Win or lose

surpassing pre­pandemic values.

At the other end of the scale, Extremadura, Andalucia, the Balearic Islands, and the Canary Islands ranked the lowest in several of the indicators, painting a picture of a less competitive business landscape.

According to the CGE, business recovery started in the second quarter of 2021, thanks to an increase in hospi­ tality and general post­pandemic public spending, which allowed the country to end the year with a 5.5 per cent national GDP growth.

The data was calculated from 54 different variables grouped in seven different areas of competitiveness: economic environment, labour market, human capital, institutional environment, infrastructure, business efficiency, and innovation.