Conclusions

Heterogeneity in HPC started with the introductions of GPUs more than a decade ago. Since then, the trend towards heterogeneous hardware has continued and increased. Heterogeneity is now present in all system components, from computing elements, memory and storage technologies, to full system designs. This heterogeneity offers great opportunities for a more efficient use of HPC resources, but also poses severe challenges. To overcome these challenges, increased research efforts are needed on all levels of the HPC ecosystem. It is crucial that these efforts are perfectly coordinated, addressing hardware heterogeneity in a holistic and coherent manner.