can be dried.

In general, the project aims to address various challenges, mainly on material, fabrication, environment, and design morphologies issues. Based on the site features, the design concept is propsed to create a floating installation which is enable to generate dynamic flow regardless of human activities or environment turbulence. Thus, the design morphologies are expected to create a sense of directionality, which with flow pattern (Fig.91).

Floating cloud Overall geometry

Flow pattern Directionality Height variation

Canopy

Landscape

Density Surface

Porosity Thickness

(Fig.91) Design concept

SITE CONTEXT

106

PEDESTRIAN CIRCULATION

4.6 Final design morphologies The final design is realized in a courtyard/exhibition space and is composed of an undulating landscape covered by a canopy section.

4.6.1 Landscape design The morphology of the undulating landscape balances environmental parameters such as airflow circulation with a meandering path for human activity. These factors define the point cloud distribution which can be further modified with design scripts and simulations to achieve a highly functional design.

The landscape is activated for human activities through passenger flow analysis to guide visitors along a pedestrian path from the initial gathering area through an exhibition space Three kinds of footpath are simulated based on entry point and direction (Fig.92). Accordingly, analysis from the footpath typologies is combined to produce the fused result for the primitive design base. The results indicate two tiers of pedestrian flow: a primary route for the main pedestrian flow followed by secondary paths with less traffic (Fig.93). The basic point cloud is distributed due to the passenger flow. The primary route is accelerated up to three-meter height as a floating pedestrian path, creating some passenger flow turbulence in between the original routes. the main landscape design consists of the points from the footpath analysis outline to create a certain gradient ramp for people to walk through and stay temporarily. Secondary paths are designed as the main exhibition space to engage visitors in the project (Fig.94).

Airflow also plays a crucial role in landscape design strategies. One issue on the site is the wall height along the perimeter of the space, which impacts overall airflow circulation. To address this challenge, the point cloud distribution is deformed according to the four-meter wall (Fig.95).

Using these aspects of human activities and airflow as the defining factors for the point distribution, several simulations can be performed to enhance the landscape design concept.

In general, the landscape design is expected to intervene in the initial pedestrian path and generate a kind of turbulence or branching effect with secondary footpaths or altered airflow in the site. As a result, the diagrams show the pedestrian flow variation after landscape design (Fig.97). By combining these results with the passenger volume variations on the site, the function and program can be further defined. For example, different configurations for the secondary pathways off the primary path can shift circulation patterns and influence how visitors experience the space. The size of the waiting area or exhibition space can also be adjusted to account for passenger volume. In terms of the density for material to consist of landscape morphology, solar radiation is related to the human comfortable. Then, by analyzing the amount of solar radiation on the design surfaces, the density and porosity of the design pattern of the landscape can be generated (Fig.98).

107

FINAL DESIGN MORPHOLOGIES

PEDESTRIAN CIRCULATION

Empty path

Crowded path

(Fig.92) Pedestrian circulation sumulations

FINAL DESIGN MORPHOLOGIES

108

PEDESTRIAN CIRCULATION

Crowded path

Empty path

(Fig.93) The fused result from psdestrian simulations 109

FINAL DESIGN MORPHOLOGIES

Secondary path

POINT CLOUD DISTRIBUTION FOR LANDSCAPE

400 cm

Floating path

230 cm

Gradient ramp 80 cm

Lower landscape

0 cm

Accelerated path Primitive point grid

(Fig.94) Point cloud distribution FINAL DESIGN MORPHOLOGIES

110

DEFORMATION FOR WALL ISSUE

400 cm

Adjust the height of ramp

(Fig.95) Adjustion for wall height 111

FINAL DESIGN MORPHOLOGIES

PROGRAM

Floating path

Exhibition area

Ramp

Crowded path

Empty path

Secondary path

(Fig.96) Section / Perspective view FINAL DESIGN MORPHOLOGIES

112

PEDESTRIAN FLOW VARIATION

Footpath simulation Exhibition Floating path Second floor Ground floor

Main path Ramp landscape Exhibition

Empty path

(Fig.97) Pedestrian circulation after landscape design 113

FINAL DESIGN MORPHOLOGIES

Crowded path

SOLAR RADIATION ANALYSIS

August 8 a.m

August 12 p.m

August 17 p.m

(Fig.98) Solar radiation on surfaces : Porosity FINAL DESIGN MORPHOLOGIES

114

DESIGN STRATEGY

4.6.2 Canopy design The canopy design is expected to be the main demonstration to display the citrus composite material explored by one of my teammates Yao. Based on the undulations in the landscape height, a certain part of the canopy extends to the ground to be the main exhibition display, while the main piece floats through the courtyard.

In terms of the canopy design, the main function is to display the biopolymer fabrication design that also serves as a shading area along the paths. The relationship between the environmental factors and the material fabrication process generates the canopy morphology. Because material fabrication of the biopolymer involves drying the material, solar radiation, and wind velocity are the primary environmental factors dictating the surface morphology (Fig.99).

To begin with the point distribution design for canopy, the overall geometry corresponds to the landscape design and function. For example, the canopy will extend onto the ground in the exhibition space. Accordingly, the main point distribution can be defined based on the point cloud from the landscape (Fig.100).

Then, the environmental parameters are applied to create the optimal point distribution for the assembly of the biopolymer module system. The solar radiation is simulated at eight a.m., noon, and five p.m. to demonstrate its effect on the courtyard throughout the day. Additionally, simulations also account for different times of the year. The main season to exhibit the installations are June and August, these months were selected and compared to January. were selected as the main season-specific periods of the day and year. The formula to combine three solar energy analysis is refined to show the optimal solar analysis result (Fig.102). This result is achieved through a surface design of the canopy that varies in thickness. According to the overlapped solar analysis diagram, the most intensive solar radiation area corresponds to the thickness of the layer and the subsequent shading underneath the canopy (Fig.103).

The interplay between, the landscape and canopy design creates an inlet for wind flow and presents an opportunity to influence the overall geometry (FIg.104). The resulting canopy design creates a kind of design language in terms of wind-informed morphology generating turbulence for airflow that enhances the visitor experience (Fig.105).

Another vital aspect of the canopy design is porosity. Specifically, the material joint scale. In order to apply the density and porosity of material onto the canopy, the solar radiation analysis is simulated on surface morphologies (Fig.106) (Fig.107).

115

FINAL DESIGN MORPHOLOGIES

DESIGN STRATEGY

Solar radiation

Wind parameter

Canopy design

Function / Program : Definition of landscape analysis : Further, affect the shading area from the canopy

Landscape design : Works as point cloud base : Interplay with canopy design

(Fig.99) Design strategy

FINAL DESIGN MORPHOLOGIES

116

POINT CLOUD DISTRIBUTION FOR CANOPY

Canopy point deformation

Extension : Exhibition

Landscape design

(Fig.100) Point cloud distribution

117

FINAL DESIGN MORPHOLOGIES

PROGRAM

(Fig.101) Section / Site plan

FINAL DESIGN MORPHOLOGIES

118

DEFORMATION FROM SOLAR RADIATION

JUN 08

AUG 08

JUN 12

AUG 12

JUN 17

AUG 17

Higher percentage

JAN 08

JAN 12

Lower percentage

JAN 16

(Fig.102) Solar radiation on the site

119

FINAL DESIGN MORPHOLOGIES

DEFORMATION FROM SOLAR RADIATION

The thickest layer

The second thickest Initial points of canopy

The greatest thickness (of solar radiation)

The second

Overlapped result

(Fig.103) Point cloud deformation : thickness / multiple layers

FINAL DESIGN MORPHOLOGIES

120

DEFORMATION FROM WIND PARAMETER

Wind path

Vector field

Wind force field

Attractor

Repulse

(Fig.104) Wind-informed morphology

121

FINAL DESIGN MORPHOLOGIES

DEFORMATION FROM WIND PARAMETER

Surface morphology after wind turbulence

Deformation : Wind pushes away / attracts points

Initial surface morphology

Vector force

(Fig.105) Point cloud deformation : Wind-informed morphology

FINAL DESIGN MORPHOLOGIES

122

SOLAR RADIATION ON DESIGN SURFACES

June 07 a.m

June 12 p.m

June 17 p.m

(Fig.106) Solar radiation simulations on June

123

FINAL DESIGN MORPHOLOGIES

SOLAR RADIATION ON DESIGN SURFACES

August 8 a.m

August 12 p.m

August 17 p.m

(Fig.107) Solar radiation simulations on August

FINAL DESIGN MORPHOLOGIES

124

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

4.6.3 Overall design This project explores use of environmental parameters, such as wind flow and solar radiation, in generating design morphologies suitable for robotic extrusion of biopolymer material.

Computational scripts based on the principle of environmental deformation are developed to guide the overall morphologies, which are corresponding both to the site and to the characteristics of the novel building material.

The overall surface morphologies come from landscape and canopy design. As the design morphologies generated by operating climatic parameters, it is important to review the environmental change after the design.

The design comes from several environmental parameters, including human activities, shading area on the site, wind turbulence. In general, the project aims to achieve the relationship between human activities and material fabrication. Then, the design factors are utilised to generate the optimal output (Fig.108).

02 Design application on experimental site

03 Design feedback from experiments 125

FINAL DESIGN MORPHOLOGIES

s

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

06 Final design morphologies

01 3D printed prototype design

05 Site context

04 Environment-informed morphologies FINAL DESIGN MORPHOLOGIES

126

OVERALL DESIGN CONCEPT

Solar radiation simulation : Overlapped result diagram

Pedestrian circulation : Overlapped result diagram

127

FINAL DESIGN MORPHOLOGIES

OVERALL DESIGN CONCEPT

Canopy

Landscape

(Fig.108) Morphology design process

FINAL DESIGN MORPHOLOGIES

128

SITE PLAN

129

FINAL DESIGN MORPHOLOGIES

SITE PLAN

4860 cm

7660 cm

FINAL DESIGN MORPHOLOGIES

130

SITESECTION

131

FINAL DESIGN MORPHOLOGIES

SITE SECTION

FINAL DESIGN MORPHOLOGIES

132

SITESECTION

133

FINAL DESIGN MORPHOLOGIES

SITE SECTION

FINAL DESIGN MORPHOLOGIES

134

Carpo, M. (2016) ‘Excessive Resolution: From Digital Streamlining to Computational Complexity’, Architectural Design, 86(6), pp. 78–83.

Chua, C. K., Leong, K. F. andAn, J. (2014) ‘Introduction to rapid prototyping of biomaterials’, Rapid Prototyping of Biomaterials: Principles and Applications, pp. 1–15.

Cupkova, D. (2017) ‘Modulating Thermal Mass Behavior Through Surface Figuration’, acadia, pp. 202–211.

Dennis Dollens (2009) ‘Architecture as Nature : A Biodigital Hypothesis’, MIT Press Journals.

Dunn, N. (2012) Digital fabrication in architecture. Laurence King.

Garcia, M. (2014) ‘Future Landscapes of Spatial Details: An Interview with Philippe Rahm’, Architectural Design. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 84(4), pp. 78–85.

Garcia, M. J. andRetsin, G. (2015) ‘Design Methods for Large Scale Printing’, Real Time Proceedings of the 33rd eCAADe Conference - Volume 2, 2, pp. 331–339.

Gruber, P. andGosztonyi, S. (2010) ‘Skin in architecture: towards bioinspired facades’, Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, 138, pp. 1743–3541.

Hensel, M. (2013) Performance-Oriented Architecture. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Hensel, M. andMenges, A. (2008) ‘Inclusive Performance: Efficiency Versus Effectiveness Towards a Morpho-Ecological Approach for Design’, Architectural Design, 78(2), pp. 54– 63.

Hensel, M., Menges, A. andWeinstock, M. (2015) ‘Morphogenesis and Emergence (20042006)’, in The Digital Turn in Architecture 1992-2012. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 158–181.

Leach, N. et al. (2017) 3D-printed body architecture. Oxford: John Wiley & Sons.

Lewis, R. K. (1998) Architect? : a candid guide to the profession. MIT Press.

Novikov, P., Jokic, S. andStudio, J. L. (2013) Multi Axis 3D Resin Printing.

Peters, B. (2018) ‘Defining Environments: Understanding Architectural Performance through Modelling, Simulation and Visualisation’, Architectural Design. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 88(1), pp. 82–91.

135

REFERENCE

Steadman, P. (1983) Architectural morphology : an introduction to the geometry of building plans. Pion.

Zalasiewicz, J. et al. (2017) ‘Scale and diversity of the physical technosphere: A geological perspective’, The Anthropocene Review, 4(1), pp. 9–22.

Cupkova, D. (2017) ‘Modulating Thermal Mass Behavior Through Surface Figuration’, acadia, pp. 202–211.

David Gissen (2010) Territory: architecture beyond environment, Architectural Design.

Taehyun Terry Lee, Wen Cheng, Dan Lin, S. A. L. (2015) Bio Responsive Bloom – materiability.

Ou, W. S., Huang, K. T. andLin, H. T. (no date) ‘Regional Characteristics of Global Solar Radiation Variation in the Recent 30 Years in Taiwan’, (1), pp. 1–10.

REFERENCE

136