Analysis of EUROCITIES Demographic Change Survey 2007 AGM version
EUROCITIES EUROCITIES is the network of major European cities. Founded in 1986, the network brings together the local governments of 131 large cities in some 34 European countries. EUROCITIES represents the interests of its members and engages in dialogue with the European institutions across a wide range of policy areas affecting cities. These include: economic development, the environment, transport and mobility, social affairs, culture, the information and knowledge society, and services of general interest. EUROCITIES website: www.eurocities.eu
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INTRODUCTION The EUROCITIES Demographic Survey was completed over the summer of 2007 by 40 member cities. The objective of the survey was to explore how cities are approaching the issue of demographic change. The more qualitative nature of this brief survey aims to complement some of the statistical analyses already available and to begin to provide a more differentiated picture of the implications for cities of demographic change and the challenges they face as a result. The aim of this initial analysis is to provide a background for the discussions at the EUROCITIES AGM Conference “Solidarity in Action: Creating Cohesive Cities” in November 2007. During the AGM four workshops will explore in greater depth the following themes:
New challenges for social housing Living together in cities: intercultural dialogue for community cohesion Creating the single European labour market Coping with demographic change: challenges for urban planning
The outcomes of these workshops, along with further analysis of the survey, will feed into the EUROCITIES work for the future, and in particular the definition of themes for a series of expert studies in 2008. These studies will provide an in depth analysis of the situation of Europe‟s cities and raise awareness of the consequences on the ground for the local public sector of future demographic trends. As a result of identifying the real challenges at local level, the ongoing work on demographic change will also help to feed into other important discussion at EU level in the coming years, such as the Mid-Term Review of the Cohesion Policies and the review of the EU budget, which will address how best to use EU funds in the future.
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BACKGROUND Demographic Change – General Trends in Europe Demographic trends and projections provide information on changes in population numbers and in the age structure and social make up of our societies. The main factors influencing the significant changes predicted in Europe‟s demographic make-up are low or falling fertility rates, higher rates of life expectancy (due to better socio-economic conditions, improved health care and medical progress) and migration. The EU is currently experiencing population growth, however from 2008 onwards the number of deaths is set to outnumber births. This will lead to a process of natural population decline.1 Nevertheless the total population size of the EU is not expected to change significantly by 20502. This continuation in population growth to counterbalance the natural population decline will depend on immigration. The most significant trend is that of demographic ageing. Europe‟s population is expected to age significantly in the next 40 years. Although the total population size is not expected to change significantly, the population structure is, as the median age of the EU is set to increase from 39 to 49 by 2050.3 Between now and 2050, the size of the working-age population is predicted to fall by 48 million, by which time the number of working persons for each citizen aged 65 and above will fall from four to only two.4 The most obvious socio-economic impact of these demographic trends is the fact that the number of people of working age is set to fall at the same time as an increasing number of elderly people will require health-care and pensions. Falling numbers of active participants in the labour market will have implications for Europe‟s economic growth and productivity. At the same time, increasing number of immigrants into Europe will also create an even more pressing need for effective policies on integration, to avoid social divisions and prejudice. However, these demographic trends will also have far reaching implications for the way our cities are designed, planned and managed. Some of these issues are touched upon in the recent State of European Cities Report, which draws on information gathered by the Urban Audit.
Demographic trends at city level According to the Urban Audit, urban areas have been growing faster than non-urban areas, with the population of Europe‟s urban areas growing twice as much as the annual population growth of Europe as a whole between 1996 and 2001.5 The State of European Cities Report, published in May 2007, distinguishes general trends for European cities in different regional contexts. In Northern Europe, urban population growth has been generally positive while in Western Europe trends are more diversified, with similar numbers of declining, stagnating and growing cities. In Central and Eastern European 1
“Fourth Report on Economic and Social Cohesion”, European Commission, May 2007. “Europe‟s demographic future: facts and figures”, European Commission, SEC (2007) 638, May 2007. 3 “Europe‟s demographic future: facts and figures”, European Commission, SEC (2007) 638, May 2007. 4 “The demographic future of Europe – from challenges to opportunity”, European Commission, COM (2006) 571, October 2006. 5 “State of European Cities Report”, Study contracted by the European Commission, May 2007. 2
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cities, the trend is predominantly one of population loss, while Southern European cities for the most part are growing, although not universally.6 In terms of pressures resulting from demographic change, the State of European Cities Report goes on to identify a set of challenges facing growing cities and another affecting more the stagnating or declining cities. For growing cities, these range from a lack of affordable housing, uncoordinated suburbanization to traffic congestion and environmental degradation. For declining and stagnating cities, the challenges identified are rather socioeconomic and closely linked to high levels of unemployment and the challenge of economic restructuring in what are often former industrial cities. Demographic change will have far reaching implications for our societies and economies. Given the crucial role cities have to play both as drivers of economic growth and as the places where most people live and work, a much clearer insight is needed into demographic trends at the local level and the very real consequences for public authorities at the local level.
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“State of European Cities Report�, Study contracted by the European Commission, May 2007.
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THE EUROCITIES DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE SURVEY Who replied? In total, 40 EUROCITIES member cities replied to the survey, from 23 European countries,7 providing a wide geographical spread.
The survey consisted of 3 parts: Part I for generalists/contact officers, Part II for specialists dealing with demographic change issues, and Part III for politicians. For Part II, EUROCITIES contact officers were asked to forward this to specialists of demographic issues in their administrations. As a result, responses were received from a variety of different city departments. The most frequently selected to respond to the survey was the city department or observatory dealing with research and/or statistics. The next most frequently selected was the city department dealing with planning and/or city development. Responses were also received from departments dealing with international/European affairs departments, social and health affairs, finance, demographic and economic development and environment and regeneration.
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Austria (1), Belgium (1), Czech Republic (2), Denmark (1), Finland (5), France (1), Germany (5), Greece (1), Iceland (1), Italy (2), Latvia (1), Netherlands (1), Norway (1), Poland (1), Portugal (1), Serbia (1), Slovenia (1), Spain (4), Sweden (2), Switzerland (1), Turkey (1), UK (4), Ukraine (1)
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Part III of the survey was aimed at politicians. Of the 40 cities that responded, 28 also returned Part III, and of these, 23 were completed by Mayors, the others by Deputy Mayors or other politicians. In addition to answering the questions, cities were asked to provide information on special initiatives and projects already being implemented in areas related to demographic change. Examples of these can be found throughout the document in text boxes.
Where does knowledge on demographic change come from? In order to better understand the basis cities were using for their demographic projections, the survey asked them to identify the statistical basis for the assessment of demographic trends affecting them. The two main sources of statistics for use at the local level are national statistical offices and city compiled statistics, with 29 cities using specific city compiled data. In addition to these sources, census results are widely used and 20 cities reported the use of specific departmental studies, with 8 including other independent research institutes and universities in their lists of statistics sources. It is often a considerable challenge to find reliable city-level statistics that are also comparable, as many different approaches and methodologies are available. The survey asked cities to specify the six main indicators they used to monitor demographic change. As could be expected, the three most commonly used indicators to gather information on demographic trends are fertility/birth rates, mortality and migration. Other indicators widely used relate to the labour market (employment, unemployment), to housing (e.g. new housing, housing structure, numbers of people per dwelling) and to the structure/make-up of the population (by nationality or ethnicity).
How do EUROCITIES members describe their demographic future? Cities were asked to state whether they expected their city population to grow, remain stable or decline in the next 15-20 years. From the graph below it is clear that most of the 40 cities that responded to the survey are expecting a continuation in population growth in the next 15-20 years. This is despite the general trend mentioned above that from 2008 onwards Europe will experience natural population decline.
25
20 Population growth 15
Population stable Population decline No answer
10
5
0
Graph 1: Population Trends in Cities
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Of the 38 cities that responded to this question, 25 of them expect population growth in the next 15-20 years. In order to understand in greater detail the dynamics that will cause this continued population growth, cities were asked to identify the specific trends that best describe the expected demographic developments in their city.8 The graph below illustrates that of the 25 cities expecting population growth, most characterize their development through a combination of stable/rising birth rates and growing inward migration. In three specific cases, overall population numbers are projected to grow, despite falling birth rates. These three are Amsterdam, Stockholm and Malaga. All three expect increased migration into the city, with Amsterdam also predicting increased outward migration, but Malaga expecting little or no outward migration. Cities expecting population growth 25 20 15
10 5 0 Stable/rising Falling birth birth rate rate
Grow ing outw ard migration
Grow ing inw ard migration
Little or no outw ard migration
Little or no inw ard migration
Graph 2: Cities expecting population growth
Nine cities9 expect their population size to remain stable over the next 15-20 years. The graph below demonstrates that this is for the most part either due to the combination of falling birthrates with increased migration or to stable or rising birthrate combined with low expected migration out of the city. Cities expecting population to remain stable 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Stable/rising birth rate
Falling birth rate
Grow ing outw ard migration
Grow ing inw ard migration
Little or no outw ard migration
Little or no inw ard migration
Graph 3: Cities expecting population to remain stable 8
Options given were: population growth ; population stable ; population decline ; stable or rising birth rate; falling birth rate; little or no migration into the city; growing migration into the city; little or no migration out of the city; growing migration out of the city; increasing ethnic diversity. 9 Amaroussion, Brno, Cologne, Dortmund, Gateshead, Gijon, Novi Sad, Riga, Torino.
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Finally, there are four cities that expect a decline in overall population. These are Chemnitz, Katowice, Ljubljana and Naples. Of these, Katowice, Ljubljana and Naples all project that in 15-20 years they will be recording falling birth rates and growing outward migration, with Naples the only one also expecting inward migration. The birthrates in Chemnitz are expected to fall, and the city will experience little or no inward or outward migration. Cities expecting population decline 3,5 3 2,5 2 1,5 1 0,5 0 Stable/rising Falling birth birth rate rate
Grow ing outw ard migration
Grow ing inw ard migration
Little or no outw ard migration
Little or no inw ard migration
Graph 4: Cities expecting population decline
Again, it is important to consider the level of differentiation across a city. This is particularly important in the assessment of specific challenges cities are facing, and the role planning can play in addressing them. Most cities reported that the overall trends are subject to substantial variation at neighbourhood level, in particular the city centre compared to other districts. The picture varies considerably from city to city. Some city centres are experiencing trends towards growing numbers of elderly people (Malaga and Prague), whereas others are increasingly home to migrant communities (e.g. Gateshead and Lisbon). Finally, 25 of the 40 cities expect to see the trend of increased ethnic diversity. All of those will experience this as part of a trend of stable or growing population numbers apart from Naples, which predicts increased ethnic diversity alongside a general decline in population numbers.
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Which challenges do the specialists identify as a result of these trends? The survey asked the specialists to identify up to four main challenges for their city in terms of future demographic trends. This was an on open question and not based on a preestablished list. The results have been grouped together thematically and an overview can be found in Graph 2 below. Some themes are of course interconnected.
20 Ageing/ Age structure Ethnic diversity Labour market
18 16
Family policies Services (general) Housing Planning Poverty and social inclusion Segregation Unemployment City-Centre living Attracting population Unpredictability Keeping population
14 12 10 8 6 4
Services/Immigration Cohesion diversity Ageing/Migrants
2 0
Graph 5: Main challenges for cities in the future
Ageing The largest set of answers related directly to the phenomenon of ageing. Nineteen cities selected this as one of their four main challenges. Some referred to ageing, or to the changing age structure, whilst others describe the challenge as changes in the old-age dependency rates. Ten of these 19 cities rated ageing as the main challenge they were facing. In addition to these 19 general responses, two other cities chose to specify ageing in relation to migrants as one of their main challenges, as they expect the increasing numbers of elderly people of a foreign background to be a particular challenge.10
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Malmรถ and Nottingham
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Birth rates and family policies Not surprisingly, a high number of cities claim that one of the major four challenges they will face in the coming years is related to what the European Commission has called „demographic renewal‟11. In other words the phenomenon of falling birth rates and the need to address this through policies, for example, that would make it easier to combine family and working life. In Cologne, a „Local Five cities make specific reference to low fertility rates and/or the need to increase birth rates as a main challenge.12 Several cities identify the need for family-friendly city policies, such as the need for better childcare, emphasized by Katowice, Dortmund and Malaga. Gijon places the focus on the need to improve the balance of work and family life.
Alliance for Families” aims to create familyfriendly structures in employment, cityplanning and housing. The initiative involves cooperation between Public service providers, the governmental and non-governmental sectors.
Another feature of demographic change affecting some cities, as well as the reduction in the number of births, is the change in the traditional family structure, which obviously has implications for social and housing services, and implications for the labour market. Leipzig for example identifies the increasing number of single parents as a particular challenge for the future. Ethnic diversity, immigration and integration
It is clear from the demographic predictions that Europe will rely heavily on international immigration in the future in order to counterbalance the natural population decline that the continent is to expect. Immigration and integration have been key themes for EUROCITIES for many years and remain high on the political agenda. The work of the network in these areas currently covers both intra-EU migration In Munich, the “Integration macht and migration from third countries. Both strands bring with them Schule” initiative promotes the need for accompanying initiatives to ensure integration of integration through schools by newcomers, to fight racism and prejudice and avoid increase supporting projects such as social disparities. They can also lead to difficulties in some cities “Mama lernt deutsch‟. of capacity to deal with service provision in an adequate way. Fifteen cities listed ethnic diversity, immigration and/or integration as a challenge for the future, of which 5 named it as the main challenge13. Closely linked to this category, another 6 cities listed segregation as one of their four main challenges.14 Cohesion, poverty and social inclusion Two cities perceive cohesion and managing social diversity as one of their main challenges, widening out the concept of diversity beyond ethnic definitions alone. Linked closely to this category is a group of 7 cities that listed issues related to poverty and social inclusion as specific challenges. Within this category there is some variety: for Prague the challenge will be a higher concentration of inhabitants suffering from social deprivation, whereas for Naples, it is the social inclusion of minors at risk that is underlined. Novi Sad, Gateshead and Turin also emphasise the situation of socially deprived and at risk groups. 11
Katowice runs a programme of voluntary services for the elderly which extends and complements the statutory duties of the Municipal Social Welfare Centre. The programme aims to establish interpersonal relationships between people who can offer help and those that need it.
“The demographic future of Europe – from challenges to opportunity”, European Commission, COM (2006) 571, October 2006. 12 Barcelona, Gijon, Novi Sad, Riga and Turin 13 Barcelona, London, Naples, Yalova, Antwerp 14 Reykjavik, Amsterdam, Malmö, Turku, Vantaa and Leipzig
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Labour market and unemployment The impact of demographic change on the labour market will be substantial and the wide range of different responses received with a link to this general theme, distinguish it as a crucial issue, and a complex one. In total, 1415 cities chose to mention a challenge related to the labour market or unemployment. One significant sub-group of responses highlights the need to increase the number of attractive and high skilled jobs available locally, or as Gateshead describes it “world class job opportunitiesâ€?. This is predominantly linked to the need Londonâ€&#x;s Migrants Qualification to attract immigrants, as mentioned by Ljubljana, and Programme aims to enhance the similarly to avoid a drop in employment rates, that might employment opportunities of 2000 lead to a period of economic decline and a fall in inward migrants in key sectors of the London migration, as emphasized by Manchester. Not surprisingly, economy. It identifies the transferable skills and qualifications there are concerns over the number of people that will be of migrant workers and supports them actively involved in the labour force and the impact this will to fulfil their potential in the have both for economic development but also for the employment market. provision of some services. Oulu mentions specifically the reduced labour force they are expecting due to ageing. Stockholm reports a lack of qualified workers, whereas for Helsinki the issue is one linked particularly to the service industry. Other cities specify the need to maintain a strong income tax base through higher numbers of people of working age, and the link to the importance of population growth for overall development and international competitiveness are also underlined.16 Aarhus makes a specific point on the need to increase the employment rate of inhabitants of foreign ethnicity, and two cities raise the particular challenge of unemployment, Yalova in Turkey and Novi Sad in Serbia. Attracting and keeping inhabitants Making cities more attractive either to keep existing inhabitants, or to attract new ones, is also closely linked to the section above, as one of the main reasons is often in order to fill the gaps in the labour market. Brno, Ljubljana and Riga all referred to the growing problem of outward migration and the need to try to keep the existing population, in particular graduates and young people. In terms of attracting new citizens, which Riga and Lyon state as a general challenge, some cities mention certain groups in particular. For Turin, it is a question of attracting students and researchers. Similarly, Terrassa would like to attract in particular creative people and entrepreneurs, whilst Oulu specifies the need to attract working-age people, including foreigners.
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Aarhus, Amsterdam, Dortmund, Gateshead, Helsinki, Katowice, Ljubljana, Manchester, Novi Sad, Oulu, Reykjavik, Stockholm, Vienna, Yalova 16 Amsterdam and Dortmund
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Services Faced with the considerable changes to population structure outlined above, cities will have to adapt the services they provide to match the changed needs of the population. Eleven cities17 chose to mention factors related to general service provision as a main challenge of demographic change, some mentioning more than one. The list of services is extremely broad. Three identify the need to improve public transport and infrastructure as a challenge related to demographic change.18 Adapting services to the needs of the population in general and basic public service provision are emphasized by Lyon and Terrassa, whilst providing and financing social infrastructure, healthcare and education will be particular challenges according to Vienna, Cologne and Yalova. Reykjavik and Katowice specify the particular challenge of providing services and social care and access for the elderly. Two cities refer to services needed in relation to immigration specifically. In the case of Munich, it is the provision of facilities to attract additional migration, whereas for Manchester, the issue raised is the increased demands on services due to increased international immigration. Housing The demographic trends of the coming years will have a substantial impact on housing provision in cities. This was emphasized by 10 cities19, which mentioned various issues related to housing provision in general, some identifying more than one housing-related issue as main challenges. The most frequently mentioned problem is that of affordable housing, which Aarhus, Gateshead, London and Ljubljana emphasise. The next most obvious theme is related to the role of housing in addressing the changing population structure. Stockholm singles out the need to Manchester is at the maintain the age structure in different residential areas. Munich and forefront of a UK government strategy on Housing Market Dortmund both refer to the need for new housing for the elderly and Renewal, to improve housing mixed generations. Nottingham sees a need to achieve a greater mix in areas with poor housing of housing and people in council built estates and London will markets. Its aim is to experience a growing demand for one-person housing due to ageing encourage families to remain in, and move into, the city. and marital break-up. Planning Very closely linked to the provision of new and affordable housing is the issue of planning. This was underlined by 12 cities who consider various aspects of planning as one of their four main challenges for the future. There are four main subgroups of answers in this category. The first relates to the need more generally for new strategies in urban planning policy, emphasized by Lisbon, and renewal of the urban structure, selected by Katowice. In keeping with this, Ljubljana underlined the need to improve the surroundings in particular for specific groups, such as the increased numbers of elderly people.
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Aarhus, Cologne, Katowice, Lisbon, Lyon, Malaga (2), Reykjavik, Riga, Terrassa, Vienna (2), Yalova, Aarhus, Lisbon and Malaga. 19 Aarhus, Dortmund, Gateshead, Helsinki, Ljubljana, London (2), Lyon, Munich, Nottingham and Stockholm (2), 18
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Prague aims to create a „barrier-less environmentâ€&#x; for elderly people by looking at the design of public space and removing physical barriers in buildings and public spaces and buildings as well as improving access to public transport facilities.
The second grouping of responses relates to the danger of trends towards segregation in the way the city develops, and the growing social and spatial disparities demographic trends may cause. 20 Increasing suburbanisation, as a third theme, was mentioned by both Brno and Prague as a challenge for the future.
The final set of responses linked to planning are related to city-centre living and the desire to keep inhabitants in, or attract them to the city centre. Nottingham, Munich, Antwerp and MalmĂś all chose to emphasise this with specific reference to the desire to keep families, young people and couples in the city centre, and the need to provide the requisite services in terms of housing and schools that would make city centres more attractive to these groups.
Unpredictability One final set of answers that does not fall clearly under any of the groupings above but arguably affects them all is that of unpredictability. London, Manchester and Nottingham all chose to mention this as one of their four main challenges. For London and Nottingham it was linked specifically to the unpredictability of numbers of future asylum and immigration trends, whilst Manchester emphasized the difficulties demographic change poses in the ability to predict requirements for school places and the linked capital costs.
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Vantaa and Munich
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What did the politicians say? In part of the survey specifically targeting politicians, EUROCITIES Mayors were asked to identify what, in their view, the two main challenges for their city would be in terms of demographic change. In total, 28 city politicians responded, of which 23 are Mayors. Their responses are summarized in Graph 6 below.
8 7
Services Integration/Immigration Attractive cities Planning Cohesion Ageing Labour market Birth rates Youth Other
6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Graph 6: Main challenges identified by politicians
The main category of responses related to services, and these were for the most part the need to respond to the changing population structure in the future by adapting services to the changes. In particular, the need to cope with increased numbers of elderly inhabitants in the provision of elderly care and health services, but also the need to ensure access for all generations to services of general interest and to provide employment and housing for refugees and newcomers. The second most prominent theme for politicians is immigration and the link to integration, with eight responses. In third place, making cities more attractive, and improving the quality of life in the city is another challenge facing politicians, with the aim of keeping existing inhabitants and attracting new ones. Three themes receive equal attention in the responses from politicians, these are cohesion, ageing in general and planning. Finally three cities each underlined low or negative birth rates and growing numbers of young people as specific challenges. From the two separate questions on identifying main challenges, it is clear that for politicians and specialists, the responses are very similar. If we leave aside the more general challenges of ageing, the specialists emphasized ethnic diversity, labour market, family policies, services, housing and planning, in that order. For the politicians, the main challenges are the provision of services, ensuring attractiveness of cities, immigration and the integration of migrants, planning, cohesion and then labour market. In this respect, the four themes chosen for the AGM 2007 workshops will provide an opportunity to explore in greater depth these priority themes, as they will deal with labour market, intercultural dialogue, housing and planning.
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What could the EU do to help cities address these challenges? After outlining the four main challenges they believed their cities would face in the future due to the predicted demographic trends, cities were asked what, in their opinion, the EU could or should do to help cities adder the challenge of demographic change. The answers are presented in Graph 7 below.
Graph 7: Role of the EU
The highest number of responses21 related to the need for financial support and project funding. There was a clear desire to see EU funding channeled towards addressing the challenges of demographic change at the local level. This covers support for renewal and development, specified by Amsterdam, for social and physical infrastructure, emphasized by Riga, and for urban planning and social cohesion, as outlined by Malaga. Some cities identify specific target groups for which they would like financial support to develop initiatives. The key groups mentioned are the elderly, the poorest and the socially disadvantaged as well as financial support to help develop initiatives aimed at the integration of migrants. The second largest category of answers focuses on research and data.22 The majority of these request improved statistics on demographic trends at local level, with Manchester and Nottingham adding the specific need for better data on migration flows. Fourteen cities highlighted areas in which the EU would have a role in policy development. These range from support for cities in developing integrated approaches and better service delivery, in reforming their urban structures and in urban infrastructure renovation. More general policies on demographic change and stimulating debate across Europe on the challenges faced were also mentioned. Antwerp would like to see specific policies to address the specific challenges of big cities. Barcelona underlines the need for 21 22
17 cities in total. 12 cities in total.
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the development of a common immigration policy at EU level and Katowice specified the need for a policy on active ageing. Within these 14 cities, four underlined the need for policies at EU level to help stimulate and incentivise higher birth rates, and to enhance the balance between family and working life. 23 The final grouping of responses, from 8 cities, relate to the need to stimulate the exchange of best practice in areas related to addressing the challenges of demographic change.
What role could EUROCITIES play?
Forum for exchange of best practice
Lobbying
Research and data
Projects
Events
Graph 8: Role of EUROCITIES
When asked which role EUROCITIES could play, 21 cities emphasized the importance of exchanging experience and best practice. Eleven outlined areas in which they see a policy lobbying role for the network. Some of the policy related responses were more general, in terms of keeping urban issues on the political agenda and in programmes and to continue representing the voice of cities. Some more specific suggestions include lobbying to develop integrated approaches and delivering services of general interest, to gain support for local projects on social inclusion and demographic change, and to lobby the EU level to encourage national governments to adopt better methods of date collection and analysis. Four cities also outlined a role for EUROCITIES in supporting and stimulating research and developing comparable date in urban demography, as well as in benchmarking practices and publishing the results.24
23 24
Amaroussion, Gijon, Ljubljana and Novi Sad Amsterdam, Oslo, Turku and Vienna
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CONCLUSIONS There was a high level of interest from EUROCITIES members in the survey on demographic change with an excellent rate of responses. This first analysis provides a clear indication of the priority themes for cities in terms of the challenges they face, and also suggestions of how they expect the EU to address them and the role that EUROCITIES can play in this respect. Many cities provided additional information on specific projects that are already in place or that are planned, which could not be integrated into this document. However the work on demographic change and inclusion will continue in 2008. Following this initial analysis, EUROCITIES will send the questionnaire again in the hope of receiving additional responses from other cities. The survey serves as a starting point and will be complemented by the outcomes of the AGM workshops, to provide further definition and direction for the EUROCITIES demographic change studies, which are to be finalized in Autumn 2008.
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Analysis of EUROCITIES Demographic Change Survey 2007