India'sDevelopmentAndGrowthEssay
Background:Indiaisoneofthemostpopularcountriesintheworld.Geographically,Indiais locatedatthesouthoftheAsiancontinent.India'sdevelopmentandgrowthhasbeenoneofthemost significantaccomplishmentsinrecenttimes.IndianeighboringcountriesincludePakistan,Nepal, Bangladesh,SriLanka,Myanmar,andBhutan.ThesizeofthepopulationinIndiais1,266,883,598 andtheTerritorialsizeofthecountryis3,287,263sqkm(TheWorldFactbook,2016)Theprime ministerofIndiaisknownasNarendraModiwhoistheleaderofthemajoritypartyinLokSabha andiscurrentlytheheadoftheCouncilofministersinIndia.India'spoliticalpartythatisinpower rightnowisBharatiyaJanataPartyTheBharatiyaJanataParty,wasfirstfoundedbyShyama Mukherjeein1953withthemainpurposeofsafeguardingtheHinduinterestsinIndia(TheWorld Factbook,2016).Indiaisbecomingmoreofanopenmarketeconomy.Whilemostemergingnations werehavestruggledmightilyagainstthestrongU.S.dollarandfallingcommodityprices,India continuestolead.TheviewforIndia'slong–termgrowthispositiveduetothestaggeringyoung populationandcorrespondinglowdependencyratio(WorldFactbook,2016)Forexamplehealthy savings,investmentrates,andincreasingintegrationplayaroleintheglobaleconomy.Indiabeing the4thlargesteconomyintheworld,Indiahasboughtaboutalandmarkagriculturalrevolutionthat haschangedthecountry
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WorldPopulation WorksCitedNotIncluded
Populationcausesaheateddebateamongmanypeople.Theworld'spopulationhasexceeded6.5 billionandcontinuestoincreaseaboutanother76millioneachyearThethreemostpopulated countriesareChina,India,andtheUnitedStates.Scientistshavebecomeworriedthatthepopulation willdoublewithinthenext50years,exceeding12billionpeople.Withscarcenaturalresourcesand thestrainthatadoublinginpopulationwillcauseonfoodavailability,peoplebecomemorewary aboutpopulationcontrol.Whatispopulationcontrol?PopulationControlisthepracticeoflimiting populationincrease,usuallybyreducingthebirthrate(www.wikipedia.org).
Thefirstcountrytoadopta...showmorecontent...
Samuelstatesinhisarticle,"TheDevelopmentofIndia'sPolicyofPopulationControl":"Thispolicy hasnotyetreceivedtheattentionmeritedbyitsimportanceforIndia'sdevelopment."
ChinaleadsIndiainpopulationbyabout2millionpeople,puttingChinaatthetopofthelistwith 1.3billionpeople,roughly20percentoftheworld'spopulation(www.wikipedia.org).Whathas Chinadoneintheefforttoslowtheevergrowingpopulation?In1979,Chinaintroducedapolicy limitingonechildperfamily.Thiswasunprecedented.In1986,thelimitincreasedtotwochildren perfamily,aslongasthefamilywasnon–Han.(HanistheethnicmajorityinChina).Somerural Hanfamilieswerealsoallowedtohavetwochildren,aslongasthefirstbornchildwasafemale Thegoalindoingthiswastolimitthepopulationtobelow1.37billionbytheyear2010.Some familiesrefusedtoadheretothefamilylimitationpolicies.Forexample,theysabotagedgovernment mandatedcontraceptivesandpaiddoctorstoclaimtohaveperformedabortions.
Ithasbeen28yearssincethepolicywasset,andtherehavebeensomegenderfluctuationwithinthe Chinesepopulation.Atfirst,theChinesefamiliesonlywantedmalechildreninordertocarryonthe familynameandhonor.Manyfamilieswithdaughtersbornwantedabortionsorsimplykilledthe femalesafterbirthIn1995,1,166malechildrenwerebornforevery
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EssayonWorldPopulation
AcrossIndia,themillionsofcitizenslivingonlessthantwodollarsadayarebarelyabletoafford someoftheirmostbasicnecessities.Therangeintypesofhomestheylivein,toaccesstoservices, suchas,electricity,waterandsanitationvariesfromcitytocity.India,isthemostpopulousnation ontheplanetandyetanastonishingnumberofcitizensarelivingbelowthepovertyline.Thereare differentiationsinpoorness,however,evidently,thoselivingonlessthantwodollarsadayare livinginmuchdirecircumstances.Asthepopulationincreases,thepovertylevelinflatesaswell. Withapopulationofwelloveronebillion,andrisingat,somewouldsay,alarmingrates,Indiaisthe leadingnationinregardstopopulationgrowthCurrently,Indiaholdsthetitleoftheworld'smost populouscountry,beatingoutit'smostdominantcompetitor,China.Itisestimatedthat,accordingto WorldBank,in2007,80%ofIndia'spopulationwaslivingonlessthan$2aday.Comparatively,in 2009,two–thirdsofIndia'spopulationlivedonlessthan$2aday.Thereisnodenyingthatthe populationofIndiadrawsaconnectiontopoverty,morespecificallythepovertytrap.Apovertytrap isaselfreinforcingmechanismwhichmakesitextremelydifficultforpeopletoescapepoverty Usually,itpersistsfromgenerationtogeneration,andthesituationdoesnotchangeunlessextreme measuresaretaken.However,usuallythesepoverty–strickencitizensdonothave
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ProsAndConsOfPovertyInIndia
ThepopulationofIndiaisintrouble.Theyarefacingwidespreadoverpopulationandthesecond largestAIDSepidemicintheworld.TheobjectiveistopointoutthedifferencesinIndianandUS populationcompositions,totalfertilityrates,economicconditions,diseasecontrolpolicies,growth, andliteracyrates.ThesecomparisonswillhelptoputIndia'spopulationproblemsinperspective. Together,thesetwocountrieshousethesecondandthirdlargestpopulationsontheEarth.Toputit inperspective,ofthe61billionpeoplewhoexistonearth,seventeenpercentareeitherIndiansor Americans(Haub,3).IfIndiacontinuestoexperiencehighgrowthratesandspreadingdiseasethey willbeinruins.
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Thisisimportanttomentionbecausetherehavebeenaccusationsofselectiveabortionoffemales basedonapreferenceformales.TheagestructureintheUSiswelldistributedbetweenyoungand oldwithmostofthepopulationbeingbetween15–64yearsofage,the?workingage,?andthe numberthatmostcountriesusetodetermineunemploymentlevelsAscanbeseentherearealarge numberofworkingagedAmericans,thisbenefitstheUSeconomyandprovidesthecountrywitha largeresourcepoolNoticethatin
Indiathepopulationdoesconsistofalargeworkingageclass.Thedifferenceismorethanathirdof thecountryisundertheageoffourteen.
FertilityDifferences
IntheUnitedStatesthereisatotalfertilityrateofaround2.1andaninfantmortalityrateof7.1 deathsperevery1000childrenbornuptoage1year(Haub,4).Thechildrenproducedunderthis fertilityrategrowuptopopulatetheUStothetuneofseventy–sevenpeoplepersquaremileofland, withalifeexpectancyaverageof77years
ThelargeIndianyouthpopulationpointstoanobviouslyinflatedTFR.Indiahastocontendwitha larger3.1totalfertilityrate,whichisalmost168%thatoftheUnited StatesThisputsaburdenonthegovernmentandcommunitytoraiseandsustainthosechildrenand providenecessarynourishment.Thistaskisapparentlydifficultwhenwelookattheinfantmortality rateof70
India?smortality
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PopulationExplosioninIndia
TheFactorsandEffectsofPopulationExplosioninIndia,andStepstoControlPopulation
TherearemanyfactorscontributinginthepopulationexplosioninIndia,andtheincreased populationhasledtomanyothersconsequencesAnyhow,stepsaretakenbythegovernmentof Indiatocontrolthispredicament.Firstandforemost,thehighbirthrateinIndiaisthemainrootof theoverpopulation.Thehighfertilityrateisduetotheimpecuniousofthecountry.Tocounterthis, thenationsgivebirthtomorechildren,hopingthattherewillbemoreincomeresourcesBesides, thepeoplecountuponthatthesurvivabilityoftheirchildrenislowandthustheykeepproducing morechildren.Moreover,mostofshowmorecontent
Notonlythat,thenationalheritageandtheancestralmonumentswillbedamagedbytheair pollution.Besides,carbondioxideandchlorofluorocarbonsincreaseasthepopulationgrowsand resultinairpollutionanddepletionofozonelayerEventually,temperatureofearthwillriseandthe ultravioletradiationofthesunwillbeabletopenetrateovertheozonelayer.Globalwarmingoccurs asgreenhousegasestraptheheatintheearth'satmosphere.Hightemperaturewillhamperthe harvestofcropsandfurtherdeterioratetheeconomyinIndia.Additionally,theclimaticchangeswill leadtoincreaseoftropicaldisturbances.Peoplethemselveswillbeindangeraswellasthepollution goescritical
Thenextpollutionwillbewaterpollution.Thispollutioncomesfromfactories,automobiles'' exhaustsandmines,whichdumpsewagedirectlyintothewater.Moreover,asanAgrariancountry, theusageofpesticidesforagricultureinIndiacallsforwaterpollutiontooExcessiveusageof organicmatterbyfarmerswillalsoleadtothesameconsequent.Asmentioned,deforestationwill occuraspopulationincreaseandtheforestsarestripped,soilerosionwillhappenandfurthercause sedimentsinwater.Furthermore,peopleinIndiabatheinriverforspiritualrejuvenate.However,as theywardingofftheirsinsinwater,bodywastesareexcretedintotheriveraswell,leadingtoriver pollutionReligious
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OverpopulationinIndia
Accordingtothe2011Indiacensusthereareapproximately28millionChristians(Knapp).This numberequatestoabout80%ofthetotalpopulationofCanada.Tosomethiswouldseemthat ChristianityisflourishinginIndia.However,thetotalpopulationofIndiais1.25billion; Christianityonlymakesupapproximately2.2percentoftheentirepopulation,whileHinduism makesup798percentandIslam142percentFurther,since1951,therehasnotbeenasignificant increaseintherateofChristianswhencomparedwiththetotalIndianpopulationasithashovered around2.3percent(Knapp).Itisworthnotinghoweverthatsince1951thetotalChristian populationinIndiahasgrownfromaround8millionpeopletothe28millionitistoday(Knapp)It hassincebeenovertwothousandyearssinceChristianitywasfirstintroducedtoIndiabyThomas, theapostle;itcanbearguedthatChristianityhashadadifficulttimeflourishingasitisavery distantthirdasthereligionofchoiceinIndia.Thispaperwilldiscusssomeoftheobstaclesthat havechallengedthegrowthofChristianityinIndia.Theseobstaclesinclude;thehistorically entrenchedcastesystemofIndia,thestrongbeliefinthesecularstateandthepersecutionof Christianity.Although,theseobstaclesareformidableandmayneverbetotallyovercome, ChristianitycanstillgrowandbeamainstayinIndiansociety.However,morethanlikelyitmaynot beabletousurpthepowerthatHinduismand
ObstaclesOfChristianGrowth
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PopulationandFamilyPlanningPolicyinIndia
Populationgrowthhaslongbeenaconcernofthegovernment,andIndiahasalengthyhistoryof explicitpopulationpolicy.Inthe1950s,thegovernmentbegan,inamodestway,oneoftheearliest national,government–sponsoredfamilyplanningeffortsinthedevelopingworldTheannual populationgrowthrateinthepreviousdecade(1941to1951)hadbeenbelow1.3percent,and governmentplannersoptimisticallybelievedthatthepopulationwouldcontinuetogrowatroughly thesamerate
Implicitly,thegovernmentbelievedthatIndiacouldrepeattheexperienceofthedevelopednations whereindustrializationandariseinthestandardoflivinghadbeenaccompaniedbyadropin theshowmorecontent
However,muchwaslearnedaboutpolicyandpracticefromtheJamkhedProject.Thesuccessfuluse ofwomen'sclubsasameansofinvolvingwomenincommunity–widefamilyplanningactivities impressedthestategovernmenttothedegreethatitsetaboutorganizingsuchclubsineveryvillage inthestate.Theprojectalsoservesasapilottotestideasthatthegovernmentwantstoincorporate intoitsprograms.GovernmentmedicalstaffmembershavebeensenttoJamkhedfortraining,and thegovernmenthasproposedthattheprojectassumethetaskofselectingandtraininggovernment healthworkersforanareaof25millionpeople
AnotherimportantfamilyplanningprogramistheProjectforCommunityActioninFamily Planning.LocatedinKarnataka,theprojectoperatesin154projectvillagesand255controlvillages. Allprojectvillagesareofsufficientsizetohaveahealthsubcenter,althoughthisadvantageisoffset bythefactthatthosevillagesarethemostdistantfromthearea'sprimaryhealthcenters.Asat Jamkhed,theprojectismuchassistedbylocalvoluntarygroups,suchasthewomen'sclubs.The localvoluntarygroupseitherprovideorsecuresitessuitableasdistributiondepotsforcondomsand birthcontrolpillsandalsomakearrangementsfortheoperationofsterilizationcamps.Data providedbytheProjectforCommunityActioninFamilyPlanningshowthatimportant achievementshavebeenrealizedinthe
PopulationandFamilyPlanningPolicyinIndia
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HowarethepopulationpoliciesdifferentbetweenIndiaandChina?
GuifangTang
IntroductionChinaandIndiaarethetwocountrieswhichhavethelargestpopulationintheworld. Thesetwocountrieshavemanysimilarities,especiallytheyhavefabulousgrowingspeedduringthe globalization.Intheglobaleconomicmarket,Chinahasthebiggestmanufacturemarketandcheap labor(JustinPaul&ErickMas.2016).IndiagainedindependencefromtheUnitedKingdomfrom 1947andstartedtofocusonimprovingtheirfoodsecurityanddevelopingthetechnologyof agriculture,soIndiahastheevidencedominatetheservicemarketfromagriculturetransferto servicesectorduetotheglobalizationtooinrecentlydecades(Kedia&Lahiri2007)Inthesame situationofChina,thewholesocietyfocusedonagriculturalreformssincethe1970s.Astwofastest developingcountries,ChinaandIndiatypicallyhaveabignumberofpopulationandcheaplaborfor manufactureindustrieswhichgainedalotofattentionaroundtheworldPopulationinonecountry couldbetheproductivitypowerortheeconomicfactorforceofdeveloping.Ontheotherside,it couldbethemainreasonofhinderthedevelopmentSothispaperwilldirectlyanalysisthesetwo nationspopulationpolicy,inaddition,basedontheirdifferentsocietycontextsandculturevalue, analysisthepopulationproblemandsocialissuesaroundthepolicy.
ComparisonbetweenIndiaandChina
1.IndiaandChinapopulation ...Getmorecontent...
Indiaisthelargestdemocracyintheworld,anuclearpowerandamergingeconomy(BBCNews). Currently,IndiaisthesecondmostpopulouscountryandaccordingtoUnitedNations'projectionit willsurpassChinaandbecomethemostpopulatedby2028(UNnews).In2028,bothChinaand Indiaarepredictedtohave1.45billion,butChina'spopulationwilldecreasethereafterwhereas India'swillcontinuetoincreaseThisfactimpliesChina'scontroversialpopulationcontrol mechanismswillbesuccessful,whileIndia'swillfail.Indiadabbledinforcedsterilization (vasectomy)inthe1970s;whereonlymenwithovertwochildrenweresupposetobesterilized; howeverduetoabuseandcorruption,manyunintendedmen(andwomen)"wereshowmore content...
Countrieswithsuchanoutlook(family–orientated)willalwayshavehighbirthrates.Additionally, culturalnotionsaboutfamily,marriageandchildrenchangeovercenturiesbecausesuchnotionsare passeddownthroughgenerations,sotheychangeslowly.Sharma'spersonalarticleisasrecentas March2014anditshowspresent–dayIndiaOvertime,thesenotionsaregoingtochangeas illustratedbythepopulationdeclineafter2060.Howeverforthetimebeingculturalattitudes towardsmarriageandchildrenwillcauseIndia'spopulationtogrow.
Naturalincreaseofthepopulationoccurswhencrudebirthrateishigherthanthecrudedeathrate.In 2013WorldFactbookreportsthecrudebirthrate(CBR)andcrudedeathrate(CDR)as20.24and 739respectively,whichmeansthenaturalincreaseis1285peopleper1000TheCBRisalmost threetimesasmuchastheCDR,whichimpliesthatthetotalfertilityrate(TFR)ishigh,but surprisinglyitisonly2.55.IdeallycountrieswantTFRtobe2.1asitmeansthecountryisreplacing itspopulation(foreachdeaththereisabirth)Arguably,TFRcanbeanynumberbetweentwoand threebecausehumanscanonlybemeasuredwithwholenumbersandthebasicpointisTFRneeds tobejustalittlehigherthan2,so3(closestwholenumber).ConsideringthefactIndiaisalready overpopulated,theTFRmeansthepopulationwillkeepgrowingseeingthataspeopledie,theyare alreadyreplaced.ForIndia,the
EssayIndia’sAgingPopulation
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IwouldliketopresenttoyouthecountryofIndia.Acountryone–thirdtheareaoftheUnitedStates (totallandmassis2,973,190sq.kilometers)bordersChinaonthenortheast,Pakistanonthewest, NepalandBlutantothenorth,andBurmaandBangladeshtotheeast.Itisdividedintothree categoricalgeographicregions:theGangeticPlain,theplateauregioninthesouth,theHimalayan regioninthenorth,whichcontainssomeofthehighestmountainsintheworldandacentralpart Indiahasapopulationof1,027,015,247thanspeaksawhoppingseventeendifferentlanguages. IndiahasseveralreligionsbutsixmajorreligionsareHinduism,Islam,Christianity,Buddhism, Sikhism,andJinismshowmorecontent
Anestimated750millionpeopleliveontheareasaroundtheHimalayarivers,whichincludes Bangladesh.Vegetationacrosstherangevarieswithclimateandaltitude.Thelowerregionsshowa forestthatcontainsshrubery,plants,andtreesthattendtofalloffduetowinterseasons.Inthe higherregionoftheHimalaya'sliesavegetationareathatconsistedoftemperateforests,conifers, andtundraTheHimalaya'saretoppedoffwiththesnow–lineinwhichwhateverliesaboveis coveredinsnowyearround.Alsoontheeasternsideevergreenrainforestscanbesighted.The Himalaya'shaveaprofoundimpactontheclimateespeciallytotheTibetanplateauandIndian subcontinent.Itprevents"frigid,dryArcticwindsfromblowingsouthintothesubcontinent,which keepsSouthAsiamuchwarmerthancorrespondingtemperateregionsintheothercontinents.Italso formsabarrierforthemonsoonwinds,keepingthemfromtravelingnorthwards,andcausingheavy rainfallintheTerairegion"(Himalaya).Anexampleoftheimpactthemountainrangegivestothe populationisthatisanaturalbarriertothemovementofpeopleforalongtime.Ithasprevented peoplefromChinaandMongoliatomeetthosefromtheIndiansubcontinentand"causeda significantdifferenceinlanguagesandcustomsbetweentheseregions.TheHimalayahasalso hinderedtraderoutesandpreventedmilitaryexpeditionsacrossitsexpanse"(Himalaya).
EssayonGeographyofIndia
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POPULATIONGROWTH:THENEGATIVEEFFECTONINDIANSOCIETY Introduction
Thestudyofpopulationgrowthisveryimportantinacountryfromthepointofsocietyofacountry becausehumanbeingconstitutenotonlyasaninstrumentofproductionbutalsoendthemselves.Its increaseislargelydependonsomedemographicfactorlikemarriage,birth,death,migrationetc.It isimportanttoknowthequantitativenumberofpeopleandthegrowthofparticulartimewithits effectonsocietynegativelyandpositivelyforfutureguidance.
Objectives
1)TostudytherateatwhichpopulationofIndiahasbeengrowing.
2)Toco–relateabsolutenumberofpopulationgrowthandIndiansociety.
3)Toknowhowpopulationgrowthcreatesocialproblemshowmorecontent
Thisprogrammeforcheckingpopulationgrowthhavebeenvigorousandpersuasiveandultimately bringdownthedecadalgrowthrateofpopulationbutnotabsolutenumber.
Besides,theincreasingpopulationisassociatedwithtechnologicalinnovationanddevelopmentThe technologicalrevolutionwhichistakingplaceinIndiahasbeenhelpingandincreasinghuman capabilitiesandpotentialityButsomeoftheemergingnewtechnologiesarestartedabusingbythe humanwhichledtoanumbersocialproblemandevilinasociety.
ChildLabourThelabourforceofanycountrycomprisesthosepersons(excludingthephysical handicap)whobelongtotheagegroup15–60yearsPersonlessthan15yearsofagearenot includedinthisforceastheyareconsideredtobeyoungage.Mostofthepeopleintheworldareof opinionthatchildrenbelowtheageoffifteenshouldnotbeputtostrenuousjobsasthisisthe formativestageofpersonlife.Butbecauseofinnumerablereasonschildren,bothboysandgirls,far lessthantheprescribeloweragearecompelledtocomeoutoftheirfamiliestomakethemselves availableforhardworkNormally,suchchildrenarecalledchildlabourersItwasalsoprevalent eveninolddays.Howeverwiththepassageoftimeandwiththegrowthofpopulationthishas becomeasocialproblem.V.V.Giri1¬,formerpresidentofIndiadistinguishbetweentwosenses
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OurtaskforthistermistocompareandcontrastAustraliaandanAsiancountry.Thisreportwill highlightthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenmychosencountryIndiaandAustralia.
LocationAndPopulation
Indiaislocatedatcoordinatesof205937°N,789629°Eandis3287millionkm²inlandmassThis isfairlysmallcomparedtoAustraliawith7.692millionkm²inlandmass.Australiaislocatedat coordinatesof25.2744°S,133.7751°E.FurthermoreeventhoughAustraliaisbiggeritstillhasa smallerpeopleperkm²rate.At3peopleperkm²thisisminiaturecomparedtoIndiawithgigantic rateof382peoplekm².thereisalsohugedifferenceinpopulationasAustraliahas21,508,000and Indiawithaenormouspopulationof1,326,572,000thedifferencebetweenthesepopulationsare 1,305,064,000.
Flags
TheflagofacountryisalwaysuniqueandrepresentsthecountriesvaluesIndia'sflaghasthe coloursgreen,whiteandorangegoinghorizontalinthisorder.Inthemiddleofthewhiteis somethingcalledtheAshokaChakraitisa24–spokewheelthatrepresentsthe33inscriptionsonthe pillarsofAshokaAswellasbouldersandcavewallstheemperorhadbuiltIncontrastAustralia's flagisalsoveryuniqueasithastheSouthernCrossandtheunionjack.Theunionjackwasadopted fromEnglishflag.TheunionjackistheBritishflag.TheunionjackisontheflagbecauseAustralia isstillruledbyBritishEmpire.ThecoloursoftheAustralianflag
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ThePopulationGrowthRateinIndia
Formanyyearsconcernhasbeenvoicedovertheseeminglyuncheckedrateofpopulationgrowthin India,butthemostrecentindicationsarethatsomesuccessisbeingachievedinslowingtherateof populationgrowthTheprogresswhichhasbeenachievedtodateisstillonlyofamodestnatureand shouldnotserveasprematurecauseforcomplacency.Moreover,aslowingoftherateofpopulation growthisnotincompatiblewithadangerouspopulationincreaseinacountrylikeIndiawhichhas sohugeapopulationbasetobeginwithNevertheless,themostrecentsignsdooffersomeoccasion foradoptingacertaindegreeofcautiousoptimisminregardtotheproblem....showmorecontent...
Underconditionsofsevereimpoverishment,attendedasithastraditionallybeenbyhighchildhood mortalityrates,"ithasestimatedforIndiathatinordertohavea95percentprobabilityof raisingasontoadulthood,thecouplehadtohaveatleastsixchildren."
Ingeneral,directeffortsonthepartofgovernmenttopromotefamilyplanninghavehadonly limitedsuccessinIndia.Inlargepartthishasbeenduetothefactorswhichhavetraditionally operatedinIndiancultureandsocietytopromotelargefamilies,ofwhichmorewillbesaidlater. Here,however,itmightbenotedthatthemostcommonfamilyplanningmodeshaveproven difficulttoimplementunderIndianconditions.Wheregovernmenteffortsareconcerned,"for massconsumptiononlythreemethodsareadvocated:sterilization(vasectomyforfathersand tubectomyformothers),IUDsandcondoms."Sterilizationhastraditionallymetwithstrong resistanceamonguneducatedsectorsofthepopulationwhoassociateitwithlossofvirilityor feminimity,and,oftenbeingirrevocable,ithasbeenasourceofunderstandableconcerninasociety wherecoupleswhomayalreadyhaveseveralchildrenrisklosingsomeorallofthemasaresultof suchfactorsasepidemicsearthquakesorfloods.
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ThePopulationGrowthRateInIndiaEssay
IndiaADevelopingCountry
Indiaisadevelopingcountry.Thefactorshinderingdevelopmentofthecountryaremany.Someof themcanbeattributedtothelowpercapitaincomeandlargerchunkofthepopulationlivingunder thepovertyline.Indiaisacountrywithpoorpeoplebutwithrichnaturalresources.Itcanbesaid thatthecountry'spotentialiseitherthehumanresourceorthenaturalresourcesarenotadequately utilizedtothemaximumextentandthatresultedinlowpercapitaincomeIndiaisanagrarian economy.Theeconomyismarredwithunemploymentandunderemployment.Sincetheeconomy isbasicallyagrarian,disguisedunemploymentisalsorampantamongthefarmercommunity.Apart fromthereasonsmentioned,themoneymarketaswellascapitalmarketwitnessedthepresenceof privatemoneylenders,landlordsetc.Theyhaveactedasbankersforcenturiesandhaveamassed majorwealthfrompeopleofIndiathatadverselyaffectedcapitalformation.Theneedforabetter financialinstitutionandcreditinfrastructurewasthusfeltnecessarybytheplanningcommission whenthefive–yearplanswereinitiated.Anefficientbankingsystemandwellfunctioningcapital market,capableofmobilizingthesavings&channelingthemtoproductiveuses,areessentialifthe effortsateconomicrestructuringaretosucceed.Whileboththebankingsystemsandcapitalmarkets haveshownimpressivegrowthinthevolumeofoperations.Unlessmajorreformswereinitiatedit wasdifficultto
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Whatisonethingtheentireworldgoesthroughatsomepointinitslife?Populationgrowthhappens toallofus,buthowmuchistoomuch?Indiaisinthisquestionablestagerightnow.Howmany peopleistoomuchforthiscountrytohandle?Everycountrygoesthrough4stagesofpopulation andtheygothroughgrowth,stabilityanddecline.Indiaisinagrowingstaterightnowandthiswill continueuntilitstabilizesitselfOnemightlookatthepovernstateIndiaisinrightnowandseethat itisthecauseifitspopulationproblembutothersseeitistheasthecauseofacceleratedgrowththat causesthegovernmenttofallbehindthepeople'sneeds.Weshouldlookintothegoodthatacountry cangainfrompopulationgrowthshowmorecontent
Whilepopulationsrizeatasteadyratepeopleendupfillingcreatedjobsandwantingtoworkifitis seenasnormal.PeoplelookdownonbeingatelemarketerinAmericabutmeanwhileIndiahashad growingpopulationandmorepeopletotakelesswantedjobs.Thesebecomewellpayingandfairly availablejobssothepeopleofIndiatakeupopportunitiesandtheystartworking.Withoutthe growthinIndia'spopulationtheinfrastructurethatmadetheseadvancesintechnologicalabilities wouldn'thavebeenpossible.Onemightthinkafterreadingthis'wellthenwhyarecountrieswith highpopulationsnoimpoverished?'wellforonewhosaysthisaskyourself,whyarethey impoverished?Mostwouldcometothispointaboutoverpopulation,butisthistherealproblemoris itaboutoverconsumptionofournaturalresourcesandoveruseofourland?Populationgrowth"was notbecausepeoplesuddenlystartedbreedinglikerabbits–rather,itwasbecausetheyfinally stoppeddyinglikeflies"(Eberstadt)andifyoulookatgrowthfromthisperspectiveyouseethisis somewhattrue,let'slookatstagesoneandtwointhe4stagesofdemographictransitions.Stageone showsanewcountry,ahighbirthanddeathrate,andatotalpopulationthatisverysmallWhenwe moveontostagetworeallyonly2ofthelineschange,totalpopulationanddeathrate.Thesetwo demographicshavequiteobviousand
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EffectsOfPopulationGrowthOfIndia
SHORTESSAYONHISTORYOFINDIA
Indiahasfrequentlybeensubjectedtohorrorsoffamine.From1858totheendofthe19thcentury, morethantwentyfaminesoccurredinIndia.
AmajorcharacteristicofBritishruleinIndia,andthenetresultofBritisheconomicpolicies,was theprevalenceofextremepovertyamongitspeople.Whilehistoriandisagreeonthequestion whetherIndiawasgettingpoorerornotunderBritishrule,thereisnodisagreementonthefactthat throughouttheperiodofBritishrulemostIndiansalwayslivedonthevergeofstarvation.
Britisheconomicexploitation,thedecayofindigenousindustries,thefailureofmodernindustriesto replacethem,hightaxation,thedrainofwealthtoBritainanda...showmorecontent...
ThesettlementandtheRyotwarisystemwerenotmadepermanentItwasrevisedperiodicallyafter 20to30yearswhentherevenuedemandwasusuallyraised.
TheRyotwarisystemprotectedneithertherightsofthecultivatorsnerputthemtoanyfinancial gain.Thesystemcouldnotintroducepeasantownership.Thestateremainedtheowneroftheland. Thecultivatorhadtopayregularrevenueotherwisetheycouldbedispossessedoftheirlandsany time.Thedemandforrevenuebythegovernmentremainedveryhigh.Besides,ithadtherightto enhancetherevenueasitpleased.Thecultivatorswere,thus,notsureofgreateradvantagefortheir betterproducing
ThepurposeoftheRyotwariSystemwastosavethecultivatorsfromtheoppressionofthe zamindars.Thoughtheywerenomoreonthemercyofthezamindarsbutthesystemdidnotsatisfy theaspirationsofthepeasantry.Infact,itcausedwidespreadoppressionandagriculturaldistress.
Thelargenumberofzamindarshadbeenreplacedbyonegiantzamindar–thestate,whichonly knewtosqueezeasmuchfromthepeasantaspossible.Thisdidnotbringintoexistenceasystemof peasantownership.Laterthegovernmentopenlyclaimedthatlandrevenuewasarentandnotatax.
Theryot'slightsofownershipofhislandwerealsonegatedbythreeotherfactors:(i)inmostareas thelandrevenuefixedwasexorbitant;
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ShortEssayonHistoryofIndia
TheenvironmentalproblemsinIndiaaregrowingrapidly.Theincreasingeconomicdevelopment andarapidlygrowingpopulationthathastakenthecountryfrom300millionpeoplein1947to morethanonebillionpeopletodayisputtingastrainontheenvironment,infrastructure,andthe country'snaturalresources.Industrialpollution,soilerosion,deforestation,rapidindustrialization, urbanization,andlanddegradationareallworseningproblemsOverexploitationofthecountry's resourcesbeitlandorwaterandtheindustrializationprocesshasresultedenvironmental degradationofresources.Environmentalpollutionisoneofthemostseriousproblemsfacing humanityandotherlifeformsonourplanettodayIndia'spercapitashowmorecontent Withpollutionlevelrisingacrossthecountry,IndiaonWednesday,the18November2009revised thenationalambientairqualitystandardsafter15years."Wehavenotifiedtheambientairquality standardsinIndiawhichisequivalenttotheEuropeanlevelandexceedsthestandardprevalentin theUS,"MinisterofstateforenvironmentandforestsJairamRameshsaid.Therevisedambientair qualitystandardsprovidealegalframeworkforthecontrolofairpollutionandtheprotectionof publichealthandanycitizencanapproachthecourtdemandingbetterairquality.Vehicleemissions areresponsiblefor70%ofthecountry'sairpollution.Themajorproblemwithgovernmenteffortsto safeguardtheenvironmenthasbeenenforcementatthelocallevel,notwithalackoflaws.Air pollutionfromvehicleexhaustandindustryisaworseningproblemforIndia.Exhaustfromvehicles hasincreasedeight–foldoverlevelsoftwentyyearsago;industrialpollutionhasrisenfourtimes overthesameperiod.Theeconomyhasgrowntwoandahalftimesoverthepasttwodecadesbut pollutioncontrolandcivilserviceshavenotkeptpace.AirqualityisworstinbigcitieslikeKolkata, Delhi,Mumbai,Chennai,etcBangaloreholdsthetitleofbeingtheasthmacapitalofthecountry Studiesestimatethat10percentofBangalore's60lakhpopulationandover50percentofits childrenbelow18yearssufferfromair
TheEnvironmentalProblemsinIndia
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