Thesis Booklet

Page 1

Allee zagreb ERICA C TONG


Erica Chien-Li Tong Carnegie Mellon School of Architecture BArch Candidate 2014 ectong@andrew.cmu.edu www.cargocollective.com/alleezagreb

Primary Advisors Dana Cupkova Rami el Samahy Jonathan Kline Frank Melendez

Secondary Advisor Hal Hayes


al路l茅e 1. an alley in a formal garden or park, bordered by trees or bushes.

allee effect 2. a phenomenon seen in population biology when a small population grows faster when the organisms are at high population density than it would if the population was at low density


ALLEE ZAGREB/TABLE OF CONTENTS

01

02

03

04

05

Quote

Thesis Questions

Textiles Analysis

The Blocks

Why Zagreb

06

07

08

09

10

Zagreb Analysis

Green Analysis

Systems Research

Site Application

Ecological Mediator

11

12

Proof

Process & Models




Allee Zagreb takes place in the Donji Grad, or Lower Town, neighborhood of Zagreb, Croatia. It attempts to project the future of its occupants to 2050. The thesis investigates the potential for

performative textiles to

1) retrofit, to revitalize, and to preserve the architecture of the perimeter/courtyard blocks 2) to unearth the historical internalized green spaces of Zagreb, Croatia, in the aftermath of the War of Independence and its integration into the EU in 2013. A fu-

2015, 2025, and 2050 was created as a backdrop to the site in the neoclassical, courtyard/perimeter blocks of the Lower Town, or more specifically the Donji Grad, ture for Zagreb along the checkpoints of

neighborhood.

This future projection creates a believeable, yet altered dynamic of the block structure that also allows for an altered social dynamics of the occupants within those blocks. It is as much an investigation into altering the morphology of the perimeter/courtyard block as it is rethinking the social structure of the perimeter blocks as a sub-neighborhood of the larger neighborhood through the implementation of

lightweight structures and a

minimalist approach to architecture in the interest of sustainability. The performative textiles integrate the filtration and phytoremediation of rain water, black water, grey water, and air to create a closed loop cycle for the buildings in the blocks. To perform in its full capacity, each performative textile module, or ecological mediator, relies upon a minimum of 3 buildings to participate to enable the transformation of the interior of the perimeter/courtyard blocks.


01 intro

The

quote sets the backdrop for the approach to the thesis.

The approach

is one that just as anti-architecture and anti-built environment as it is a proponent for cultivating an ideology of architecture where the buildings

integrate themselves into the natural flows of the environment. This integration implies that it performs seamlessly within in the environment: it is invisible. In this case, the thesis deals with retrofitting existing buildings. It realizes the limits of achieving the aforemented invisiblity and, instead, aims to create a new porous typology. Therefore, this thesis focuses foremostly on the enabling of the invisible social, ecological, and enviromental forces through the retrofits of existing architecture.


‘ “If architects were serious about sustainability, they would call a halt to new building in the developed world right now. Enough buildings already! Let’s stop now. There is virtually nothing else that we can do that is more polluting than building more.” ’ From Postcards from the Edgelands (For Marion Shoard)/Simon Sellars, quoting Kayzs Varnelis “On Performance, Green Architecture, and Architecture Fiction”


02 Thesis Q1:health

How can the typology of textiles/fabric be modified to improve

the

of our surrounding environment?

This question asks for more traditional tensile structures or textiles that had been used to buffer the hazards of the environment to be reevaluated. Other performing layers have the potential of being imbedded into these easily deployable systems to improve not only the health of the surrounding population but also to redefine the social interaction of the immediate occupants within their social microclimate.

Q2: performative textiles act as an ecological mediator to RetroFIT, revitalize, and preserve Howcan

the neoclassical

perimeter blocks of Zagreb’s Donji Grad neighborhood?

The diagram on the right attempts to illustrate the systems that influenced the design for the performative textiles. The fluctuation in the users reflects the either the occupants in the present or the near future. Other systems include the proximity to grey water, black water, and rain water, environmental factors, geometry to respond to the movement of water and seasonal changes, and the orientation of these elements within a field. These systems work together to purify the water from the surrounding environment and the buildings and to purify the air in the microclimate of the perimeter block. What is depicted in the diagram but implied in the engagment with the block is the redefinition of the social construct of the block.



03 textiles analysis


SPACER FABRICS

T THE LIGHT

AN LAB/GROWING WATER

OMA/MELUN SENART

OM

SPACER FABRICS

SOM/CATHEDRAL OF CHRIST THE LIGHT

TOYO I

URBAN LAB/GROWING WATER

SPACER F

SOM/CATHEDRAL OF CHRIST THE LIGHT

BALL NOGUES/MAXIMILLIAN SHELL SITU STUDIO/REORDER

SOM/PH TOYO ITO/SENDAI MEDIATH

BALL NOGUES/MAXIMILLIAN SHELL URBAN LAB/GROWING WATER

OMA/MELUN SENART

SPACER FABRICS

SITU STUDIO/REORDER SOM/PHYLOREMEDIATION WALL JENNY SABIN/BRANCHING MORPHOGENESIS TOYO ITO/SENDAI MEDIATHEQUE

SPACER FABRICS

SOM/PHYLOREMEDIATION WALL

TOYO ITO/SENDAI MEDIATHEQUE

URBAN LAB/GROWING WATER

SOM/CATHEDRAL OF CHRIST THE LIGHT

MORPHOGENESIS

R

NOGUES/MAXIMILLIAN SHELL

JENNY SABIN/BRANCHING MORPHOGENESIS

OMA/MELUN SENART URBAN LAB/GROWING WATER

SOM/CATHEDRAL OF CHRIST THE LIGHT

BALL NOGUES/MAXIMILLIAN SHELL

SPACER FABRICS

SOM/PHYLOREMEDIATION WALL

TOYO ITO/SENDAI MEDIATHEQUE

URBAN LAB/GROWING WATER

SOM/CATHEDRAL OF CHRIST THE LIGHT

SITU STUDIO/REORDER

JENNY SABIN/BRANCHING MORPHOGENESIS

SITU STUDIO/REORDER

BALL NOGUES/MAXIMILLIAN SHELL


03 textiles


“To study cloth was a way to study society” However even the most avid crafts people of today typically think of textiles primarily in terms of their expressive function or their potential for income generation. Few know about the roles cloth plays worldwide in myth or symbolic ritual, or the way it has been used to further political and social power. Few think about all the ways in which textiles impact their own daily lives. In sum, most people are unaware of the wide reach of this subject because they have never had the opportunity to think about the topic holistically.”

Beverly Gordon

textile historian “One of the most ancient crafts, hand weaving is a method of forming a pliable plane of threads by interlacing them rectangularly. Invented in a preceramic age, it has remained essentially unchanged to this day. even the final mechanization of the craft through introduction of power machinery has not changed the basic principle of weaving.

Anni Albers Bauhaus textile artist


03 textiles


“The coupling together of architecture and textiles is not a new idea. Modern and historical examples that come to mind include the seminal and vast bodies of artistic and design work by Anni Albers, Gunta Stolzl, and Lilly Reich. These three textile textiles were the most integral to the development of the Weaving Workshop and the teaching curriculums for interior and furniture design at the Bauhaus...The Bauhaus weavers marked the shift from expressionistic and individual handcraft compositions to mass-produced and rapid manufactured prototypes for furnite and interior design.” “The ‘Pliable Plane’ was Anni Alber’s term for this generative intersection between architecture and textiles. On Architect Weavers: “The architect is a conceptual weaver working backwards, forwards, and across linked data sets.

Here, loose

looop and tight loop configurations give rise to new rhythms, new effects, and perhaps new visions for adaptive and performative architecture.”

Jenny Sabin archiitect weaver


03 textiles

modifedd

As Applied in Architecture


Ground Covering

tapestry

tapestry The Lady and the Unicorn (series, 1511)

Ronan & Erwan Bouroullec/ Modular Walls (2009)

Anni Albers/Untitled (1969)

geotextiles

nets tents

Fibertex/Palm Islands

agrotextiles

miscellaneous

Ellis Developments Ltd/Bioimplantable Device (2004)

Fishing net

Issey Miyake/Bao Bao bag

miscellaneous

Marimekko Fabric

medical

furnishings

sails Ship Sail

Liberty of London Fabric

Honda Syoryu/ Galaxy (2001)

Ardabil Rug (16th century)

furnishings

tapestry

tapestry

El Anatsui/ Sacred Moon (2007)

Ripstop nylon

Bonar Textiles

As a Surface (Traditional Basic Systems)


03 textiles

SURFACE + VOLUME Surfaces as volume should not be purely understood structurally or decoratively. Instead, the accumulation of surfaces focuses on the organization of program and therefore, allows for an interpretation of space where the

type of material becomes crucial

->

in that interpretation.

Gottfried Semper 1834 Preliminary Remarks on Polychrome Architecture and Sculpture in Antiquity Surface vs. Color Rejection of Winkleman’s purity of form and the idea that color and form were not as separable since the color affirms the materiality.

Gottried Semper Vitruvius Alberti anthropocentricism Architecture of Externality On the Art of Building

anthropocentricism Architecture is of the external since it is analagous to the human body. His ideas for architecture based upon firmitas (strength), utilitas (functionality), and venustas (beauty), the latter of which delves into nature as the source of proportional and symmetrical truth.

Activity -> Enclosure -> Surface Operation - Space

No distinction between ornament and structure as he argues in Der Stil that “in Greek architecture, both the art-form and decoration are so intimately bound together by the influence of the principle of surface dressing that an isolated look at either is impossible”


Adolf Loos Haus Mueller Indifferent Relationship

Gian Lorenzo Bernini David

The exterior is mute while the interior reveals the more energized relationship of volume and surface operation. “It allows those surfaces programmatic possiblities that are capable of relationship of indifference.”

Borromini San Carlo Quattro alle Fontane Internally and Externally Regulated System of Dynamism Dynamism of the Baroque creates a complex idea of infinite movement through internalization and externalization of specific, overlapping geometries Leo Steinberg’s argument for it as a combination of the oval, cross, and octagon, or a merging geometries to create a curvilinear surface of “measures and countermeasures”

x

Adolf Loos

On traditional clothing, related to the role of ornament in modern society “I too admit that i really take pleasure in the old costumes. But this does not give me the right to demand that he put them on for my sake. A costume is clothing that has frozen in a particular form; it will develop no further. It is always a sign that its wearer has given up trying to change his circumstances. The costume is the symbol of resignation.”

Internally Regulated System No way to stand in the front, back, or sides due to an internally regulated system Tension and movement in the sculpture makes the folds of the fabric indiscernable from the flow of the body--all are part of the same process. Therefore, David no longer wears the cloth and he is no longer the body: the centrality of the body is lost.

-> Quatremere de Quincy On Polychromy in ancient Greek architecture Columns were “the finest, the most entire, and the most remarkable monument of Roman significance”


04 the blocks

The site for Allee Zagreb is located in the reclaimed historic green spaces of the perimeter/courtyard blocks within the infill of the Green Horseshoe of Donji

Grad. The buildings in the perimeter/courtyard blocks are predominanly neoclassical and were developed according to the diagrams on the right.


An earlier conceptual representation of the performative textiles within the courtyards of the perimeter blocks

The Green Horseshoe is an almost continuous green space that defines the institutional corridors within Donji Grad.

If the railway lines had not been built, the two prongs of the Green Horseshoe could have been extended to integrate the more southern neighbourhoods into the corridors. One corridor would complete the college axis, and the other could potentially link Donji Grad to the areas across the river.


04

The Blocks

RECLAIM THESE AREAS AS GREEN SPACE FOR THE OCCUPANTS OF THE BLOCKS!


Green Horseshoe & Historical Growth Corridors in the Context of the City Limits

Institutional Buildings

Green Horseshoe

The sites for the interventention of the performative textiles is the blocks within the infill of the Green Horseshoe.


04

The Blocks

The diagrams illustrate the variations in the facades that were found throughout the neighbourhood. The facade elements encompass the windows, window bays, cornices, columns, and amounts of graffiti.


Facade Elements

Further Morphological Variations of Facade Elements


05 WHY ZAGREB?

117

1000

... And Const

Byzantine

1914

1921-1991

Roman Empire

USSR

Habsburgs


3/4 of pop.

population

1/4 of pop.

truction of Premise

1368 1742 1805 1850 1880 1900 1910 1921 1931 1948 1953 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011

2,810 5,600 7,706 16,036 30,830 61,002 79,038 108, 674 185,581 279,623 350,829 430,802 602,205 768,700 777,826 779,145 792,875

Zagreb has experienced a range of influential powers over time. The most notable influential powers for site for the thesis, or Donji

Grad,

is the Habsburgs

1683

and Yugoslavia. As shown earlier in the block diagrams, Donji Grad was developed according the Austrian cadastral mandates. Additionally, a Ottoman

railway to link Zagreb to Vienna and Budapest was built for leisure and commerce. This pivotal move established Zagreb as a city of major influence

1918-1991

within the Habsburg Empire and a gateway between eastern and western Europe.

Yugoslavia


05

why zagreb


After the Homeland

War or the Croatian War of Independence in 1995 and the introduction of Croatia into the EU, the nature of indigenous Croatian Architecture began to be questioned to provide a strong future architectural identity to Croatia. The verdict was that there is no such thing as distinctly Croatian Architecture-- instead, the architecture is an interesting interpretation of the assimilation of the various forces of power. Consequently, Croatian Architecture is defined by instability and transcience.


05

why zagreb



05

why zagreb

What DeFInes the Terrain? The watershed of the Sava

River spans approximately

550 miles and crosses multiple countries. The course of the Sava River was altered between 1848 and 1900 to regulate the river banks within the city of Zagreb. Additionally, the railway

line connecting

Zagreb to Vienna and Budapest defined the growth patterns of the city, resulting in the segregration of typologies as the city grew outwards and south.


Green Spaces in 1960

As shown, the green

spaces have not changed much since 1960 with the exception of Novi Zagreb, the area south of the Sava River.

Green Spaces Now


05

why zagreb


DONJI GRAD Area 1.2 Protection, regulation, and interpolation in historic districts i.e Redesign of Kino Lika and Kino Apolo II

Zones of highly consolidated, consolidated, and non-consolidated

Highly Consolidated Area =

“Stable area in terms of physical structure, use and program; morphological and programmatic changes

are restricted or not allowed, as these would change the built and open urban structure. Areas include historical settlements, city areas designed according to modernisty principles, completed new settlements, and completed complexes of a single program.�

* Images from Project Zagreb and a Peripheral Moment


05

why zagreb

The premise for the thesis...

Due to its integration into the EU, the

future Zagreb will attract expatriate families, businessmen, and visiting faculty to the University of Za-

greb, which has integrated itself more greatly into the system of European universties. Since most of the Croatian families already live outside of the historically identified commercial area of Donji Grad, the

expatriates fill in this zone.

novi zagreb: changes since 1960


The former future scenario is supported by the idea that the expatriates are attracted to the jobs in the

new commercial zone. Contrary zone. Instead,

to the current efforts of developers and in line with the efforts of activits, Donji Grad has been preserved as a residential the new commercial zone has sprung up on the banks of the Sava

River, mingling a commercial zone with a new recreational zone that Zagreb and has replaced the old socialist

is currently beginning to appear along the river. Much of it has spilled across the river to Novi housing blocks.

existing tram system would be extended to the airport to create greater connectivity between this historic part of town and the new commercial zone. The extension of the tram line would occupy the stretch of greenway that is part of the residual green space of the The

Green Horseshoe, which was intended to connect the city in a north to south axis. The installation of the train line that connected Zagreb to Vienna and Budapest cut off this intended green axis.


06 Zagreb analysis

The block

types that are found within Donji Grad and the Green Horseshoe.



06 analysis

block program number of block types

30 57 65 20 1 1

institutions

mostly office

mostly residential

mixed use

mixed use

residential

institutional building types by amount

12 2 2 4 9 5 3 1 1

government

religious

university

school

primary

health

admin. parking


5 minute walkshed to parks blocks partially outside 5 min radius

24 blocks completely outside 5 min radius

20

public green spaces

The block

walksheds

program, institutional building types, and the 5 minute walkshed to parks show a few of the variables

within the urban fabric of Donji Grad. The block

program within the Green Horseshoe is mostly residential with a few blocks of mostly office

and mixed use.

There are four institutional

sity, and government.

Due to the Green Horseshoe, all of the blocks within the infill of the Green Horseshoe are within a 5

minute walkshed to green spaces.

buildings within the Green Horseshoe.

These types include religious, univer


06

zagreb analysis

blocks directly adjacent to pedestrian walkways by building/block type

21 2

non institutional

institutional

blocks directly adjacent to bike paths by building/block type

20

non institutional

institutional


blocks directly adjacent to tram by building/block type

115 22

non institutional

institutional

These analyses of Donji Grad show the locations of the existing cars.

infrastructure that is friendly to people without It also shows the number of blocks that are directly adjacent to the pedestrian walkways, tram lines, or bike

paths.

It shows that little of the infrastructure needs to be changed in the transportation paths.


06

zagreb analysis

deterioration mapping with percentages by amount

4 20 55

76% - 100%

56% - 100%

26% - 55%

deterioration mapping 26%-55% and 76%-100% number of block types

4 24 18

institutions

mostly office

mostly residential

mixed use

mixed use

residential

government

commercial


Deterioration plagues many of the blocks after Homeland War.

Many of the buildings have questionable own-

ership or shifted away from the socialist ideology in ownership, resulting in a grey zone of owner

maintenance of

the buildings. The examples that are shown above reflect the state of many of the buildings. In many cases, windows are broken, paint is peeling off from the plaster, and the plaster has fallen off and the bricks are exposed. The diagrams on the left have a specific number system to show the deterioration. The first number is the

second number is the number of buildings within the block. second diagram shows the blocks with the highest percentages of deterioration. number of buildings that have deteriorated. The

The


06

zagreb analysis

deterioration with block types



06

zagreb analysis

Demographics



06

zagreb analysis

Demographics



07 green space analysis

The green

space analysis was done in a variety of methods.

This one looked at the typologies of circles and

their proximity to lawns, fountains, statues, cars, pedestrians, or nothing at all.


The typologies were categorized according to location in the Upper Town, Lower Town, or Novi Zagreb and according to how they moderated the surrounding space.


07

green space

The green

space analysis was done in a variety of methods.

This one utilized a binary language to create a

weave that was based upon the data of the types and sizes of green spaces.



07

green space

The

green space analysis was done in a variety of methods.

This one investigated the nature of squares within

the exisiting urban fabric. It also compared the surface area of facade that faces the square, the surface area of facde that directly abuts the square, and the percentage of the square that contains greenery.



08 systems

2015

Occupants who are affected by the new systems, 2015 to 2050

2050



08 systems


The initial systems that were investigated included water collection, phytoremediation of air and water, bioswales, inflatable systems, sound absorbing textiles, and tongue movement. Water collection and phytoremediation became the main

systems.

The

three other systems became the support systems for the two main systems. The

pros and cons of each sys-

tem were weighed and listed according to the applicability for the blocks in the Donji Grad neighborhood.


09 site process The conceptual diagram shows the variables and rules of how the performative textiles can engage the surrounding perimeter/courtyard block. It implies the interaction without suggesting the definite form of the performative textiles and how they would interact with the interior green spaces.

Resulting Environment: Controls the microclimate of the blocks as well as the microclimate of the plants during seasonal changes Swings between the behavior of an atrium to a more traditional greenhouse

Block Morphology: Field condition of epicenters of the ecological mediator Alters the form of the block based upon its peripheral

connections

Occupancy: Improves the quality of the lives of the occupants in both the residences and the office through the improvement of environmental factors and provision of nonexisting green spaces Reorganizes the social tor to installed

dynamics of the block due to the requirement for collaboration for the ecological media-



09 site

The block that was chosen to test out the ecological mediator is one with minimal infill. The buildings within the original 45’ setback of the buildings, entrance locations, business locations and tyopes, and surrounding parking and traffic flow were investigated to allow for potential changes. The block has one government building and faces a hotel and another government building across the street. The garden down the street is the botanical

garden.


Original 45’ Setback

Maximum Buildings Affected

Maximum Buildings Removed

Span Assessment of Canopies

Radius of Anchored Points

Block Chosen as Test


10 ecological medatior

View towards one ecological

mediator with second one in background



10

mediator

black water

There are

grey water

rain water

three layers to the ecological mediator, or the entire system of the performative textiles.

The first layer is the thermal

layer.

It prevents the phytoremediation layer from freezing during the winter and

collected rain water into the center bladder to lift or lower the thermal layer. The second layer is the phytoremediation layer, or the phyto

lattice. This filters and cleans the black and grey

water from the surrounding buildings and forms a closed loop system. The water from the buildings is first pumped to the roof and then goes through a pre-filtration system with the phyto lattice until it enters the

cattails on the roof.

It then flows along

bioswales and then reenters the water supply for the buildings.


stored water to lift thermal canopy

The third layer is the wind

tower.

recirculated air

This layer serves to anchor the thermal layer and the phyto lattice. The wind

not only brings cooler air down to the ground level, but it also circulates the air through the phyto lattice layer for phytoremediation.


10

mediator

flat roof

sloped roof

Thermal Control Layer

rain water

rain water


thermal control layer collects rain water to the center bladder to move the thermal layer up and down. This movement responds to seasonal changes and the need to insulate the affected zones. The overall therThe

mal layer prevents the phytoremediation layer from freezing over during the winter. It also is easily deployable as shown in the diagram below. The thermal layer does not cut into the sight lines of the occupants within the building. The fabric deploys along the cables, which are attached to movable levers that raise or lower the ends according to the counterweight of water in the bladder. The ribs inflate and provide the additional necessary support. The wings, or the last aspect of the deployable sequence, attach to other thermal layers to create an almost continuous canopy across the entire block.


10

mediator

sloped roof

flat roof

Phytoremediation Layer

grey water

black water

grey water

black water

The phyto-lattice, or the phytoremediation layer, processes grey and black water from the surrounding buildings. It is suspended from the thermal layer, allowing for the layer to bend and to billow according to the rules of behavior on the following page. Most of the phytoremediation layer allows for the water to flow through, and the upper portion holds the phytoremediating plants. A set of governing rules defines the performance of the phyto-lattice.



10

mediator

rules

Phyto Pod Interstitial Tubing

Phase 1: The black or grey water enters the phyto lattice and flows through a combination of phyto pod and interstitial tubing.

Cell Spacing Increases to Control Aperature

Phase 2: The phyto lattice is plugged to allow the water to sit in the filtration system for an extended period of time. The cell spacing increases or decreases to control the aperature. This controls the amount of light that reaches the surrounding buildings.


Governing Rule for Slope

One Phyto Pod and Elasticity of Material


10

mediator

Roof rules


A cattail

prefiltration system sits on the roof to treat the grey and black water. Depending on what type of water is being treated, a rooftop deck can be installed. This deck is insulated by the thermal layer to allow plants to grow year round. The smaller flaps of the thermal layer can be pulled down to attach to the decking to create pods of insulated space for the

plants.

The diagrams show the programming variations of the rooftop.


10

mediator

vENTILATION

The

ventilation for the wind tower is integrated into the lower surface of the wind tower. Geometric investigations

were done to examine the relationship of the wind tower sizing relative to the thermal layer and the number of flutes that could fit on the surface to still maintain structural integrity. The remaining square footage that is left on the inside of the wind tower can be used for people to occupy the space. flexible space for a maximum of 50 people.

775 square feet can be used as



11 proof of numbers The quantities of the black and grey water have been calculated to show that the phytoremediation layer has the capacity to process the amount of water that would flow through on a daily basis.



11

proof



11

proof



12 Process work

First Model with Movable Arms



12

process



underside water collection Smallest size water sacs + Water Overflow

Largest size water sacs +Water Overflow

Water Overflow + Sacs

12

process

Topside Illuminance

Solstice Clear Sky

Solstice Overcast

Equinox Clear Sky

Equinox Overcast

Solstice Clear Sky

Solstice Overcast

Equinox Clear Sky

Equinox Overcast

Solstice Clear Sky

Solstice Overcast

Equinox Clear Sky

Equinox Overcast

Solstice Clear Sky

Solstice Overcast

Equinox Clear Sky

Equinox Overcast


Sun attractor + Top Level Window

Sun attractor + Mid Level window

Sun attractor

NO attractors

ecomachine matrix 2 x

MORNING MIDDAY EVENING

MORNING MIDDAY EVENING

MORNING

MIDDAY

EVENING


12

process

Earlier Iteration of Phytopods

Earlier Iteration of Entire System


Earlier Iteration of Entire System

Earlier Voronoi Organization of the Block


12

process

First Model with

Iteration with Ventiliation Flutes


Movable Arms


12

process

Iteration with bladders, movable arms, and phytoremediation layer that connects to accompanying houses



12

process

House connects to previous model and has retrofitted balconies


Iteration with Movable Base Arms


12

process

Study Model of Block and University of Zagreb’s visitor center that was eliminated from the final design

Early Phytoremediation Pod Iteration


Early Movable Phytoremediation Lattice


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