1.0 Lighting 1.1 Day Lighting According to MS1525, Daylight Factor distribution is as below Daylight Factor (%) > 6 3-6 1-3 0-1
Distribution Very bright with thermal and glare problem Bright Average Dark
Good Natural Illuminance for a space when the standard natural illuminance of 20000 lux
DF=
4=
Ei x 100 Eo
Ei x 100 20000
Ei=800 lux Therefore the good average daylight illuminance inside a space is 800 lux when the daylight factor is 4%
1.1.1 Reading space
Figure: First Floor Plan
Daylight Factor Calculation Floor Area (m2) Area of façade exposed to sunlight (m2) Area of Skylight (m2) Exposed Façade & Skylight Area to Floor Area Ratio/ Daylight Factor, DF
16 21.4 0 (21.4+0)/16 =1.34 x 100% =134% x 0.1 =13.4%
Natural Illumination Calculation Illuminance 120,000 lux 110,000 lux 20,000 lux 1,000 – 2,000 lux <200 lux 400 lux 40 lux <1 lux
Example Brightest sunlight Bright sunlight Shade illuminated by entire clear blue sky, midday Typical overcast day, midday Extreme of darkest storm clouds, midday Sunrise or sunset on a clear day (ambient illumination) Fully overcast, sunset/sunrise Extreme of darkest storm clouds, sunset/sunrise
E external = 20,000 lx
DF=
Ei x 100 Eo
13.4 =
Ei x 100 20000
=2680 lx
Conclusion: The outdoor reading has a daylight factor of 13.4% and natural illuminance of 2680 lux. MS 1525 recommended natural illumination area to be 800. The calculated natural illuminance create thermal and glare problem, at where implementation of shading device or double skin faรงade is needed to solve the glare problem and reduce heat gain around the area. Expanded metal, typically made of metal sheets punched with holes that vary in thickness and pattern works to create solid or semi shade while maintaining visual and air flows. In addition to the flexibility of material selection, they also can provide both solar heat protection while still allowing light and air to filter through. Perforated metal
can also provide enough open area to reduce or negate the requirement for artificial mechanical ventilation.
1.1.2 Leisure Reading
Figure: Second Floor Plan
Daylight Factor Calculation Floor Area (m2) Area of façade exposed to sunlight (m2) Area of Skylight (m2) Exposed Façade & Skylight Area to Floor Area Ratio/ Daylight Factor, DF
133 m2 107.16 m2 0 (107.16+0)/133 =0.81 x 100% =81% x 0.1 =8.1%
Natural Illumination Calculation Illuminance 120,000 lux 110,000 lux 20,000 lux 1,000 – 2,000 lux <200 lux 400 lux 40 lux <1 lux
Example Brightest sunlight Bright sunlight Shade illuminated by entire clear blue sky, midday Typical overcast day, midday Extreme of darkest storm clouds, midday Sunrise or sunset on a clear day (ambient illumination) Fully overcast, sunset/sunrise Extreme of darkest storm clouds, sunset/sunrise
E external = 20,000 lx
DF=
Ei x 100 Eo
8.1 =
Ei x 100 20000 =1620 lx
Conclusion: The Leisure reading area has a daylight factor of 8.1 and natural illumination of 1620 lux. This has a lower natural illumination compared to the outdoor reading but it still considered as glare, considering that the standard natural illuminance is 800 lux. Due to the purpose of design to enhance view connectivity between spaces, double skin faรงade is out of the solution, therefore low-e coatings can be proposed to minimize the amount of ultraviolet and infrared light that can pass through without compromising the amount of visible light transmitted into the space.
1.2 Artificial Lighting Task Lighting for infrequently used area
Lighting for working interiors
Localized lighting for exacting task
Illuminance (Lux) 20 100 100 100 100 150 100 100 100 100 200 200 300 – 400 300 – 400 150 200 150 – 300 150 150 100 100 300 – 500 200 – 750 300 500 1000 2000
Example of Application Minimum service illuminance Interior walkway and car-park Hotel bedroom Lift interior Corridor, passageways, stairs Escalator, travellator Entrance and exit Staff changing room, locker and cleaner room, cloak room, lavatories, stores Entrance hall, lobbies, waiting room Inquiry desk Gate house Infrequent reading and writing General offices, shops and stores, reading and writing Drawing office Restroom Restaurant, canteen, cafeteria Kitchen Lounge Bathroom Toilet Bedroom Classroom, library Shop/ Supermarket/ Department store Museum and gallery Proof reading Exacting drawing Detailed and precise work
Table: Recommended average illuminance levels
1.2.1 Art and Craft Class Room
Figure: First Floor Plan
Type of luminaire used as showed below Type of Fixture Type of Light Bulb
Fluorescent Tube with Reflector
Material of Fixture Product Brand & Code Wattage Range (W) Luminous Efficacy (Lm/W) Color Temperature (K) Color Designation
Aluminum RLRECMOD236T8-EL-LI 36 80 3000 Warm White
Location Dimension Area (A) Luminaries Height Mounting Height (Hm) Recommended Average Illumination levels by MS1525 (E) Reflectance Value Room Index
Art and Craft Classroom Length (L) = 6.5m Width (W) = 2.1m Height of the ceiling = 3.5 m L x W = 6.5 x 2.1 = 13.65 m2 3m from ground 3.5 -1.5 = 2m 300 lux Ceiling = 0.7, Wall = 0.5
Lx W 6.5 x 2.1 = ( L+W ) x Hm ( 6.5+2.1 ) x 2 = 0.8
Utilization Factor Maintenance Factor Number of Light Required
0.34 0.95
N=
Âż
Spacing Maximum
Final Layout
ExA F x UF x MF
300 x 13.65 2880 x 0.34 x 0.95
= 4.4 lamps 4 lamps are required to reach the minimum requirement for MS1525 = 300 lux =1.5 x Hm =1.5 x 2 = 3m
Electric light level contour diagram
Conclusion: Only around 4 -5 Recessed Louvres are required to illuminate the art and craft classroom to achieve the minimum of 300 lux stated in MS1525.
1.2.2 Children Learning Space
Figure: Second Floor Plan
Type of luminaire used as showed below Type of Fixture Type of Light Bulb
Compact Fluorescent Light
Product Brand Wattage Range (W) Luminous Efficacy (Lm/W) Color Temperature (K) Color Designation
SPECTRA BRITE SUPRA LIFE COMPACT FLUORESCENT 36 36 5000 Warm White
Location Dimension
Children Space Length (L) = 8 m Width (W) = 3.2 m Height of the ceiling = 3.8 m
Area (A) Luminaries Height Mounting Height (Hm) Recommended Average Illumination levels by MS1525 (E) Reflectance Value Room Index
L x W = 8 x 3.2 = 25.6 m2 3.8 m from ground 3.8 - 1 = 2.8 m 300 lux
Utilization Factor Maintenance Factor Number of Light Required
0.48 0.95
Ceiling = 0.7, Wall = 0.5
LxW 8 x 3.2 = ( L+W ) x Hm ( 8+ 3.2 ) x 2.8 = 0.82
N=
¿
Spacing Maximum
Final Layout
ExA F x UF x MF
300 x 25.6 295 x 0.48 x 0.95
= 12.99 lamps 12 – 13 lamps are required to reach the minimum requirement for MS1525 = 300 lux =1 x Hm =1 x 2.8 = 2.8 m
Electric light level contour diagram
Conclusion: Only around 12 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 13 lamps are required to illuminate the children space to achieve the minimum of 300 lux stated in MS1525.
1.3 PSALI 1.3.1 Children Space
Figure: Second Floor Plan
Floor Area (m²) Area of façade that exposed to sunlight (m²) Exposed Façade & Skylight Area to Floor Area Ratio/ Daylight Factor, DF
Natural Illumination Calculation E external = 20,000 lx
DF=
4=
Ei x 100 Eo
Ei x 100 20000 =800 lx
25.6m2 10.26 m2 =10.26/25.6 =0.4 =40% x 0.1 =4%
Type of luminaire used as showed below Type of Fixture Type of Light Bulb
Compact Fluorescent Light
Product Brand Wattage Range (W) Luminous Efficacy (Lm/W) Color Temperature (K) Color Designation
SPECTRA BRITE SUPRA LIFE COMPACT FLUORESCENT 36 36 5000 Warm White
Location Dimension
Children Space Length (L) = 8 m Width (W) = 3.2 m Height of the ceiling = 3.8 m L x W = 8 x 3.2 = 25.6 m2 3.8 m from ground 3.8 - 1 = 2.8 m 300 lux
Area (A) Luminaries Height Mounting Height (Hm) Recommended Average Illumination levels by MS1525 (E) Reflectance Value Room Index
Ceiling = 0.7, Wall = 0.5
LxW 8 x 3.2 = ( L+W ) x Hm ( 8+ 3.2 ) x 2.8 = 0.82
Utilization Factor Maintenance Factor Number of Light Required
0.48 0.95
N=
¿
Spacing Maximum
ExA F x UF x MF
300 x 25.6 295 x 0.48 x 0.95
= 12.99 lamps 12 – 13 lamps are required to reach the minimum requirement for MS1525 = 300 lux =1 x Hm =1 x 2.8 = 2.8 m
PSALI contour diagram
Conclusion: 12 fluorescent lamps are used to illuminate the children space to achieve the minimum of 300 lux stated by MS 1525. At daylight, the natural illuminance is sufficient (800 lux), even brighter than the required standard of 300 lux, so low e glass might be required for the space to reduce glare. The usage of artificial lighting will only be sufficient to use at night time.
1.3.2 Teaching and Learning Classroom
Figure: Second Floor Plan
Floor Area (m²) Area of façade that exposed to sunlight (m²) Exposed Façade & Skylight Area to Floor Area Ratio/ Daylight Factor, DF
Natural Illumination Calculation E external = 20,000 lx
DF=
Ei x 100 Eo
6.7 =
Ei x 100 20000 =1340 lx
48 m2 32.3 m2 =32.3/48 =0.67 =67% x 0.1 =6.7%
Type of luminaire used as showed below Type of Fixture Type of Light Bulb
Fluorescent Tube with Reflector
Material of Fixture Product Brand & Code Wattage Range (W) Luminous Efficacy (Lm/W) Color Temperature (K) Color Designation
Aluminum RLRECMOD236T8-EL-LI 36 80 3000 Warm White
Location Dimension
Teaching and Learning Classroom Length (L) = 11m Width (W) = 3.6m Height of the ceiling = 3.8 m 48 m2 3m from ground 3.8 -1.5 = 2.3m 300 lux
Area (A) Luminaries Height Mounting Height (Hm) Recommended Average Illumination levels by MS1525 (E) Reflectance Value Room Index
Ceiling = 0.7, Wall = 0.5
LxW 11 x 3.6 = ( L+W ) x Hm ( 11+3.6 ) x 2.3 = 1.2
Utilization Factor Maintenance Factor Number of Light Required
0.4 0.95
N=
Âż
Spacing Maximum
ExA F x UF x MF
300 x 48 2880 x 0.4 x 0.95
= 13.2 lamps 13 - 14 lamps are required to reach the minimum requirement for MS1525 = 300 lux =1.5 x Hm =1.5 x 2 = 3m
Electrical Lighting layout
PSALI contour diagram
Conclusion: 13 - 14 fluorescent lamps are used to illuminate the teaching and learning classroom to achieve the minimum of 300 lux stated by MS 1525. At daylight, the natural illuminance is sufficient (1340 lux), even brighter than the required standard of 300 lux, so low e glass might be required for the space to reduce glare. The usage of artificial lighting will only be sufficient to use at night time.
2.0 Acoustics 2.1 External Noise (Sound Pressure Level) 2.1.1 Art Workshop and Reading area
Figure: First Floor Plan
a) Event Space = 60 dB 60 = 10log (l1 / l0) Antilog 6 = [l1 / (1.0 x 10-12)] 1 x 106 = [l1 / (1.0 x 10-12)] l1 = 1.0 x 10-6
b) Front Street = 65 dB 65 = 10log (l1 / l0) Antilog 6.5 = [l1 / (1.0 x 10-12)] 3.16 x 10-6 = [l1 / (1.0 x 10-12)] l1 = 3.16 x 10-6
Total intensities, I = (1.0 x 10-6) + (3.16 x 10-6) = 4.16 x 10-6
Combined SPL = 10log (l1 / l0) = 10log [(4.16 x 10-6) / (1.0 x 10-12)] = 66 dB
Conclusion The combined SPL surrounding the Art workshop and reading area shows 66dB, the activities happening at that space would be disrupted. The recommended design sound levels for a workshop and reading area is about 35 dB. We can conclude that external noise does affect this space, and active design strategy is needed to reduce the external noise transmission into the space. One of the strategy is to use an air insulated curtain wall, the air will act as an insulation towards the external noise, reducing the impact of the event space into the interior of the library. To reduce noise from the street, passive design strategy has been taken by creating a buffer of the in between, in addition of the second skin perforated metal facades, they are able to manipulate acoustics depending on the position of the panels. Also the material can be designed to only absorb certain frequencies.
2.2 Reverberation Time, RT 2.1.1 Teaching and Learning Classroom
Figure: Second Floor Plan
Component
Material
Surface Area / m2 [A]
Absorption coefficient [S] (500 Hz)
Sound absorption [SA] (500 Hz)
Absorption coefficient [S] (2000 Hz)
Wall
Plaster Wall Glass Concrete Concrete
83.98 31.92 48 48 19 7.2
0.06 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.48 0.22
6.954 1.28 0.96 0.96 9.12 2.88
0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.51 0.44
Floor Ceiling People peak Furniture
Wooden Chair
22.05
Sound absorption [SA] (2000 Hz) 1.68 0.96 1.44 1.44 9.69 3.17 18.38
Volume = area of the room x height = 48 x 3.8 = 182.4 máľ&#x152; 500Hz RT = 0.16
= 0.16 x
v sa
2000 Hz RT = 0.16
v sa
182.4 22.05 = 0.16 x
= 1.32s Conclusion:
182.4 18.38
= 1.5s
The reverberation for the Teaching and Learning Classroom in 500 Hz of absorption coefficient is 1.32s for 500 Hz and 1.5s for 2000Hz. According to the standard reverberation time, the standard comfort reverberation for a classroom is 0.5-0.6 s. The reverberation time is longer than the standard and will create unwanted noises, to reduce it, porous absorber could be installed along the wall to absorb high frequencies noises and panel absorber for lower frequencies.
2.1.2 Meeting Room
Figure: Third Floor Plan
Component
Material
Surface Area / m2 [A]
Absorption coefficient [S] (500 Hz)
Sound absorption [SA] (500Hz)
Absorption coefficient [S] (2000 Hz)
Sound absorption [SA] (2000Hz)
Wall
Plaster Wall
36.1
0.06
2.17
0.02
0.722
Glass
21.7
0.04
0.87
0.03
0.65
Concrete Concrete
14 14
0.02 0.02
0.28 0.28
0.03 0.03
0.42 0.42
Plastic Chair
8 4.32
0.48 0.33
3.84 1.43 8.87
0.51 0.37
4.08 1.60 7.89
Floor Ceiling People peak Furniture
Volume = area of the room x height = 14x 3.8 = 53.2 máµ&#x152;
500Hz RT = 0.16
= 0.16 x
v sa
2000 Hz RT = 0.16
53.2 8.87 = 0.16 x
= 0.95s = 1.07s
v sa 53.2 7.89
Conclusion: The reverberation for the Meeting Room in 500 Hz of absorption coefficient is 0.95 s and 1.07s for 2000 Hz. According to the standard reverberation time, the standard comfort reverberation for a classroom is 0.6-0.8 s. The reverberation time is slightly longer than the standard and will create unwanted noises, to reduce it, porous absorber could be installed along the wall to absorb high frequencies noises and panel absorber for lower frequencies.
2.3 Transmission Loss (TL) 2.3.1 Teaching and Learning Space
Figure: Second Floor Plan
The sound pressure level of classroom is 35-40dB according to MS1525 standards. Components
Material
Area (m2)
Wall
Concrete Glass
11.02 32.3
Transmission coefficient of materials a) Concrete (wall) SRI = 10 log (1/T) 50 = 10 log (1/T) Antilog 5 = 1/T T = 6.31 x 10-5
b) Glass (wall)
Sound Reduction Index (SRI) 50 20
Transmission Coefficient, T
1 x 10â ťâ ľ 2.51 x 10-3
SRI = 10 log (1/T) 26 = 10 log (1/T) Antilog 2.6 = 1/T T = 2.51 x 10-3
Average transmission coefficient of materials
Tav=
( 11.02 x ( 1 x 10−5 ) ) + ( 32.3 x ( 2.51 x 10−3 ) ) 11.02+32.3
= 1.87 x 10-3
Total surface reflection index, SRI SRI (overall) = 10 log (1/Tav) = 10 log (1/ 1.87 x 10-3) = 27.3dB
Noise Level in Teaching and Learning Classroom = Outside Noise SPL – SRI of the wall = 60 dB – 27.3 dB = 32.7 dB 32.7 dB/ 60 dB x 100% = 54.5% The event space at the ground floor creates a tunneling effect in which the sound reflects up along the void. The external noise transmitted into the classroom and the sound pressure level of the classroom become 32.7 dB. So 54.5% of the exterior noise is transmitted from the exterior to the space. To reduce transmission of noise into the space, addition of facades with high sound reduction index, decreasing the area of the barrier separating the interior and the exterior, increasing the materials with higher absorption coefficient, and adding air space to the glazed curtain wall is very much effective.
2.3.1 Leisure Reading Space
Figure: Second Floor Plan
The sound pressure level of Reading Area is 40-50 dB according to MS1525 standards. Components
Material
Area (m2)
Wall
Glass
69.54
Transmission coefficient of materials a) Glass (wall) SRI = 10 log (1/T) 26 = 10 log (1/T) Antilog 2.6 = 1/T T = 2.51 x 10-3
Sound Reduction Index (SRI) 20
Transmission Coefficient, T 2.51 x 10-3
Average transmission coefficient of materials
Tav=
( 69.54 x ( 2.51 x 10−3 ) ) 69.54
= 2.51 x 10-3
Total surface reflection index, SRI SRI (overall) = 10 log (1/Tav) = 10 log (1/ 2.51 x 10-3) = 26 dB
Noise Level in Leisure Reading Space= Outside Noise SPL – SRI of the wall = 60 dB – 26 dB = 34 dB 34 dB/ 60 dB x 100% = 56.7% The event space at the ground floor creates a tunneling effect in which the sound reflects up along the void. The external noise transmitted into the Leisure Reading and the sound pressure level of the classroom become 34 dB. So 56.7% of the exterior noise is transmitted from the exterior to the space. To reduce transmission of noise into the space, addition of facades with high sound reduction index, decreasing the area of the barrier separating the interior and the exterior, increasing the materials with higher absorption coefficient, and adding air space to the glazed curtain wall is very much effective.
4.0 References 1. Architectsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Data. (2012). Chicester: John Wiley and Sons. 2. ASHRAE. (1995). ASHRAE handbook 1984 systems. Atlanta, GA: American Society Heating, Refrigerating &. 3. In Gibbs, B., In Goodchild, J., In Hopkins, C., & In Oldham, D. (2010). Collected Papers in Building Acoustics: Room Acoustics and Environmental Noise. Brentwood, Essex: Multi-Science Publishing Co. Ltd. 4. Malaysia. (2007). Code of practice on energy efficiency and use of renewable energy for non-residential buildings (first revision). Putrajaya: Department of Standard Malaysia. 5. Sound Absorption Coefficients of architectural acoustical materials. (1957). New York.