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ELEGANT AND FIERCE A Journey to Women’s Success Written and Compiled by: Veronica Gaytan, Brandon Kerrigan, Stephanie Sjoblom, Celeste Traxler, and Heather Vargas
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TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE
Chronological Overview Timeline
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Compiled by Celeste Traxler and Heather Vargas A Timeline with twenty six important events that relate to women’s rights.
Chronological Overview
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Compiled by Celeste Traxler and Heather Vargas The Chronological Overview lists the events from the Timeline and expands on them with more detail.
Chapter One Summary
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Compiled by Stephanie Sjoblom A brief overview of what is going to be presented to the reader in Chapter one.
Seneca Falls Convention Compiled by Heather Vargas The Seneca Falls Convention is one of the first women’s rights conventions ever held, featured here as a an analyzed event.
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A President’s Wife Compiled By Celeste Traxler Abigail Adams was one of the earliest known women activists, dating back as far as the 1770’s (Abigail Adams). Read about her in the interesting Biography called A President’s Wife.
Letters from Abigail to John
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Compiled by Veronica Gaytan This literature analysis focuses on the letters sent between Abigail Adams and John Adams. The letters portrayed what would be one of the first women’s rights activists in America.
Chapter Two Summary
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Compiled by Stephanie Sjoblom A brief overview of what is going to be presented to the reader in Chapter two.
1890: NAWSA Forms!
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Complied by Celeste Traxler An in-depth analysis of the creation of NAWSA.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Stanton’s Fight For Rights!
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Compiled by Heather Vargas Elizabeth C Stanton was one of the main women suffragettes during the late 1800’s. Read about her in this brilliant biography by Heather Vargas.
The Birth of the Women’s Rights Movement Ideals
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Compiled by Celeste Traxler An in-depth analysis of the literature piece “A Vindication of the Rights of Woemn”.
Chapter Three
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Summary Compiled by Stephanie Sjoblom A brief overview of what is going to be presented to the reader in Chapter three.
19th Amendment
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Compiled by Heather Vargas The 19th Amendment is one of the most important parts of women’s suffrage rights, because it gave women the right to vote. Read about it in this insightful event analysis.
A Voice For Change Compiled by Veronica Gaytan A brilliantly constructed biography about Susan B. Anthony and the struggles she went through from women’s rights.
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To Change a Nation Compiled by Stephanie Sjoblom\ An in-depth biography about Alice Paul, one of the women in charge of ratifying the 19th Amendment.
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It Is A Right! Compiled by Stephanie Sjoblom An interesting look at a speech by Susan B, Anthony that has to do with women suffrage rights.
Iron Jawed Angles Movie Review Compiled by Heather Vargas A movie review regarding the movie Iron Jawed Angels.
“Be Yourself”
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Created by Stephanie Sjoblom An original art piece by Stephanie Sjoblom that pertains to the women’s rights movement. See it on page 45!
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Four
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Chapter Summary Compiled by Stephanie Sjoblom A brief overview of what is going to be presented to the reader in Chapter four.
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Equal Rights Amendment Compiled by Celeste Traxler Learn about the Equal Rights Amendment, constructed by Celeste Traxler.
The Crusade of Ida B. Wells Compiled by Heather Vargas This brilliant woman was one of many who fought for African American rights and women’s rights. Read about her on page 51.
We As Women
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Compiled By Heather Vargas An analysis of a poem by Charlotte Perkins Gilman
Chapter Five
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Chapter Summary Compiled by Stephanie Sjoblom A brief overview of what is going to be presented to the reader in Chapter five.
Violence Against Women Act
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Compiled by Celeste Traxler Learn about the Violence Against Women
Forever Changing Thinking
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Compiled by Celeste Traxler Betty Friedan was one of the many more modern women activists fighting for women's rights. Read about her on page 55. 57
Votes for Women Compiled by
Chapter Six
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Chapter Summary Compiled by Stephanie Sjoblom A brief overview of what is going to be presented to the reader in Chapter five.
2008 Women Wages
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Compiled by Heather Vargas This analysis takes an in-depth look at the difference of wages between men and women. Have a look into the true facts about today’s wage gap.
A Modern Hero
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Compiled by Brandon Kerrigan Oprah Winfrey is one of the most influential women today. Read about her on page 61. ELEGANT AND FIERCE
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TABLE OF CONTENTS A Political Woman Compiled by Brandon Kerrigan
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One of the most active women rights supporter is Hillary Clinton, and she is act ive in today’s society. Read about her in this thoughtful biography by Brandon Kerrigan.
Compare and Contrast Past to Present
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Compiled by Brandon Kerrigan A compare and contrast between past and present.
Creative Arts
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“A Kiss of Faith” Compiled by Brandon Kerrigan A great art piece by Brandon Kerrigan. Includes an analysis.
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“Woman Warriors” Written by Veronica Gaytan
A poem about women’s struggles and how they appear as warriors. Includes an Analysis and the original art piece “Eye of Protest”. 70 - 71
“The American Way” Written by Brandon Kerrigan
A poem written by Brandon Kerrigan. Includes an in-depth analysis. “See What I See” Written by Veronica Gaytan
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Another poem written by the extraordinary author Veronica Gaytan. Includes an analysis and an original art piece called “Symbol of Strength”. “Starts With You” Written by Brandon Kerrigan A song written and preformed by Brandon Kerrigan. Sung by Aisha Rivera. Includes an analysis to the lyrics. A CD is included in the back of the book for readers to listen to the song.
Glossary
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Compiled by Heather Vargas A handy glossary for any difficult words. Also includes any words pointed out at the beginning of every chapter.
Work Cited
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Compiled by Veronica Gaytan, Brnadon Kerrigan, Stephanie Sjoblom, Celeste Traxler, and Heather Vargas.
Includes all the sources that have been used for this textbook.
Image Cited
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Compiled by Veronica Gaytan, Brnadon Kerrigan, Stephanie Sjoblom, Celeste Traxler, and Heather Vargas.
Includes all the picture sources that have been used for this textbook.
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CHRONOLOGICAL
1776, Abigail Adams writes to John Adams stating "Remembers the Ladies"
African American
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TIMELINE
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CHRONOLOGICAL OVERVIEW 1701: The first bi-gender jury rules cases in Albany, New York. (“A Timeline of the Women's Rights Movement 1848 - 1998”) This was huge because it was the first time both men and women could decide the fate of a defendant.
1776:
The location of Albany. (“Map of Albany New The Second First Lady writes to the (Congressman turned Second President) York NY”)
saying “Remember the ladies If particular care and attention is not paid to the Ladies we are determined to foment a Rebellion, and will not hold ourselves bound by any Laws in which we have a no voice, or Representation.” (Gale) This was an attempt to convince the Continental Congress and her own husband as they began forming laws. John Adams laughed at this statement by his dear wife, whom he loved, but found this to be utterly absurd. She was one of the first to suggest a women’s vote and rebellion in the history of the United States. Her letter definitely had an influence, on her influential husband who later wrote to Brigadier General Joseph Palmer regarding the voting rights later decided in 1777 saying, “…It is dangerous to open …a source of Controversy and altercation… by attempting to alter the Qualifications of Voters. There will be no end to
Portrait of Abigail Adams. (Carter Noble from DUBB)
it — New claims will arise — Women will demand a vote.”(Gale) Regardless of this, tables turned for the worst in the year of 1777.
1777:
Women lose their right to vote in most states (Smith). They previously were
allowed to vote, and this right was all of the sudden was taken away in a matter of a systematic men’s vote via lawmaking throughout the states (Smith). Eventually, after this year, other states including New York, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and New Jersey Women protesting their being the last to so (Smith). loss of the right to vote. (“On This Day In History…”) ELEGANT ELEGANT AND ANDFIERCE FIERCE
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1792: Mary Wollstonecraft publishes A Vindication of the Rights of Women, although a book published in England, it served a purpose to highly convince the public, and change their mindsets on the matter of education for women. She felt that women were only primping for their marriages instead of studying for school, after all a proper education would serve no need in a marriage, or for the rest of a typical female life during those times. Wollstonecraft is considered the first of public feminists, and could have very well sped up the revolutionary cannonball sparking the Women’s Rights Movement A Vindication of the Rights of Women (Wollstonecraft , Library of Congress)
1833: Oberlin College was birthed in the year of 1833. Along with this new birth, one of their principles was for the “joint education of the sexes”, as said by Philo P. Stewart. Both men and women could be educated together. Most women received diplomas for the “Ladies Course, however four women pursued the Collegiate department in 1837(Lasser), the first time this was done in American history.
1848: Elizabeth Cady
First Lady Graduates of Oberlin College ( Oberlin College Archives )
Stanton, and Lucretia Mott hold the First Women’s Rights Convention in Seneca during the hot summer of July. This event was small, but the start of what would become a movement. It was published in the local courier, and held in a small Methodist church. A crowd of three hundred men and women would attend this event, including Fredrick Douglass, former slave. It was he who was able to convince the crowd equality amongst the genders is necessary. Toward the finale of the meeting, Lucretia Mott was able to present her Declaration of Sentiments, and acquired around 300 signatures (The Seneca Falls Convention.). The signatures of women who attended the Woman’s Rights Convention. (Library of Congress ) ELEGANT ELEGANT AND ANDFIERCE FIERCE
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“It was we, the people; not we, the white male citizens; nor yet we, the male citizens; but we, the whole people, who formed the Union.” - Susan B. Anthony 1866: After the Civil War, the women’s suffrage campaign would continue, largely due to the fact most women were abolitionists as well. The Fourteenth Amendment was passed by Congress (ratified by states on July 28, 1868)(Lewis) using only the word “male” in Section Two, which specifically touched on suffrage, and citizenship rights (Lewis). This caused suffragettes Lucy Stone, Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, even former slave Frederick Douglass, to further their cause in rage (Lewis). That same year, the American Equal Rights Association formed to “secure equal rights to all citizens especially the right of suffrage, irrespective of race, color, or sex.” (“American Equal
A snapshot of the Fourteenth Amendment. (“Obama & The Fourteenth Amendment”)
Rights Association”)
1868: The Fifteenth Amendment passed by Congress guarantees the supposed voting right (but not accessibility) of the black male, once again excluding the vote of the woman (Brooks). Women respond petitioning to be placed on the amendment, but it is ignored by the bureaucracy of African Americans were government (Brooks). One hundred and seventy two given the right to vote. women in New Jersey try to cast a vote, but once again Women were not. (“Black Voting Rights”) go unacknowledged in ballots (Brooks).
1873: Susan B. Anthony is held at a bail of 1000 dollars, and the others held at 500 for attempting to vote (“US vs. Susan B. Anthony”). She was released in 1873, with no trial by jury present and is billed with 100 dollars plus trial costs (“US vs. Susan B. Anthony”). She never paid it and said “May it please your honor, I will never pay a dollar of your unjust penalty. . . . Resistance to tyranny is obedience to God." (“US vs. Susan B. Anthony”). The judge did not jail her, and she was later released (“US vs. Susan B. Anthony”). ELEGANT ELEGANTAND ANDFIERCE FIERCE
An account of the trial proceedings of Susan B. Anthony. (UMKC)
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1890: These two rival groups, the NWSA, and AWSA combine (“The National American Woman Suffrage Association”). The NWSA was led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Susan B. Anthony whereas AWSA was run by Lucy Stone and Julia Ward Howe (“The National American Woman Suffrage Association”). The acronym NAWSA translates as the National American Women Suffrage Association (“The National American Woman Suffrage Association”). A picture of important key members of NAWSA. (“Formation of The National American Woman Suffrage Association”)
1900: Every state follows after New York’s Married Women’s Property Act allowing married women to claim some amount of money over their property and earnings, if they were blessed with work (Lewis). This law was a gradual process, being accepted into every state one by one (Lewis). With single women however, they suffered, with low pay, and little property (Lewis).
The first page of the Married Women’s Property Act. (“New Jersey Women’s History”)
1913: On March 3 1913, 5000 suffragettes marched in Washington D.C for the women’s rights, led by Inez Milholland Boissevain, dressed as an angel, and mounted upon a horse (Harvey). This event occurred the day before Woodrow Wilson’s inauguration; however he arrived on this date (Glass). Over 500,000 men, women, and children lined the sides to watch this event (Glass). Expletives were yelled at the marchers, and things were thrown as well (“Battle for Suffrage”). The suffragette parade of March 3, 1913 caused a lot of publicity among the states. (Library of Congress)
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1915: A petition is signed by 500,000 women approving the Women’s Voting Right Amendment and given to President Wilson (“Women's History Timeline”). This was written by Lucy Burns and Alice Paul, as they formed the Congressional Union a couple years before (“Women's History Timeline”). No comment was recorded from the former President (“Women's History Timeline”).
1916: National Women’s Party is formed. This was founded by both Women refused to give up the fight, even after President Wilson ignored Alice Paul and Lucy their petition in 1915. (“91st AnniBurns, who strove to versary…”) achieve women’s voting rights nationally, instead of the NAWSA strategy of achieving the Women from the NWP picketing in front of the White House. (“National Woman’s vote state-by-state (National Woman’s Party). The NWP was forParty”) mally the Congressional Union, with the exception of the affiliation with NAWSA, whom they were no longer corresponding with (National Woman's Party (NWP) (American Political Party)).
1920 Aug 26: Nineteenth Amendment passes in Congress, which permitted women to vote because of the words that read “"The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex", along with "Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation."(Nineteenth Amendment Adopted). It was declared to be used by the Secretary of State Bainbridge Colby and was ratified eight days before this announcement (Network).
Men and women celebrating the Nineteenth Amendment. (The Ancestral Archaeologist) ELEGANTAND ANDFIERCE FIERCE ELEGANT
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1923: NWP introduces the Equal Rights Amendment to Congress. This was written by the NWP co-founder Alice Paul in 1921, and it states that “Equality of Rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state on account of sex” (“The Equal Rights Amendment”).
A cartoon depicting suffragettes as ninjas who know “suffra-jutsu”. (Baroquen Comics)
1963 -Feminine Mystique by Betty Friedan: becomes a bestseller (Sullivan). This book is thought by many to have changed the mindsets of many; creating a new era of feminism. Feminine Mystique came about after Friedan sends a questionnaire to over 200 women, who surprisingly reply, about their quality of life (Sullivan). The book is a publication of their answers, along with a commentary from Betty, who, like those women, was not satisfied with her life as a female (Darcey). The cover of the book The Feminine Mystique by Betty Friedan. (Betty Friedan)
1963 John F. Kennedy signs the Equal Pay Act requiring that men and women working in the same environment be paid the same including bonuses, vacation time, sick time et cetera (Equal Pay and Compensation Discrimination). Also, separate job listings based on sex could not be listed; both men and women must be able to qualify (Brunner). It was one of the first major attempts to lessen the pay gap.
John F. Kennedy signing the Equal Pay Act (UPI)
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1964: Title 7 of the Civil Rights Act signed by Lyndon B. Johnson, passes (“Federal Laws Prohibiting Job Discrimination”). It eliminated discrimination against race and sex, and also forming EEOC. This prevents discrimination when deciding employment, benefits, pay, promotion, training, and all possible aspects pertaining to the hiring process (“Federal Laws Prohibiting Job Discrimination”).
The seal of the EEOC. {“EEOC.gov”
1966: NOW (National Organization for Women) is created by Betty Friedan, writer of famous book who changed the thinking of that generation. The Statement of Purpose, added at the first NOW Conference on October 29, 1966, states “The purpose of NOW is to take action to bring women into full participation in the mainstream of American society now, exercising all the privileges and responsibilities thereof in truly equal partnership with men” (The National Organization for Women's 1966 Statement of Purpose).
A picture of one of the meetings held by the National Organization for Women. (“NOW Organizing Conference “)
1972: ERA is passed in Congress, but never ratified (Held). To be ratified it required thirty-eight votes (representing 38 votes one from each state, making thirty eight states approval), however the Equal Rights Amendment only received thirty five (Held). Like stated before, it was one written in 1921 by the suffragist Alice Paul, and went through Congress the first time in 1923 (Held). It states that “Equality of Rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state on account of sex “ (“The Equal Rights Amendment”). ELEGANT AND ANDFIERCE FIERCE ELEGANT
Women signing on to support the ERA. (Mississippi Department of Archives and History)
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1973: Roe v. Wade establishes women’s right to end a pregnancy. This was a controversial and well talked about decision made by the Supreme Court that banned the state from restricting abortion. The Supreme Court concluded that it was a woman was protected by the right of privacy as established by the Fourteenth Amendment, and precedent case Griswold v. Connecticut (Roe v. Wade).
1994: Violence Against Women Act passes (“10 YEARS…”). This act passed in Congress is widely celebrated today, as it freed many women from the light sentencing of sexual offenders
Protestors protesting Roe V. Wade (Millsaps College)
(“10 YEARS…”). It made sentencing to all who abused women with violence longer, and it sentenced minor things with longer periods of time as well (“10 YEARS…”). One of many images used to promote awareness in violence against women. (Phillip Ung of CALCASA)
As of 2008 Women are paid 77 cents to every male dollar earned, creating a pay gap be-
tween these genders, and the percentage of women’s pay compared to men’s is even worse among other races (Fitzpatrick). Many think it is because of the still segregated occupations, they label “sex segregation”, and jobs that usually only men can fulfill are fulfilled by men (Fitzpatrick).
2009: Obama signs the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act named after a
An image depicting the wage gap between the genders. (“”It’s Her Choice””)
woman working at Goodyear Tires, who was paid less than the male workers (Pickert). The law stated that you could only report this discrimination 180 days after the first paycheck revealed this, even if you were not aware it (Pickert). The Fair Pay Act was the first bill Obama signed as Obama signing the Lily Ledbetter Fair Pay President, and it allowed workers to file suit for all 180 days Act. (Melanie Ross Levin, National Women's after each discriminatory paycheck (Stolberg). Law Center ) ELEGANT ELEGANTAND ANDFIERCE FIERCE
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“The true test of the American ideal is whether we’re able to recognize our failings and then rise together to meet the challenges of our time. Whether we allow ourselves to be shaped by events and history, or whether we act to shape them. Whether chance of birth or circumstance decides life’s big winners and losers, or whether we build a community where, at the very least, everyone has a chance to work hard, get ahead, and reach their dreams.” - Barack Obama (Obama)
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Header created by Stephanie Sjoblom in Photoshop.
CHAPTER ONE Words To Remember: Convention Amendment Congress Equality Feminism Injustice President Republic Revolution
IN THIS CHAPTER Seneca Falls Convention
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A President’s Wife
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Letters from Abigail and John
Page 24 - 25
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SENECA FALLS The Seneca Falls Convention was the first women’s rights convention to be held. Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott were two women in control of putting the event together (“The Seneca Falls Convention 1848”). In the year of 1848, on July 19th and 20th, many women and men joined in New York in order to talk about a controversial topic. With over 300 people in attendance, protests went on to discuss the mistreatment of women in social, political, economic and religious life (“The Seneca Falls Convention 1848”). The meeting lasted two days and included six lecture sessions on women’s role in society (“The Seneca Falls Convention July 19-20, 1848”). Elizabeth Cady Stanton reads the Declaration of Sentiments (Constitution Center).
Stanton and Mott along with five other Quaker women in which they met during a social visit, introduced the Declaration of Sentiments which was based off of the Declara-
tion of Independence (“The Seneca Falls Convention 1848”). The Declaration of Sentiments had been written by the women in charge of the convention and it demanded the rights that they deserved as individuals (Halsall, ”The Declaration of Sentiments”). A list of resolutions was also offered which was open to debate and modification before signing (“Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions”). The controversial topic that was included in the document was the women’s right to vote. Many people did not agree with this particular aspect while many urged it to be removed off of the list. Frederick Douglass argued for the right to be included and eventually it was retained (“Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions”). Though approximately 300 hundred people were in attendance to the convention, 100 signed the document, 68 women and 32 men. ELEGANTAND ANDFIERCE FIERCE ELEGANT
Group of women at the Seneca Falls Convention (Seneca Falls Film).
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A President’s Wife Pen and paper. There it was. A feather pen, and one piece of paper on a desk in a simple family home. Abigail Adams, a seventeen year old, wrote to the lawyer John Adams quite often (“Abigail Adams Biography”). This week, she looked at the letter he wrote to her, and she felt a flush of color rush to her face. Of course, she was always the one to smile, an optimist since the giving out of her mother’s womb on November 11, 1744 (Noble). However, this letter was different from John Adams. It started off with greeting her as “Miss Adorable”(Adams). Abigail made sure to tuck this letter with extra caution, after all, what would her father of the cloth think? He was one of reason and morality, instead of legalism, but this was a very private matter. It was almost her coming of age, the time where she best get married, or live as a disgrace to all who she surrounds herself with. She was not to be a young girl anymore at the age of 18. She was a woman, inheriting the maternal traits, of raising children, cleaning, cooking, sewing, along with being a good wife, and well liked among the community (Noble). Abigail Adams was one of the first American women to find these cultural norms a bit off-putting. Abigail Adams in her earlier years (Benjamin Blythe).
Eventually, she married John Adams, lawyer, then Continental Congressman, then first Vice President, and after that the Second Presi-
dent ever of the United States of America (Barber). If that is not the busy life, whilst John Adams would travel for national affairs, Abigail Adams would educate, tend to their five children, and their farm near Boston, Massachusetts (“Adams National”). During John’s absence, they would continue writing their love letters addressed to each other (Kates). He would share his dealings with the nation’s leaders, and “Miss Adorable”, as he called her, would provide commentary. Although she was never formally educated, her intelligence was exceedingly high for any, especially female, simpleton at the time (“Abigail Smith Adams”).
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Her intelligence, social standing, and feminine qualities brought her to be the first female in a governmental position in the United States. Abigail Adams was an active citizen, living near the British crown hated location, Boston, Massachusetts. She was appointed by the Massachusetts Colony General Court in 1775 to question women who were charged, by word of mouth or actions, with being still loyal to the British. John Adams wrote to her, "…you are now a politician and now elected into an important office… which will give you, naturally, an influence with your sex"(“Adams Biography”). Events affecting the couple would be the spark of the American Revolution, with John participating in both First and Second Continental Congresses. She was the first First Lady to hold a governmental position. She held power with the government and power with her husband (“Abigail Adams”). She was his, and he was hers. John Adams and Abigail Adams had their differences on one particular subject however, and that was the right of the woman. Activation of Abigail’s beliefs in the right of the woman all started during the forming, the roughest of drafts, on the Declaration of Independence. Almost all votes of women were eliminated from the states (Kates). She was active in 1776, in attempt to write to her husband about the vote of women, so it may be included that all men and women
Abigail Adams in her later years (Gilbert Stuart).
are of equal quality. In one particular letter she wrote “…Remember the Ladies, and be more generous and favorable to them than your ancestors. Do not put such unlimited power into the hands of the Husbands. Remember all Men would be tyrants if they could. If particular care and attention is not paid to the Ladies we are determined to foment a Rebellion, and will not hold ourselves bound by any Laws in which we have no voice, or Representation.” (Gale) She is known as one of the first of advocates for women’s rights in the United States. Her husband, first jokingly jesting at her advocating antics through letters, later wrote to Brigadier General Joseph Palmer, “Depend on it, Sir, it is dangerous to open so fruitful a source of Controversy and altercation, as would be opened by attempting to alter the Qualifications of Voters. There will be no end to it — New claims will arise — Women will demand a vote.”(Gale) . Her letters instigated feelings on whether women’s rights should be considered amongst the men, and even questioned “All men are created equal” in the Declaration of Independence (Kates).
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Abigail Adams was compelled to become an activist because "Men of sense in all ages abhor those customs which treat us only as the (servants) of your sex; regard us then as being placed by Providence under your protection, and in imitation of the Supreme Being make use of that power only for our happiness.", from a letter dated March 21, 1776 (Kates). She felt women were viewed by (most) men (neither excluding nor including husband John Adams) to be the caretakers of the family, not free. Her letters held great importance to the Women’s Rights Movement, as she was seen as one of the first advocates for these rights in America (Barber). Abigail Adams was known as one of the most optimistic persons, keeping her head up, never facing discouragement when she was left to look after the newly built White House herself, and up to the point she died (“Abigail Adams Biography”). Her heart was all with John. Shortly after her death, John walked into her work apartment and saw on her desk, a pen and paper. He faintly smiled to himself; in both grief and irony, reminded of where their love started from.
“Remember the Ladies.” Letter from Abigail to John (Adams Family Correspondence).
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Abigail Adams (“Abigail Smith Adams”) .
Letters From Abigail to John
Abigail Adams sent letters to her husband John Adams, the second president of the United States (“Abigail Adams to John Adams”). In the letter, Abigail and John wrote to each other frequently about politics when John was away in different states (“Abigail Adams to John Adams”). One particular letter is referred as “Remember the Ladies” and is a letter of how Abigail asked to remember the ladies, and to give them their rights (“Abigail Adams to John Adams”). Even though John sought advice from Abigail, he chose to ignore this and did not add women to the Constitution (“Abigail Adams to John Adams”). The letter is connected to the Women Rights Movement because of how Abigail tried getting women right's earlier, her disapproval with only being a companion, and following laws that do not involve women. This letter is important to woman’s right because it shows the long fighting struggle that women faced to get their rights. Abigail was trying to get John to see that if he wouldn't give rights to women during the Continental Congress that they will have to take action. The letter says “ We are determined to foment a rebellion” (“Abigail Adams to John Adams”). That quote meant to say to John that there will be a problem and that women are going to stand up and fight for their right like men did for theirs. This letter was written in 1776 and since then we have had trouble giving women rights (“Abigail Adams to John Adams”). Even though Abigail wanted the right thing for women, it wasn't the only thing she wanted. Abigail believed that women shouldn't be content with just being their husband's partner. She also believed that women should focus on educational subjects as well (“Abigail Adams to John Adams”). In the letter Abigail writes: “Men of senses in all ages arbor those customs which treats us only as the (servants) of males” (“Abigail Adams to John Adams”). This quote in the letter shows how Abigail saw that it was not enough to just be a house wife and tend to man's will, and that all men at any age treated women like servants and not like a companion. Not only did she not like the fact that her and other women were just, servant, but she also did not like following a law that has nothing to with women (“Abigail Adams to John Adams”).
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Other then not being able to think for themselves and get a good education, Abigail also did not like to follow a law of which she had no say in. In the letter Abigail says “ If particular care and attention is not paid to the ladies, we are determined to foment a rebellion, and will not hold ourselves bound by any laws in which we have no voice or representation” (“Abigail Adams to John Adams”). This quote basically tell John that Abigail and her fellow ladies will not follow a law in which they had no rights to represent themselves in. No one would be happy about not being able to discuss their rights and making that rule into a law in which women had no say. Women Rights Movement is an important cause and this letter supports it because it communicates by showing how long the non-violent war lasted, by showing that women were treated unfairly, and showing how women had no say in their own rights. The letter is a great example of what women had to go though when they had no right in what to say or do. Those three reasons are why Abigail wrote the letter because she believed that women could do so much more than just tend to the house.
Letter from John to Abigail (Massachusetts Historical Society). ELEGANT AND ANDFIERCE FIERCE ELEGANT
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An original art piece by Stephanie Sjoblom
CHAPTER TWO Words To Remember: NAWSA Formation Amendment Compromise Discrimination Orthodox
IN THIS CHAPTER 1890: NAWSA Forms!
Page 27
Stanton’s Fight For Rights!
Page 28 - 31
A Vindication of the Rights of Women
Page 32 - 34
Suffragist
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1890: NAWSA FORMS! Picture this. Two organizations, working toward the same cause, both separated before 1890. These two factions were the NWSA and AWSA (“The National American Woman Suffrage Association”). The National Women Suffrage Association was founded by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, and the American Women Suffrage Association by Lucy Stone, Henry Blackwell, and
Women suffragettes supporting their cause (“The Suffrage Movement”).
Julia Ward Howe (“The National American Woman Suffrage Association”). These two became separated over tactics they used to win over the vote for women. The AWSA favored the state by state vote whilst the NWSA preferred to go about women’s franchise right by urging an amendment in the Constitution (“The National American Woman Suffrage Association”). Despite the past feuds they had over stratagem, the two once again bound together to form the National American Women Suffrage Association (NAWSA) in 1890 (“The National American Woman Suffrage Association”). They found compromise by using both tactics of state by state, and federal persuasion as a way to get the vote. The formation of this organization helped the passage of the 19th Amendment ( “The National American Women Suffrage Association Bryan Mawr”). After the creation of NAWSA in 1890, officers kept up general morale of the
Officers of NAWSA (Wisconsin Historical Society).
women by holding annual conventions, participating in parades, as well as protests ( “The National American Women Suffrage Association Bryan Mawr”). Also, mini regional groups were formed, so it was more of a united bond toward suffrage ( “The National American Women Suffrage Association Bryan Mawr”). Susan B. Anthony had a major role to play when it comes to the forming of NAWSA. After leaving her teaching job of fifteen years, her acquaintance Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and herself went to establish the American Equal Rights Association (“Biography of Susan B. Anthony”). Then, they proceeded to form the ASWA, later molding into NAWSA (“Biography of Susan B. Anthony”). She was jailed, laughed at, and scoffed by many who believed this Women’s Suffrage Movement to be a radical fad (Brooks and Gonzales). In 1890, with the birth of NAWSA, she served as president until 1900 and continued participating with NAWSA until 1906 (Litt). Without the participation of NAWSA, mostly founded by Susan B. Anthony, the Nineteenth Amendment may not have evolved as quickly to be ratified. ELEGANT AND ANDFIERCE FIERCE ELEGANT
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STANTON’S FIGHT FOR RIGHTS!
Photograph of Elizabeth C. Stanton (“Spartacus”).
On a gloomy night in the year 1815, in a town covered with poplar trees, Elizabeth Cady Stanton was born (Fritz 1). In Johnstown New York, Elizabeth was born into a family that had a majority of girls with the exception of her father and her older brother (Loos 25). Elizabeth would often sit in the corner of her father's law office and listen in as his clients would speak to him about different issues they had (Fritz 2). She often became angry when a woman was involved and the issue pertained to them not having rights (Fritz 2). After listening to Flora Campbell talk about how she had bought a farm, and then lost it to her son after her husband had passed away, Elizabeth decided it was time to change the law (Fritz 5). This was the first time she had been motivated to do something that would change the lives of every woman in the United States. She soon noticed that sons were preferred to daughters after her older brother passed away (Fritz 5). Her father told her he wished she was born a boy and he repeatedly would tell her this when she would show him something new she had accomplished (Loos 27). She would soon strive harder for what she truly believed in. She became tougher by riding horses and smarter by going to Emma Willard’s Female Seminary School (Fritz 7). Elizabeth soon began visiting her cousin in Peterboro because she enjoyed talking about justice for women (Fritz 8). Justice for women was her favorite topic to discuss because she would take the ideas that were given during the meeting and try her best to work with them in order to achieve equal rights (Fritz 8). She was able to meet her husband, Henry Stanton, in Peterboro while attending one of these discussions (Fritz 9). Shortly after, the couple married on May 1st, 1840 though Elizabeth’s father didn’t agree with the situation because Henry was much older and an abolitionist (Fritz 11).
“The happiest people I have known have been those who gave themselves no concern about their own souls, but did their uttermost to mitigate the miseries of others.” - Elizabeth Cady Stanton (Stanton) ELEGANT AND ANDFIERCE FIERCE ELEGANT
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Soon after being married, Elizabeth and Henry traveled to London where they met Lucretia Mott, a Quaker twenty-two years older than Elizabeth (Fritz 12). Elizabeth joined Lucretia at the London Convention where they were informed that women were not allowed to sit with the delegates (Fritz 15). Women would be able to enter the building, but there after they would not be able to speak (Fritz 15). After leaving the convention, Lucretia and Elizabeth talked about working together in order to achieve women’s rights (Fritz 16). Together, they discussed what they each needed to do in order to get other people to notice the importance of women’s rights (Fritz 16). Soon after arriving back to the United States, Henry and Elizabeth moved to Boston where he was able to open his own law practice and she gave birth to three sons (Loos 48). After their children were born, Henry decided he would be more successful living in New York, so they moved to Seneca Falls (Fritz 18). Elizabeth, like any other stay at home wife, would stay home and care for the kids while her husband traveled for work. In 1848 she was delighted to receive an invitation from Lucretia Mott to meet with five other Quaker women (Fritz 20). Together, they talked about the rights that women should be able to have and they decided to host a Women’s Rights Convention which they set the date for July 19th and 20th (Swain 46). They drew up a declaration of women’s rights
Elizabeth C. Stanton as a younger lady (National Women’s History Museum).
which they modeled off of the Declaration of Independence (Swain 48). They listed their grievances which included many things that men were able to do and women couldn’t (Swain 48). After finishing the list, Elizabeth added one more demand to it; she wanted women to be able to vote (Fritz 24). Out of all topics listed, this was the most controversial (Fritz 24). Both men and women showed up at the chapel in Seneca Falls where many were curious as to what was going to happen (Fritz 25). The women who called the convention felt nervous because this was the first time they had ever led a meeting much less one so large with both men and women (Swain 51). Elizabeth read the Declaration of Sentiments that the group created and received much appreciation (Fritz 25). As expected, the voting command was taken in many different ways, with some supporting it and other’s denying even the thought of it (Fritz 25). In total, sixtyeight women and thirty-two men signed in support (Fritz 25). In 1851, three important events occurred which helped shape Elizabeth’s life (Fritz 29). The first, Elizabeth’s cousin, Libby Smith, visited her at her home (Fritz 29). Libby was known as a women’s rights activist and made the bold move of wearing trousers and a short dress (Fritz 29). Elizabeth copied this look and it soon became known as the “bloomer” (Fritz 29). The second event occurred when her fourth son was born and she hung a red flag in front of her house (Fritz 30). She had made a promise that she would have hung a white flag if she had given birth to a daughter (Fritz 30). The next year, a white flag did go up as she gave birth to her first daughter (Fritz 30). The third event in the year of 1851 was when Elizabeth Stanton met Susan B. Anthony (Fritz 33). Both were devoted to women’s rights and soon became close friends (Swain 59). Throughout the years, they would write each other constantly and visit one another as much as possible (Swain 59). ELEGANT AND ANDFIERCE FIERCE ELEGANT
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“We hold these truths to be selfevident: that all men and women are created equal..” - Elizabeth Cady Stanton (Stanton)
Elizabeth C. Stanton (Veeder).
A few years later, while Elizabeth was continuing to fight for what she believed in, Elizabeth was asked by the woman’s association to speak to the New York State Legislature (Fritz 36). This frightened her more than anything because she would be talking to the men that made the laws, not just the ones that followed them (Fritz 36). Elizabeth argued about each right that women should be given, most of all, she fought for the right to vote (Fritz 38). She wouldn’t back down from her goal even though all of her family didn’t support her, including her husband Henry (Fritz 37). She left the meeting knowing she did everything she could possible, and was determined to do more (Fritz 38). In the year of 1856, another white flag went up in the honor of her new addition to the family (Fritz 41). Three years later in 1859, a red flag went up, signaling the arrival of her new son (Fritz 43). In the middle of all her struggles, her father passed away and Elizabeth knew now that she would never be able to fix the problems between them (Fritz 44). He never agreed with her actions to improve women’s rights and by not speaking to him for years, she felt guilty after his death occurred (Fritz 44). In the winter of 1861, Elizabeth was growing tired of Seneca Falls, so when Henry was able to get a job in New York City, she packed up her family and went along with him (Fritz 46). She felt that New York City would offer her more opportunities because most of the law making action took place there and the closer she was then the better (Fritz 46). Lincoln soon took office as president and Elizabeth waited for the emancipation proclamation (Fritz 47). On January 1, 1863, the Proclamation was issued but it upset many people including Elizabeth because she wanted all slaves freed, not only some (Fritz 47). Susan and her began sending out petitions asking that the emancipation be extended to more individuals (Fritz 47). By the year 1864, they had already received 400,000 signatures and the next year the war ended, and the 13th amendment was passed, freeing all slaves (Fritz 48). She was satisfied that slaves were finally given the rights that they deserved but women deserved their rights as well (Fritz 48). In 1866, she decided to run as an independent candidate for congress because nowhere did it say that men weren't able to vote for her (Fritz 49). Out of 2,300 votes, Elizabeth only received 24, but it was a step further to what she wanted to achieve (Fritz 49). By running as a candidate, she proved to herself and others that she would not back down until women’s rights were established.
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“Whatever the theories may be of
Elizabeth C. Stanton (Encyclopædia Britannica ).
woman's dependence on man, in the supreme moments of her life he can not bear her burdens.” - Elizabeth Cady Stanton (Stanton)
In 1869, the women’s movement split into two different paths (Fritz 56). Elizabeth and Susan formed the National Woman Suffrage Association, where no men were allowed to be members while Lucy Stone headed the American Woman Suffrage Association, where members were both men and women (Fritz 56). The two groups didn’t agree with each other because they had different opinions on how to achieve women’s rights (Fritz 56). Between 1869 and 1879, Elizabeth went from city to city spreading the word on women’s rights (Salisbury 79). In 1879, she was done touring and decided to go home and spend more time with her grown children (Salisbury 81). Susan and Elizabeth decided to start a book on the history of women’s suffrage and even though it hadn’t been attained just yet, they would start it and hopefully somebody would later finish it (Fritz 66). Elizabeth took two trips to Europe in the years 1882 and 1886 (Fritz 67). Volumes of her story had been done each time of her trip (Fritz 67). In the year 1888, she arrived back in America to host the International Council of Women, which was the 40th anniversary of the first Seneca Falls convention (Fritz 71). It turned out to be a success because many delegates and representatives from national women’s organizations attended (Fritz 71). In the year of 1890, the two organizations that had split previously were united into the new National American Women Suffrage Association with Elizabeth being nominated for president (Fritz 72). Elizabeth Cady Stanton gave her final speech in 1892 (Fritz 73) . She discussed that men and women were alike and they should be treated equal (Fritz 74). For all her years, she had been speaking about how women should be treated like normal human beings so she decided to take a different view for her last speech (Fritz 74). For all her determination, November 12th was declared in the New York papers as being Stanton Day and she was later taken to the Metropolitan Opera House where over 6,000 people honored her (Fritz 74). Elizabeth’s health began falling apart and on October 26th, 1902 her family gathered at her side (Fritz 75). She placed herself into a chair after staring straight ahead for several moments, and then fell asleep (Fritz 76). Shortly after, she passed away (Fritz 76). Elizabeth had strived for women’s rights all of her life until she had grown too old. In her lifetime, she was able to help steer the pathway for women’s suffrage. She became well known for everything that she was able to accomplish, and though she wasn’t able to be there for the amendment that gave women their rights in 1920, she always believed that it would someday happen by being able to further the hope in her own way.
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The Birth of the Women’s Rights Movement Ideals
Mary Wollstonecraft (Hanman ).
It is the year of 1792, the time where females could no longer vote, own property, and even marry without the consent of man. This is the year a young woman of thirty three years of age picked up her pen to write on the injustices imparted to the female gender. It was this year Mary Wollstonecraft wrote A Vindication on the Rights of Women. She wrote this book to communicate the idea that the women deserved fair treatment, especially in the area of education, and her book has had an impact on the Women’s Rights movement with its phenomenal insight from the victim’s perception. Mary Wollstonecraft lived a hard life, mostly because of the fact her gender caused her to do so. If she may have been a male, tides would have been different. She was able to begin her adulthood independently, living a widow at the age of nineteen. At twenty-one, she was called back home to care for her dying mother. Only a small amount of time passed, and it became Mary’s responsibility to care for her sister Eliza, faint because of a very difficult childbirth for the time and her husband’s apparent abuse. That same year, Mary, Eliza, and her best friend Fanny open a school. Just a year later, Fanny marries, and suffers from a complex premature childbirth, which Wollstonecraft attended, resulting in her and her child dying. Later on, she marries a man, has a child with him, and he later leaves her for an actress, as she witnessed herself. She attempts suicide. Only within two years, she marries once again privately, because she was once again pregnant. She gives birth to what would become Mary Shelley, the writer of Frankenstein, and dies within 10 days of the birth due to a fever(Mary). Her purpose in writing is to establish feminism and a properly appreciated education for all women. She is known as one of the first feminist philosophers of the time. Keeping her background in mind, to fully grasp exactly why she wrote this, it is most necessary to examine a few of her quotes. “The education of women has of late been more attended … yet they are still reckoned …frivolous … and ridiculed or pitied… by satire or instruction to improve them…they spend many of the first years of their lives …acquiring … accomplishments; meanwhile strength of body and mind are sacrificed to … notions of beauty (Wollstonecraft).” Mary is quite eloquently stating that women, particularly ones being educated are made a spectacle of, because their strive should be toward beautification. With this said, her words tell the story that she does not approve of this, beautification, to be a prize for men, by giving a negative connotation in this paragraph. Her added emphasis seems to be the literary device catching the reader’s attention, with such a bold statement entered. Only a bit after the last she states, “They marry the act as such children may be expected to act,--they dress, they paint, and nickname God's creatures (Wollstonecraft).”This excerpt of the passage, ELEGANT AND ANDFIERCE FIERCE ELEGANT
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Mary Wollstonecraft (Opie, John)
Wollstonecraft suggests that women serve the same role in society as the children do, by dressing, painting, and naming “God’s creatures”, or what could also perceived as their children. Through this, it is also suggested that when they “marry” they inherit these roles, as men are to be the stronger “adult” role, because the opposite sex has the money, property, and higher place in society to be more of the adult. Her talent at using the pen to paint a clear picture for all is once again demonstrated in the following quote. “In the government of the physical world it is observable that the female, in general, inferior to the male. The male pursues, the female yields—this is the law of nature; and it does not appear to be suspended or abrogated in favour of woman. This physical superiority cannot be denied—and it is a noble prerogative (Wollstonecraft).”In the first bit of the passage, she claims the “law of nature” is not for the benefit for the women, but more for the men. She then concedes that men have physical superiority, however you know from previous statements Wollstonecraft is not so convinced of their superiority in other areas. Having this knowledge on her opinion she then goes on, “…men endeavour to sink us still lower, merely to render us alluring objects for a moment; and women, intoxicated by the adoration which men, under the influence of their senses, pay them, do not seek to obtain a durable interest in their hearts, or to become the friends of the fellow creatures who find amusement in their society (Wollstonecraft).”Mary Wollstonecraft gives the impression that men want women to sink lower, thus the radical feminist label was put onto this book. This assumption has credit however, that most women at the time were fascinated with being loved by a man, because it was just how things worked. Eventually, this fascination develops into the prime interest of a woman, to be loved and cared for, with no care for other things. This sentence is clear that it was carefully placed to be persuasive, another of her great literary devices in this work. Mary Wollstonecraft’s A Vindication of the Rights of Woman is relevant to my group’s movement because it is a work trying to convince man, and woman as to why women’s education needs to be taken seriously. The book also ponders gender roles, at an early time for such wonderings, and it is written by a woman for the ultimate perspective. She was admired and looked upon, from many, including suffragist Millicent Garett Fawcett, as the mother of the Women’s suffrage movement. Mary Wollstonecraft planted ideas like none could before, and like a plant birthing from a seed, these ideas potentially birthed what is the Women’s Rights Movement. ELEGANT AND ANDFIERCE FIERCE ELEGANT
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Susan B. Anthony (right), Alice Paul (left top) and a postage stamp (left bottom) (Time & Life Pictures/Getty, “Freedom Hero…”, “Timeline”).
CHAPTER THREE Words To Remember: NWP Parliament Picketing Quaker Ratification Suffragettes Suffrage
IN THIS CHAPTER: 19th Amendment
Page 36
A Voice For Change
Page 37 - 39
To Change a Nation
Page 40 - 41
It Is A Right!
Page 42 - 43
Iron Jawed Angels Movie Review
Page 44
“Be Yourself” Art Piece
Page 45
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19th AMENDMENT The 19th amendment was passed by congress on June 4th of 1919 and then later ratified on August 18th 1920 in order to include women of their rights. The amendment grants all American Woman the right to vote after a long struggle. It took decades and many supporters to get the amendment passed. The fight for women to vote began generations earlier and many early supporters were unable to see the final victory in 1920. It initially began in the early 1800’s when women were organized together in order to began petitions and picketing towards the government (“19th Amendment, Women’s Right to Vote”). The amendment was first introduced to congress in the year of 1878 (“19th Amendment, Women’s Right to Vote”). During this time and the year in which the amendment was finally passed, women took different strategies in order to achieve their goal. Many had the strategy to passage suffrage acts in certain states whereas others challenged the male only voting laws (“19th Amendment, Women’s Right to Vote”). SuffraStamp introduced when gists, women who favored the right to vote, used many tactics in order to achieve what 19th amendment was introduced (“Timeline”). they wanted. Parades, silent vigils, and hunger strikes were some of the tactics used and these often didn’t go over well with their opponents who would heckle and sometimes abuse them (“19th Amendment, Women’s Right to Vote”). Suffragists were often jailed when attempting to perform one of their tactics. The House of Representatives passed the amendment on May 21st 1919 with the senate following two weeks later (“19th Amendment, Women’s Right to Vote”). Tennessee became the 36th state to ratify the amendment on the 18th th
of August in 1920 (“19 Amendment, Women’s Right to Vote”).
19th amendment to the constitution (“S.R.E. Corporation”).
With the amendment having three fourths of the states approval, it was ratified, changing the lives of women forever.
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A VOICE FOR CHANGE “It was we, the people; not we, the white male citizens; nor yet we, the male citizens; but we, the whole people, who formed the Union.” - Susan B. Anthony (Anthony) Susan B. Anthony (“Susan B. Anthony Older Years”). Singing is a very beautiful thing, hearing the sound of a wonderful strong voice that can be heard over the instruments in the background. Having a voice is useful to communicate with other people. Susan Brownell Anthony had a voice and she used it for a strong cause to get women rights. The voice Susan used had a big affect on society she fought for women rights even after being arrested (“The Trial of Susan B. Anthony for Illegal Voting”) . With her voice she stated her opinion, asked for changes, and demanded rights. Susan Brownell Anthony was one of the first to make support teams on fighting for women legal rights and the first person to be arrested after voting (“The Trial of Susan B. Anthony for Illegal Voting”). For fifty years Susan worked for the women’s suffrages but she wasn’t alone, she also worked with her friend Elizabeth Cady Stanton (“Biography Susan Brownwell Anthony”). Susan and Elizabeth founded the National Women’s Suffrage Association (“Biography Susan Brownell Anthony”). They were good friends and having the cause only brought them closer. Not only did Susan work for the suffrage with all the speaking in tours and publishing news papers about their cause she wrote the “Susan B.Anthony” amendment which now is the nineteenth amendment (“Biography Susan Brownell Anthony”). The nineteenth amendment gave the right for women to vote (“Susan B. Anthony”). Susan B. Anthony worked through her whole life to get everyone's rights, even African Americans (“Susan B. Anthony”). If it wasn't for her, women wouldn't have the freedom they have today. New York was where Susan B. Anthony was more active in even though she lived in Massachusetts her whole life (“Susan B. Anthony”). First she worked in New York as an activist for African Americans rights and after hearing an inspiring speech she decided to also fight for women rights (“Susan B. Anthony”). How great is that she showed so much dedication to getting anyone their fair share in what they want to say. She also traveled and gave out speeches so she could get women’s right to vote throughout the United States and not just certain countries (“Susan B. Anthony”). The work she did was noticed because of the work she did for the African Americans and the women’s suffrage. ELEGANT ELEGANTAND ANDFIERCE FIERCE
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Susan and her family were activists; they supported anti-slavery in 1845 (“Susan B. Anthony”). Later on in 1856 she became an agent for American Anti- Slavery, but it wasn't easy she had to go though threats, mobs, and being abused (“Susan B. Anthony”). Even though she knew the risk, it was incredible that she still stood her ground and decided to take another cause into her own hands. At that time Susan B. Anthony was already known for standing up for African Americans and she was already used to the hard work and commitment that these certain causes needed (“Biography of Susan B. Anthony”). In 1863 she made the Women loyal league (“Biography Susan B. Anthony”).She made this league in order to support the thirteenth amendment that abolishes slavery (“Biography Susan B. Anthony”). Even though it worked through the fourteenth and fifteenth amendment all women were disappointed when they didn’t include themselves but she never gave up until her death in 1906 (“Biography Susan Brownell Anthony”). The reason for Susan's struggle and determination for getting women the right to vote was not for fame or for money but for her family and what she believed was right (“Biography Susan B. Anthony”). Susan was born in a home where her father treated her sister and brothers equally (“Biography Susan Brownell Anthony”). Growing up in a home where you were treated equally has its advantages because Susan was lucky to have the support of her family. Family wasn’t the only reason she decided to stand up for the movements, but because of the rights she thought others, including herself, deserved (“Biography Susan B. Anthony”). After hearing a speech from a women who was part of the suffrage, it inspired her to change and fight for those rights even for African American women (“Susan B. Anthony”). The big impact Susan B. Anthony had was creating hope for women for being determined and inspiring others who believed in the same cause. She made it possible for women to have the right to vote. Fourteen years later after her death, the right for women was fulfilled (“Susan B. Anthony”). Sadly Susan B. Anthony herself could not see her fellow women vote but she did get the chance to at least get to see her ballot go into the registration box (“The Trial of Susan B. Anthony for Illegal Voting”). The dedication she put into the women suffrage made a huge impact. It inspired women all over the United States and made it possible to have their right to vote. Susan did everything humanly possible to get her voice heard over all the voices that were protesting against
Susan B. Anthony around the age of 36 (Heritage Auction Gallery).
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SUSAN B. ANTHONY GALLERY of LIFE
Susan B. Anthony’s Home (James Parrish). Susan B. Anthony’s Parents (Heritage Auction Gallery).
Susan B. Anthony on a US Dollar coin. (U.S Mint). Engraving of Susan B. Anthony, made around the 1850’s. (G.E. Perine & Co., NY). ELEGANT ELEGANTAND ANDFIERCE FIERCE
Susan B Anthony (right) and Elizabeth C Stanton (left) (Library of Congress).
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To Change a Nation Alice Paul: An Inspiration, A Hero, Unforgettable
Alice Paul in front of the flag that the NWA used. (Harris & Ewing, Inc..).
Alice Paul (Smithsonian).
Alice Paul demonstrating against President Wilson (“Freedom Hero…”).
Imagine a woman bursting into British parliament together with a wave of supporters, shouting about women’s rights and causing a great disturbance. Imagine a woman with such confidence that she felt that she could go against the president. Imagine a woman with the strength, courage, and determination to change the lives of every single person in America. This woman was Alice Paul, one of the most well known suffragettes in history. She is one of the most influential women in history because of her achievements with the ratification of the 19th amendment, her work in the World Woman’s Party, and the important relationships she made in her lifetime. Alice Paul was born in 1885 and raised in New Jersey in a Quaker family who heavily believed in the equality of men and women (Keira, Trina, and Madelyn). This influenced her a lot in her upbringing, and led her to be the strong and independent woman that everyone knows her to be. Over her lifetime, Alice Paul had an outstanding educational record. It included a B.A in Biology from Swathmore College, and M.A. in Sociology from University of Pennsylvania, a M.A. in Sociology from University of Pennsylvania, a LL.B. from Washington College of Law, a LL.M. from American University, and a D.C.L. from American University (Carol, Rebecca, Kristina Myers, and Janet Lindman). When she moved to London to help work with suffrage rights, her strong and determined attitude shone through when she was arrested on multiple occasions for disturbing the peace ("Alice Paul Biography"). But after struggling and fighting for her rights with other suffragettes, Alice Paul and the woman fighting in London showed the world that women weren’t afraid to stand up for what they believed in. One of Alice Paul’s greatest achievements is the ratification of the 19th amendment. She had to go through tough conditions and rather violent abuse in order to make her dream come true (Lunardini). She wanted to lead the American woman forward in history as an equal. Alice Paul created the National Women’s Party in order to fight for women’s rights (Carol, Rebecca, Kristina Myers, and Janet Lindman). ELEGANT AND FIERCE ELEGANT AND FIERCE
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A Friend of Alice Paul: Lucy Burns
Lucy Burns was one of the closest friends Alice Paul had in her life, and they stuck together as they both fought for suffrage (Angela, and Rebecca).
Lucy met Alice Paul in England when they were demonstrating suffrage rights to the parliament, and they later went on to fight together in America (“Lucy Burns”).
She was one of the many who were imprisoned in a worker’s camp after picketing in front of the White House (Angela, and Rebecca).
Even after all the hardships Alice and Lucy went through, they managed to stay determined and motivated (“Lucy Burns”).
It paid off when the 19th Amendment was finally passed (Angela, and Re-
Lucy Burns (Clinedinst Stuido, Washington D.C.).
Imagine the power and authority women must have felt, knowing that they could actually make a difference! After picketing outside of the White House and creating parades and marches for her cause, she was finally granted her wish in 1920 (Carol, Rebecca, Kristina Myers, and Janet Lindman). August 26th is Women’s Equality Day because of Alice Paul’s achievements. (Carol, Rebecca, Kristina Myers, and Janet Lindman). After her success with the 19th amendment, Alice Paul continued to fight for women! She introduced her Equal Rights Amendment in 1923 ("Alice Paul Biography"). Part of it reads: "Men and women shall have equal rights throughout the United States and every place subject to its jurisdiction” (Carol,
Rebecca, Kristina Myers, and Janet Lindman). She got it
into Congress but it wasn’t passed until a year after her death in 1973 (Carol, Rebecca, Kristina Myers, and Janet Lind-
man). In 1938, she founded the World Woman’s Party in order to help improve the world ("Alice Paul Biography"). This organization also helped refugees during World War II and provided them with a place to stay and food to eat ("Alice Paul Biography"). It really shows how Alice Paul cares enough about humanity to want to help them out. But what would someone’s life be without important friends and relationships? Alice Paul made many great and best friends during her lifetime, some of which helped her in her cause. The most known and probably most popular of her relationships was her close friendship with another suffragette named Lucy Burns (Lunardini). She stood by Alice all through-out her life and fought for women’s rights alongside her friend. Alice also knew another, older, suffragette named Elizabeth B Stanton who became one of the head-speakers in the 1910’s suffrage right campaign (Lunardini). These were people who made her cause possible and who supported her all her life. Alice Paul inspired so many people with the things she did, and she will always be remembered as one of the greatest suffragettes in history. She changed the life of women all across the country, and her actions will never be forgotten. "I never doubted that equal rights was the right direction. Most reforms, most problems are complicated. But to me there is nothing complicated about ordinary equality" ("Alice Paul Biography"). ELEGANT AND FIERCE ELEGANT AND FIERCE
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IT IS A RIGHT! An Analysis of Susan B. Anthony’s speech: “Is it a Crime for a Citizen of the United States to Vote?” One of the most powerful ways to get a message across to a large audience is through a well-written speech. Speeches can include so many different literary devices to create a successful presentation that will stick with the audience members for a long time. This is one of the reasons why they were the primary mode of communication during women suffrage movements. One very famous example is Susan B. Anthony’s speech called “Is it a Crime for a Citizen of the United States to Vote?” This piece
Susan B. Anthony in her later years (Time & Life Pictures/Getty).
of literature is relevant to Women’s rights because of the kind of person the speaker was, the tone of the overall speech, and the evidence the author uses throughout the entire speech. Susan B. Anthony is one of the most well known suffragettes of all times, having made multiple speeches during her lifetime that have influenced many people. Susan was born February 15, 1820 to a Quaker family (“Biography of Susan B. Anthony”). This shaped her as a person since Quaker families are known to believe in fair and equal rights for all. Susan also did substantial work on getting the 19th amendment ratified, and although she did not live to see it go through, she did play a huge role in its success (Litt). All of these factors make her into an excellent and most obvious choice for any women’s rights group, since Susan B. Anthony was highly successful in the suffrage movement in America. However, there is one certain speech that embodies the women suffrage movement very well. As mentioned before, “Is it a Crime for a Citizen of the United States to Vote?” is a speech that has a lot of interesting aspects to it. The tone of the speech is easily picked out by the choice of words and phrasing. “Surely, the right of the whole people to vote is here clearly implied” (Anthony). In this quote you can see that Susan was using an overall obvious tone to her speech. In my opinion it seems like she was trying to make the audience believe that what she was talking about was something that was obvious and that should already be in effect. Susan also states that “the Declaration of Independence, the United States Constitution, the constitutions of the several states and the organic laws of the territories, all alike propose to protect the people in the exercise of their God-given rights. Not one of them pretends to bestow rights” (Anthony). Once again she is giving us the hard truth, trying to make us understand what is really going on and how unjust it is. I feel as though she is letting us know of the inequality by using harsh reality because that is what the lack of women’s rights is: a harsh and unforgiving reality. ELEGANT AND FIERCE ELEGANT AND FIERCE
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Susan B. Anthony in her early years. She was known to be one of the few who contributed to the ratification of the 19th Amendment. (“Is it a Crime…”)
Susan B. Anthony also does an excellent job using evidence in her speech to back up her claims. At one point she uses the constitution to prove a point by saying that “here, in this very first paragraph of the declaration, is the assertion of the natural right of all to the ballot; for, how can "the consent of the governed" be given, if the right to vote be denied.” She’s using evidence from actual documents to prove her point which is one of the most powerful things you can do in literature. It’s a brilliant literary device that can really hit home with your audience if you portray the right facts. I feel as though Ms. Anthony had no problem finding all of the quotes from legal documents and such since the entire system of the United States is based on equality. If you think about it, the government during Susan Anthony’s time was rather hypocritical. They stated that they followed the laws in the constitution and the building blocks of founding documents, yet they acted and made decisions based on something else. Another quote that Susan uses is "we, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and established this constitution for the United States of America." (Anthony) She then goes on to mention how it states “we, the people” and not “we, the white men” of the United States. This is quite brilliant in proving the inaccuracies of the government. Using her speech, Susan B Anthony manages to make the topic relevant to women’s rights through her own personal background, her tone, and through the evidence that she presents. Any person can get up in front of a crowd to speak, but not any person can recite such a well-written piece of literature that says a lot more than most people might think. You can succeed in anything if you try hard enough, and in the words of Susan B Anthony herself: “failure is impossible.”
“There is not the woman born who desires to eat the bread of dependence, no matter whether it be from the hand of father, husband, or brother; for any one who does so eat her bread places herself in the power of the person from whom she takes it.” - Susan B. Anthony (Anthony) ELEGANT AND FIERCE ELEGANT AND FIERCE
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IRON JAWED ANGELS MOVIE REVIEW Summary: This movie details the events leading up to the Nineteenth Amendment, women finally getting the vote. It adds emotion, a vivid plot line, and slight humor to the events as well. It outlines the works of Alice Paul, Lucy Burns, and the organization they were previously affiliated with, NAWSA. Cast: Hilary Swank Two Time Academy Award Winner Patrick Dempsey Two Golden Globe Winner Vera Farminga Nominated for an Oscar, and Filmmaker A great trio including more low key actors as well. Fairly balanced. All actors displayed a decent amount of chemistry between each other. Rating:4/5
The Official Poster for Iron Jawed Angels. (“Iron Jawed Angles (3004)”)
Plot: The plot is what made this movie most enjoyable. It included scenes of romance, suspense, drama, and the simple conversational scenes. Rating:5/5 Historical Accuracy: Overall, this movie had a great deal of historical accuracy from the treatment at the Occoquan prison, to the actual ratification. However, one thing was added within this movie; an inaccurate love story that never happened. It was a great story for the plot, but it was a detail that took away from all other accuracy. McDreamy and Swank once again show great on-screen chemistry. Rating:3/5 Overall: Rating:4.5/5 This is an educational kid-friendly movie that can greatly educate all about the Women’s Rights Movement in the United States, particularly the Right to Vote. The dialogue really expresses what women of that time would have felt. The all star cast, and backdrop makes the setting most believable.
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“Be Yourself” An original art piece by Stephanie Sjoblom This art piece tries to tell women to be themselves, and to try to be the best person they can be. Only an individual can change the fate or destiny of their own life, and this image is supposed to illustrate that. If a woman wants to be heard, if a woman wants to fight for her rights, then she can. She just needs to prove to the world that she is great and that she should not be fought against. She needs to be herself and she needs to be brighter than the rest to prove that she is worth it.
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An original piece of work created by Stephanie Sjoblom in photoshop.
CHAPTER FOUR Words To Remember:
Equal Rights Amendment Ratification Proposal Segregation Taboo
IN THIS CHAPTER Equal Rights Amendment
Page 47
The Crusade of Ida B. Wells
Page 48 - 50
We As Women
Page 51 - 52
Emancipation Abolitionist ELEGANT AND ANDFIERCE FIERCE ELEGANT
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Equal Rights Amendment Since written by Alice Paul of the National Women’s Party, the Equal Rights Amendment has been proposed into all sessions of Congress from 1923 to 1972(Held). However, every time, it seemed to be held by some committee on the board. This changed in the year of 1970. Martha Griffiths (pictured right), a pow- Representative Martha Griffiths erful member of the House of Representatives, filed a discharge petition, requir-
(D-MI), Washington, DC. (Warren K. Leffler).
ing that this ERA receives a full hearing in the house (Martha Griffiths). The Equal Rights Amendment then proceeded to be approved by the 92nd Congress, the House of Representatives, and then the Senate. In 1972, it was then sent to the states for their approval of making it an amendment, with a seven year deadline. In 1978, the ERA had an insufficient amount of state ratifications, so Congress passed yet another extension for the amendment. The time limit was set for June 30, 1982. However by that time, it only met thirty-five of the thirtyeight state ratifications necessary for a Constitutional Amendment. During the process of approvals, and state ratifications many protests, or what you may also call parades, proceeded. These protests took place all over the United States, both big and small. As you can see to the left, it included all groups, and invited more to participate. .
Jimmy Carter signing an extension for the ERA ratification (The U.S. What exactly does this ERA mean, you may ask, it stands for the Equal National Archives).
Rights Amendment. The Equal
Rights Amendment states the simple statement of “ Equality of Rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state on account of sex.", and that it should be enforced (The Equal Rights Amendment). Unfortunately, this has not been passed. Technically speaking, according to the Constitution Equality of Rights among sex is not guaranteed still in this day and age. Although revivals of the passing of this amendment do occur, nothing has yet come out of it. (I.e. House approval, etc.) The Equal Rights Amendment is still able to be passed. ELEGANT ELEGANT AND ANDFIERCE FIERCE
Protesters with the sign stating the Equal Rights Amendment 1972. (“The Equal Rights Amendment”).
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IDA B. WELLS It was the sixteenth of July in 1862 when the slaves in Holly Springs, Mississippi welcomed a baby (Myers 5). They named her Ida B. Wells. She was the first child for her parents who were legally considered to be slaves (Freedman 7). It was the second year of the Civil War when Ida was born into slavery but three years later, she and her family were considered to be free when the Civil War brought slavery to an end (Freedman 7).The Constitution of the United States was changed and the 13th Amendment made slavery illegal (Myers 5). Ida B. Wells became an important figure in America in order to abolish lynching and help African American women achieve their rights. In 1877, when Ida was a young sixteen years old, both of her parents and youngest brother died due to yellow fever that had struck Holly Springs (Myers 10). She decided that she would take care of her family by becoming a teacher in a small town a few miles away while a friend watched the smaller children (Myers 10). Four years later in 1881, Ida moved to Memphis with two of her sisters for a better job opportunity (Freedman 10). When she was twenty-two years old, Ida decided to sue a railroad for not allowing her to sit in a certain seat (Myers 17).She won the case and took another step towards justice as an African American woman in America.
Timeline of Ida B. Wells life July 16, 1862, Ida B. Wells was born
By 1889, she wrote full time for the newspaper
1877, after her parents pass away, she becomes a teacher to support her family
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June of 1895, she married
1893, she published her book The Red Record about lynching’s
1920, women earn the right to vote
1913, she created the Alpha Suffrage Club
March 25, 1931, she passes away
1930, she runs for a seat in the senate, but loses
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Ida B. Well’s family (Smithsonian). Ida began to write for her local newspaper and by the year 1889, she had stopped teaching and wrote fulltime (Myers 18). All of her articles exposed the poor treatment of African Americans and she spoke negatively about the crime of lynching (Myers 22). Ida believed that all Americans whether they were black, white or anything else, they deserved to have equal justice. In 1893, Ida published, The Red Record, which discussed the topic of lynching (Myers 25). She first spoke to a crowd of women in New York City where she was able to address the horrors of lynching (Freedman 15). Ida went on to speak in different locations including Scotland and England (Myers 25). In June of 1895, Ida B. Wells married Ferdinand Lee Barnett, an attorney and newspaper publisher for the Conservator (Freedman 17). While raising her own family, she continued her role as a fighter for equal rights. Ida continued to write and organize and by 1909 she was one of the major speakers and organizers for the group National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (Myers 29). “I’d rather go down in history as one long Negro who dared to tell the government that it has done a dastardly thing than to save my skin by taking back what I have said (Myers 29).” Ida wanted to be considered respectable towards the people in her country yet she knew fighting for equal justice was her duty. She joined the fight for suffrage alongside of her friend Susan B. Anthony (Myers 30). Ida was convinced that women’s suffrage was critical for African American women. She became a lead role in the women’s act for equal rights. Ida created the Alpha Suffrage Club in 1913 which was the first voting organization for black women (Myers 30). Along with five thousand other women, Ida marched for the right to vote at Woodrow Wilson’s presidential inauguration (Myers 30). If she was asked to march with the colored women, she would refuse and continue to walk with the white suffragists (Myers 30). It took a few more years longer until women earned the right to vote in 1920 but Ida B. Wells was one of many women who worked so hard to get there. In 1930, Ida B. Wells ran for a possible seat in the Illinois senate but unfortunately she lost even though many people signed a petition to place her name on the ballot (Freedman 27). She received 585 votes while her ELEGANT ELEGANTAND ANDFIERCE FIERCE
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competition received 6,604 (Freedman 27). She had hoped that someday she would have another chance to run and hopefully be elected but she never got the chance to do so. Ida became sick on the first day of spring in 1931 and was rushed to the nearest hospital unconscious (Freedman 28). She passed away on March 25th, the thirty fifth birthday of her oldest son (Freedman 28). Ida B. Wells made America a better place by promoting safety, freedom and justice. Though she is no longer with us today, she is still remembered in many ways. She has been named one of the outstanding women in Chicago and her home has become a national landmark (Freedman 28). She will always be remembered for her courageous fight against lynching and equal rights for women.
Photograph of Ida B. Wells taken after her four children are grown up (Webster)
Photograph of Ida B. Wells as a young woman. (“Project Gutenburg)”
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Photograph of Ida B. Wells as an older lady (“WTTW”).
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We As Women An Analysis of Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s poem “We As Women”
Charlotte Perkins Gilman (C.F. Lummis).
Charlotte Perkins Gilman was a strong social reformer and active feminist during the late 1800’s and early 1900’s (“Charlotte Perkins Gilman”). She wrote many poems and many other types of literature that covered the topic of women’s rights along with other social reform ideas. “We as Women” is one of her many feminist poems that she wrote during her lifetime (“Charlotte Perkins Gilman”). “We as Women” received support from the female community as well as some from the male community (“Women’s Rights”). Though many people supported her work, individuals that were against women being able to vote were strongly against her piece of literature (“Women’s Rights”). “We as Women” is a perfect poem that showcases what woman felt when they were trying to achieve their rights. Charlotte Perkins Gilman was born on July 3rd in 1860 in Hartford, Connecticut (“Charlotte Perkins Gilman 1860-1935”). She first became involved in the topic of women’s suffrage when she would spend time with her great-aunts (“Charlotte Perkins Gilman 1860-1935”). Charlotte started writing frequently a short time later on, and spent the majority of her life devoted to feminism (“Charlotte Perkins Gilman 1860-1935”). Besides writing pieces of literature focused on women’s rights, she became well known for her lectures involving women’s rights topics (“Charlotte Perkins Gilman 1860-1935”). Charlotte believed in independent women and equal rights between the sexes in both the community and the household (“Charlotte Perkins Gilman 1860-1935”). With her strong beliefs in women’s equal rights, Charlotte Perkins Gilman was able to create “We as Women” successfully in order to get her individual thoughts across. The tone that this piece of literature uses gets the emotional aspect through to the reader. Throughout the poem, the tone is determined and strong. An excerpt that shows this well is: “The world needs strength and courage, And wisdom to help and feedWhen, “We, as women” bring these to man, We shall lift the world indeed.” This portion of the poem gives a perfect example to see the tone that is provided throughout the piece of literature. I believe that the lines in the excerpt truly show how much Gilman believes in the idea of equal rights between the genders. By saying that the world needs strength, wisdom, and courage, and that women will be able to bring that, they are proving to men that they are strong in their own way. They will be able to improve life by adding to it, but the only way that they will be able to do so is to be awarded their rights. Charlotte Gilman is able to effectively use a proper tone throughout her poem in order to get her point across that women deserve their rights
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While a proper tone is included, “We as Women” also uses imagery in order to get the reader engaged. The first line in the poem “There’s a cry in the air about us” (Gilman), gets the reader interested in reading more to see what the story is truly about. The author uses a technique that makes the reader think they are actually placed within the words. Two other lines in the poem that give a sense of imagery are: “With our white frocks starched and ruffled, And our soft hair brushed and curled-“ These two lines give a sense of sight where as the first line gave a sense of sound. After reading the poem for the first time, I felt involved in the story. I was able to get a better sense of image and placement by reading a few lines through. By being able to portray imagery, the story gives a better sense of what the women felt like during this time because the reader is able to see it through their eyes. Charlotte Gilman effectively uses imagery in order to get the reader connected to the women in the poem and what they are truly striving for, women’s rights. “We as Women” uses symbolism throughout to take a different approach to the meaning behind the words. Two lines within the poem that use symbolism are: "We are going to "purify politics" And to "elevate the press." These two lines have a snarky, sarcastic aspect to them. When the women say that they are going to "purify politics", they mean they are going to clean it up so they are able to have their rights. If they clean up congress and politics in general, they will be achieving the goal they had set. To "elevate the press", means that they will be raising awareness about their goals and dreams. Another meaning it may have is getting other people involved in their cause in order to have a stronger fight. By using symbolism within the poem, Charlotte Gilman is able to get a better idea of what the women felt like through a sarcastic tone. The point of view in "We as Women" is a major factor of how this poem comes across with tone and meaning. By putting it in the words of a woman, it gives a better sense of what they truly felt. The woman who is the narrator in this poem also goes on to speak about other women and what their plans and goals are to become successful. I believe that the point of view is successful because by connecting it to a woman, you get the honest side of how they were dealing with the situation. Charlotte Gilman used point of view and character successfully because it gets the reader engaged and interested in what the women are fighting for. Charlotte Perkins Gilman (Frances Benjamin Johnston).
Charlotte Gillman uses her techniques and strategies effectively within her writings by interesting her reader. By incorporating all the literary tools that she used,
she was able to create a piece that gets the point of women's feelings towards their rights across. After reading this poem, I was able to see the emotions that the women held in and expressed within their small group. "We as Women" illustrates the ideal poem for how women felt during their time of struggle. ELEGANT AND ANDFIERCE FIERCE ELEGANT
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Mark Twain (left corner) and former President Bush (A.F. Bradley, Corvallis Gazette Times).
CHAPTER FIVE Words To Remember:
IN THIS CHAPTER
Legislation Charity Domestic
Violence Against Women Act Page 54
Violence Compromise Delegate
Forever Changing Thinking
Page 55 - 56
Votes For Women!
Page 57
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VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN ACT The Violence Against Women Act is one piece of legislation that sought to tighten the criminal justice penalties on any acts of violence One of the many images used to promote NOW(“NOW…”).
against women (“Violence Against Women Act”).
It was signed by
Bill Clinton in 1994, spending over 1.4 billion dollars on said act
(“Violence Against Women Act”). This was to coordinate community, the local judiciary system, social services, and charities to be able to quickly resolve the violence, and bring justice upon the abuser (“Violence Against Women Act”). This meant that more rape crisis lines were now on phone, domestic abuse shelters were made available, and other community/charity ordeals were made even more recognizable (“Violence Against Women Act”). Also, domestic violence and sexual assault crimes were now a federal matter, and would be treated in court as so (“Violence Against Women Act”). Through this act, the federal government guaranteed enforcing justice upon all assaulters, or criminals executing the violence (“Violence Against Women Act”). This was to be carried and enforced throughout all states, and reached out to immigrants and not so often mentioned populations that had experienced a raise in violence against women (“Violence Against Women Act”). The VAWA would also allow women to sue in court, for damages, however overturned by the Supreme Court case stating Congress had no
President Bush signing the Violence Against Women and Department of Justice Reauthorization Act of 2005 in the Oval Office on January 5th, 2006, in Washington (Corvallis Gazette Times).
such authority to state this law (“The Violence Against Women Act- Findlaw”). VAWA has been reauthorized twice within the past decade (“The Violence Against Women Act- Findlaw”). At the moment many are struggling to see the full effectiveness of VAWA, such as the Supreme Court in United States v. Morrison, where it was interpreted the federal government was imbalanced (“The Violence Against Women Act- Findlaw”). Many organizations are tightly wound within the Violence Against Women Act. A huge supporter of this act would be NOW (“The Violence Against Women Act- Findlaw”). That is right, the National Organization for Women that was created by Betty Friedan (as mentioned earlier) (“The Violence Against Women Act- Findlaw”). ELEGANT AND ANDFIERCE FIERCE ELEGANT
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Forever Changing Thinking Betty Friedan stood up for what she believed in (Fred Palumbo).
Betty made a difference to women everywhere (Fred Palumbo).
A new symbol arose from the dust of the suffrage movement. The winds of a second wave for feminism were blowing, and a call was summoned on the life of Betty Friedan, a wife, a mother, and a former peer to many (Darcey). Betty Friedan played a significant role in the woman’s rights movement with her book the Feminine Mystique and her own role as a suburban house wife, which she eventually overcame (Darcey). She was the originator of the most powerful feminist organization today called NOW (“The Founding of NOW”). Aside from her flashy smile, witty remarks, and mass amount of accomplishment toward the movement, Betty Friedan was a key character in the Women’s Rights Movement in the United States because of her leadership qualities, and her ability to be the voice of the Second Wave of feminism (Sullivan). It was fifteen years after college and Betty Friedan was now married, and was a fairly successful wife, with kids, and writing for magazines such as Cosmopolitan (“Betty Friedan Biography”). Her college obviously knew her name, and she was to put together a questionnaire strictly for females (Darcey). This questionnaire asked the former students at Smith College, and Friedan’s peers, about their quality of life (Darcey). She received the questionnaires filled from an unexpected two hundred women detailing their unhappiness in life (Darcey). She published her findings in articles, then envisioned the bigger picture, and wrote the book, Feminine Mystique (Sullivan). It became a bestseller, and is said to have turned the public eye, to the feminist rights (Sullivan). NOW stands for National Organization for Woman, fabled to be written by Betty on a paper napkin (“The Founding of NOW”). It has over half a million members. She, through the National Organization for Woman, was definitely an influence in the ERA: The Equal Rights Amendment, which has been introduced, and denied by Congress twice now (“The Founding of NOW”). She brought it to Congress via her political power (“Betty Friedan”). Friedan also helped with Title 7 of the Civil Rights Act, banning discrimination against race, sex, disability, etc (“Betty Friedan”). Through this process, Betty divorced her abusive husband, became president of NOW for a decade, and then resigned (“Betty Friedan”). ELEGANT ELEGANT AND ANDFIERCE FIERCE
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Betty Friedan’s impact on women’s rights will continue to be in effect for years to come. She impacted this movement by changing the thinking of all American peoples seeking equal opportunity. Betty was important to the movement because the National Organization of Women would not have been the same without her, or even have been existent at all. She changed thinking of women forever through the publishing of other women’s feelings, and speaking out against the mistreatment of women. Her actions were carried out into the current of the Second Wave of feminism.
Betty Friedan’s book The Feminine Mystique (The Smithsonian Collection).
Betty Friedan leading Strike for Equality 1970 (J.P Laffont/Corbis Sygma).
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VOTES FOR WOMEN A Literary Analysis on Mark Twain’s Speech
Mark Twain (A.F. Bradley)
Many consider Mark Twain to be one of the greatest writers of all time. He has written some of the most classic of novels to some of the most important speeches in history. His influential speech entitled “Votes for Woman” sparked a needed awareness of Women’s part in our society. It tells his view points on Women’s rights and his reasons for his view point. Using his advance language, an engaging story and his strong emotion he makes a very influential argument that is very difficult to argue with. Twain starts off his speech with a brief overview of how “we are all creatures of sudden impulse” (Twain). He says this to emphasize that all people must get their deserved rights in a short time for it is the human way. Mark Twain realized that all women are humans such as men are. He also makes it clear that he thinks if they do not achieve their rights now, they’re want will just grow stronger. After his introduction, Mark Twain starts to recall a story of when he was in Hartford Connecticut at a mass (Twain). He tells how he was very moved and stricken by the appeal of the priest (Twain). He was very anxious to give money to the church for such an amazing mass but “the plate was so long in coming my way that the fever-heat of beneficence was going down lower and lower - going down at the rate of a hundred dollars a minute.”(Twain) He stated by the time the donation tray reached him he was so out of motivation that he did not put in any money and instead even stole a dime (Twain). This story was aimed to further emphasize his beginning points that waiting for something can just make things worse such as waiting for women’s suffrage to be demolished. He ends his story by suggesting that all people should give while the time is ripe. To end his speech he reassures the audience that he has been a man that supports women rights for 25 years. He mentions his mother and how she was very intelligent. “I have always believed... Perhaps she knew as much about voting as I” (Twain). This shows that he truly believes that his mother and other women are just as capable as men. It also gives the audience a personal connection to him as he mentioned a loved one that passed away. He ends his speech by stating how sure he is that women will eventually get they’re rights.” if I should live twenty-five years longer - and there is no reason why I shouldn't - I think I'll see women handle the ballot” (Twain). He states that women will one day help make and pass laws and he will be glad to see that day. He also goes as far as to say that if women had the right of vote at the current time, this town would be a much better place and its current “awful state would be non-existent. Through this speech the complex English and engaging story telling helps argue the writer’s very valid point with deep emotion. Mark Twain was one of the most respected and influential writers in the world. His viewpoints were encouraged throughout the world and this one should not be an exception. Through his vivid writing style the message to end women’s oppression carries on. ELEGANT ELEGANT AND ANDFIERCE FIERCE
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See the full image on page 66.
CHAPTER SIX Words To Remember: Combative Dame School Defendant Delegate Inaugurated Jurisdiction Jury Legislator Lyceum Petition Philanthropist Radical
IN THIS CHAPTER Women’s Wage vs. Men’s Wage
Page 59 - 60
Oprah Winfrey: A Beam of Hope
Page 61 - 62
Hillary Clinton: An Inspiration
Page 63 - 64
Compare and Contrast
Page 65
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WOMEN’S WAGE VS. MEN’S WAGE According to 2010 statistics, women’s earnings were 77.4 percent of men’s (“Wage Gap Statistically Unchanged”). Compared to a previous statistic taken in 2009 when women’s earnings were 77.0 percent of men’s (“Wage Gap Statistically Unchanged”). The earnings of certain women’s races, other than white, are even lower. In 2010, the earnings of African American women were 67.7 percent of men’s earnings and Latinas earnings were 58.7 percents of men’s earnings (Wage Gap Statistically Unchanged). The highest earnings come from Asian American women whose earnings were dropped from 90 percent to 86.6 percent of men’s earnings (“Wage Gap Statistically Unchanged”). The wage gap in America continues to show little improvement even though women earned their equal rights decades ago. The Ledbetter V. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. is a well known employment discrimination case based on gender. Lilly Ledbetter lived in Jacksonville Alabama and was an employee for Goodyear. While working there for nearly twenty years, she suffered Lilly Ledbetter speaks about equal pay between genders (The New York Times). from sexual harassment and sexual discrimination (Pickert “Lilly Ledbetter”). She received pay raises every so often but all compensation for work was kept confidential (Pickert “Lilly Ledbetter”). Before Lilly was supposed to retire in 1998, a fellow co-worker slipped a note into her mailbox at work (Pickert “Lilly Ledbetter”). The note compared her pay against three other employees which happened to be all male (Pickert “Lilly Ledbetter”). Lilly was making $3,727 each month while men who worked alongside of her were making $4,286 to $5,235 per month even though they were doing the exact same job (Pickert “Lilly Ledbetter”).
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Lilly sued Goodyear for gender discrimination in violation of Title VII and was rewarded $3.3 million but it was later reduced to $360,000 (“Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company”). Goodyear later appealed citing that any complaints made about discrimination must be made in 180 days after occurrence (“Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company”). In 2007, President Obama signed the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act which states that the 180 day limitations for filing an equal pay lawsuit involving discrimination resets with each new discriminatory paycheck (Notice Concerning the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009). The wage gap in America is slowly showing improvement for women. It has risen from 60 percent in the 1950’s to the high 70 percent (“Explaining Trends in the Gender Wage Gap”). Over the years, the gender gap has narrowed faster among the younger generations and with women that are married with children (“Explaining Trends in the Gender Wage Gap”). As years go on, the wage gap will improve and hopefully, eventually there will no longer be a gap between the genders.
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A MODERN HERO
Oprah Winfrey from 2010 (U.S. Federal Government).
Some people refer to her as the most powerful woman in America. Others are influenced by her every act. She has many passions and interest and among those, one of her strongest is the rights of the female sex. The world would never be the same the day she was born to an unmarried teenage woman as Oprah Gail Winfrey. Her first name would be the title of the highest rated talk show that would engage millions of Americans for years. She is an idol as well as an advocate of rights for women everywhere. Oprah was born in Kosciusko, Mississippi into poverty (“Oprah Winfrey”). Not knowing who her biological father was at the time, she lived a very tough life to say the least (“Oprah Winfrey”). Her mother would use physical punishment and she and her grandmother often did not have enough money for real clothes forcing little Oprah to wear alternative clothing such as potato sacks ("Oprah Winfrey"). Later on she was
Oprah from 2004 (Alan Light).
moved to a poor neighborhood in Milwaukee, Wisconsin where she suffered more abuse and misfortune (“Oprah Winfrey”). Her siblings would all die of very horrible diseases and addiction in the span of her lifetime ("Oprah Winfrey"). Before she turned 18 she would be treated inappropriately by her cousin, uncle and family friend (“Oprah Winfrey”). She would also become pregnant at the very young age of fourteen ("Oprah Winfrey"). This would encourage her to be an advocate for women’s rights especially in the area of health. Oprah Winfrey has become one of the modern world’s idols for young women across the world. Her achievements are to plenty too count but among them is her claim to being the first woman ever to have her own talk show (Manohar). The Oprah Winfrey has since become one of the Oprah on her first airing of her TV longest running daytime talk shows on TV and as I mention earlier also Show (“Oprah First”). the highest rated talk show of all time (Manohar). In 1995 Oprah became the first woman to make the list of four hundred richest Americans (Manohar). She is in possession of a Peabody award, a Bob Hope humanitarian award and a lifetime achievement award as well as much other recognition (Manohar). She serves as a role model to not only women but all people. ELEGANT ELEGANT AND ANDFIERCE FIERCE
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Not only does she give hope that women can be whatever they desire through her achievements and life but she also fights for and supports the dream of women in hopes of one day making it a reality. All of Winfrey’s sources of media including her magazine radio program and of course television show provide a friendly approach to women and in one way or another (Manohar). They also all show strong support for women everywhere. Oprah commonly welcomes to the stage of her show many women’s activists including Susan Still and Yanar Mohammad (Manohar). She provides financial support to many causes involving the health and journey of females and embraces the idea of feminism (Brooks). All who consider themselves part of her famous book club know that she chooses books that apply towards women, Oprah on the cover of her magazine (The Oprah Magazine). women’s repression and women’s achievements in overcoming that repression (Brooks). She has founded “The Oprah Winfrey Leadership Academy for Girls” in South Africa that is a specifically designed boarding school for academically gifted and poverty stricken young ladies (Brooks). If that wasn’t enough in said school she also is the teacher of one of the classes via satellite (Brooks). Needless to say she has a care for her gender sharing crowd. Oprah Winfrey is considered a women’s advocate and a women’s influence to all. Through her determination and fearlessness she has managed to destroy the odds and the world’s perception of women. Her standing in America is about as high as one person can go. She has incredible power and uses it for pure enlightenment for others so maybe one day they can feel the same influence that she does. Without her some women and even men may have thought being a female and being so successful were too very different points. Thanks to Oprah Winfrey there is no height out of reach for the modern woman. ELEGANT AND ANDFIERCE FIERCE ELEGANT
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A Political Woman Almost every little girl has had a dream about being the first woman president. Hillary Clinton was the closest any woman has ever gotten to this dream ("Hillary Clinton"). Although she might not have achieved Presidency, her journey was not a failure. Along her road to the white house, she became the current Secretary of State and one of the most respected women in America ("Hillary Clinton"). She has influenced many changes and campaigns in the world including women’s rights movements ("Hillary Clinton"). She has also influenced almost every young lady who has ever wanted a career in politics. Through her determination and many campaigns she has become a his-
Hillary Clinton in 1992 (Presidential File).
torical activist in the journey of women’s equality. Hillary Clinton was born in the windy city of Chicago on October 26th 1947 ("Hillary Clinton"). She was raised by her mother and very strict father in Park Ridge Illinois ("Hillary Clinton").Through her early years she was always interested in politics ("Hillary Clinton"). She contradictorily became a strong supporter of conservative ideas and candidates ("Hillary Clinton"). This soon changed while in high school she learned more about the Vietnam War ("Hillary Clinton"). By the time of her graduation she was a strong activist for anti-war causes ("Hillary Clinton"). Hillary studied the major of Political Science at Wellesley College until moving to Yale Law School where she met future Hillary Clinton’s senator picture (United husband and President Bill Clinton("Hillary Clinton"). Through her years in law school States Senate). and as first lady she gained many valuable skills that would make her an asset to the Women’s rights cause. Hillary Clinton has triumphed in many endeavors and has created landmarks for women. Her list of achievements include being the first female senator of the United States ("Hillary Clinton"). She is also recognized as the first woman to win a presidential primary which she did in New Hampshire ("Hillary Clinton"). Hillary was one of the most influential first ladies in history, holding the claim to being the first “first lady” to hold a postgraduate degree ("Hillary Clinton"). She is currently the third woman to ever hold the position of Secretary of State and is on her way to being a strong competitor in the 2012 campaign ("Hillary Clinton"). Her life has been cited as an inspiration to women around the country. ELEGANT ELEGANT AND ANDFIERCE FIERCE
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Clinton has been a strong advocate for women as well as an inspiration. She has addressed women’s rights in many of her speeches. She is currently trying to promote a women’s rights treaty to be signed (Hersh). She is also pushing very thoroughly to have the United States join the CEDAW or Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women (Hersh). In one of her speeches she says that she strongly stressed that “discrimination in the work force of women must be eliminated to create a global equal prosperity” (Lemmon). It seems for years to come she will be fighting for what she feels is necessary. Hillary Rodham Clinton has been one of the most determined and successful women in American History. Although she started behind the wheel of Bill Clinton, she Hillary Clinton’s Secretary of State photo (United States Department of State).
has since become her own person and her own historical figure. Her many pushes for women’s right in the work
force have been recognized. She is both an influence as well as an activist for women and their rights (Hersh). She has shown that with enough follow-throughs, a women can be a powerful political figure.
Hillary Clinton reading to school children (U.S. Government).
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COMPARE AND CONTRAST This Compare and Contrast Venn Diagram shows how through women activists determination there has been a huge improvement over the past before the first wave. There is still work to be done as you can see in the middle purple section stating women still do not have the same wages as men and that equality has not been acquired on a world wide basis.
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“A Kiss of Faith” An original art piece by Brandon Kerrigan
The art piece portrayed speaks to the battle of suffragettes and women as a whole. The name of the piece is “A Kiss of Faith” . The title corresponds to how many women had lost faith for their cause but the ones who remained strong had enough follow through to make their dream a reality. there is a picture of A puckered pair of lips. This signifies in the days before the 19th amendment, how women were portrayed as these fragile creatures who cake on make up and are dependent on men. It also brings meaning to the title. The flames are present for two reasons one to metaphorically burn away the idea of weakness the lips put off and the second reason is to show how women activists idea spread like fire around the country. The last symbol in the portrait is two crossing swords. This was mostly used to emphasize the battle that women faced in achieving their deserved tights. It is also crossing to create a negative effect on the lips, that as stated above represents the woman stereotype. ELEGANT AND FIERCE
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POETRY Written and analyzed by Brandon Kerrigan and Veronica Gaytan
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Women Warriors By Veronica Gaytan Pouring rain muddy boots. Relentless filled faces. Hand by hand, standing tall. Warriors that fight with no bullets at all. Young and old, big and small. Not smiling until there beautiful voices are heard. Elegant and fierce. They welcomes those who listen with there ears. Demanding equal rights. Almost with tear filled eyes. Men protest and say ”No”. Women will fight even harder then they'll ever know.
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Women Warrior: Analysis Veronica’s By Veronica Gaytan
Poem Analysis
Having your rights on what to say and what to do is important to everyone. Even by just having
something to say, and being able to put in your opinion in a certain situation should be enough to make anyone happy. Women did not have that say before. What explains their suffering and life of servitude, is the poem “Women Warriors” by Veronica Gaytan. This poem connects to Women Rights because it shows how women were fierce and strong at the same time, give an idea of what they have to go through, and how a they won't give up so easily. The poem gives an idea of how women are fighters but at the same time they were caring and sweet. A quote in the poem say “Warriors that fight with no bullets at all”. The quote is basically saying women are fighting not with weapons but with the voices. Even though women were fed up with having no say in their rights they still did not turn to violence. They hoped that men would listen to the power of their voices and listen, they will go through anything to be heard. Another reason of why the poem connects with Women rights is because in a few words it tell what the women went though to get their rights. In the first line of the poem it says “ Pouring rain, Muddy boots.” This quote almost sets the scene of what the poem is trying to symbolizes. Women went though all sorts of obstacles to get where they are today. Not only did women have the hope to face these challenges they also never gave up so easily. For many years women have fought for there right's, since the 1700's to the late 1900's. Even today in modern times they still have trouble with being treated equally from men. In the poem a quote says. “ Men protest and say “No”. Women will fight harder then they'll ever know.” This quote talks about how even though men say that women should not have right's that women will still stand and fight for what they believe in. Women won't let just a simple world of disapproval crush there spirits. Having to go through tough challenges, being strong caring women, and not giving up in an important cause was what this poem demonstrated about the Women Rights Movement. It showed how important it was to women to get their rights and that they won't give up. Showing how they don't want to fight but they will with there voices if its what it takes for them to get a say in the law. Even though they faced many struggles and were put down all the time. Women did not stop believing they could change the law and that's what this poem connects to the Women Rights Movement.
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The American Way By Brandon Kerrigan
People lived, People judged People disagreed, She never budged. NWP picketed, The country at war People grew angry, The president ignored. Through the rain, They still protested. Fake rules were broken, The activists were arrested Prisoners were abused, Alice fasted Guards force fed her, Her supporters lasted. The world found out, Campaigns proceeded Women voted, They succeeded.
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The American Way: Analysis By Brandon Kerrigan This poem personalizes the struggle of women’s suffrage. It emphasizes on the events leading up to the passing of the 19th amendment. The first lines acknowledges how the majority of America was disapproving of suffragettes attempts and how they judged Alice Paul and other activists. The next lines show how the NWP picketed the white house through hard conditions such as the country being at war. It tells of President Woodrow Wilson and how he ignored the picket. Many NWP members were arrested for picketing and sent to women’s prisons called Occoquan's. . It then tells the story of the horrible conditions in the Occoquan. Alice Paul fasted for many days and the Prison decided they would force feed Alice. This caused a huge stir in the media and when it got out to the public the rights of women were undeniable.
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See What I See By Veronica Gaytan Take my hand see what I see. Empty promises that change nothing. Take my hand, see what I see. Determination in those who fight. Discrimination in those who have fright. Take my hand, see what I see. Strong women with gentle hearts. Naive men that want to stay apart. Take my hand, see what I see. Hope for education. Staying at home with frustration. Do you see what I don't? It’s the right women don't have vote's. Stop fighting for that right? No they won't.
“Symbol of Strength” An original art piece by Veronica Gaytan
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See What I See: Analysis By Veronica Gaytan No one know how it is to be in someone else' s shoes in less they have walked by the same path that person has gone through. In the poem “ See What I See” tells about going through what women have gone through. It give an interesting way of getting the reader to imagine being a women with no rights. The poem also describes what women wanted to change and see. This piece of literature communicates how women saw themselves being treated, they wanted education, and what women want to see that was not happening. Everyone knows how it feel to be ignored, and no one likes it. So what do people do? They stand up and take action especially if its for your rights. In the poem “See what I see “ it tells the reader to see through the eyes of women and see what they were going through when they had no rights. A quote in the poem says “ Take my hand, See what I see” this quote asks those who care to look at what women were doing. Many women worked hard in the movement and that is proof that they are not just unintelligent human that don't matter. Women wanted to be remembered so they stood up and took charge. A third way the poem really connects with women rights is that not only does it say what women are going through, but also says what they want to see happen. In the poem a quote says “Do you see what I don't? This quote asks the reader what do they see that they don't since before in the rest of the poem it kept rephrasing what have they seen. There is another quote in poem that say's “ It's the rights women don't have votes.” This quote then explains what they don't see but what they want to make a difference in. The poem give you an understanding of what women want it does not leave the reader with any confusion. Not everyone can understand what women suffragettes have gone though, but this poem helps understand with their point of view, hope and dreams, and what they expected. Its a good way for the reader to understand how women felt and really learn about the subject. To be put in someone else' s shoes is impossible, but even though you can't do that this poem can help with that be using good imagery. It really connects with the Women Rights Movement not only by talking about there strikes but also by talking about there dream and what they want to happen.
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Starts With You By Brandon Kerrigan We’ll rally round town and you don't know what to do torn between issues you don't know what to choose. Every woman speak you can’t believe your eyes. Everybody needs a mind that believes in rights. All this that can start with you. Someone needs to tell the truth. Stay up late at night and you try to start it new. pictures on the wall and you can’t believe its you. Pitch dark in a room, can’t read without a light. They’ll try to push us down but we can’t give up the fight. All this that can start with you. Someone needs to tell the truth. Look at the world is it what you know? Change it up step it up It’s what you show. Look at me eye to eye. Look at me and say you’ll try. ELEGANT AND ANDFIERCE FIERCE ELEGANT
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Starts With You: Analysis By Brandon Kerrigan This poem/song interprets the message of how with determination anything is possible. It starts off by telling how people were very unsure about the whole concept of passing the 19th amendment. It also envisions a place where women can speak their mind and how the country will be equal. After the first verse comes the pre-chorus which talks about how one person is all that is needed to start a revolution. Verse two shows the struggle of women activists. The countless hours they spent fighting is reflected as well as the forces against them. Lastly the Chorus examines the world as a whole and how determination and follow through can make anything possible.
Want to listen to the song? You can find the CD in the back of the book with the soundtrack!
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GLOSSARY
Glossary Any words that might seem unfamiliar to the reader, or that were pointed out in the chapter summaries can be found here. Abolitionist- A person dedicated to the idea of eliminating slavery. Amendment- A change made to a document such as the U.S Constitution. Charity- Generosity and helpfulness especially towards the needy or suffering; aid given to those in need. Combative- Eager to fight or argue. Compromise- To accept something that includes part of what you hoped for and part of what others hoped for. Congress- A formal meeting of delegates for discussion and usually action on some question. Controversial- A discussion marked especially by the expression of opposing views. Convention- An assembly of people for a common purpose. Dame School- A school run by a woman in her home that teaches the basics of reading and writing. Defendant- A person required to make answer in a legal action or suit Delegate- Representative. Discrimination- The process by which two things, differing in some aspect are responded to differently. Domestic Violence- The inflicting of physical injury by one family or household member on another Emancipation- Freedom, especially freedom from slavery. Equality- The quality or state of being equal. Feminism- Belief in the equality of the sexes. Formation- The manner in which a thing is formed. Inaugurated- Officially put into place, usually with a ceremony Injustice- Unfairness. Jurisdiction-The extent or range of judicial, law enforcement, or other authority Jury- A committee for judging Legislation- A matter of business for or under consideration by a legislative body. Legislator- Law maker. Lyceum- An association that sets up lectures and other public entertainment. NAWSA- The National American Women Suffrage Association NWP- National Woman’s Party
Orthodox- Conventional, traditional, or accepted. ELEGANT AND FIERCE
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GLOSSARY
Parliament- The legislature of Great Britain. Petition- A request signed by many people asking for a policy change. Picketing- Protesting by standing or parading at a certain location. Philanthropists- People who give money or time to charity. Prejudice- An unfair opinion about someone or something. President- The highest executive officer of a modern republic. Proposal- An act of putting forward or stating something for consideration. Quaker- A member of the religious group called the Society of Friends. Radical- In favor of extreme political change. Ratification- The act of ratifying; confirmation or sanction. Rebellion- Opposition to one in authority or dominance Republic- A state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly by them. Revolution- An uprising to dramatically change a policy or system of government Segregation- The separation or isolation or race, class, ethnic group or gender by enforced or voluntary residence in a restricted area. Suffrage- The right of voting. Suffragettes- Female suffragists Suffragist- A person who favored voting rights for women. Taboo- Against the rule of society.
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Work Cited “10 YEARS OF PROGRESS AND MOVING FORWARD." The Hotline. National Domestic Violence Hotline. Web. 29 Sept. 2011. "19th Amendment Adopted." History.com — History Made Every Day — American & World History. A&E Television Networks, LLC, 2011. Web. 24 Sept. 2011. "19th Amendment to the U.S Constitution: Women's Right to Vote (1920)." Our Documents. The History Channel. Web. 23 Sept. 2011. " Abigail Adams." 2011. Biography.com 29 Sep 2011, "Abigail Adams Biography :: National First Ladies' Library." National First Ladies' Library. The National First Ladies' Library. Web. 16 Sept. 2011. "Abigail Smith Adams." The White House. USA.Gov. Web. 29 Sept. 2011. Adams, John. "Miss Adorable: John to Abigail, 1762." Letter to Abigail Adams. 1762. Archives and Special Collections-Vassar College. Vassar College Libraries Archives & Special Collections, n.d. Web. 23 Sept. 2011. "Adams National Historical Park - Abigail Adams Biography Page 2 (U.S. National Park Service)." U.S. National Park Service - Experience Your America. National Park Service, 30 July 2006. Web. 23 Sept. 2011. "Alice Paul Biography." Women In History. Lakewood Public Library. Web. 15 Sept. 2011. American Equal Rights Association (AERA)." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 22 Sep. 2011. Angela, and Rebecca. "Lucy Burns." Pocantico Hills Central School. Pocantico Hills Central School District, 2004. Web. 29 Sept. 2011. Anthony, Susan B. "Is It a Crime for a Citizen of the United States to Vote?" Speech. UMKC. UMKC. Web. 18 Sept. 2011.
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