SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS TO ARCHITECTURE
GROUP 11 (Tutor: Ar Hoi Jung Wai) Ethan Lai Kai-Xian Eugene Mah Jun Yi Tan Jun Jin Jason Yong Tian Jun Ryan Lim Jing Hao Lau Chong Hee Ng Jia Xun Anson Ong Kah Kit
0338538 0337933 0338810 0337703 0337392 0338633 0338828 0337397
Contents 1. Acknowledgements
Pg 1
2. Sustainable Development Goals
Pg 2
3. SDG 11 - Sustainable Cities and Communities
Pg 3
4. SDG 11 Case Study - The Arc @ Bandar Rimbayu
Pg 4 - 7
5. SDG 13 - Climate Action
Pg 8
6. SDG 13 Case Study - Factory in the Earth
Pg 9 - 12
7. References
Pg 13
Acknowledgements We would like to express our special thanks of gratitude to our group members, Eugene Mah Jun Yi, Jason Yong Tian Jun, Ryan Lim Jing Hao, Tan Jun Jin, Anson Ong Kah Kit, Ng Jia Xun, Ethan Lai Kai-Xian, Lau Chong Hee who contributed, helped in research and successfully finished this assignment on Sustainable Development Goals to Architecture. We would also like to thank you our amazing lecturers, Ms Tamil Salvi Mari & Mr Hoi Jung Wai, who have guided us and helped us throughout this assignment. Finally, to Taylor's University for this opportunity to learn.
SDGs
The Sustainable Development Goals are a global plan to alleviate poverty, safeguard the environment, and assure everyone's prosperity. There are 17 goals in total. They serve as a focal point for international development activities through 2030. The environment underlies each of those goals from eliminating hunger to reducing inequalities to building sustainable communities around the world. The 17 SDGs are integrated—that is, they recognize that action in one area will affect outcomes in others, and that development must balance social, economic and environmental sustainability. All 17 goals are interconnected, so success in one has an impact on the others. Dealing with the threat of climate change has an impact on how we manage our finite natural resources, establishing gender equality or better health aids in poverty eradication, and building peace and inclusive society reduces inequities and aids economic growth. In a short, this is the best opportunity we have to better the lives of future generations. Countries have agreed to prioritise progress for those who are the most behind in the vow to Leave No One Behind. As a result, the SDGs are aimed at achieving a number of life-changing ‘zeros,' such as zero poverty, hunger, AIDS, and discrimination against women and girls.
The SDGs are unique in that they cover issues that affect us all. They reaffirm our international commitment to end poverty, permanently, everywhere. They are ambitious in making sure no one is left behind. More importantly, they involve us all to build a more sustainable, safer, more prosperous planet for all humanity.
SDG 11 - SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND COMMUNITIES
Sustainable Development Goal 11 (SDG 11 or Global Goal 11) is about "sustainable cities and communities" established by the United Nations General Assembly in 2015. The SDG 11 is to “Make cities inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable”.
Target 11.1
Safe and affordable Housing
Target 11.6
Proportion of urban population living in slums, informal settlements or inadequate housing Target 11.2
Target 11.3
Affordable and Sustainable Transport System Proportion of population that has convenient access to public transport, by sex, age and persons with disabilities
Target 11.4
II) Annual mean levels of fine particulate matter (e.g. PM2.5 and PM10) in cities (population weighted) Target 11.7
Inclusive and Sustainable Urbanization I) Ratio of land consumption rate to population growth rate II) Proportion of cities with a direct participation structure of civil society in urban planning and management that operate regularly and democratically Protect The Worlds Cultural and Natural Heritage
Reduce The Adverse Effects Of Natural Disasters I) Number of deaths, missing persons and directly affected persons attributed to disasters per 100,000 population II) Direct economic loss in relation to global GDP, damage to critical infrastructure and number of disruptions to basic services, attributed to disaster
Provide Access To Safe And Inclusive Green and Public Spaces Average share of the built-up area of cities that is open space for public use for all, by sex, age and persons with disabilities
Target 11.A Strong National And Regional Development Planning Proportion of population living in cities that implement urban and regional development plans integrating population projections and resource needs, by size of city Target 11.B
Total expenditure (public and private) per capita spent on the preservation, protection and conservation of all cultural and natural heritage, by type of heritage (cultural, natural, mixed and World Heritage Centre designation), and type of private funding (donations in kind, private non-profit sector and sponsorship) Target 11.5
Reduce The Environmental Impact Of Cities I) Proportion of urban solid waste regularly collected and with adequate final discharge out of total urban solid waste generated, by cities
Implement Policies For Inclusion, Resource Efficiency And Disaster Risk Reduction I) Number of countries that adopt and implement national disaster risk reduction strategies in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 II) Proportion of local governments that adopt and implement local disaster risk reduction strategies in line with national disaster risk reduction strategies
Target 11.C
Support Least Developed Countries In Sustainable And Resilient Building Proportion of financial support to the least developed countries that is allocated to the construction and retrofitting of sustainable, resilient and resource-efficient buildings utilizing local materials
Case Study: The Arc @ Bandar Rimbayu
View of The Arc from the Entrance
Plan of The Arc
Community vegetable gardens located on site promote integration into the space by residents, and provides education on the values of self-reliance and cooperation. with a total site area spanning 2000m2, the ‘arc’ encourages an active and healthy lifestyle. areas of the development are available by walking and cycling, dense plant life improves air quality, and sports and recreational activities tighten community dynamics. The Arc is a manmade intervention - a demarcation in the act of place-making by establishing an identity for the community and township - whereas functionally, it provides shelter and the collective public domain for various community amenities, like covered green canopy walkway with green roof-deck as the connecting pedestrian street linking the complex of buildings at grade and via elevated parkway above.
Sustainable Design Strategies of The Arc to SDG 11 Spatial Design
Orientation
Promotion of active and healthy lifestyle through design that encourages walking and cycling, community interaction, sports and recreation in daily activities through integrated usage and a common centre.
The orientation of the building was also optimized for energy saving. The ARC faces north-south with the western and eastern façade of the pavilion shaded by a green feature wall. This wall filters the glare and uv ray, also cuts down the heat transmission into the building.
Landscape Community vegetable gardens on site promotes integration among the residents and education on the values being self-reliant, fostering cooperation and the principles of growing and harvesting agricultural produce.
11.5 REDUCE THE ADVERSE EFFECTS OF NATURAL DISASTERS Indicator 11.5.2 Direct economic loss in relation to global GDP, damage to critical infrastructure and number of disruptions to basic services, attributed to disasters
Challenges Global risks in terms of likelihood and severity were climate-related such as extreme weather events, failure of climate-change mitigation and adaptation, biodiversity loss and ecosystem collapse, natural disasters as well as human-made environmental damage and disasters which are caused such as flash flood.
Based on World Economic Forum’s annual Global Risk Report 2020, most global risks are based on either environmental or technological risks with the top 3 being related to the environment and weather.
Responses Heavy downpours and surrounding developments around the ARC can cause flash floods. In order to counter this issue, they have taken a few measures to minimize the impact of these flash floods by coordinating with neighbouring project developments, conducting routine cleaning work, desilting, pumping via portable water pumps, upgrading the drainage and constructing retention sumps.
Contribution Introduction of Soil Erosion Control Blankets An example in the construction of the ARC where an Erosion Control Blanket is implemented around building facing the highways and roads for temporary slope protection. This reduces the risk of unnecessary erosion in soil and any danger from the soil erosion.
Construction of the Soil Erosion Control Blankets in The Arc
11.6 REDUCE THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF CITIES Indicator 11.6.1 Proportion of urban solid waste regularly collected and with adequate final discharge out of total urban solid waste generated, by cities.
Challenges In 2018, resource and waste management was identified as an important matter. In total they have generated over 68,600 tonnes of waste during the period. The highest volume of waste generated in 2018 which mainly comprised of waste concrete, cement, timber, rebar as well as highway pavement waste and milling waste.
Scheduled Waste by Division A graph to show the amount of waste collected, recorded by IJM, The ARC’s developer.
Responses IJM has adopted the principle of waste hierarchy in order to minimize waste in landfills. To achieve this, they had adopted methods of work that produce less waste such as the Industrialised Building System (“IBS”) for building projects and the use of steel moulds and formwork systems instead of conventional construction methods. Efforts have been made to reduce waste generation by recycling the residue from concrete pumps to make concrete blocks as vehicle barriers at project sites.
Contribution Introduction of the Industrialised Building System (IBS) A system that is implemented in the construction of The Arc. involving the method of efficient and clean construction.
11.B IMPLEMENT POLICIES FOR INCLUSION, RESOURCE EFFICIENCY AND DISASTER RISK REDUCTION Indicator 11.B.2 Proportion of local governments that adopt and implement local disaster risk reduction strategies in line with national disaster risk reduction strategies
Challenges For the year under review, the Group recorded a Lost Time Injury (“LTI”) frequency rate of 3.07. This indicator reflects the number of incidents occurring for every 1 million working hours. In accidents, the Group documented a total of 189 LTIs across all Divisions during the reporting period. The Plantation Division has the highest frequency rate due to the manual and physical nature of the working environment
Responses Implementation of the Occupational Safety and Health Management System such as Risk Assessment before performing any activities, Job Safety Analysis, Safety Work Procedure and enforcement
Contribution Conducting trainings , implemented working permits at high risk stations at the mills and also tightened overall supervision during the construction.
LTI Frequency and Severity Rate For the year under review, the Group recorded a Lost Time Injury (“LTI”) the frequency rate has seen a decrease from 2017 through to 2019 due to the implementation of the Occupational Safety and Health Management System
SDG 13 - CLIMATE ACTION
Sustainable Development Goal 13 (SDG 13 or Global Goal 13) is about climate action established by the United Nations in 2015. The official wording is to "Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts"
Target 13.1
Strengthen Resilience And Adaptive Capacity To Climate Related Disasters I) Number of deaths, missing persons and directly affected persons attributed to disasters per 100,000 population II) Proportion of local governments that adopt and implement local disaster risk reduction strategies in line with national disaster risk reduction strategies
Target 13.2
Integrate Climate Change Measures Into Policies And Planning Number of countries with nationally determined contributions, longterm strategies, national adaptation plans and adaptation communications, as reported to the secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
Target 13.3
Build Knowledge And Capacity To Meet Climate Change Extent to which (i) global citizenship education and (ii) education for sustainable development are mainstreamed in (a) national education policies; (b) curricula; (c) teacher education; and (d) student assessment
Target 13.A
Implement The Unframe Work Convention On Climate Change Amounts provided and mobilized in United States dollars per year in relation to the continued existing collective mobilization goal of the $100 billion commitment through to 2025
Target 13.B
Promote Mechanism To Raise Capacity For Climate Planning And Management Number of least developed countries and small island developing States with nationally determined contributions, long-term strategies, national adaptation plans and adaptation communications, as reported to the secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
Case Study: Factory in the Earth
View of Factory in the Earth from the Entrance
Plan of Factory in the Earth
Ryuichi Ashizawa Architect & Associates has built an extension building for a factory on a landfill site adjacent to the jungle in Johor, Malaysia. Aiming towards a sustainable, low carbon type environment, the building uses the abundant rainwater of the rainforest region, as well as the sunlight, wind, geothermal energy, and green power, in order to function. Functionally, the building is organized in two main volumes: a plain clear space with an open layout that contains the production area, and an elliptically shaped tower for the administrative and management departments. The tower long axis is directed towards east-west to minimize the influence of solar radiation on the outer wall surface, while a system of wires and vines forms a natural shield. Different species populate this vertical garden - a vertical ecotone ascending through the tower.
Sustainable Design Strategies of Factory in the Earth to SDG 13 Green Roof
Temperature & Humidity
The green-roof works as an insulation layer between inside and the hot Malaysian weather, while also collecting rainwater. Natural ventilation is carried through the main tower to the lower spaces by temperature and pressure gradients, allowing a continuous airflow
Rainwater that pours down the rooftop is pulled into an underground water storage tank through the pipes embedded in the pillars. When rainwater that pours down over the rooftop slope through the sprinkler, brings a cold breeze to the transitory space between exterior and interior under the roof.
Glass & Reflection Panels Natural light penetrates the factory floor via ornamental reflection panels that mirror the angular design of the supporting pillars, reducing the need for unpleasant fluorescent lighting, saving energy.
13.2 INTEGRATE CLIMATE CHANGE MEASURES INTO POLICIES AND PLANNING Indicator 13.2.2 Total greenhouse gas emissions per year
Challenges According to BP’s research, Malaysia’s CO2 emissions amounted to 250.3 million tonnes last year, up from 241.6 million tonnes in 2017. The main sources of the emissions were energy (electricity consumption), mobility (vehicles) and waste (municipal solid waste that ends up in landfills).
According to Malaysia’s C02 emission, this graph from a research paper maps out the increase of C02 emissions from the year 2000 till 2016
Responses Reduction of CO2 emissions through the energy use and water consumption of buildings and common areas, petrol and diesel of two and four-wheel private vehicles, and municipal solid waste ending up in landfills. Increasing carbon sequestration from protecting and adding green spaces in Factory in the Earth in order to lower the CO2 emissions from the cities.
Contribution Factory in the Earth takes this into account by adopting more green spaces. Landscape Area: 27,143 (Roof top green area 14891 ). The soil and grass above keep the lower floor of the factory from becoming too hot, saving on energy costs while absorbing CO2 from the air.
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13.3 BUILD KNOWLEDGE AND CAPACITY TO MEET CLIMATE CHANGE Indicator 13.3.1 Extent to which (i) global citizenship education and (ii) education for sustainable development are mainstreamed in (a) national education policies; (b) curricula; (c) teacher education; and (d) student assessment
Challenges The factories in the 19th century gave priority to rationality and productivity, whilst not taking notice on sustainable practices and development. On-going effort to further develop the potential of corporations in factory industries towards sustainable practices.
Responses In order to transcend the factory typology, Factory in the Earth incorporates elements that typical factories would refrain from; inclusion of green spaces/ elements to work towards a sustainable development. Though Factory in the Earth emits carbons, incorporation of green elements helps reduce its impacts and carbon footprints. In line with this, it has a whole complete cycle of self-sustainable sequence.
This project is an extension of the existing factory, reclaiming ground adjacent to the jungle in Johor, Malaysia. The factories in the 19th century gave priority to rationality and productivity, so they wanted to transcend the factory typology by incorporating sustainable elements.
Contributions Factory in the Earth acts as a role model for other factories towards a more sustainable development design through its system of handling its own carbon emissions.
13.B PROMOTE MECHANISMS TO RAISE CAPACITY FOR CLIMATE PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT Indicator 13.B.1 Number of least developed countries and small island developing States with nationally determined contributions, long-term strategies, national adaptation plans and adaptation communications, as reported to the secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
Challenges Implementing changes through multiple institutional frameworks can prove challenging; in the case of projects funded through international climate finance, for example, it is unclear what role various ministries may have in coordinating expenses and activities. Even coordinating activities subnationally or within a single ministry may be problematic as various stakeholders, implementing partners, financiers and planners may have different ideas of how project implementation should proceed, or what the project goals are.
Responses To reduce artificial lighting as much as possible, the factory is designed to maximize the use of natural light, while shielding the spaces from direct solar radiation. Guided by computer simulations, the required amount of reflected and diffused daylight was calculated and is controlled by reflection panels that again feature arabesque patterns.
Reflective panel
Contribution Natural light penetrates the factory floor via ornamental reflection panels that mirror the angular design of the supporting pillars, reducing the need for unpleasant fluorescent lighting, saving energy, and supporting a calm work environment for JST’s high tech production facility. Reflective panels bring sunlight into the lower floor that increases worker productivity while reducing the need for fluorescent lighting.
References The Arc Aguilar, C. (2019, October 24). The Arc at Bandar Rimbayu / Garis Architects. ArchDaily. https://www.archdaily.com/773274/thearc-at-bandar-rimbayu-garis-architects Mairs, J. (2017, January 16). Green canopy by Garis Architects spans the grounds of community centre in Malaysia. Dezeen. https://www.dezeen.com/2015/09/10/arc-green-canopy-garis-architects-spans-grounds-community-centre-selangor-malaysia/ nick brink I designboom. (2015, April 16). garis architects’ arc sets precedent for sustainable community centers. Designboom | Architecture & Design Magazine. https://www.designboom.com/architecture/garis-architects-arc-malaysia-04-16-2015/ IJM Land Reveals The ARC @ Bandar Rimbayu | Garis Architects. (n.d.). Garis. (2021), from http://www.garis.com.my/news/ijmland-reveals-arc-bandar-rimbayu Chahine, A. (2017, January 6). The Arc at Bandar Rimbayu / Garis Architects. Architecture Lab. https://www.architecturelab.net/thearc-at-bandar-rimbayu-garis-architects/
Factory in the Earth Fernandez, K. (2016, February 16). World’s best industrial architecture for 2016: Factory in the Earth, Johor. ExpatGo. https://www.expatgo.com/my/2016/02/16/worlds-best-industrial-architecture-2016-factory-earthjohor/#:%7E:text=architecture%20in%20Malaysia.-,Factory%20in%20the%20Earth,factory%20and%20minimise%20carbon%20emission s. Aguilar, C. (2019a, October 24). Factory in the Earth / Ryuichi Ashizawa Architect & Associates. ArchDaily. https://www.archdaily.com/586653/factory-on-the-earth-ryuichi-ashizawa-architect-and-associates Ahmed, R. (2020, October 8). Factory in the Earth | Ryuichi Ashizawa Architect & Associates. Arch2O.Com. https://www.arch2o.com/factory-in-the-earth-ryuichi-ashizawa-architect-associates/ Factory in the Earth. (2021). from https://www.architectmagazine.com/project-gallery/factory-in-the-earth_1 Future, R. T. (2019, July 31). Factory On the Earth | Ryuichi Ashizawa Architects & Associates. RTF | Rethinking The Future. https://www.re-thinkingthefuture.com/rtfa2014-institutional-built-hm/factory-on-the-earth-ryuichi-ashizawa-architects-associates/ A. (2020, June 5). ryuichi ashizawa’s sustainable factory tower in malaysia references islamic culture. Designboom | Architecture & Design Magazine. https://www.designboom.com/architecture/ryuichi-ashizawa-sustainable-factory-tower-malaysia-references-islamicculture-06-05-2020/ Malaysia, C. (2015, October 28). Factory Extension a Stunning Example of Sustainable Construction. Clean Malaysia. https://cleanmalaysia.com/2015/10/28/factory-extension-a-stunning-example-of-sustainable-construction/ Green facades | Urban green-blue grids. (n.d.). Urban Green-Blue Grids. https://www.urbangreenbluegrids.com/measures/greenfacades/ Impact of glass facades on internal environment of buildings in hot arid zone. (2019, September 1). ScienceDirect. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S111001681930095X Eve, L. (2015, January 20). Malaysian Factory Harmonizes Elegantly with Nature. Inhabitat - Green Design, Innovation, Architecture, Green Building. https://inhabitat.com/malaysian-factory-harmonizes-elegantly-with-nature/