Allee zagreb ERICA C TONG
Erica Chien-Li Tong Carnegie Mellon School of Architecture BArch Candidate 2014 ectong@andrew.cmu.edu www.cargocollective.com/alleezagreb
Primary Advisors Dana Cupkova Rami el Samahy Jonathan Kline Frank Melendez
Secondary Advisor Hal Hayes
al路l茅e 1. an alley in a formal garden or park, bordered by trees or bushes.
allee effect 2. a phenomenon seen in population biology when a small population grows faster when the organisms are at high population density than it would if the population was at low density
ALLEE ZAGREB/TABLE OF CONTENTS
01
02
03
04
05
Quote
Thesis Questions
Textiles Analysis
The Blocks
Why Zagreb
06
07
08
09
10
Zagreb Analysis
Green Analysis
Systems Research
Site Application
Ecological Mediator
11
12
Proof
Process & Models
Allee Zagreb takes place in the Donji Grad, or Lower Town, neighborhood of Zagreb, Croatia. It attempts to project the future of its occupants to 2050. The thesis investigates the potential for
performative textiles to
1) retrofit, to revitalize, and to preserve the architecture of the perimeter/courtyard blocks 2) to unearth the historical internalized green spaces of Zagreb, Croatia, in the aftermath of the War of Independence and its integration into the EU in 2013. A fu-
2015, 2025, and 2050 was created as a backdrop to the site in the neoclassical, courtyard/perimeter blocks of the Lower Town, or more specifically the Donji Grad, ture for Zagreb along the checkpoints of
neighborhood.
This future projection creates a believeable, yet altered dynamic of the block structure that also allows for an altered social dynamics of the occupants within those blocks. It is as much an investigation into altering the morphology of the perimeter/courtyard block as it is rethinking the social structure of the perimeter blocks as a sub-neighborhood of the larger neighborhood through the implementation of
lightweight structures and a
minimalist approach to architecture in the interest of sustainability. The performative textiles integrate the filtration and phytoremediation of rain water, black water, grey water, and air to create a closed loop cycle for the buildings in the blocks. To perform in its full capacity, each performative textile module, or ecological mediator, relies upon a minimum of 3 buildings to participate to enable the transformation of the interior of the perimeter/courtyard blocks.
01 intro
The
quote sets the backdrop for the approach to the thesis.
The approach
is one that just as anti-architecture and anti-built environment as it is a proponent for cultivating an ideology of architecture where the buildings
integrate themselves into the natural flows of the environment. This integration implies that it performs seamlessly within in the environment: it is invisible. In this case, the thesis deals with retrofitting existing buildings. It realizes the limits of achieving the aforemented invisiblity and, instead, aims to create a new porous typology. Therefore, this thesis focuses foremostly on the enabling of the invisible social, ecological, and enviromental forces through the retrofits of existing architecture.
‘ “If architects were serious about sustainability, they would call a halt to new building in the developed world right now. Enough buildings already! Let’s stop now. There is virtually nothing else that we can do that is more polluting than building more.” ’ From Postcards from the Edgelands (For Marion Shoard)/Simon Sellars, quoting Kayzs Varnelis “On Performance, Green Architecture, and Architecture Fiction”
02 Thesis Q1:health
How can the typology of textiles/fabric be modified to improve
the
of our surrounding environment?
This question asks for more traditional tensile structures or textiles that had been used to buffer the hazards of the environment to be reevaluated. Other performing layers have the potential of being imbedded into these easily deployable systems to improve not only the health of the surrounding population but also to redefine the social interaction of the immediate occupants within their social microclimate.
Q2: performative textiles act as an ecological mediator to RetroFIT, revitalize, and preserve Howcan
the neoclassical
perimeter blocks of Zagreb’s Donji Grad neighborhood?
The diagram on the right attempts to illustrate the systems that influenced the design for the performative textiles. The fluctuation in the users reflects the either the occupants in the present or the near future. Other systems include the proximity to grey water, black water, and rain water, environmental factors, geometry to respond to the movement of water and seasonal changes, and the orientation of these elements within a field. These systems work together to purify the water from the surrounding environment and the buildings and to purify the air in the microclimate of the perimeter block. What is depicted in the diagram but implied in the engagment with the block is the redefinition of the social construct of the block.
03 textiles analysis
SPACER FABRICS
T THE LIGHT
AN LAB/GROWING WATER
OMA/MELUN SENART
OM
SPACER FABRICS
SOM/CATHEDRAL OF CHRIST THE LIGHT
TOYO I
URBAN LAB/GROWING WATER
SPACER F
SOM/CATHEDRAL OF CHRIST THE LIGHT
BALL NOGUES/MAXIMILLIAN SHELL SITU STUDIO/REORDER
SOM/PH TOYO ITO/SENDAI MEDIATH
BALL NOGUES/MAXIMILLIAN SHELL URBAN LAB/GROWING WATER
OMA/MELUN SENART
SPACER FABRICS
SITU STUDIO/REORDER SOM/PHYLOREMEDIATION WALL JENNY SABIN/BRANCHING MORPHOGENESIS TOYO ITO/SENDAI MEDIATHEQUE
SPACER FABRICS
SOM/PHYLOREMEDIATION WALL
TOYO ITO/SENDAI MEDIATHEQUE
URBAN LAB/GROWING WATER
SOM/CATHEDRAL OF CHRIST THE LIGHT
MORPHOGENESIS
R
NOGUES/MAXIMILLIAN SHELL
JENNY SABIN/BRANCHING MORPHOGENESIS
OMA/MELUN SENART URBAN LAB/GROWING WATER
SOM/CATHEDRAL OF CHRIST THE LIGHT
BALL NOGUES/MAXIMILLIAN SHELL
SPACER FABRICS
SOM/PHYLOREMEDIATION WALL
TOYO ITO/SENDAI MEDIATHEQUE
URBAN LAB/GROWING WATER
SOM/CATHEDRAL OF CHRIST THE LIGHT
SITU STUDIO/REORDER
JENNY SABIN/BRANCHING MORPHOGENESIS
SITU STUDIO/REORDER
BALL NOGUES/MAXIMILLIAN SHELL
03 textiles
“To study cloth was a way to study society” However even the most avid crafts people of today typically think of textiles primarily in terms of their expressive function or their potential for income generation. Few know about the roles cloth plays worldwide in myth or symbolic ritual, or the way it has been used to further political and social power. Few think about all the ways in which textiles impact their own daily lives. In sum, most people are unaware of the wide reach of this subject because they have never had the opportunity to think about the topic holistically.”
Beverly Gordon
textile historian “One of the most ancient crafts, hand weaving is a method of forming a pliable plane of threads by interlacing them rectangularly. Invented in a preceramic age, it has remained essentially unchanged to this day. even the final mechanization of the craft through introduction of power machinery has not changed the basic principle of weaving.
Anni Albers Bauhaus textile artist
03 textiles
“The coupling together of architecture and textiles is not a new idea. Modern and historical examples that come to mind include the seminal and vast bodies of artistic and design work by Anni Albers, Gunta Stolzl, and Lilly Reich. These three textile textiles were the most integral to the development of the Weaving Workshop and the teaching curriculums for interior and furniture design at the Bauhaus...The Bauhaus weavers marked the shift from expressionistic and individual handcraft compositions to mass-produced and rapid manufactured prototypes for furnite and interior design.” “The ‘Pliable Plane’ was Anni Alber’s term for this generative intersection between architecture and textiles. On Architect Weavers: “The architect is a conceptual weaver working backwards, forwards, and across linked data sets.
Here, loose
looop and tight loop configurations give rise to new rhythms, new effects, and perhaps new visions for adaptive and performative architecture.”
Jenny Sabin archiitect weaver
03 textiles
modifedd
As Applied in Architecture
Ground Covering
tapestry
tapestry The Lady and the Unicorn (series, 1511)
Ronan & Erwan Bouroullec/ Modular Walls (2009)
Anni Albers/Untitled (1969)
geotextiles
nets tents
Fibertex/Palm Islands
agrotextiles
miscellaneous
Ellis Developments Ltd/Bioimplantable Device (2004)
Fishing net
Issey Miyake/Bao Bao bag
miscellaneous
Marimekko Fabric
medical
furnishings
sails Ship Sail
Liberty of London Fabric
Honda Syoryu/ Galaxy (2001)
Ardabil Rug (16th century)
furnishings
tapestry
tapestry
El Anatsui/ Sacred Moon (2007)
Ripstop nylon
Bonar Textiles
As a Surface (Traditional Basic Systems)
03 textiles
SURFACE + VOLUME Surfaces as volume should not be purely understood structurally or decoratively. Instead, the accumulation of surfaces focuses on the organization of program and therefore, allows for an interpretation of space where the
type of material becomes crucial
->
in that interpretation.
Gottfried Semper 1834 Preliminary Remarks on Polychrome Architecture and Sculpture in Antiquity Surface vs. Color Rejection of Winkleman’s purity of form and the idea that color and form were not as separable since the color affirms the materiality.
Gottried Semper Vitruvius Alberti anthropocentricism Architecture of Externality On the Art of Building
anthropocentricism Architecture is of the external since it is analagous to the human body. His ideas for architecture based upon firmitas (strength), utilitas (functionality), and venustas (beauty), the latter of which delves into nature as the source of proportional and symmetrical truth.
Activity -> Enclosure -> Surface Operation - Space
No distinction between ornament and structure as he argues in Der Stil that “in Greek architecture, both the art-form and decoration are so intimately bound together by the influence of the principle of surface dressing that an isolated look at either is impossible”
Adolf Loos Haus Mueller Indifferent Relationship
Gian Lorenzo Bernini David
The exterior is mute while the interior reveals the more energized relationship of volume and surface operation. “It allows those surfaces programmatic possiblities that are capable of relationship of indifference.”
Borromini San Carlo Quattro alle Fontane Internally and Externally Regulated System of Dynamism Dynamism of the Baroque creates a complex idea of infinite movement through internalization and externalization of specific, overlapping geometries Leo Steinberg’s argument for it as a combination of the oval, cross, and octagon, or a merging geometries to create a curvilinear surface of “measures and countermeasures”
x
Adolf Loos
On traditional clothing, related to the role of ornament in modern society “I too admit that i really take pleasure in the old costumes. But this does not give me the right to demand that he put them on for my sake. A costume is clothing that has frozen in a particular form; it will develop no further. It is always a sign that its wearer has given up trying to change his circumstances. The costume is the symbol of resignation.”
Internally Regulated System No way to stand in the front, back, or sides due to an internally regulated system Tension and movement in the sculpture makes the folds of the fabric indiscernable from the flow of the body--all are part of the same process. Therefore, David no longer wears the cloth and he is no longer the body: the centrality of the body is lost.
-> Quatremere de Quincy On Polychromy in ancient Greek architecture Columns were “the finest, the most entire, and the most remarkable monument of Roman significance”
04 the blocks
The site for Allee Zagreb is located in the reclaimed historic green spaces of the perimeter/courtyard blocks within the infill of the Green Horseshoe of Donji
Grad. The buildings in the perimeter/courtyard blocks are predominanly neoclassical and were developed according to the diagrams on the right.
An earlier conceptual representation of the performative textiles within the courtyards of the perimeter blocks
The Green Horseshoe is an almost continuous green space that defines the institutional corridors within Donji Grad.
If the railway lines had not been built, the two prongs of the Green Horseshoe could have been extended to integrate the more southern neighbourhoods into the corridors. One corridor would complete the college axis, and the other could potentially link Donji Grad to the areas across the river.
04
The Blocks
RECLAIM THESE AREAS AS GREEN SPACE FOR THE OCCUPANTS OF THE BLOCKS!
Green Horseshoe & Historical Growth Corridors in the Context of the City Limits
Institutional Buildings
Green Horseshoe
The sites for the interventention of the performative textiles is the blocks within the infill of the Green Horseshoe.
04
The Blocks
The diagrams illustrate the variations in the facades that were found throughout the neighbourhood. The facade elements encompass the windows, window bays, cornices, columns, and amounts of graffiti.
Facade Elements
Further Morphological Variations of Facade Elements
05 WHY ZAGREB?
117
1000
... And Const
Byzantine
1914
1921-1991
Roman Empire
USSR
Habsburgs
3/4 of pop.
population
1/4 of pop.
truction of Premise
1368 1742 1805 1850 1880 1900 1910 1921 1931 1948 1953 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011
2,810 5,600 7,706 16,036 30,830 61,002 79,038 108, 674 185,581 279,623 350,829 430,802 602,205 768,700 777,826 779,145 792,875
Zagreb has experienced a range of influential powers over time. The most notable influential powers for site for the thesis, or Donji
Grad,
is the Habsburgs
1683
and Yugoslavia. As shown earlier in the block diagrams, Donji Grad was developed according the Austrian cadastral mandates. Additionally, a Ottoman
railway to link Zagreb to Vienna and Budapest was built for leisure and commerce. This pivotal move established Zagreb as a city of major influence
1918-1991
within the Habsburg Empire and a gateway between eastern and western Europe.
Yugoslavia
05
why zagreb
After the Homeland
War or the Croatian War of Independence in 1995 and the introduction of Croatia into the EU, the nature of indigenous Croatian Architecture began to be questioned to provide a strong future architectural identity to Croatia. The verdict was that there is no such thing as distinctly Croatian Architecture-- instead, the architecture is an interesting interpretation of the assimilation of the various forces of power. Consequently, Croatian Architecture is defined by instability and transcience.
05
why zagreb
05
why zagreb
What DeFInes the Terrain? The watershed of the Sava
River spans approximately
550 miles and crosses multiple countries. The course of the Sava River was altered between 1848 and 1900 to regulate the river banks within the city of Zagreb. Additionally, the railway
line connecting
Zagreb to Vienna and Budapest defined the growth patterns of the city, resulting in the segregration of typologies as the city grew outwards and south.
Green Spaces in 1960
As shown, the green
spaces have not changed much since 1960 with the exception of Novi Zagreb, the area south of the Sava River.
Green Spaces Now
05
why zagreb
DONJI GRAD Area 1.2 Protection, regulation, and interpolation in historic districts i.e Redesign of Kino Lika and Kino Apolo II
Zones of highly consolidated, consolidated, and non-consolidated
Highly Consolidated Area =
“Stable area in terms of physical structure, use and program; morphological and programmatic changes
are restricted or not allowed, as these would change the built and open urban structure. Areas include historical settlements, city areas designed according to modernisty principles, completed new settlements, and completed complexes of a single program.�
* Images from Project Zagreb and a Peripheral Moment
05
why zagreb
The premise for the thesis...
Due to its integration into the EU, the
future Zagreb will attract expatriate families, businessmen, and visiting faculty to the University of Za-
greb, which has integrated itself more greatly into the system of European universties. Since most of the Croatian families already live outside of the historically identified commercial area of Donji Grad, the
expatriates fill in this zone.
novi zagreb: changes since 1960
The former future scenario is supported by the idea that the expatriates are attracted to the jobs in the
new commercial zone. Contrary zone. Instead,
to the current efforts of developers and in line with the efforts of activits, Donji Grad has been preserved as a residential the new commercial zone has sprung up on the banks of the Sava
River, mingling a commercial zone with a new recreational zone that Zagreb and has replaced the old socialist
is currently beginning to appear along the river. Much of it has spilled across the river to Novi housing blocks.
existing tram system would be extended to the airport to create greater connectivity between this historic part of town and the new commercial zone. The extension of the tram line would occupy the stretch of greenway that is part of the residual green space of the The
Green Horseshoe, which was intended to connect the city in a north to south axis. The installation of the train line that connected Zagreb to Vienna and Budapest cut off this intended green axis.
06 Zagreb analysis
The block
types that are found within Donji Grad and the Green Horseshoe.
06 analysis
block program number of block types
30 57 65 20 1 1
institutions
mostly office
mostly residential
mixed use
mixed use
residential
institutional building types by amount
12 2 2 4 9 5 3 1 1
government
religious
university
school
primary
health
admin. parking
5 minute walkshed to parks blocks partially outside 5 min radius
24 blocks completely outside 5 min radius
20
public green spaces
The block
walksheds
program, institutional building types, and the 5 minute walkshed to parks show a few of the variables
within the urban fabric of Donji Grad. The block
program within the Green Horseshoe is mostly residential with a few blocks of mostly office
and mixed use.
There are four institutional
sity, and government.
Due to the Green Horseshoe, all of the blocks within the infill of the Green Horseshoe are within a 5
minute walkshed to green spaces.
buildings within the Green Horseshoe.
These types include religious, univer
06
zagreb analysis
blocks directly adjacent to pedestrian walkways by building/block type
21 2
non institutional
institutional
blocks directly adjacent to bike paths by building/block type
20
non institutional
institutional
blocks directly adjacent to tram by building/block type
115 22
non institutional
institutional
These analyses of Donji Grad show the locations of the existing cars.
infrastructure that is friendly to people without It also shows the number of blocks that are directly adjacent to the pedestrian walkways, tram lines, or bike
paths.
It shows that little of the infrastructure needs to be changed in the transportation paths.
06
zagreb analysis
deterioration mapping with percentages by amount
4 20 55
76% - 100%
56% - 100%
26% - 55%
deterioration mapping 26%-55% and 76%-100% number of block types
4 24 18
institutions
mostly office
mostly residential
mixed use
mixed use
residential
government
commercial
Deterioration plagues many of the blocks after Homeland War.
Many of the buildings have questionable own-
ership or shifted away from the socialist ideology in ownership, resulting in a grey zone of owner
maintenance of
the buildings. The examples that are shown above reflect the state of many of the buildings. In many cases, windows are broken, paint is peeling off from the plaster, and the plaster has fallen off and the bricks are exposed. The diagrams on the left have a specific number system to show the deterioration. The first number is the
second number is the number of buildings within the block. second diagram shows the blocks with the highest percentages of deterioration. number of buildings that have deteriorated. The
The
06
zagreb analysis
deterioration with block types
06
zagreb analysis
Demographics
06
zagreb analysis
Demographics
07 green space analysis
The green
space analysis was done in a variety of methods.
This one looked at the typologies of circles and
their proximity to lawns, fountains, statues, cars, pedestrians, or nothing at all.
The typologies were categorized according to location in the Upper Town, Lower Town, or Novi Zagreb and according to how they moderated the surrounding space.
07
green space
The green
space analysis was done in a variety of methods.
This one utilized a binary language to create a
weave that was based upon the data of the types and sizes of green spaces.
07
green space
The
green space analysis was done in a variety of methods.
This one investigated the nature of squares within
the exisiting urban fabric. It also compared the surface area of facade that faces the square, the surface area of facde that directly abuts the square, and the percentage of the square that contains greenery.
08 systems
2015
Occupants who are affected by the new systems, 2015 to 2050
2050
08 systems
The initial systems that were investigated included water collection, phytoremediation of air and water, bioswales, inflatable systems, sound absorbing textiles, and tongue movement. Water collection and phytoremediation became the main
systems.
The
three other systems became the support systems for the two main systems. The
pros and cons of each sys-
tem were weighed and listed according to the applicability for the blocks in the Donji Grad neighborhood.
09 site process The conceptual diagram shows the variables and rules of how the performative textiles can engage the surrounding perimeter/courtyard block. It implies the interaction without suggesting the definite form of the performative textiles and how they would interact with the interior green spaces.
Resulting Environment: Controls the microclimate of the blocks as well as the microclimate of the plants during seasonal changes Swings between the behavior of an atrium to a more traditional greenhouse
Block Morphology: Field condition of epicenters of the ecological mediator Alters the form of the block based upon its peripheral
connections
Occupancy: Improves the quality of the lives of the occupants in both the residences and the office through the improvement of environmental factors and provision of nonexisting green spaces Reorganizes the social tor to installed
dynamics of the block due to the requirement for collaboration for the ecological media-
09 site
The block that was chosen to test out the ecological mediator is one with minimal infill. The buildings within the original 45’ setback of the buildings, entrance locations, business locations and tyopes, and surrounding parking and traffic flow were investigated to allow for potential changes. The block has one government building and faces a hotel and another government building across the street. The garden down the street is the botanical
garden.
Original 45’ Setback
Maximum Buildings Affected
Maximum Buildings Removed
Span Assessment of Canopies
Radius of Anchored Points
Block Chosen as Test
10 ecological medatior
View towards one ecological
mediator with second one in background
10
mediator
black water
There are
grey water
rain water
three layers to the ecological mediator, or the entire system of the performative textiles.
The first layer is the thermal
layer.
It prevents the phytoremediation layer from freezing during the winter and
collected rain water into the center bladder to lift or lower the thermal layer. The second layer is the phytoremediation layer, or the phyto
lattice. This filters and cleans the black and grey
water from the surrounding buildings and forms a closed loop system. The water from the buildings is first pumped to the roof and then goes through a pre-filtration system with the phyto lattice until it enters the
cattails on the roof.
It then flows along
bioswales and then reenters the water supply for the buildings.
stored water to lift thermal canopy
The third layer is the wind
tower.
recirculated air
This layer serves to anchor the thermal layer and the phyto lattice. The wind
not only brings cooler air down to the ground level, but it also circulates the air through the phyto lattice layer for phytoremediation.
10
mediator
flat roof
sloped roof
Thermal Control Layer
rain water
rain water
thermal control layer collects rain water to the center bladder to move the thermal layer up and down. This movement responds to seasonal changes and the need to insulate the affected zones. The overall therThe
mal layer prevents the phytoremediation layer from freezing over during the winter. It also is easily deployable as shown in the diagram below. The thermal layer does not cut into the sight lines of the occupants within the building. The fabric deploys along the cables, which are attached to movable levers that raise or lower the ends according to the counterweight of water in the bladder. The ribs inflate and provide the additional necessary support. The wings, or the last aspect of the deployable sequence, attach to other thermal layers to create an almost continuous canopy across the entire block.
10
mediator
sloped roof
flat roof
Phytoremediation Layer
grey water
black water
grey water
black water
The phyto-lattice, or the phytoremediation layer, processes grey and black water from the surrounding buildings. It is suspended from the thermal layer, allowing for the layer to bend and to billow according to the rules of behavior on the following page. Most of the phytoremediation layer allows for the water to flow through, and the upper portion holds the phytoremediating plants. A set of governing rules defines the performance of the phyto-lattice.
10
mediator
rules
Phyto Pod Interstitial Tubing
Phase 1: The black or grey water enters the phyto lattice and flows through a combination of phyto pod and interstitial tubing.
Cell Spacing Increases to Control Aperature
Phase 2: The phyto lattice is plugged to allow the water to sit in the filtration system for an extended period of time. The cell spacing increases or decreases to control the aperature. This controls the amount of light that reaches the surrounding buildings.
Governing Rule for Slope
One Phyto Pod and Elasticity of Material
10
mediator
Roof rules
A cattail
prefiltration system sits on the roof to treat the grey and black water. Depending on what type of water is being treated, a rooftop deck can be installed. This deck is insulated by the thermal layer to allow plants to grow year round. The smaller flaps of the thermal layer can be pulled down to attach to the decking to create pods of insulated space for the
plants.
The diagrams show the programming variations of the rooftop.
10
mediator
vENTILATION
The
ventilation for the wind tower is integrated into the lower surface of the wind tower. Geometric investigations
were done to examine the relationship of the wind tower sizing relative to the thermal layer and the number of flutes that could fit on the surface to still maintain structural integrity. The remaining square footage that is left on the inside of the wind tower can be used for people to occupy the space. flexible space for a maximum of 50 people.
775 square feet can be used as
11 proof of numbers The quantities of the black and grey water have been calculated to show that the phytoremediation layer has the capacity to process the amount of water that would flow through on a daily basis.
11
proof
11
proof
12 Process work
First Model with Movable Arms
12
process
underside water collection Smallest size water sacs + Water Overflow
Largest size water sacs +Water Overflow
Water Overflow + Sacs
12
process
Topside Illuminance
Solstice Clear Sky
Solstice Overcast
Equinox Clear Sky
Equinox Overcast
Solstice Clear Sky
Solstice Overcast
Equinox Clear Sky
Equinox Overcast
Solstice Clear Sky
Solstice Overcast
Equinox Clear Sky
Equinox Overcast
Solstice Clear Sky
Solstice Overcast
Equinox Clear Sky
Equinox Overcast
Sun attractor + Top Level Window
Sun attractor + Mid Level window
Sun attractor
NO attractors
ecomachine matrix 2 x
MORNING MIDDAY EVENING
MORNING MIDDAY EVENING
MORNING
MIDDAY
EVENING
12
process
Earlier Iteration of Phytopods
Earlier Iteration of Entire System
Earlier Iteration of Entire System
Earlier Voronoi Organization of the Block
12
process
First Model with
Iteration with Ventiliation Flutes
Movable Arms
12
process
Iteration with bladders, movable arms, and phytoremediation layer that connects to accompanying houses
12
process
House connects to previous model and has retrofitted balconies
Iteration with Movable Base Arms
12
process
Study Model of Block and University of Zagreb’s visitor center that was eliminated from the final design
Early Phytoremediation Pod Iteration
Early Movable Phytoremediation Lattice