!"#2 ˚ ) & 6 > 56
˙ %• ˙˚ & %E ˚˛%E % % %
`\+d/Sb1anI
˙ %• ˙˚ &
%E ˚˛%E % % %
˚˙ • ˝B 85 >86 >>> ˛˙ ˚ ) <8 )˛%
7 d/Zmy /1ZnB Y*ZqkSy S ]d-*pkSy 8 d/Zmy /1ZnB ab`*fS Z*`*ab*pb < d/Zmy /1Zn P Z1 b*V\yE V*V /dY*pb YZ\-S1
5> \]`\am Y\W\/13SD 1-\ YZ1 ab\Sb \3S/*bn \b +`*V*H *abn 5
5= Wdh*yZ\abn SWS 4*Yma1WH
\,1/1ZS1 V\aqV* `m+
69 1/SgSZaVS1 *Wnb1`Z*O bS,m ]1`1WS,*ZSp V`\,S
6> \hV* 4`1ZSq S+WSSD +q4*b1WnZ\ WS ]`SO Z*/W13*bn V V*V\yOWS+\ `1WS-S\4Z\y \`-*ZS4*gSSH
6; m Z*+Wp/*1Y YS`
57 S+WSq P VZS-* /\ab\,1`Zmf ]`\`\h1ab,D *abn 9 5: ˛\\]*`VS P \ab`\,VS 3S4ZS
66 m/*pkS1aq W1V*`S a`1/Z1,1V\,\y o]\fS
76 Z* Z1 Y\-W* \b\`,*bnaq \b ob\y VZS-S
6< *V\y `*4Zmy WSY\Z 7> 1Y1yZ*q ,SVb\`SZ*
d/Zmy /1ZnB Y*ZqkSy S ]d-*pkSy ˚ ˝ WS ,*a YmaWS \ +dO /dk1YH ˚aWS /*E b\ ,m Z1 \/SO Z\VSD /`1,ZSf ,`1Y1Z Wp/qY a,\yab,1ZZ\ 4*/dYm,*bnaq \ b\YE ‹ hb\ Sf 3/1bE S /*W1V\ Z1 ,a1-/* ]1`a]1VbS,* V*31baq `*/d3Z\yD d/Zmy /1ZnE SWS V\Z1g a,1b*E ,\ ,a1 ,1V* +d/\`*3SW dYm Wp/1yD \4nY1YE V ]`SY1`dE VSZ\ S WSO b1`*bd`dD 1ahSaW1ZZm1 V\YSVamE b1W1]1`1/*hSE eSWnYm S VZS-S `Sadpb ap31bm Z1YSZd1Y\y -W\O +*WnZ\y V*b*ab`\emD ZSf Vb\ b\WnV\ Z1 d-`\3*1b h1W\,1h1O ab,dB `\+\bmOd+SygmE ,a1,\4Y\3O Zm1 Y\Zab`mE ]`Sj1WngmE 4\Y+SE ]`S,S/1ZSqE /`*V\ZmE \+14nqZmE ]bSgmE V`mamOYdb*Zbm S -S-*ZbO aVS1 \amD /Z*V\ ,`q/ WS Vb\Ob\ ,\a]`SZSY*1b obS e*Zb*4SS ,a1O `n14D
\ 1abn S b1\`SSE 4*ab*,WqpkS1 YZ\-Sf f\W\/1bn \b d3*a*D hSb*O 1baqE hb\ Z1V\b\`m1 S4 obSf b1\O `Sy ]\/V`1]W1Zm Z*dhZmYS e*VO b*YSD /ZS ]`1/aV*4m,*pb Y*aaS,O Zmy a/,S- 41YZ\y V\`mE V\b\`my Z1S4+13Z\ ,m4\,1b gdZ*YSE 41YW1O b`qa1ZSq S S4,1`31ZSq ,dWV*Z\,D ˙`d-S1 -\,\`qb \ +d/dk1Y ]*`*/1 ]W*Z1bE , `14dWnb*b1 V\b\`\-\ `*4O +dj1,*,jS1aq a\WZ1hZm1 ,1b`m ]\,1`-Zdb ˛1YWp , f*\a S 4*]dab1O ZS1D b\Ob\ db,1`3/*1bE hb\ Y*-O ZSbZm1 ]\Wpa* ˛1YWS ,/`d- ]\Y1O Zqpbaq Y1ab*YS S `*/S*gSqE S/dO k*q \b \WZg*E dZShb\3Sb Z* ]W*O Z1b1 ,a1 3S,\1D /Z*V\ Z1 ab\Sb +1a]\V\Sbnaq P ZSh1-\ S4 ob\-\ Z1 ]`\S4\y/1bD ,a1 31 ]\/\+Zm1 -SO ]\b14m ]`\/\W3*pb 4*,\`*3S,*bn Wp/1y S +d/Sbn Sf ,\\+`*31ZS1D
`\+d/Sb1anI a1Zbq+`n 6>56
3
Z\-\hSaW1ZZm1 VZS-S S a*ybm ]`1/aV*4m,*pbE hb\ V\Z1g a,1b* Z*O abd]Sb 65 /1V*+`q ob\-\ -\/*D b\O b\ 4*q,Wq1bE hb\ Z1V*q b*SZab,1ZO Z*q ]W*Z1b* ]\/ Z*4,*ZS1Y SO +S`d LSWS W*Z1b* XM , /1V*+`1 6>56 -\/* ab\WVZ1baq a Ë&#x203A;1YW1yD 'b* S /`d-S1 Z1]\/b,1`3/1ZZm1 e*VO b*YS b1\`SS a,q4m,*pbaq a /`1,O ZSY V*W1Z/*`1Y *yqD \-W*aZ\ YZ1ZSp Z1V\b\`mfE \Z 4*V*ZhS,*O 1baq ,\ ,`1Yq 4SYZ1-\ a\WZg1ab\qO ZSq 6>56 -\/*D *]d-*ZZm1 ]\/\+ZmYS V*b*abO `\e*YSE \/ZS ab`\qb dV`mbSq d a1O +q ,\ /,\`1E /`d-S1 4* Z1Y*Wdp ]W*bd `141`,S`dpb Y1ab* , ]\/41YO Zmf +dZV1`*fD b\Ob\ ]1`1a1Wq1bO aq , -\`m S 3S,1b b*Y d1/SZ1ZZ\ S a*Y\/\ab*b\hZ\E Z1 4*,Saq \b V\YO YdZ*WnZmf aSab1Y ,\/\OE b1]W\O S oW1Vb`\aZ*+31ZSqD
\Z1hZ\E 1abn S b1E V\Yd hd3/m ]\/\+Zm1 ab`*fSD ZS aV1]bSh1O aVS \bZ\aqbaq V ]`1/aV*4*ZSqY Z1YSZd1Y\-\ V\Zg* a,1b*D *]`SO Y1`E a]1gS*WSabm 4*q,WqpbB w 6>56 -\/d ZSh1-\ ab`*jZ\-\ a Ë&#x203A;1YW1y Z1 ]`\S4\y/1bD *j* ]W*O Z1b* ]`1V`*aZ\ hd,ab,d1b a1+q d31 +\W11 8 YSWWS*`/\, W1bD E V*V dbO ,1`3/*pb *,b\`Sb1bZm1 dh1Zm1 a\ ,a1-\ YS`*E 6>56 -\/ Z1 Z1a1b /Wq Z11 ZSV*V\y d-`\4mxD /Z*V\ +mW\ +m \]`\Y1bhS,\ ahSb*bnE +d/b\ h1W\,1h1ab,d a\,a1Y ZShb\ Z1 d-`\3*1b S +d/b\E WSjn ]\ YZ1ZSp W1-V\,1`ZmfE ad/Zmy /1Zn Z1 e*Zb*4SqE * `1*WnZ\abnD Ë&#x2122;1yab,Sb1WnZ\ WS ob\b /1Zn Z*abdO ]SbH Ë&#x161;aWS /*E b\ V\-/* S V*VH
d/Zmy /1ZnB ab`*fS Z*`*ab*pb Ë&#x161; \b e*Zb*abSh1aVSf S/1y \ V\Zg1 a,1b*E d]\YqZdbmf , ]`1/m/dO k1y ab*bn1E Z1V\b\`m1 ]`\+W1Ym Z1 Y\-db Z1 ,m4m,*bn \]*a1ZSyD Z\-Sf +1a]\V\Sb ]1`a]1VbS,* ]1`1Z*a1W1ZSqE * b*V31 a,qO 4*ZZ*q a obSY Z1f,*bV* ,\/m S ]`\/dVb\, ]Sb*ZSqD Ë&#x2122;`d-Sf b`1,\3Sb YS`\,\y eSO Z*Za\,my V`S4SaD b\Ob\ 4*/dYm,*1baq \ ]`S`\/Zmf V*b*VWS4Y*fE o]S/1YSqf SWS q/1`Z\y d-`\41D \31b WS ,a1 ob\ ]`S,1O abS V ,a1YS`Z\y V*b*ab`\e1H Ë&#x2122;*,*yb1 V\`\bV\ \+ad/SY ]`1/]\W*-*1O Ym1 aSbd*gSSE \ V\b\`mf h*ab\ ]Sjdb S -\O ,\`qbD 1 ,a1 \ZS -`\4qb -S+1Wnp 3S4ZS Z* Ë&#x203A;1YW1E Z\ \ZS Y\-WS +m ]\W\3Sbn V\Z1g gS,SWS4*gSS , b\Y ,S/1E , V*V\Y Ym 11 4Z*1YD
Ë? /Wq ,a1y a1YnSD `\+d/Sb1anI ' * 1-\ ab`*ZSg*f `*aaV*4m,*1bO
4
aq \ 3S4ZS , `*4WShZmf ab`*Z*fE \+ad3/*pbaq Z*adkO Zm1 ]`\+W1Ym S Sf `1j1ZS1E ]\/ZSY*pbaq ,\]`\am Z*dVS S `1WS-SSE *Z*WS4S`dpbaq YS`\,m1 a\+mbSq S b\E hb\ 4* ZSYS ab\SbD `S ob\Y ab*bnS ]\WSbSh1aVS Z1yO b`*WnZm S , `*,Z\y ab1]1ZS d,*3Sb1WnZm V\ ,a1Y Z*`\O /*Y S `*a*YD \ a*Y\1 -W*,Z\1E ob\b 3d`Z*W dV`1]Wq1b ,1`d ,\ a1,mjZ1-\ ,\`g* S , 1-\ 4*Yma1W P ]\W\O 3Sbn V\Z1g Z1a]`*,1/WS,\abS S +144*V\ZSp S , aV\`\Y +d/dk1Y dab*Z\,Sbn Z* 41YW1 ]`1V`*aZmy Z\,my YS`D
1a]W*bZ\D 'b\ S4/*ZS1 P h*abn ,a1YS`Z\y +S+W1yaV\y ]`\a,1bSb1WnZ\y /1qb1WnZ\abSE V\b\`*q ]`\,\/Sbaq f`SabS*ZaVSYS ,S/1b1WqYS 1-\,m S ]\//1`3S,*1baq /\+`\,\WnZmYS ]\31`b,\,*ZSqYSD Ë&#x161;aWS Z1 dV*4*Z\ SZ*h1E +S+W1yaVS1 gSb*bm ,4qbm S4 w ,qk1ZZ\-\ Sa*ZSq P 1`1,\/* Z\,\-\ YS`*xD Awake! (ISSN 0005-237X) is published monthly by Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc.; L. Weaver, Jr., President; G. F. Simonis, Secretary-Treasurer; 25 Columbia Heights, Brooklyn, NY 11201-2483. 4/*b1Wnab,\B Wachtturm Bibel- und TraktatGesellschaft der Zeugen Jehovas, e. V ., Selters/Taunus. Verantwortliche Redaktion: Ramon Templeton, Selters/Taunus. 5 2012 Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania. a1 ]`*,* a\f`*ZqpbaqD Printed in Germany.
September 2012
Vol. 93, No. 9
Monthly
RUSSIAN
,1`f,dWV*Zm 5==5 -\/d Z* SWS]]SZ*f ]`\S4\jW\ S4,1`31ZS1 ,dWV*Z* SZ*bd+\D `14dWnb*b1 ob\-\ +1/ab,Sq ]\-S+W\ +\W11 ;>> h1W\,1VE S \V\W\ 5>> >>> \ab*O WSan +14 V`\,*D Z1+\ Z* ,ma\bd 7> VSW\Y1b`\, ]\/ZqW\an \-`\YZ\1 \+W*V\ ]1]W*E V\b\`my ,m]*W Z* 41YWpE ]\-d+S, d`\3*S S \+`djS, V`mjS /\Y\,D 4,1`31ZS1 SZ*bd+\ S /`d-Sf ,dWV*Z\, ]`\S4,\/Sb S4Y1Z1ZSq VWSY*b*E \kdk*1Ym1 1k1 , b1h1ZS1 Z1aV\WnVSf W1bD 4,1`31ZSq a,1`f,dWV*Z\,E ]\/\+Zm1 b1YE hb\ ]`\Saf\/SWS , ]`\jW\YE Y\-db +mbn , a\bZS `*4 aSWnZ11 S `*4`djSb1WnZ11D `\Y1 b\-\ hb\ \ZS Z1adb -S+1Wn S \]dab\j1ZS1E \ZS ,1/db V -W\+*WnO ZmY S4Y1Z1ZSqY VWSY*b*E V\b\`m1 Y\-db ]\-d+Sbn d`\3*SE Z*`djSbn ]\ab*,VS ]`\/\,\Wnab,Sq S ,m4,*bn Y*aa\,my -\W\/D
w dWV*Zm d+S,*pb `*ab1ZSq S 3S,\bZmf Z* YZ\-S1 VSW\Y1b`m ,\V`d- P a,1`f,dWV*Zm Y\-db dZShb\3Sbn g1Wm1 ,S/mE ]\aV\WnVd a]\a\+Zm S4Y1ZSbn VWSY*b ]W*Z1bmx Lw ojZW /3S\-`oeSVxMD
ab1`\S/m *ZZSY db`\Y 5=>< -\/* 3Sb1Wn aS+S`aV\-\ a1W* *Z*,*`* a]\V\yZ\ aS/1W Z* V`mWng1 Y1abZ\y e*Vb\`SSD /`d- `*4/*Waq ,4`m,E Z*ab\WnV\ Y\kZmyE hb\ `*aV*W1ZZ\y ,\WZ\y Yd3hSZd aY1W\ a Y1ab*D b\b Y\Y1Zb 1Yd ab*W\ b*V -\`qh\E aW\,Z\ Z* Z1Y 4*-\`1W*an `d+*jV*D 1W\ Z*f\/SW\an ]`SY1`Z\ , :> VSW\O Y1b`*f \b o]Sg1Zb`* ,4`m,*E ,m4,*ZZ\-\ ]*/1ZS1Y Y1b1\`Sb*E V\b\`myE a\-W*aZ\ \]`1/1W1ZZmY Sab\hZSV*YE +mW \V\W\ 79 Y1bO `\, , /S*Y1b`1 S ,1aSW ]`SY1`Z\ 5>> YSWWS\Z\, VSW\-`*YO Y\,D `\f\/q h1`14 ]W\bZm1 aW\S *bY\ae1`mE V\aYSh1aV\1 b1W\ ,4\`,*W\an S4O4* ,ma\V\-\ /*,W1ZSq S b1Y]1`*bd`mD 'Z1`O -Sp ob\-\ ,4`m,* Y\3Z\ a`*,ZSbn a oZ1`-S1y 5 >>> +\Y+E ]\O /\+Zmf b\yE hb\ +mW* a+`\j1Z* Z* S`\aSYdD `14dWnb*b1 +mW\ ]\,*W1Z\ +\W11 6 >>> V,*/`*bZmf VSW\Y1b`\, aS+S`aV\y b*y-SD \WnjSy ]\ `*4Y1`*Y *ab1`\S/E Z1a\YZ1ZZ\E ]`\S4,1W +m +\W11 V\W\aa*WnZm1 `*4`dj1ZSq S ]\3*`mE hb\ ,m4,*W\ +m -W\+*WnZ\1 ]\ZS31ZS1 b1Y]1`*bd`m S ,mYS`*ZS1 \aZ\,Zmf ,S/\,D
˛˙ ˚
˛ ˙ ˚ ) ) ˚˙ (#
˚˙ (# )˛% )˛% BB *W+*ZaVSyE *Yf*`aVSyE *Z-WSyaVSy67E *`*+aVSyE *`YqZaVSyE *e`SV**ZaE +SaW*Y*E +\W-*`aVSyE ,1Z-1`aVSyE ,n1bZ*YaVSyE -`1h1aVSyE -`d4SZaVSyE -d/3*`*bSE /*baVSy7E 4dWdE S,`SbE S-+\E SW\V*ZaVSyE SZ/\Z14SyaVSyE SaO W*Z/aVSyE Sa]*ZaVSy67E Sb*WnqZaVSy67E y\`d+*E V*ZZ*/*E VSZnq`d*Z/*E VS`-S4aVSyE VS`dZ/SE VSb*yaVSy Lb`*/SgS\ZZmyM7 L*d/S\4*]SaS b\WnV\ Z* ]dbdZfd*ME VSb*yaVSy Ld]`\k1ZZmy)E V\`1yaVSy67E V\a*E W*bmjaVSyE WSZ-*W*E WSb\,aVSyE W\4SE Y*V1/\ZO aVSyE Y*W*-*aSyaVSyE Y*W*qW*YE Y*WnbSyaVSyE YnqZY*ZaVSyE Z1Y1gVSy67E ZS/1`O W*Z/aVSy67E Z\`,13aVSy7E ]*Z/3*+SE ]\WnaVSy67E ]\`bd-*WnaVSy687E `*`\b\Z-*E `dO YmZaVSyE `daaVSy67E a*Y\*ZaVSyE a1+d*ZaVSyE a1]1/SE a1`+aVSyE a1a\b\E aSZ-*WnaVSyE aW\,*gVSyE aW\,1ZaVSyE ad*fSWSE b*-*WnaVSyE b*yaVSyE b*YSWnaVSyE b,SE b\VO]SaSZE b\Z-*E ba,*Z*E ba\Z-*E bd`1gVSyE dV`*SZaVSyE d`/dE eS/3SE eSZaVSy7E e`*Zgd4aVSy687E fSWS-*yZ\ZE fSZ/SE f\`,*baVSyE h1jaVSy7E hS+1Y+*E hSb\Z-*E hSh1,*E j,1/aVSy7E j\O Z*E o,1E oab\ZaVSyE q]\ZaVSy67.
6 *V31 Z* CDD 8 *V31 , e\`Y*b1 MP3 LCD-ROMMD 7 *V31 *d/S\4*]SaS Z* www.jw.org.
w * ]`\bq31ZSS ,a1y Sab\`SS ˛1YWS 11 Z1 `*4 +\Y+*`/SO `\,*WS S4 V\aY\a* V\Y1bm S *ab1`\S/mD b\WVZ\,1ZSq a *ab1`\S/*YS , ]`\jW\Y aWdh*WSan h*k1 S Z1]`1O Y1ZZ\ ]`\S4\y/db \]qbnD 'b\ b\WnV\ ,\]`\a ,`1Y1ZSx L `Sa *WY*E ab*`jSy ]`1]\/*O ,*b1Wn *ab`\Z\YSS S *ab`\eS4SVS , ZS,1`aSb1b1 1ZZ b1ybMD
˚ % ˝˚ ˝˚ ˚ ˚ ˚ ˚ & & &"˚ ˚E % O
˙ & ˚ ˚ ˚ ˙ " ˚˚ ˛ ˚ ˚ E ]\3*Wdyab*E ]SjSb1 ,S/1b1WqY
1-\,m ]\ \/Z\Yd S4 ZS31dV*4*ZZmf */`1a\,D \WZmy a]Sa\V */`1a\, eSWS*W\, Y\3O Z\ Z*ybS Z* www.jw.org/contactD `Y1ZSqB >>5>E ˚`1,*ZE */q ;9D 1W*`danB 1WS-S\4Z\1 \+l1/SZ1ZS1 ,S/1b1W1y 1-\,m , 1a]d+WSV1 1W*`danE 66>>7>E SZaVE */q =D 1`O Y*ZSqB 65617 Selters. `d4SqB >5>6E +SWSaSO6E */q 67;D 4`*SWnB PO Box 29345, 61293 Tel AvivD *4*fab*ZB ¯ >9>>>>E WY*bmE */q 5=<D m`-m4ab*ZB ;6>><>E SjV1VE */q <>D *b,SqB ADkD 15, ‘Rıga, LV-1001. Sb,*B Pd 2632E LT-48022 KaunasD \W/\,*B PO Box 472, MD-2005 Chisin Ÿ au. \Wnj*B ulD Warszawska 14, 05-830 NadarzynD \aaSqB ,S/1b1WqY 1-\,mE */q 5<6E *ZVbO 1b1`+d`-E 5=>>>>D " B 25 Columbia Heights, Brooklyn, NY 11201-2483D V`*SZ*B ;=8=5E n,T,O `pf\,ShTE */a =99D SZWqZ/SqB PO Box 68, FI-01301 Vantaa. 'ab\ZSqB PO Box 1075E 10302 TallinnD
5
4Y1Z1ZSq VWSY*b*
\ YZ1ZSp dh1ZmfE ]\,mj1ZS1 Z* Ë&#x203A;1YW1 a`1/ZSf b1Y]1O `*bd`E oVab`1Y*WnZm1 ]\-\/Zm1 daW\,SqE b*qZS1 W1/ZSV\,E -S+1Wn V\`*WW\,mf `Se\, S ,mYS`*ZS1 ,*3Z1yjSf ,S/\, a,S/1b1Wnab,dpb \ -W\+*WnZmf S4Y1Z1ZSqf VWSY*b*D \bq ,4-Wq/m Z* ob\b ah1b `*af\/qbaqE YZ\-S1 db,1`3/*pbE hb\ ]`ShSZ* b\Yd P ,m+`\am d-W1VSaW\-\ -*4*E \+`*4dpkS1aq ]`S a3S-*ZSS d-WqE Z1ebS S ]`S`\/Z\-\ -*4* b`*Za]\`b\Y S ]`\YmjW1ZZ\abnpD 1V\b\`m1 a]1gS*WSabm ahSb*pbE hb\ obS ,m+`\am ]`\O S4,\/qb ]*`ZSV\,my oee1VbE ]`S V\b\`\Y \bb\V b1]W* \b Ë&#x203A;1YWS , V\aY\a 4*Y1/Wq1baqE * ob\ ,m4m,*1b ]\,mj1ZS1 b1Y]1`*bd`mD \aV\WnVd /1`1,nq ]\-W\k*pb d-W1VSaWmy -*4E S4Y1Z1ZSp VWSY*b* a]\a\+ab,d1b b*V31 Y*aa\,*q ,m`d+V* W1a\,D w Z\-S1 dh1Zm1 ]\W*-*pbE hb\ 1aWS Z1 4*Y1/WSbn b1Y]m -W\+*WnZ\-\ ]\b1]W1ZSq S Z1 aZS4Sbn ,m+`\am d-W1VSaW\-\ -*4*E b\ a`1/Zqq b1Y]1`*bd`* Z* Ë&#x203A;1YW1 +d/1b `*abSD 'b\ ,m4\,1b 1k1 +\W11 `14VS1 S Z1]`1/aV*4d1Ym1 V\W1+*ZSq VWSY*b* S ]\,mj1ZS1 d`\,Zq YS`\,\-\ \V1*Z*D *VSY \+`*4\Y ]\/,1`-Zdbaq \]*aZ\abS ZS4V\ `*a]\W\31ZZm1 ]`S+`13Zm1 `*y\ZmE YZ\-S1 S4 V\b\`mf -dab\ Z*a1W1Zmx LA Mind for TomorrowB FactsE ValuesE and the FutureMD
*Z/1YSS XIV ,1V1 wh1`Z*q aY1`bnxE SWS hdY*E ,a1-\ WSjn 4* /,* -\/* dZShb\3SW* b`1bn Z*a1W1ZSq Ë&#x161;,`\]mD 5=5< ]\ 5=6> -\/ \b -`S]]* Sa]*ZVS dY1`WS ]\ Y1Znj1y Y1`1 9> YSWWS\Z\, h1W\,1VD \aV\WnVd Wp/S b\-/* ]db1j1ab,\,*WS Z1 b*V h*ab\E ob\ a/1`3S,*W\ b1Y]m `*a]`\ab`*Z1ZSq +\W14Z1yD /Z*V\ `\ab -\`\/\, S W1-V\abn ]db1j1O ab,Sy a/1W*WS YS` +\W11 dq4,SYmY /Wq ]\/\+Zmf +\W14Z1yE V\b\`m1 Y\-db +mab`\ V\h1,*bn a V\ZbSZ1Zb* Z* V\ZbSZ1ZbD
*Z/1YSS Y\-db ,\4ZSVZdbn ]\ 1ab1ab,1ZZmY ]`ShSZ*YD b\ 31 ,`1Yq ,a1 +\Wnjdp d-`\4d ]`1/ab*,Wq1b +S\W\-Sh1aV\1 \`d3S1 S 4*+\W1,*ZSqE ,m4m,*1Ym1 /1qb1WnZ\abnp h1W\,1V*D ]1gS*WSabm db,1`3/*pbE hb\ /*31 Z1+\Wnj*q -`d]]* Wp/1yE \+W*/*pk*q a\\b,1bab,dpkSYS 4Z*ZSqYSE Y\31b Vd]Sbn h1`14 Zb1`Z1b \+\`dO /\,*ZS1E hb\+m ]`\S4,\/Sbn aY1`b\Z\aZ\1 +S\W\-Sh1aV\1 \`d3S1D wË&#x203A;*+\W1,*ZSqE ,\4ZSV*pkS1 1ab1ab,1ZZmY ]db1YE ]\O]`13Z1Yd ]`1/ab*,Wqpb +S\W\-Sh1aVdp d-`\4dC \/Z*V\ dYZmy ,`*-E ,\\`d31ZO Zmy b1YS 31 ]*b\-1Z*YS L* b*V31 ]*b\-1Z*YS a YZ\31ab,1ZZ\y dab\yO hS,\abnp V W1V*`ab,1ZZmY ]`1]*`*b*YM SWS SaVdaab,1ZZ\ a\4/*ZZmYS ]*b\-1Z*YSE a]\a\+1Z ]`S,1abS V -W\+*WnZ\y V*b*ab`\e1x L aaW1/\,*b1WnaVSy g1Zb` ]\ ,\]`\a*Y b1``\`S4Y* a ]`SY1Z1ZS1Y \`d3Sq Y*aa\,\-\ ]\`*31ZSq The Bipartisan WMD Terrorism Research Center MD
6
`\+d/Sb1anI a1Zbq+`n 6>56
ah14Z\,1ZS1 3S4Z1ZZ\ ,*3Zmf ,S/\, b1h1ZS1 ]\aW1/ZSf ]qbS W1b *Y1`SV*ZaVS1 ]h1W\,\/m 131-\/Z\ b1`qWS \V\W\ 7> ]`\g1Zb\, a,\Sf ]h1W S4O4* waSZ/`\Y* `*4`dj1ZSq V\W\ZSyx P -W\+*WnZ\-\ +1/ab,SqE , `14dWnb*b1 V\b\`\-\ g1Wm1 V\W\ZSS ]h1W Z1\3S/*ZZ\ S +1aaW1/Z\ Sah14*pb S4 dWn1,D h1Wm Z1 b\WnV\ /*pb Z*Y Y1/D ZS \]mWqpb ,*3Z1yjS1 VdWnbd`mE , b\Y hSaW1 ,SZ\-`*/E q+W\VSE a\1,m1 +\+m S fW\]\VD *j* 3S4Zn ,\ YZ\-\Y 4*,SaSb \b ]h1WD Ë&#x203A;*,SaSb \Z* S \b eSb\]W*ZVb\Z*D 14 Z1-\ Z1 +mW\ +m `m+mE * 1aWS +m h1`,S Z1 Z*amk*WS ]\h,d VSaW\`\/\YE \Z* ]`SZ\aSW* +m -\O `*4/\ Y1ZnjSy d`\3*yD ZShb\31ZS1 3S4Z1ZZ\ ,*3Zmf ,S/\, ,1/1b V Z1f,*bV1 ]SkSE -\W\/d SE V*V aW1/ab,S1E Z*aSWSp S +1a]\`q/V*YD `14dWnb*b1 4*-`q4Z1ZSq \V`d3*pk1y a`1/mE ]1`1Z*a1W1ZSqE h`14O Y1`Z\-\ Sa]\Wn4\,*ZSq 41Y1WnE dZShb\31ZSq a`1/m \+Sb*ZSq S S4O Y1Z1ZSq VWSY*b* ,mYS`*pb YZ\-S1 ,S/mEP ,\4Y\3Z\E , 5>>> `*4 +mab`11E h1Y ob\ ]`\Saf\/SW\ +m 1ab1ab,1ZZmY \+`*4\YD w *3/my -\/ ,mYS`*pb \b 5< >>> /\ 99 >>> ,S/\,D `ShSZ* b\Yd P /1qb1WnZ\abn h1W\,1V*x L `\-`*YY* `*4,SbSq MD
)/1`Z*q d-`\4* /SZ q/1`Zmy ,4`m, Y\31b Y-Z\,1ZZ\ ab1`1bn a WSg* 41YWS g1Wmy -\`\/D 'b\b ]1h*WnZmy e*Vb +mW /,*3/m ]\/b,1`3/1Z , *,-dab1 5=89 -\/*D )/1`Zmy ,4`m, \+W*O /*1b hd/\,SkZ\yE `*4`djSb1WnZ\y aSW\yE \Z dZShb\3*1b ,a1 Z* a,\1Y ]dbS ,\4/djZmY ]\b\V\YE \-Z1Y S `*/S*gSO 1yE V\b\`*q b*V31 4*`*3*1b ]`\/dVbm ]Sb*ZSq S ,\/dD `14dWnb*b1 q/1`Z\y ,\yZm , ,\4/df ]\/ZSYdbaq b\ZZm ]mWSE 4*abSW*q a\WZ1hZmy a,1b S ,m4m,*q -W\+*WnZ\1 ]\f\O W\/*ZS1D \-S+Zdb a1WnaV\f\4qyab,1ZZm1 VdWnbd`m S /`d-S1 `*ab1ZSqE * Wp/S S 3S,\bZm1 dY`db \b -\W\/*D V\W\ /1,qbS ab`*Z 4*q,SWSE hb\ a]\a\+Zm ]`\S4,1abS q/1`Zmy d/*`D 1O V\b\`m1 /`d-S1 ab`*ZmE ]\f\31E `*4`*+*bm,*pb a,\1 q/1`O Z\1 \`d3S1D b1``\`SabSh1aVS1 \`-*ZS4*gSS b\WnV\ S 3/dbE hb\+m SY 4*,W*/1bnD w)/1`Z\1 \`d3S1 \ab*1baq -W*,Z\y S Z1]\a`1/ab,1ZZ\y d-`\4\y h1W\,1h1aV\y gS,SWS4*gSSD DDD DDD \ ,a1Y YS`1 1k1 SY11baq \V\W\ 69 >>> 1/SZSg q/1`Z\-\ \`d3SqD DDD V\Zg1 V\Zg\, b1``\`Sabm 4*,W*/1pb +\Y+\yx L \p4 \+1a]\V\1ZZmf dh1ZmfMD
d/Zmy /1Zn P Z1 b*V\yE V*V /dY*pb YZ\-S1 ) %Ë&#x161; -S]\b1bSh1aVS1 aSbdO *gSS Z1 \ab*,Wqpb ZSV*V\y Z*/13/mD
`\Y1 b\-\E \ZS SY1pb b`S Z1/\ab*bV*D \O]1`,mfE \ZS \aZ\,*Zm Z* ]`1/]\W\31O ZSqf Wp/1yE V\b\`mYE V*V ]\V*4m,*1b 3S4ZnE /*W1V\ Z1 ,a1-/* Y\3Z\ /\,1`qbnE \a\+1ZZ\ V\-/* `1hn S/1b \ +d/dk1YD \O ,b\`mfE ,m3S,*ZS1 Wp/1y +mW\ +m /1O W\Y aWdh*qD ,Ob`1bnSfE ]1`13S,jSY ad/Zmy /1Zn ]`SjW\an +m S4\ ,a1f aSW +\`\bnaq 4* b\E hb\+m Z1 ]\-S+ZdbnD \bWShS1 \b obSf ]`\-Z\4\,E +S+W1yO aVS1 ]`1/aV*4*ZSq +d/dk1-\ `Sadpb Z1O a`*,Z1ZZ\ Wdhjdp V*`bSZdD \-W*aZ\ SO +WSSE YS` 3/db \-`\YZm1 ]1`1Y1ZmD \ \Z* \+1k*1bE hb\ ,a1E Vb\ Sa]\WZq1b ,\O Wp \-*E \+q4*b1WnZ\ a]*adbaqD \W11 b\O -\E , S+WSS Z1 -\,\`SbaqE hb\ Ë&#x203A;1YWq a-\O `Sb SWS ]`1,`*bSbaq , W1/qZdp ]dabmZpD Z* ,aq ab*Z1b ]`1V`*aZmY `*1YD
/Z*V\ YZ\-S1 Wp/S Z1 ,1`qb ]`1/aV*O 4*ZSqY S+WSSD V1]bSVS Z*4m,*pb e*ZO b*4S1y ,a1 b\E hb\ , Z1y -\,\`Sbaq \ ,1WSO V\Y +1/ab,SSE `Y*-1//\Z1E bmaqh1W1bO Z1Y ]`*,W1ZSS `Sab* S *1D \-\aW\,m Z1 `*4 ,1WS /1+*bm Z* obS b1Ym S ,maV*O 4m,*WS a,\S b\WV\,*ZSqD \ Sf b1\`SS ZSV*V Z1 a\-W*adpbaq /`d- a /`d-\YD ,`1Y1ZS V\Zg* oaa1Sab `pa \+SZa\Z ]Sj1bB w S \+ \/Z\Y /`d-\Y ,1`\,*ZSS f`SabS*ZaV\-\ YS`* Z1 Z*]Sa*Z\ ab\WnV\ bdY*ZZmf +\-\aW\,aVSf b`d/\,E aV\WnV\ \+ ob\YxD b\- b\Yd P ]db*ZSg* S Z1qaO Z\abnD \bWShS1 \b +\-\aW\,aVSf b`d/\,E S+O WSqE W\,\ \-*E qaZ\ -\,\`Sb \ b\YE hb\ Z*a \3S/*1bD Z* Z1 \ab*,Wq1b Z*a , Z1,1O /1ZSS \bZ\aSb1WnZ\ +d/dk1-\D *aaY\bO `SY Z1V\b\`m1 ,\]`\amE V\b\`m1 h*ab\ 4*O /*pb Wp/SE * b*V31 +S+W1yaVS1 \b,1bm
Z* ZSfD Ë&#x161;aWS ,m f\bSb1 d4Z*bn +\Wnj1E Y\O 31b1 4*V*4*bn VZS-d w 1Yd Z* a*Y\Y /1W1 dhSb S+WSqHxE S4/*ZZdp ,S/1b1WqYS 1-\,mD
d/db WS dZShb\31Zm Ë&#x203A;1YWq S h1W\,1h1ab,\H w `*,1/Zm1 Z*aW1/dpb 41YWp S +d/db 3Sbn Z* Z1y ,1hZ\x L a*W\Y 7;B6=MD \-S+Zdb WS Wp/SH w 1abZm1 +d/db 3Sbn Z* 41YW1 S +14d]`1hO Zm1 +d/db \ab*,W1Zm Z* Z1yD Z1h1abS,m1 +d/db Sab`1+W1Zm a 41YWSE S ,1`\W\YZm1 SaV\`1Z1Zm S4 Z11x L `SbhS 6B65E 66MD `1/]`SZSY*W WS \- hb\OZS+d/n ]`\bS, +14+\3Zmf Wp/1y , ]`\jW\YH \- wZ1 ]\k*/SW /`1,Z1-\ YS`*E * \qE ]`\]\,1/ZSV* ]`*,1/Z\abSE S a ZSY 1k1 a1O Y1`mf a\f`*ZSWE V\-/* Z*,1W ]\b\] Z* YS` Z1h1abS,mfxE S w\Z \ad/SW -\`\/* \/\Y S \Y\``dE ]`1,`*bS, Sf , ]1]1WE S obSY ]\V*O 4*W Z1h1abS,g*Y ]`SY1` b\-\E hb\ +d/1bx L6 1b`* 6B9E :MD
\3Z\ WS d4Z*bn /*bd \3n1-\ ad/*H w b\Y /Z1 S h*a1 Z1 4Z*1b ZSVb\B ZS Z1+1aZm1 *Z-1WmE ZS mZE * 4Z*1b b\WnV\ b1gD \ V*V +mW\ , /ZS \qE b*V +d/1b S ,\ ,`1Yq ]`Sadbab,Sq mZ* h1W\,1h1aV\-\D *V , /ZS ]1`1/ ]\b\]\Y Wp/S 1WS S ]SWSE 31O ZSWSan S ,mf\/SWS 4*Yd3 /\ b\-\ /ZqE V\-/* \y ,\j1W , V\,h1-E S Z1 4*/dYm,*WSanE ]\O V* Z1 ]`Sj1W ]\b\] S Z1 dZ1a ,a1fE b*V +d/1b S ,\ ,`1Yq ]`Sadbab,Sq mZ* h1W\,1h1aV\O -\x L *be1q 68B7:P7=MD V*4m,*1b WS hb\OZS+d/n Z* aV\`my V\Z1gH w ]\aW1/ZS1 /ZS Z*abd]qb Z1\+mh*yZ\ b`d/Zm1 ,`1Y1Z*D p/S +d/db a*Y\Wp+SO ,mYSE Wp+qkSYS /1Zn-SE a*Y\Z*/1qZZmYSE ,ma\V\Y1`ZmYSE +\-\fdWnZSV*YSE Z1]\O aWdjZmYS `\/Sb1WqYE Z1+W*-\/*`ZmYSE Z1,1`ZmYSE WSj1ZZmYS `\/ab,1ZZmf hd,ab,E Z1a-\,\`hS,mYSE VW1,1bZSV*YSE Z1 SY1pO kSYS a*Y\\+W*/*ZSqE \31ab\h1ZZmYSE Z1 Wp+qkSYS /\+`\/1b1WnZ\abnE ]`1/*b1WqYSE a,\1Z`*,ZmYSE -\`/1g*YSE Wp+qkSYS d/\,\Wnab,SqE Z\ Z1 Wp+qkSYS \-*E SY1pkSYS ,S/ ]`1/*ZZ\abS \-dE Z\ \b,1`-*pkSYS 11 aSWdx L6 SY\e1p 7B5P9MD *V*q 3S4Zn \3S/*1b Wp/1y Z* 41YW1H \- w\b`1b ,aqVdp aW14d a Sf -W*4E S aY1`bS d31 Z1 +d/1bE ZS aV\`+SE ZS ,\]WqE ZS +\WS d31 Z1 +d/1bD `13Z11 ]`\jW\x L bV`\,1O ZS1 65B8MD
\- w\b`1b ,aqVdp aW14d a Sf -W*4x
\bq S4 S+WSS Ym Y\31Y d4Z*bn \ +dO /dk1Y Z1 ,a1E \Z* 4*,1`q1b Z*aE hb\ h1W\O ,1h1ab,\ Z1 \+`1h1Z\ Z* -S+1WnD ]1`1/S Wp/1y 3/1b 3S4Zn Z*ab\WnV\ ]`1V`*aO Z*qE hb\ a1yh*a Z*Y /*31 b`d/Z\ ob\ ]`1/O ab*,SbnD \ ,m Y\31b1 +mbn d,1`1Zm , ob\YE ,1/n 1-\,* \- , aSW*f Sa]\WZSbn ,a1E hb\ \+1k*WD
`\+d/Sb1anI a1Zbq+`n 6>56
9
% Ë&#x2122;Ë&#x161;Ë?
1-\ YZ1 ab\Sb \3S/*bn \b +`*V*H & 5
w ZSY q Z* a1/nY\Y Z1+1 \b ah*abnqI 1 Y\-d /\3/*bnaqE V\-/* Ym +d/1Y ,Y1ab1Ix
w Z*a b*V Y*W\ \+k1-\I m aV\`11 ]\f\3S Z* a\a1/1yE h1Y Z* Yd3* S 31ZdD Z1 b*V \/SZ\V\Ix
10
`\+d/Sb1anI a1Zbq+`n 6>56
bmE ,\4Y\3Z\E /\-*/*WaqE ]1`,\1 ,maV*4mO ,*ZS1 ]`SZ*/W13Sb Z14*Yd3Z1y /1,djV1E * ,b\O `\1 P b\YdE Vb\ d31 a\ab\Sb , +`*V1D \E V*V ZS ab`*ZZ\E S b1E S /`d-S1 aW\,* ]`\S4Z1a \/SZ S b\b 31 h1W\,1VD b\ 31 ]`\S4\jW\H Ë&#x161;aWS bm f\h1jn V\-/*OZSO +d/n ,abd]Sbn , +`*VE V*V Z1 /\]dabSbnE hb\+m `\4\O ,m1 Y1hbm ]`1,`*bSWSan , h1`Zm1 +d/ZS a1Y1yZ\y 3S4ZSH \ ]`*,/1 -\,\`qDDD ,\1 ah*abn1 , +`*V1 ,\ YZ\-\Y 4*,SaSb \b b\-\E h1-\ bm \b Z1-\ \3S/*1jnD 'b* S aW1/dpk*q ab*bnS , `d+`SV1 w \]`\am Y\W\O /13Sx ]\Y\-db b1+1 SY1bn `1*WSabShZm1 \3S/*ZSqD
b\ bm Y\31jn `1*WnZ\ \3S/*bn \b +`*V*H \,\`q V\O `\bV\E ab\Sb ]`1/,S/1bnB
)
Ë&#x161;
5M ]WpamE 6M YSZdamE 7M Z1]`1/,S/1ZZ\1D Ë&#x2122;*,*y ]\-\,\`SY \+ ob\Y ]\/`\+Z11D
( % S+WSq \b4m,*1baq \ +`*V1 ]\W\3Sb1WnZ\ L `SbhS 5<B66MD \b Z1V\b\`m1 1-\ ]WpamD +k1ZS1D S+WSS a\\+k*1baqE hb\ ]\aW1 b\-\E V*V +mW a\4/*Z ]1`,my h1W\,1V P /*YE \- aV*O 4*WB w 1f\`\j\ h1W\,1Vd +mbn \/Z\Ydx L mbS1 6B5<MD Ë&#x203A;*b1Y \- a\4/*W Ë&#x161;,dE a]dbZSgd /*Y*D V*3/\-\ S4 ZSf +mWS a,\S SZ/S,S/d*WnZm1 V*h1ab,*E ]\ob\O Yd \ZSE f\bq S `*4Zm1E /\]\WZqWS /`d-/`d-*D \b ]\O h1Yd Yd3 S 31Z* Z*f\/qb `*/\abn , \+k1ZSS L `SbO hS 9B5<MD \b`d/ZSh1ab,\D S+WSS aV*4*Z\B wË&#x2122;,\SY Wdhj1E h1Y \/Z\YdE V\-/* `*+\b*pb /,\1 ,Y1ab1E \ZS ]\Wdh*O pb +\Wnj1 \b a,\1-\ b`d/*x L'VVW14S*ab 8B=E \O ,`1Y1ZZmy ]1`1,\/MD 'b\ ,1`Z\ S , \bZ\j1ZSS +`*V*D \W\/*q 31ZkSZ* ]\ SY1ZS `1Z/*1E V\b\`*q Z1/*,O Z\ ,mjW* 4*Yd3E /1WSbaqB w W*,Z\1 P ob\ /df 1/SZO ab,*E aYS`1ZS1 S -\b\,Z\abn ,`1Yq \b ,`1Y1ZS dabdO ]*bnxD WS4\abnD S+WSS -\,\`SbaqB w d3 /\W31Z ,mO ]\WZqbn a,\S ad]`d31aVS1 \+q4*ZZ\abS ]\ \bZ\j1O ZSp V 31Z1 S 31Z* P ]\ \bZ\j1ZSp V Yd3dx L5 \O `SZeqZ*Y ;B7E YmaW\,\y ]1`1,\/MD */\abn SZbSYO Zmf \bZ\j1ZSy Y13/d ad]`d-*YS Z1 \Y`*h*1baq b`1O ,\-\y S a\3*W1ZS1YE V*V ob\ h*ab\ +m,*1b d b1fE Vb\ ,abd]*1b , b*VS1 \bZ\j1ZSq /\ +`*V* L `SbhS ;B66E 67C 5 \`SZeqZ*Y ;B<E =MD \/,1/1Y Sb\-D `*V P ob\ /*` \-* L *V\,* 5B5;MD Ë&#x161;aWS ]`S/1`3S,*bnaq \3nSf ]`SZgS]\,E b\ +`*V ]`SZ1a1b ad]`d-*Y `*/\abn S ah*abn1D */ h1Y ab\Sb ]\/dY*bnD \,WSqW WS Z* b,\1 ]`1/O ab*,W1ZS1 \ +`*V1 h1yOb\ ]W\f\y ]`SY1`EP ,\4Y\3O Z\E /*31 , b,\1y a\+ab,1ZZ\y a1Yn1H Ë&#x161;aWS /*E b\ Vb\ Y\- +m ab*bn /Wq b1+q f\`\jSY ]`SY1`\YE /\ab\yZmY ]\/`*3*ZSqH
`Sbb*ZSB w) /dY*pE -Wd]\ ,abd]*bn , +`*V ]`\O ab\ ]\b\YdE hb\ Z*/\1W\ \b,1h*bn Z* ,\]`\aB t \-/* bm ,my/1jn 4*Yd3Hr 1/n a ]\q,W1ZS1Y b`d/Z\ab1y `*4`1j*bn Sf ]`S/1baq Z1 V\YdOZS+d/nE * YZ1xD
S*`*B w'Y\gSS Y1j*pb YmaWSbn b`14,\D \ob\Yd q ahSb*pE hb\ Z1Y*W\,*3O Zdp `\Wn , b,\1Y ,m+\`1 a]dbZSV* 3S4ZS /\W3Zm S-`*bn `\/Sb1WSD ZS f\O `\j\ b1+q 4Z*pb S Y\-db ]\Y\hn b1+1 a/1W*bn ]`*,SWnZmy ,m+\`xD
1 1V\b\`m1 SY1Z* , ab*bn1 S4Y1Z1ZmD
`\+d/Sb1anI a1Zbq+`n 6>56
11
%
% ˙ ˚"&H ˙3\j S 1W*ZS ,ab`1h*pbaq d31 -\/D ˛* ob\ ,`1Yq \ZS /,* `*4* hdbn +mW\ Z1 `*aab*WSanD 1`,my `*4 ˙3\j \+,SZSW 1O W*ZS , b\YE hb\ \Z* eWS`bd1b a /`d-SYS ]*`ZqYSE S ]`S-`\4SW `*4\`,*bn a Z1y \bZ\j1ZSqD
b\`\y `*4 1W*ZS ,m/,SZdW* ˙3\jd dWnbSY*bdYE V\-/* d31 Z1 Y\-W* ,mZ\aSbn 1-\ d]`1VSD +* `*4* \ZS adY1WS `*4`1O jSbn a,\S `*4Z\-W*aSqD b\ bm /dY*1jnH S/Sjn WS bm V*VS1OWS+\ \]*aZ\abS , b\YE V*V `*4,S,*pbaq Sf \bZ\j1O ZSqH h1Y -\,\`Sb b\b e*VbE hb\ ˙3\j S 1W*ZS d31 /,* `*4* hdbn +mW\ Z1 `*aab*WSanH
/`d-\y ab\`\ZmE \ h1Y -\,\O `Sb b\E hb\ \ZS `*4`1jSWS a,\S b`d/Z\abSH *V bm /dY*1jnE h1-\ ˙3\j S 1W*ZS Y\-db \3S/*bn \b a,\1-\ +`*V*H
˙ ˚ ˚•
+ad/S a `\/Sb1WqYS `*YVd w b\ bm /dY*1jnHxD f\/qbaq WS ,*jS YZ1ZSq \+ \bZ\j1ZSO qf ˙3\j* S 1W*ZSH
\,\`q \ +`*V1E S+WSq Z1 ]`SdV`*jS,*1b /1yO ab,Sb1WnZ\abn L5 \`SZeqZ*Y ;B6<MD \b Z1V\b\`m1 b`d/Z\abSE V\b\`mf Y\3Z\ \3S/*bnD \ZeWSVbmD a1 Wp/S `*4Zm1E S ,a1 Z1a\,1`j1ZO Zm L SYWqZ*Y 7B67MD *V +m f\`\j\ Yd3 S 31Z* ZS ]\/f\/SWS /`d- /`d-dE ,`1Yq \b ,`1Y1ZS d ZSf Y\-db ,\4ZSV*bn `*4Z\-W*aSqD Z\-/* \ZS /*31 -\O ,\`qb b\E \ h1Y ,]\aW1/ab,SS a\3*W1pbD S+WSS aV*4*Z\B w˚aWS Vb\Ob\ Z1 \abd]*1baq , aW\,1E b\ \Z h1W\,1V a\,1`j1ZZmyx L *V\,* 7B6MD *S,Z\ +mW\ +m ahSb*bnE hb\ `*4Z\-W*aSy Y\3Z\ ]\WZ\abnp S4O +13*bnD ˚aWS 31 Z*dhSbnaq Sf \+ad3/*bn S `*4`1O j*bnE a1Ynq +d/1b -\`*4/\ ah*abWS,11D
*4\h*`\,*ZSqD ˙1,djV* ]\ SY1ZS *`1Z -\,\O `SbB w VSZ\ S b1W1,S4S\ZZmf j\d Ym b\ S /1W\ ,S/SYE V*V -1`\SZq Z*f\/Sb a,\p tS/1*WnZdpr ]\O W\,SZVd S \ZS 3S,db /\W-\ S ah*abWS,\xD \ob\O YdE V\-/* +`*V \V*4m,*1baq /*W1VSY \b S/1*W*E \+* ad]`d-* hd,ab,dpb `*4\h*`\,*ZS1D \Z1hZ\E ]\aW1 a,*/n+m S Yd3E S 31Z* +d/db Z*f\/Sbn /`d- , /`dO -1 Z1/\ab*bVS S Z1a\,1`j1Zab,*D W*,Z\1 ]\YZSbnE hb\ Z*ab\qk*q Wp+\,n w,a1 ab\yV\ ]`1b1`]1,*O 1bx P S `*4\h*`\,*ZSq b\31 L5 \`SZeqZ*Y 57B8E ;MD 1a]\V\yab,*D S+WSS aV*4*Z\E hb\ w31Z*b\O YdDDD ]`Sf\/Sbaq 4*+\bSbnaq \ Z*adkZmf Zd3/*fx L5 \`SZeqZ*Y ;B77E 78E YmaW\,\y ]1`1,\/MD *VS1 +1a]\V\yab,* 1ab1ab,1ZZm S ,]\WZ1 \]`*,/*ZZmD *]`SY1`E a1Yn1 Y\31b +mbn Z1W1-V\ a,\/Sbn V\ZO gm a V\Zg*YSD \4Y\3Z\E \+\SY ad]`d-*Y ]`S/1bO aq `*+\b*bnE hb\+m SY1bn 1/dE \/13/d S V`mjd Z*/ -\W\,\yD \ 1aWS ]\//1`3S,*bn /`d-/`d-*E b\ d ,*a ]\WdhSbaq \+1a]1hS,*bn a,\p a1Ynp Y*b1`S*WnZ\ L5 SY\e1p 9B<MD \/,1/1Y Sb\-D ˚aWS a,S/*ZSq a`*,ZSbn a 4*]daO V\Y ,\4/djZ\-\ 4Y1qE b\ +`*V Y\3Z\ a`*,ZSbn a d]`*,W1ZS1Y a*Y\W1b\YD d]`d-*Y b`1+d1baq +\WnO j1 aSW S dY1ZSyE hb\+m a]`*,Wqbnaq a wbd`+dW1ZbO Z\abqYSx 3S4ZSD \ a]`*,Sbnaq a ZSYS ,\4Y\3Z\I */ h1Y ab\Sb ]\/dY*bnD *V bm a1yh*a dW*3S,*O 1jn V\ZeWSVbm a `\/Sb1WqYSE +`*bnqYS S a1ab`*O YSH ˚aWS b1+q ]\abS-*pb `*4\h*`\,*ZSqE dY11jn WS bm ,4-WqZdbn Z* aSbd*gSp a\ ab\`\ZmH *V bm a]`*,Wq1jnaq a +1a]\V\yab,*YS , 3S4ZSH ˙ &"˚
˚ w % ˙˚˝ xDDD
*V +S+W1yaVS1 ]`SZgS]m ]\Y\-db b1+1 ]`1/,S/1bn Z1]`1/,S/1ZZ\1H ˙`d-S1 ab*bnS , `d+`SV1 w \]`\am Y\W\/13Sx Y\3Z\ Z*ybS Z* a*yb1 www.jw.org /ru
&
5
6
7
8
9
:
;
) Ë&#x2122; Ë&#x161; % Ë&#x161;
<
/*ZZ\y a1`SS S4 ,\anYS ab*b1y +d/1b `*aaY\b`1Z* \/Z* S4 -`*Z1y S+WSS P 11 d/S,Sb1WnZm1 ]`1/aV*4*ZSqE SWS ]`\`\h1ab,*D 'bS ab*bnS ]\Y\-db \b,1bSbn Z* ,\]`\aE q,Wqpbaq WS +S+W1yaVS1 ]`\O `\h1ab,* ]W\/\Y h1W\,1h1aV\y YmaWS SWS 31 \ZS Z1adb , a1+1 /\V*4*b1Wnab,* \31ab,1ZZ\-\ \bV`\,1ZSqH Ë&#x2122;*,*yb1 ,Y1ab1 `*aaY\b`SY e*VbmD
W*-*q ,1abn /Wq ,a1-\ h1W\,1h1ab,* Ë&#x161; &E V\b\`dp \- 31W*1b /\Z1abS /\ Wp/1yE 4*]Sa*Z* , S+WSSD ob* ,1abn P +W*-*qE `*/\abZ*qD \b ]\h1Yd Sada `Sab\a `1,Z\abZ\ ,\4,1k*W w+W*O -dp ,1abn \ g*`ab,1 \-*x L dVS 8B87MD \O -W*aZ\ S+WSSE *`ab,\ P ob\ \3n1 ]`*O ,Sb1Wnab,\E V\b\`\1 a\V`djSb /1a]\bSh1O aV\1 Wp/aV\1 ]`*,W1ZS1E dab*Z\,Sb Z* 41YW1 YS` S dab`*ZSb ,a1E hb\ ]`ShSZq1b ab`*/*ZSq LË&#x2122;*ZSSW 6B88C *be1q :B=E 5>MD \SabSZ1 /\W-\3/*ZZ*q +W*-*q ,1abnI 14daW\,Z\E obd ]`1V`*aZdp ,1abn /\WO 3Zm daWmj*bn ,a1D \ V*VH 1/n `Sab\a dY1`E \ab*,S, WSjn Z1+\Wnjdp -`d]]d a,\Sf ]\aW1/\,*b1W1yD \b hb\ ]`1/aV*4mO ,*W\an , S+WSSB 5M +W*-*q ,1abn +d/1b ]`\]\,1/*Z* ,a1Y Z*`\/*YE 6M `*a]`\ab`*O Z1ZS1 ob\y ,1abS ,ab`1bSb aSWnZ\1 a\]`\O bS,W1ZS1E 7M ]\q,qbaq W\3Zm1 f`SabS*Z1E V\b\`m1 ,,1/db , 4*+Wd3/1ZS1 YZ\-SfD Ë&#x2122;*,*yb1 `*aaY\b`SY obS ]`\`\h1ab,* j*4* j*-\YD
W*-*q ,1abn +d/1b ]`\]\,1/*Z* ,a1Y Z*`\/*Y
`\`\h1ab,*B w \ ,a1f Z*`\/*f ]`13/1 /\WO 3Z* +mbn ]`\]\,1/*Z* +W*-*q ,1abnx L *`V* 57B5>MD w d/1b1 YZ1 a,S/1b1WqYS S , 1`da*O WSY1E S ]\ ,a1y d/11 S *Y*`SSE S /\ V`*q 41YWSx LË&#x2122;1qZSq 5B<MD
a]\WZ1ZS1B 77 -\/d ZD oDE ,aV\`1 ]\aW1 aY1`bS `Sab*E 1-\ dh1ZSVS `*a]`\ab`*ZSO WS ,1abn \ \3n1Y *`ab,1 ]\ ,a1Yd 1O `da*WSYdD b1h1ZS1 aW1/dpkSf 59 W1b ob* ,1abn ab*W* jS`\V\ S4,1abZ* , d/11 S a\O a1/Z1y \+W*abS *Y*`SqD Ë&#x203A;*b1Y f`SabS*ZO aVS1 YSaaS\Z1`m Z*h*WS ]`\,\4-W*j*bn 11 , /`d-Sf h*abqf SYaV\y SY]1`SSD \3Z\ db,1`3/*bnE hb\ V :5 -\/d ZD oD +W*-*q ,1abn /\abS-W* wV`*q 41YWSxD
`\+d/Sb1anI a1Zbq+`n 6>56
13
,S/1b1Wnab,\ Sab\`SS Ë&#x2DC; *hSZ*q a II ,1V* ZD oD Z1+S+W1yaVS1
ab`*31yE 4*VWph*WS , bp`nYmE +SWS S \bO ]`*,WqWS Z* V*4ZnD
Sab\hZSVS a,S/1b1Wnab,dpb \ ab`1YSO b1WnZ\Y `*a]`\ab`*Z1ZSS f`SabS*Zab,*D SYaVSy Sab\`SV ,1b\ZSy d]\YSZ*1bE hb\ , SY1 f`SabS*Z1 ]\q,SWSan d31 , 8= -\/dD , 556 -\/d WSZSy W*/jSyE ]`*O ,Sb1Wn SeSZSS LZ* b1``Sb\`SS a\,`1O Y1ZZ\y d`gSSME , a,\1Y ]SanY1 `SYaV\Yd SY]1`*b\`d `*qZd Z*4,*W f`SabS*Zab,\ w4*`*4\yxE V\b\`*q w]`\jW* Z1 b\WnV\ ]\ -\`\/*YE Z\ S ]\ /1`1,ZqY S ]\Y1abnqYxD \b V V*V\Yd ,m,\/d ]`Sj1W \/SZ Sab\O `SVE S4dhS, /\V*4*b1Wnab,*B w 1Z11 h1Y h1`14 ab\ W1b ]\aW1 *]\ab\WnaVSf ,`1Y1Z Y1ab* f`SabS*ZaV\-\ +\-\aWd31ZSq +mWS ,\ ,a1f V`d]Zmf -\`\/*f SYaV\y SY]1O `SSxD Ë&#x2DC; VZS-1 w *ZZqq g1`V\,nx ]`\e1aa\` 1Z`S */,SV ]Sj1bB w'Va]*ZaSq g1`O V,SE V*4*W\anE +mW* `14dWnb*b\Y d/S,SO b1WnZ\y g1]S Z1,1`\qbZmf a\+mbSyD WdO hSW\an b\E h1-\ ZSVb\ Z1 \3S/*Wx LThe Early ChurchMD
,S/1b1Wnab,\ Sab\`SS Ë&#x2DC; \aSe W*,SyE /`1,Z11,`1yaVSy SaO
W*-*q ,1abn ,ab`1h*1b a\]`\bS,W1ZS1
`\`\h1ab,\B w *a +d/db \b/*,*bn , Y1abZm1 ad/mE +Sbn , aSZ*-\-*f S ab*,Sbn ]1`1/ ]`*,SO b1WqYS S g*`qYSE /Wq a,S/1b1Wnab,* SYx L *`V* 57B=MD
a]\WZ1ZS1B `SabS*Z ]`1aW1/\,*WS V*V Sd/1SE b*V S `SYWqZ1B Sf a\/1`3*WS ]\/
SYaVS1 SY]1O `*b\`m 1`\Z La]`*,*ME Ë&#x2122;\O YSgS*ZE *`V ,`1WSy S Ë&#x2122;S\VO W1bS*Z 31ab\V\ ]`1aW1/\,*WS ]1`,mf f`SabS*Z Photograph taken by courtesy of the British Museum
b\`SV I ,1V*E a\\+k*1bE hb\ *V\,*E +`*O b* Sada*E \b/*WS Z* V*4Zn Sd/1yaVS1 `1O WS-S\4Zm1 ,\3/SD \-W*aZ\ +S+W1yaV\O Yd ]\,1ab,\,*ZSpE *Y*WSSW P d,*3*O 1Ymy hW1Z Sd/1yaV\-\ ,1`f\,Z\-\ ad/* ]`S4,*W V +W*-\`*4dYSp ]`S ,mZ1a1ZSS `1j1ZSq ]\ /1Wd dh1ZSV\, `Sab* LË&#x2122;1qO ZSq 9B78P7=MD h1Zm1 ]\/b,1`3/*pbE hb\ b*V\y h1W\,1VE V*V *Y*WSSWE /1yab,SO b1WnZ\ adk1ab,\,*W S hb\ 1Yd +mWS ]`SadkS Z1]`1/,4qb\abn S jS`\b* ,4-WqO /\,D Ë&#x2DC; *V ]\V*4m,*1b Sab\`SqE Z*hSZ*q a 1O `\Z* , :8 -\/d `SYaVS1 SY]1`*b\`m \+`dO jSWS Z* f`SabS*Z ,\WZd ]`1aW1/\,*ZSyD *VE SY]1`*b\` `*qZ , a,\1y ]1`1]SaV1 a WSZS1Y W*/jSY \+ad3/*WE V*V\1 Z*O V*4*ZS1 aW1/d1b ]`SY1Zqbn V f`SabS*O Z*YE V\b\`m1 \bV*4*WSan \b`1hnaq \b a,\1y ,1`mD Ë&#x2DC; w \Z1ZSq Z1 b\WnV\ Z1 4*ab*,SWS g1`O V\,n dybS , ]\/]\Wn1E Z\ ]`\S4,1WS \+`*bO Zmy oee1VbxEP ]Sj1b d]\YqZdbmy ,mj1 ]`\e1aa\` */,SVD ]*a*qan \b ]`1aW1/\O ,*ZSyE f`SabS*Z1 ]1`1a1WqWSan , /`d-S1 Y1ab*E Z1aq a a\+\y +W*-dp ,1abn LË&#x2122;1qZSq <B5MD ZS Z1 a/*,*WSanE h*ab\ `SaVdq +mbn \b,1`-ZdbmYS a1Yn1y S /`d4nqYSD ob\ ]`SY1h*b1WnZ\E ]\aV\WnVd ]\aW1/\,*b1WS `Sab* +mWS wWp/S +14 \+`*4\,*ZSqE ]`\O abm1xE Z1 \+W*/*,jS1 ]\WSbSh1aVSY ,WSO qZS1Y LË&#x2122;1qZSq 8B57MD *V db,1`3/*pb SaO b\`SVSE wa`1/S Y1WVSf W*,\hZSV\, S b\`O -\,g1, Ë&#x161;,*Z-1WS1 `*a]`\ab`*ZqW\an WdhO j1 ,a1-\xD 4dh*q Sab\`SpE dh1Zm1 d/S,WqpbaqE V*V ob\y -\`abV1 Wp/1y d/*W\an b*V +mO ab`\ `*a]`\ab`*ZSbn f`SabS*Zab,\E /* 1k1 S ]1`1/ WSg\Y 31ab\VSf ]`1aW1/\,*O ZSyD ,a1 31 Sada ]`1/`1V ,a1 obS a\+mO bSq /\ b\-\E V*V \ZS ]`\S4\jWSD b\O Yd 31 , ,qk1ZZ\Y Sa*ZSS ]`1/aV*4m,*O W\anE hb\ /1W\ ]`\]\,1/S +d/1b ]`S\ab*O Z\,W1Z\D
) ) Ë&#x161;Ë&#x2122; Ë&#x161; )
SY
)
) Ë&#x203A; )
S]`
`Sb
)
Ë&#x161; Ë&#x161;
)
)
Ë&#x2122;Ë&#x161;)
1`da*WSY
)
Ë&#x2122; Ë&#x203A;Ë&#x161;
Ë&#x2122; )
Ë&#x161;
*Wnb* Ë&#x161;
'
Ë&#x161; Ë&#x161;
SYaV*q SY]1`Sq )
+W*abSE -/1 , I ,1V1 ZD oD +W Wp/S daWmj*WS +W*+W*-dp dp ,1abn
' )
31 V :5 -\/d ZD oD ,1abn \ *`ab,1 +mW* jS`\V\ S4,1abZ*
\q,qbaq YZSYm1 f`SabS*Z1
`\`\h1ab,*B w ,*Y ,\y/db Wpbm1 ,\WVSE V\b\`m1 Z1 +d/db k*/Sbn ab*/*E S a`1/S ,*a a*YSf ]\q,qbaq Wp/SE V\b\`m1 +d/db -\,\`Sbn ]`1,`*bZ\1E hb\+m d,W1hn dh1ZSV\, 4* a\+\yx LË&#x2122;1qZSq 6>B6=E 7>MD w ,*a +d/db W31dhSb1WSD 'bS Wp/S Z14*Y1bZ\ ,,1/db ]*-d+Z\1 a1Vb*ZbO ab,\DDD DDD 4O4* ZSf ]dbn SabSZm +d/1b ]\/,1`O -*bnaq 4W\aW\,Spx L6 1b`* 6B5E 6MD
a]\WZ1ZS1B *4W*-*pk11 ,WSqZS1 Z* f`SabS*ZaV\1 a\+`*ZS1 \V*4*WS ]`\ZSVO jS1 , Z1-\ Z1]`1VW\ZZm1E W3S,m1 S *YO +SgS\4Zm1 Wp/SD ,S/1b1Wnab,\ Sab\`SS Ë&#x2DC; a\+1ZZ\ ]\aW1 aY1`bS ]1`,mf dh1O ZSV\, Sada* f`SabS*Zab,\ ,a1 +\Wnj1 ]\/,1`-*W\an ,WSqZSp \b/1WnZmf Wp/1yE ab*`*,jSfaq \+l1/SZSbn dh1ZS1 `Sab* S -`1h1aVdp eSW\a\eSpD aV\`1 ,\4ZSVW\ /df\,1Zab,\E ]`1/ab*,Sb1WS V\b\`\-\ ab`1O YSWSan b*V31 V ]\WSbSh1aV\y ,W*abSD \
aW\,*Y Sab\`SV\,E V\-/* wf`SabS*Zab,\x ab*W\ -\ad/*`ab,1ZZ\y `1WS-S1y SYaV\y SY]1`SSE \Z\ /*31 \b/*W1ZZ\ Z1 Z*]\YSZ*O W\ a\+`*ZS1 f`SabS*Z I ,1V*D Ë&#x2DC; b1h1ZS1 ab\W1bSy ob* SaV*31ZZ*q e\`Y* f`SabS*Zab,* 4*]qbZ*W* a1+q Z*O aSWS1Y S *WhZ\abnpD Y1ab\ b\-\ hb\+m ]\abd]*bnE V*V dhSW `Sab\aE /df\,1ZO ab,\ ,aqh1aVS ]`1aW1/\,*W\ b1fE Vb\E S/q ]\ ab\]*Y Sada*E ]`\]\,1/\,*WS +W*-dp ,1abn SWS ab*`*WSan ]1`1,1abS S+WSp Z* q4mV ]`\abmf Wp/1yD * ]`\bq31ZSS ,1V\, W\3Z\1 f`SabS*ZO ab,\ Z*+S`*W\ aSWdE S +W*-*q ,1abnE V*4*O W\anE +mW* 4*+mb*D /Z*V\ Sada ]`1/aV*O 4*WE hb\ , ]\aW1/ZS1 /ZS Wp/S ,Z\,n \ Z1y daWmj*bD Z a`*,ZSW b\ ,`1Yq a\ a+\`\Y d`\3*qE V\-/* W\3Zm1 f`SabS*Z1E ]`1/O ab*,W1ZZm1 a\`ZqV*YSE +d/db \b/1W1Zm \b ]j1ZSgm P SabSZZmf f`SabS*Z L *be1q 57B68P7>E 7:P87MD Y1ZZ\ b\-/* ]`1/aV*O 4*ZS1 \ ]`\]\,1/S +W*-\y ,1abS Sa]\WZSbO aq , ]\WZ\y Y1`1 L *be1q 68B58MD 'b\ ,\WO Zdpk11 ]`\`\h1ab,\ +d/1b ]\/`\+Z11 `*aO aY*b`S,*bnaq , aW1/dpk1y ab*bn1D
`\+d/Sb1anI a1Zbq+`n 6>56
15
Ë&#x203A;\\]*`VS P \ab`\,VS 3S4ZS bmaqhS W1b Z*4*/ VSb*yaVSy SY]1`*O b\` a\4/*W ]*`VE Z*4,*, 1-\ w *`V\Y /Wq Wp+\4Z*b1WnZmfxD ob\Y ]*`V1 ]W\k*/np :>; -1Vb*`\, Y\3Z\ +mW\ d,S/1bn YZ\-Sf 3S,\bZmfD b\ ,`1Yq ]\/\+Z\1 4`1WSk1 +mO W\ +\Wnj\y `1/V\abnpD 1-\/Zq 4\\]*`VS d31 Z1 /S,\E Sf ]\a1k*O pb YSWWS\Zm Wp/1y ,\ ,a1Y YS`1D VZS-1 wË&#x203A;\\]*`VS , XXI ,1V1x \bY1h*1baqB w YS`1E -/1 ab*Z\,Sbaq ,a1 Y1Znj1 Z1b`\Zdbmf Y1ab S ,a1 +\Wnj1 Wp/1y 3S,db , -\`\/*fE /Wq YZ\-Sf 4\\]*`VS ab*Z\,qbaq 1/SZab,1ZZmY Y1ab\YE -/1 Y\3Z\ ]`S\+kSbnaq V YS`d /SO V\y ]`S`\/mx LZoos in the 65st CenturyMD
'VaVd`aSq ]\ a\,`1Y1ZZ\Yd 4\\]*`Vd Ë&#x203A;\\]*`VS /*pb ,\4Y\3Z\abn d,S/1bn Z1V\O b\`mf S4 a*Ymf V`*aS,mf S Z1\+mhZmf 3SO ,\bZmf , daW\,SqfE ]`S+WS31ZZmf V Sf 1ab1O 16
`\+d/Sb1anI a1Zbq+`n 6>56
ab,1ZZ\y a`1/1 \+Sb*ZSqD m Y\31b1 ]\WpO +\,*bnaq q`VSYS +*+\hV*YSE ]\`f*pkSYS , a*/d b`\]Sh1aVSf `*ab1ZSyE SWS ]\Z*+WpO /*bn 4* ]SZ-,SZ*YSE V\b\`m1 ]`SZSY*pb W1O /qZ\y /dj , ,\Wn1`1E SYSbS`dpk1Y 4*aZ1O 31ZZm1 ]dabmZS Zb*`VbSVSD `\-dWS,*qan ]\ ]*`VdE ,m aY\31b1 \kdbSbn a1+q Z* \ab`\,V1 oV,*b\`S*WnZ\-\ W1a* , \V`dO 31ZSS Z1V\b\`mf 1-\ \+Sb*b1W1y P 4,1`1y S ]bSgD 4*y/q , b1YZmy ]*,SWn\ZE ,m ]\]*O /1b1 , YS` Z\hZmf 3S,\bZmf S ]\4Z*V\YSO b1an a Sf \+`*4\Y 3S4ZSD Z1V\b\`mf 4\\]*`O V*f Y\3Z\ /*31 d,S/1bn ]1`Z*bmf fSkZSV\, , a,\+\/Z\Y ]\W1b1 SWS Z*aW*/Sbnaq j\d /1WnO eSZ\,E a\,1`j*pkSf *V`\+*bSh1aVS1 b`pVSD 1-\/Zq /SVS1 4,1`S \+Sb*pb 4/1an Z1 , b1aO Zmf VW1bV*fE * ]\/ \bV`mbmY Z1+\Y , ]`\O ab\`Zmf ,\Wn1`*fE \V`d31ZZmf `,*YSE V\b\`m1 \b/1Wqpb fSkZSV\, \b ]\a1bSb1W1yD
\ h*a\,\y ab`1WV1 La ,1`fZ1-\ W1,\-\ d-W*MB b`\]Sh1aV*q +*+\hV*E +1Z-*WnaVSy bS-`E +\Wnj*q ]*Z/*E +1W\-\W\,my \`W*ZE V*WSe\`ZSyaVSy Y\`aV\y W1,
Tiger: Loro Parque, Puerto de la Cruz, Tenerife; seal: Faunia, Madrid; eagle and panda: Zoo Aquarium de Madrid
13 /,df \-Z1y 1V\b\`m1 4\\4*kSbZSVS ,\4`*3*pb ]`\O bS, \bW\,* 3S,\bZmf S4 /SV\y ]`S`\/m S 4*O b\h1ZSq Sf , hd3/m1 daW\,Sq \+Sb*ZSqD \ Sf db,1`3/1ZSpE 4\\]*`VS WSj*pb 4,1`1y ,\4Y\3Z\abS a,\+\/Z\ /,S-*bnaq S ]\/*,WqO pb Sf ]`S`\/Zm1 SZabSZVbmD mabd]*q , 4*kSbd 4\\]*`V\,E Sf a\b`d/ZSO VS db,1`3/*pbE hb\ ,Z\aqb +\Wnj\y ,VW*/ Z1 b\WnV\ , ]`S`\/\\f`*ZZdpE Z\ S ]`\a,1bSO b1WnZdp /1qb1WnZ\abnD w *j* g1Wn P Z*O dhSbn Wp/1y d,*3Sb1WnZ\ \bZ\aSbnaq V 3S4O ZS 3S,\bZmfEP -\,\`Sb *yY1 dWnE a\b`d/O
ZSV Y*/`S/aV\-\ 4\\*V,*`SdY* w *dZSqx , a]*ZSSDP m f\bSY ]`\+d/Sbn , ]\a1bSb1O Wqf 31W*ZS1 a\f`*ZSbn 1ab1ab,1ZZdp a`1/d \+Sb*ZSq 3S,\bZmfE +14 V\b\`\y \ZS ]`\ab\ ]\-S+ZdbxD \-W*aZ\ `q/d SaaW1/\,*ZSyE 4\\O ]*`VS Z* a*Y\Y /1W1 ]\Y\-*pb Wp/qY \a\4O Z*,*bn ,*3Z\abn 4*kSbm ,mYS`*pkSf ,SO /\,D 1V\b\`m1 `1/VS1 ,S/mE Z*]`SY1` +\WnO j*q ]*Z/*E ab*Z\,qbaq Z*ab\qkSYS Wp+SYO g*YS ]d+WSVSD \oWSq 1ZSb\E a\b`d/ZSO g* Y*/`S/aV\-\ 4\\*V,*`SdY*E `*aaV*4m,*1bB w a1 ]\a1bSb1WS f\bqb d,S/1bn /,df Z*jSf
`\+d/Sb1anI a1Zbq+`n 6>56
17
% `*,SyaVSy \`SVa
Hai-Bar, Yotvata, Israel
Ë&#x161; % % ) \,Y1abZmYS daSWSqYS 4\\]*`V\, d/*O W\an a]*abS \b ]\WZ\-\ Sah14Z\,1ZSq ]\ Y1Znj1y Y1`1 /1aqb\V ,S/\, 3S,\bZmfD \b WSjn /,* ]`SY1`*B Ë&#x2DC; \aW1/ZSy 1,`\]1yaVSy 4d+`E 3S,dkSy , /SV\y ]`S`\/1E +mW d+Sb , 1W\`daaSS , 5=5= -\/dE * , \aaSS , 5=6;D \ +W*-\/*`q ]`\,\/SYmY , 4\\]*`V*f ]`\-`*YY*Y ]\ `*4,1/1ZSp 3S,\bZmf a1-\/Zq ab*/* 4d+`\, aZ\,* \+Sb*pb , W1a*f 1W\`daaSSE \WnjS S \aaSSD Ë&#x2DC; `*,SyaVSy \`SVa La1`Z\+mVM P ob\ V`d]Z*q *ZbSW\]*E \+Sb*pk*q , ]dabmZZmf \+W*abqfD \aW1/ZSy /SVSy \`SVa +mW d+Sb \f\bZSV*YS , 5=;6 -\/dD /Z*V\ Z1aV\WnV\ \a\+1y a\/1`3*WSan , 4\\]*`V*fE ]\ob\Yd d/*W\an a\f`*ZSbn obSf -`*gS\4Zmf 3S,\bZmf \b ]\WZ\-\ ,mYS`*ZSqD 1]1`n \`SVam ,\WnZ\ \+Sb*pb , Z1V\b\`mf 4*]\,1/ZSV*f `*,SyO aV\-\ ]\Wd\ab`\,*D \ Z1 ,a1 Sah14*pkS1 ,S/m Y\3Z\ `*4,\/Sbn , daW\,Sqf 4\\]*`V*D \bq ]`\O -`*YYmE Z*g1W1ZZm1 Z* ,\aab*Z\,W1ZS1 ,S/\, S ,\4,`*k1ZS1 Sf , /SVdp ]`S`\/dE ]`1aW1/dpb +W*-S1 g1WSE YZ\-S1 S4 ZSf \V*4*WSan +14da]1jZmYSD 18
`\+d/Sb1anI a1Zbq+`n 6>56
]*Z/D 'b\b S4,1abZmy ,S/ ab*W aSY,\W\Y +\`n+m 4\\]*`V* 4* a]*a1ZS1 Sah14*pkSf ,S/\,D m Z*/11YaqE hb\ 4/1an ]*Z/m \+O 4*,1/dbaq ]\b\Yab,\YE f\bq \ZS ,1anY* ]`S,1`1/WS,m , ,m+\`1 ]*`bZ1`\,xD \bWShS1 \b ]*Z/E YZ\-S1 3S,\bZm1 a,\+\/Z\ ]W\/qbaq , 4\\]*`V*f +W*-\/*O `q f\`\jSY daW\,SqY a\/1`3*ZSq S V*h1O ab,1ZZ\Yd ,1b1`SZ*`Z\Yd df\/dD a]1jO Z\1 ]`\,1/1ZS1 ]`\-`*YY ]\ `*4,1/1ZSp 3S,\bZmf , Z1,\W1 \]`\,1`-*1b V`SbSO h1aVS1 4*Y1h*ZSq \ b\YE hb\ 4\\]*`VS Z1 /\W3Zm dh*ab,\,*bn , b\`-\,W1 Sah14*O pkSYS ,S/*YSD Z\-S1 4\\]*`VS Z1 ]`\ab\ a\+S`*pb V\WW1VgSp /SVSf 3SO ,\bZmf /Wq ]\V*4* Z*a1W1ZSpE * /\+S,*O pbaq `*4YZ\31ZSq Sah14*pkSf ,S/\,E Z*/1qanE hb\ V\-/*OZS+d/n \ZS +d/db ,\aO ab*Z\,W1Zm S ,\4,`*k1Zm , /SVdp ]`SO `\/dD mYS`*ZS1 3S,\bZmf , ]`S`\/1 ]`13O /1 ,a1-\ a,q4*Z\ a dZShb\31ZS1Y Sf Y1ab \+Sb*ZSqD \b ]\h1Yd 4\\]*`VS ab*WS *VO bS,Z\ dh*ab,\,*bn , eSZ*ZaS`\,*ZSS ]`\O -`*YY ]\ a\f`*Z1ZSp e*dZm S b1aZ\ a\O b`d/ZSh*bn a 4*]\,1/ZSV*YS b`\]Sh1aVSf ab`*Z1D
`S\+k1ZS1 V 3S,\y ]`S`\/1 +\WnjSZab,* /1b1y 3S,\bZm1 ,m4mO ,*pb Z1]\//1WnZmy ,\ab\`-D \ob\Yd ]`S ]\a1k1ZSS 4\\]*`V* ,a1y a1Yn1y P , ,mO f\/Z\y /1Zn SWS ,\ ,`1Yq \b]daV* P d `\O /Sb1W1y 1abn ]`1V`*aZ*q ,\4Y\3Z\abn 4Z*V\YSbn a,\Sf /1b1y a b,\`1ZSqYS \-* S ,Y1ab1 Wp+\,*bnaq SYSD a*Y\-\ Z*h*W* h1W\,1h1aV\y Sab\`SS Wp/S ab`1YSWSan V*V Y\3Z\ +\Wnj1 d4Z*bn \ 3S,\bZmfD \/\+Zdp Wp+\4Z*O b1WnZ\abn aW1/d1b `*4,S,*bn , /1bqfE ,1/n ]`S`\/* Y\31b YZ\-\1 SY ]\,1/*bn \ WShO Z\abS \4/*b1WqD \a1k1ZS1 4\\]*`V* ]\O Y\31b 1k1 +\Wnj1 g1ZSbn d/S,Sb1WnZmf \+Sb*b1W1y Z*j1y ]W*Z1bm P b*V\y f`d]O V\y S b*V\y `*ZSY\yD 1 aSWSq 4\\]*`V\, ]\ a\f`*Z1ZSp bS-`\, , 4SSE W1O Yd`\, Z* */*-*aV*`1 S ]`SY*b\, , e`SV1 +mWS daO ]1jZmD
â&#x20AC;¢ & Ë&#x203A; % Ë&#x161; H
\,1/1ZS1 V\aqV* `m+ Ë&#x2DC; *3/my -\/ , `14dWnb*b1 *,b\V*b*O ab`\e ]\-S+*pb +\W11 YSWWS\Z* h1W\O ,1V S \V\W\ 9> YSWWS\Z\, ]\Wdh*pb b`*,YmD b\ 31 ,`1Yq YSWWS\Zm `m+E a\+S`*qan , ab*SE ]W*,*pb +\V \ +\V ]`*VbSh1aVS +14 ab\WVZ\,1ZSyD *V d ZSf ob\ ]\Wdh*1baq S V*V \ZS Y\-db Z*dhSbn Wp/1y dY1ZnjSbn hSaW\ *,*`SyH +`*bSb1 ,ZSY*ZS1D `S1ZbS`\O ,*bnaq , ]`\ab`*Zab,1 `m+*Y ]\Y\-*pb -W*4* S \a\+m1 \`-*Zm hd,ab,E Z*4m,*1O Ym1 +\V\,\y WSZS1yD Sf ]\Y\knp `mO +m \]`1/1Wqpb Y1ab\Z*f\3/1ZS1 /`dO -Sf \a\+1y S `1*-S`dpb aW1/dpkSY \+`*4\YB 5D Ë&#x2122;,S-*pbaq +\V \ +\VD ZS a\f`*O Zqpb \]`1/1W1ZZdp aV\`\abn /,S31ZSq S /Sab*ZgSp a /`d-SYS `m+*YSD 6D 14\]*aZ\ a+WS3*pbaqD ZS a+WSO 3*pbaq a `m+*YSE V\b\`m1 Z*f\/qbaq /*Wnj1 \b ZSfD 7D 4+1-*pb ab\WVZ\,1ZSyD ZS Y1O Zqpb Z*]`*,W1ZS1 /,S31ZSqE hb\+m S4+13*bn a\]`SV\aZ\,1ZSq a /`d-SYS `m+*YSD
4dhS, obS b`S ]\,1/1Zh1aVS1 Y\O /1WSE q]\ZaVS1 *,b\Y\+SW1ab`\Sb1WS a\4/*WS Z1aV\WnV\ Y*W1ZnVSf `\+\V*O `\,E V\b\`m1 Y\-db /,S-*bnaq , -`d]]1E Z1 ab*WVS,*qan /`d- a /`d-\YD \Wn -W*4 d `\+\b\, ,m]\WZq1b V\YYdZSV*gS\ZO Z*q `*/S\b1fZ\W\-SqE `\Wn +\V\,\y WSO ZSS P W*41`Zm1 /*WnZ\Y1`mD `1/ab*O ,Sb1WS V\Y]*ZSS Z*/1pbaqE hb\ obS `*4`*+\bVS ]\Y\-db SY a\4/*bn *,b\O Y\+SWSE wSaVWph*pkS1 ab\WVZ\,1ZSqE * b*V31 a]\a\+ab,dpkS1 \f`*Z1 \V`dO 3*pk1y a`1/m S /,S31ZSp +14 ]`\+\V Z* /\`\-*fxD W*,Zmy SZ31Z1` ]`\1Vb* \aSpVS Z/\d a\\+kSWB w m ,\aa\4/*WS ]\,1/1O ZS1 V\aqV* `m+E *VbS,Z\ ]\Wn4dqan ]1O `1/\,mYS oW1Vb`\ZZmYS b1fZ\W\-SqYSD
Z*jd o`d *,b\Y\+SW1y Z*Y 1abn h1Yd ]\dhSbnaq d ab*S `m+xD b\ ,m /dY*1b1H \q,SW\an WS ]\,1O /1ZS1 V\aqV* `m+ , `14dWnb*b1 aW1]\-\ aWdh*qH WS 31 \Z\ a,S/1b1Wnab,d1b \ Yd/`\abS ,\`g*H
Fish: 5 Ralf Kiefner/age fotostock
˛ ˚ )
+q4*b1WnZ\ WS
]`SZ*/W13*bn V V*V\yOWS+\ `1WS-S\4Z\y \`-*ZS4*gSSH ˛ ˝ E ,m `*4\h*`\,*WSan , `1WSO -S\4Zmf \`-*ZS4*gSqfE ahSb*q ]`SZ*/O W13Z\abn V ZSYE ]dab\y b`*b\y ,`1Y1ZSD ˚aWS /*E ,m Z1 \/ZSD 1-\/Zq ,a1 +\Wnj1 Wp/1y `1j*pb Z1 ]`Sa\1/SZqbnaq ZS V V*O V\y `1WS-SSD 1V\b\`m1 ]\VS/*pb `1WS-S\4Zm1 \`-*O ZS4*gSSE ahSb*qE hb\ \ZS a1pb WSg1Y1`S1 S Z1b1`]SY\abnD ˙`d-SY aWSjV\Y b`d/Z\ a\+Wp/*bn ,a1 `1WS-S\4Zm1 ]`1/]Sa*ZSqD /Wq V\-\Ob\ `1WS-Sq Z1 hb\ SZ\1E V*V Z1O Zd3Z\1 ]\a`1/ZSh1ab,\ Y13/d \-\Y S ,1`dpkSYSD \ hb\ S+WSq -\,\`Sb \ ]`SO Z*/W13Z\abS V V*V\yOWS+\ `1WS-S\4Z\y \`-*ZS4*gSSH
˙`d4nq \-* , /`1,ZS1 ,`1Y1Z* S+WSS qaZ\ ]\V*4*Z\E V*Vdp `1WSO -Sp Sa]\,1/\,*WS ,1`Zm1 aWd3Sb1WS \O -*E 3S,jS1 , /`1,Z\abSE Z*]`SY1` ,`*O *YE a**V S *V\,D \- aV*4*W \+ ,`**Y1B w) a+WS4SWaq a ZSY /Wq b\-\E hb\+m \Z ]\O ,1W1W a,\SY amZ\,nqY S /\Y*jZSY ]\aW1 a1+q /1`3*bnaq ]dbS 1-\,mE f`*Zq ]`*,1/O Z\abn S ,1`j* ad/E hb\+m 1-\,* Sa]\WZSW Z* ,`**Y1 b\E hb\ aV*4*W \ Z1Yx L mbS1 5<B5=MD ,`**Y +mW /`d-\Y \-* S ]\ob\Yd SY1W a \4/*b1W1Y +WS4VS1 WShZm1 \bZ\O j1ZSqD Y1ab1 a ,`**Y\Y \-d ]\VW\ZqO WSan S 1-\ /\Y\h*/gmD *V31 S /`d-S1 +S+O W1yaVS1 ]*b`S*`fSE V\b\`m1 +mWS /`d4nqO YS \-*E aWd3SWS 1Yd ,a1Y a,\SY YZ\-\O hSaW1ZZmY a1Y1yab,\YE ,VWph*q aWd-D ]dabq ,`1Yq \- ]\,1W1WE hb\+m /`1,O ZS1 S4`*SWnbqZ1 a\+S`*WSan ,Y1ab1 /Wq ]\VW\Z1ZSq 1YdD 'b\ b`1+\,*ZS1 `*a]`\O 20
`\+d/Sb1anI a1Zbq+`n 6>56
ab`*ZSW\an ]\4/Z11 S Z* f`SabS*Z ]1`,\-\ ,1V* L 1,Sb 67B6E 8C ˚,`1qY 5>B68E 69MD * b*O VSf ,ab`1h*fE \`-*ZS4\,*ZZmf /Wq ]\VW\O Z1ZSq \-dE ]1WS ]1aZS f,*WmE hSb*WS ,qO k1ZZ\1 Sa*ZS1 S ]`\S4Z\aSWS \+kS1 Y\O WSb,m L 11YSq <B5P<C \W\aaqZ*Y 7B5:MD \-W*aZ\ S+WSSE , a\+`*ZSS `dV\,\/ab,\ , ]\VW\Z1ZSS \-d ,\4W*-*1baq Z* \]mbO Zmf Yd3hSZE a\\b,1bab,dpkSf +S+W1yO aVSY b`1+\,*ZSqY L5 SY\e1p 7B5P5>MD
\VW\Z1ZS1 \-d ,a1Y a\+`*ZS1Y aZ\,m,*qan Z* obSf +S+W1yaVSf ]`SO Y1`*fE W\-ShZ\ 4*VWphSbnE hb\ S a1-\/Zq \- \3S/*1bE hb\+m b1E Vb\ f\h1b SY1bn a ZSY +WS4VS1 \bZ\j1ZSqE ]\VW\ZqWSan 1Yd \`-*ZS4\,*ZZ\ , f`SabS*ZaV\Y a\+`*ZSSD 'b\ ]`SZ\aSb SY +\Wnjdp ]\Wn4dD *]`SY1`E , ,qk1ZZ\Y Sa*ZSS \+ SaO bSZZmf aWd3Sb1Wqf \-* \+`*4Z\ -\,\`SbO aq V*V \ b1fE Vb\ S/1b b1aZ\y /\`\-\y SWS dh*ab,d1b , 4*+1-1 L *be1q ;B58C 5 \`SZO eqZ*Y =B68P6;MD *`*e\Z1g , a,\1Y S4ZdO `Sb1WnZ\Y 4*+1-1 Y\31b ,m+Sbnaq S4 aSW S a\ybS a Z1W1-V\y /Sab*ZgSSD /Z*V\ ]\/O /1`3V* 4`Sb1W1y ,a1Wq1b , a]\`baY1Z* aSO WmE b*V hb\ Z1`1/V\ d Z1-\ \bV`m,*1baq ,b\`\1 /mf*ZS1E ]\4,\Wqpk11 ]`\/\W3*bn 4*+1-D \ 31 Y\3Z\ aV*4*bn \ ,1`Zmf aWdO 3Sb1Wqf \-*D `S ]\//1`3V1 1/SZ\,1`O g1, \ZS Y\-db a\f`*Zqbn +WS4VS1 \bZ\O j1ZSq a \4/*b1W1YE Z1,4S`*q ZS Z* V*VS1 b`d/Z\abSD \-/* ab*Z\,qbaq ]\ZqbZm aW\,* S4 SO anY* 1,`1qY 5>B68E 69B w d/1Y ,ZSY*b1WnO Zm /`d- V /`d-dE hb\+m ]\+d3/*bn V Wp+O
b\Sb WS \b,1`-*bn ,a1 `1WS-S\4Zm1 \`-*ZS4*gSSH
,S S /\+`mY /1W*YE Z1 \ab*,Wqq Z*jSf a\O ,Y1abZmf ,ab`1hxD \ Sa*ZSpE aWd3SO b1WS SabSZZ\-\ \-*E +d/dhS /df\,ZmYS +`*bnqYS S a1ab`*YSE /\W3Zm +mbn \+l1O /SZ1Zm , ]\VW\Z1ZSS 1Yd ]\/\+Z\ hW1Z*Y b1W*D S+WSS -\,\`SbaqE hb\ b*V\1 aSY,\WSO h1aV\1 b1W\E SWS a\+`*ZS1E \+l1/SZ1Z\ d4*O YS Wp+,S S YS`*D *]`SY1`E , 'e1aqZ*Y 8B6E 7 aWd3Sb1WS SabSZZ\-\ \-* ]\\k`qO pbaq ]\abd]*bn wa\ ,a1Y aYS`1ZS1Y dY*E V`\b\abnp S /\W-\b1`]1ZS1YE a Wp+\,np ]`\q,Wqq /`d- V /`d-d b1`]SY\abnE ab`1O Yqan a\f`*Zqbn 1/SZab,\ /df* , \+l1/SZqO pkSf d4*f YS`*xD *4,1 Y\3Z\ Sa]\WZqbn obS aW\,*E 1aWS aWd3Sbn \-d , \/SZ\hVdE Z14*,SaSY\ \b 1/SZ\,1`g1,H \- f\h1bE hb\+m 1-\ /df\,Z\ Z*ab`\1ZO Zm1 aWd3Sb1WS +mWS Z1 `*4`\4Z1ZZmE * a]W\h1Zm , +`*bab,\D S+WSq ]`S4m,*1b f`SabS*Z -\,\`Sbn w, a\-W*aSS /`d- a /`dO -\YxE S4+1-*bn `*4/1W1ZSy S +mbn wa\1/SO Z1ZZmYS \/ZSYS YmaWqYS S \/ZSYS `*aO ad3/1ZSqYSx L5 \`SZeqZ*Y 5B5>MD 'bS d,1k*ZSq +mWS +m +1aaYmaW1ZZmYSE 1aWS +m \- 31W*WE hb\+m Wp/S ]\VW\ZqWSan 1Yd `*4\+k1ZZ\E V*3/my a*Y ]\ a1+1D
*V ,S/Z\ S4 ,qk1ZZ\-\ Sa*ZSqE \31W*1bE hb\+m aWd31ZS1 1Yd ]`\f\/SW\ \`-*ZS4\,*ZZ\D 1WS-S\4Z*q \`-*ZS4*gSqE
V\b\`dp \/\+`q1b \- S V\b\`*q a\\b,1bO ab,d1b +S+W1yaV\Yd \]Sa*ZSpE /*ab ,*Y Z1\+f\/SYdp ]\//1`3Vd S ]\Y\31b d/\,O W1b,\`Sbn /df\,Zm1 ]\b`1+Z\abS L *be1q 9B7MD f\bq a1-\/Zq YZ\-S1 `1WS-S\4Zm1 \`O -*ZS4*gSS ]\-`q4WS , WSg1Y1`SS S b,\`qb 4W\/1qZSqE ob\ a\,a1Y Z1 \4Z*h*1bE hb\ aW1O /d1b \b,1`-*bn ,a1 `1WS-SSD * 41YW1 /\WO 3Z* +mbn `1WS-SqE hW1Zm V\b\`\y ]`\O q,Wqpb Wp+\,n V\ ,a1Y Wp/qYEP `1WSO -SqE g1Wn V\b\`\y \+dh*bn /`d-Sf Z`*,abO ,1ZZmY ]`SZgS]*Y \-*D *V*q `1WS-Sq ]\Y\-*1b `*4,Sbn ]\/WSZZdp ,1`dD S+O WSS /*pbaq ,*3Zm1 V`Sb1`SSE ]\ V\b\`mY ,m Y\31b1 \]`1/1WSbn `1WS-S\4Zdp \`-*O ZS4*gSpE V\b\`dp \/\+`q1b \-D
Ë&#x203A; Ë&#x2122; % & %H
Ë&#x2DC; `S,\/Sbaq WS , S+WSS ]`SY1` `1WS-S\4Z\y \`-*ZS4*gSSH L 1,Sb 67B6E 8MD Ë&#x2DC; *Vdp ]\Wn4d ]`SZ\aSb b\E hb\ aWd3Sb1WS \-* \+l1/SZ1Zm , a\+`*ZS1H LË&#x161;,`1qY 5>B68E 69MD Ë&#x2DC; *VS1 d4m a]W*hS,*pb b1fE Vb\ \`-*ZS4\,*ZZmY \+`*4\Y ]\VW\Zq1baq \-dH L'e1aqZ*Y 8B6E 7MD
`\+d/Sb1anI a1Zbq+`n 6>56
21
Ë&#x161; *a]1Vbm a\,`1Y1ZZ\y Y1/SgSZmE ]\ adbSE Z1 b*V d3 S Z\,mD *]`SY1`E Z1O V\b\`m1 \+k1]`SZqbm1 Y1b\/m ]`SY1ZqWSan , Y1/SgSZ1 `q/* ab`*Z d31 Z* ]`\bq31ZSS ,1V\,D Ë&#x2122;*,*yb1 4*-WqZ1Y , Sab\`Sp S ]`\aW1O /SY `*4,SbS1 Y1/SgSZaV\y Z*dVS Z* WS3O Z1Y \ab\V1 , o]\fd `1/Z1,1V\,nqD Ë&#x2DC; <>9 -\/d ZD oD O " Ë&#x2122; \aZ\,*W , ab\WSg1 a,\1-\ -\ad/*`ab,* P *-O /*/1 ]1`,dp +\WnZSgdD IXâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;XIII ,1V*f SaO W*YaVS1 ]`*,Sb1WS ]\ab`\SWS S \aZ*abSWS YZ\31ab,\ +\WnZSg ]\ ,a1y a,\1y SY]1`SSE ]`\abS`*,j1yaq \b a]*ZSS /\ Z/SSD 'bS +\WnZSgm ]`SZSY*WS V*3/\-\ P S +\O -*b\-\E S +1/Z\-\E Z14*,SaSY\ \b ,1`\Sa]\,1O /*ZSqD Ë&#x203A;/1an \]mbZm1 ,`*hS Z1 b\WnV\ W1hSO WS +\WnZmfE Z\ S ]`\,\/SWS SaaW1/\,*ZSqE * b*V31 \+dh*WS Z\,mf W1V*`1yD +\WnZSg*f +mW\ Z1aV\WnV\ a]1gS*WnZmf \b/1W1ZSyB fSO `d`-Sh1aV\1E \eb*WnY\W\-Sh1aV\1E \`b\]1/SO h1aV\1E SZe1VgS\ZZ\1E ,Zdb`1ZZSf +\W14Z1y S \b/1W1ZS1 /Wq /dj1,Z\+\WnZmfD *3/\1 db`\ ,`*hS , a\]`\,\3/1ZSS a,\Sf dh1ZSV\, \aY*b`S,*WS ]*gS1Zb\,E ]`\]Sam,*WS SY /SO 1bm S Z*4Z*h*WS W1V*`ab,*D a`1/Z1,1V\,mf +\WnZSg*f +mWS S a,\S e*`Y*g1,bmE V\b\`m1 b*Y 31 -\b\,SWS W1V*`ab,1ZZm1 ]\`\jVS S aZ*/\+nqD Ë&#x203A;* ,1/1ZS1Y /\VdY1Zb*gSSE `*af\O /*YSE ]`S-\b\,W1ZS1Y ]SkS S `1j1ZS1Y f\O 4qyab,1ZZmf ,\]`\a\, aW1/SWS d]`*,WqpO kS1 P a\,a1Y V*V S a1-\/ZqD ab\`SVS Z1 aWdh*yZ\ Z*4m,*pb obS +\WnO ZSgm w\/ZSY S4 ,1WSh*yjSf /\abS31ZSy a`1/Z1,1V\,\-\ SaW*YaV\-\ \+k1ab,*xD *VE Sab\`SV S ]d+WSgSab \,*`/ 1`Z1` \bY1h*O 1bE hb\ ,\ ,a1y SaW*YaV\y SY]1`SS w, \`-*O ZS4*gSS +\WnZShZmf dh`13/1ZSy Sa]\Wn4\O ,*WSan a*Ym1 ]1`1/\,m1 Y1b\/mE hb\ \]`1/1O WSW\ `*4,SbS1 Y1/SgSZm S 4/`*,\\f`*Z1ZSq ,]W\bn /\ Z*jSf /Z1yxD Ë&#x2DC; Ë&#x203A; L Ë&#x203A;Ë&#x161; M `\/SWaq , /`1,Z1Y -\`\/1 1yE +WS4 a\,`1Y1ZZ\-\ 1-1`*Z*D *4S ]\ ]`*,d Z*4m,*pb w,1WSh*yjSY ,`*h\Y S VWSO ZSgSab\Y ,a1-\ SaW*Y* S ,a1-\ `1/Z1,1V\O ,nqxD 'b\b dh1Zmy S YmaWSb1Wn \ab*,SW ]`11YZSV*Y g1ZZ\1 Z*aW1/S1E ]\/`\+Z\ \]SO a*, a,\S Y1b\/mE `14dWnb*bm S daW\,Sq ]`\,1O
22
`\+d/Sb1anI a1Zbq+`n 6>56
%Ë&#x2122; (# Ë&#x161; ) Ë&#x161; a`1/Z1,1V\,\y o]\fS /1ZSq oVa]1`SY1Zb\,E * b*V31 Sa]\Wn4d1Ym1 SZab`dY1ZbmD Z ,a1-/* -\,\`SWE hb\ ,`*h /\W31Z S/bS , Z\-d a ]\aW1/ZSYS /\abS31O ZSqYS Z*dVSD *4S ]`SZ*/W13Sb g1Wmy `q/ `*+\b S Z*O dhZmf \bV`mbSyD h*abZ\abSE \Z *,b\` 4Z*O Y1ZSb\y WnO *,S P w a1\+l1YWpk1y VZS-S ]\ Y1/SgSZ1xD 'b\ 67Ob\YZ\1 a\hSZ1ZS1E V\O b\`\1 a]`*,1/WS,\ ahSb*1baq \/ZSY S4 ,1WSO h*yjSf b`d/\, ]\ Y1/SgSZ1E a\/1`3Sb \aZ\O ,m *Vdj1`ab,*E -SZ1V\W\-SS S \eb*WnY\W\O -Sh1aV\y fS`d`-SSD Ë&#x2122;\ Z*a /\jWS 9: `*+\b *4S Z* Y1/SgSZaVdp b1YdC a`1/S ZSf P ]1`,\1 Z*dhZ\1 \]Sa*ZS1 b*VSf +\W14Z1yE V*V \a]* S V\`nD `\Y1 b\-\E *4S \bV`mWE hb\ ]\O ,mj1ZS1 b1Y]1`*bd`m b1W* P 4*kSbZ*q `1O *VgSq \`-*ZS4Y* ]`S +\W14ZSD 'b\b b*W*ZbWS,my ,`*h `dV\,\/SW VWSZSO V*YS , 11 S *-/*/1E Z1Y*W\ ,`1Y1ZS ]\O a,qk*q W1h1ZSp /dj1,Z\+\WnZmf Wp/1yD Ë&#x203A;* 4*aWd-S , ob\y \+W*abS *4S h*ab\ SY1Zdpb \bg\Y ]aSf\W\-SS S ]aSf\b1`*]SSD /Z*V\ *4S 4*ZSY*Waq Z1 b\WnV\ Y1/SgSZ\yE \Z ]SO a*W VZS-S ]\ fSYSSE *ab`\Z\YSSE Y*b1Y*bSO V1E eSW\a\eSS S b1\W\-SSD Ë&#x2DC; Ë&#x161; L M P 1k1 \/SZ ,m/*pO kSyaq ,`*h /`1,Z\abSD ,Sg1ZZ* `\/SWaq , df*`1 LZ* b1``Sb\`SS a\,`1Y1ZZ\-\ 4+1VSO ab*Z*M S ab*W \/ZSY S4 ,1WSh*yjSf dh1Zmf XI ,1V*B VWSZSgSab\YE eSW\a\e\YE *ab`\Z\O Y\Y S Y*b1Y*bSV\YD ,Sg1ZZ1 ]`SZ*/W13Sb b`d/ w *Z\Z ,`*h1+Z\y Z*dVSxD 'b\ a,\1-\ `\O /* oZgSVW\]1/SqE V\b\`*q \f,*bm,*1b Z*O dhZm1 ,4-Wq/m S \]mb , \+W*abS Y1/SgSZm b\-\ ,`1Y1ZSD a,\1Y w *Z\Z1x dh1Zmy ]Sj1bE hb\ bdO +1`VdW14 P 4*`*4Z*q +\W14ZnE V\b\`*q Y\O 31b ]1`1/*,*bnaq h1`14 ,\/d S ]\h,dD Z \+lO
Zmy V*Z*W a]1gS*WnZ\-\ SZab`dY1Zb*E * b*VO 31 d/*W1ZS1 V*b*`*VbmD Wn+dV*aSa ab*`*Waq \+W1-hSbn aW\3Zm1 `\/m S W1hSbn aY1k1ZZm1 ]W1h1,m1 adab*,m a ]\Y\knp Y1b\/\,E V\b\`m1 , a\,`1Y1ZZ\y VWSZSh1aV\y Y1/SgSZ1 Sa]\Wn4dpbaq \bZ\O aSb1WnZ\ Z1/*,Z\D Z ]1`,mY Z*h*W ]`SY1O Zqbn /Wq +SZb\,*ZSq fW\]V\,dp bV*Zn S eSO VaS`\,*bn V\abS -S]a\,\y ]\,q4V\yD Z b*VO 31 ]\/`\+Z\ \]Sa*WE V*V ]`\S4,\/Sbn `1SYO ]W*Zb*ZgSp ,m]*,jSf 4d+\,E S4-\b*,WS,*bn 4d+Zm1 ]`\b14mE Sa]`*,Wqbn ]`SVda S d/*O Wqbn 4d+Z\y V*Y1ZnD
Ë&#x161; % Ë&#x161; L % 7> 75M
qaZq1bE hb\ oY\gSS ,WSqpb Z* a*Y\hd,ab,S1E * Z1`,m aWd3*b ]1`1/*bhSV*YS +\W1,mf \kdk1ZSy S SY]dWna\,E ,m4m,*pkSf a\V`*O k1ZS1 YmjgD w *Z\Z1x ]`S,\/Sbaq \]Sa*O ZS1 \V\W\ ;:> W1V*`ab,1ZZmf ]`1]*`*b\, P Sf /1yab,SqE a,\yab,E ]\V*4*ZSy V ]`SY1Z1O ZSpE * b*V31 S4W*-*pbaq \aZ\,Zm1 ]`SZgS]m b1abS`\,*ZSq Z\,mf W1V*`ab,D 1`1,1/1ZZmy Z* W*bSZaVSy q4mVE ob\b b`d/ Z* ]`\bq31ZSS ,1V\, aWd3SW -W*,ZmY a]`*,\hZmY ]\a\+S1Y , Y1/SgSZaVSf dh1+Zmf 4*,1/1ZSqf Ë&#x161;,`\]mD Ë&#x2DC; & S4 Z/*WdaSS LZ* b1``Sb\O `SS a\,`1Y1ZZ\y a]*ZSSME 3S,jSy , X ,1O V1E b\31 am-`*W ,*3Zdp `\Wn , Sab\`SS Y1O /SgSZmD Z Z*]Sa*W 7>Ob\YZmy b`d/E h*abnp V\b\`\-\ +mW 7>>Oab`*ZShZmy Vd`a ]\ fS`d`O -SSD Z1Y dh1Zmy \]Sam,*1b b*VS1 ]1`1/\O ,m1 /Wq a,\1-\ ,`1Y1ZS Y1b\/mE V*V Sa]\WnO 4\,*ZS1 V1b-db* /Wq ,Zdb`1ZZSf j,\,E bS`1\O S/oVb\YSqE S4,W1h1ZS1 V*YZ1y S4 Y\h1,\-\ ]d4m`q ]db1Y ,,1/1ZSq , Y\h1Sa]daV*b1WnO
5D Ë&#x2122;\W3Z\ +mbn Z1 55E * 5> ]`\V*31ZZmfD 6D \-W*aZ\ S+WSSE ,a1 obS ]`\V*31ZZm1 +mWS Yd3hSZmD 7D 1`O Zd,jSyaq w]*W ZSg V Z\-*Y Sada* S ab*W +W*-\/*`Sbn 1-\xD 8D 68 >>> 9D D
5 Sheila Terry/Photo Researchers, Inc.
`*h S *WfSYSV *4S , a,\1y W*+\`*b\`SS
`\+d/Sb1anI a1Zbq+`n 6>56
23
b`d/1 Wn+dV*aSa* ]\ fS`d`-SS +mWS ,]1`,m1 ]`S,1/1Zm SWWpab`*gSS a S4\+`*O 31ZS1Y fS`d`-Sh1aVSf SZab`dY1Zb\,D h1O Zmy a/1W*W b\hZm1 4*`Sa\,VS \V\W\ 6>> S4 ZSf S ]\qaZSWE V*V S V\-/* Sf aW1/d1b Sa]\WnO 4\,*bnD 1V\b\`m1 S4 SZab`dY1Zb\, Wn+dV*O aSa* ab*WS ]`\b\bS]\Y a\,`1Y1ZZmfE ]`1b1`O ]1, 4* bmaqhd W1b WSjn Z14Z*hSb1WnZm1 S4O Y1Z1ZSqD
Ë&#x203A;Z*ZSq `*a]`\ab`*Zqpbaq Z* Ë&#x203A;*]*/
Surgical instruments: 5 bpk, Berlin/Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin/Ruth Schacht/Art Resource, NY; Avicenna: Gianni Dagli Orti/The Art Archive at Art Resource, NY
XI S XII ,1V*f dh1Zm1 Z*h*WS ]1`1,\O /Sbn b`d/m *`*+aVSf ,`*h1y Z* W*bSZaVSy q4mVD *+\b* ]\ ]1`1,\/d ,1W*anE , h*abZ\abSE , Sa]*ZaV\Y -\`\/1 \W1/\E * b*V31 , Sb*O WnqZaVSf -\`\/*f \Zb1O *aaSZ\ S *W1`Z\D aV\`1 obS Y1/SgSZaVS1 b`d/m d31 bk*b1WnO Z\ S4dh*WSan ,\ YZ\-Sf 1,`\]1yaVSf dZS,1`O aSb1b*fD \ aW\,*Y ]d+WSgSab* 'a*Z* *adO /*E /\abS31ZSq ,\ab\hZmf YmaWSb1W1y , Y1O /SgSZ1 wab*WS jS`\V\ S4,1abZm , Ë&#x161;,`\]1EP ,\4Y\3Z\E /*31 , +\Wnj1y ab1]1ZSE h1Y Sf da]1fS , /`d-Sf \+W*abqf Z*dVSxD \3Z\ a d,1`1ZZ\abnp aV*4*bnE hb\ a,\O SYS S4\+`1b1ZSqYS S \bV`mbSqYS *4SE ,SO g1ZZ*E Wn+dV*aSa S /`d-S1 Sf a\,`1Y1ZZSVS 4*W\3SWS ]`\hZmy edZ/*Y1Zb a1-\/ZqjZ1y Y1/SgSZaV\y Z*dVSD
,Sg1ZZ* aW1/Sb 4* ]`S-\b\,W1ZS1Y W1V*`ab,* \b \a]m
`*+aV*q `dV\]San a `SadZV*YS fS`d`-Sh1aVSf SZab`dY1Zb\, Wn+dV*aSa*
1/SgSZaVS1 *Wnb1`Z*bS,m
Ë&#x161; Ë&#x161; ( Ë&#x161;Ë&#x2122; # Ë&#x161; a]1gS*WSabm +\W11 h1Y S4 8> ab`*Z YS`* a\O +`*WSan Z* :>Oy (+SW1yZmy Y13/dZ*`\/Zmy V\Z-`1aa Ë&#x161;,`\]1yaV\-\ \+k1ab,* a1`/1hZ\Oa\ad/Sabmf S oZ/\,*O aVdWq`Zmf fS`d`-\,E V\b\`my ]`\f\/SW , \aV,1 a 6> ]\ 66 Y*q 6>55 -\/*D w \+mbS1 b*V\-\ Y*ajb*+* P ob\ ]`SY1`O Z\ b\ 31E hb\ /Wq a]\`baY1Z\, WSY]S*/*xEP a\\+k*W\an ]\ g1Zb`*WnZ\Yd `\aaSyaV\Yd b1W1V*Z*WdD a1 b`S /Zq V\Z-`1aa* ,ZSY*ZS1 ]`S,W1V*W SZe\`Y*O gS\ZZmy ab1Z/ w 1/SgSZaVS1 *Wnb1`Z*bS,m ]1`1WS,*O ZSp V`\,SxE V\b\`my +mW dab*Z\,W1Z Wd3+\y +\WnO ZShZ\y SZe\`Y*gSS L M ,S/1b1W1y 1-\,mD `*hS ]\O 31W*WS ,4qbn a\bZS SZe\`Y*gS\ZZmf ]*]\VE VZS-E DVDO /SaV\, S Y1/SgSZaVSf ab*b1yE ]\a,qk1ZZmf ob\y ,*3Z\y b1Y1D a\+mY 31 a]`\a\Y ]\Wn4\,*Waq DVDOeSWnY w WnO b1`Z*bS,m ]1`1WS,*ZSp V`\,S P ]`\abmE +14\]*aZmE oeO e1VbS,Zmx1D
`*+\b1 ab1Z/* ]`SZSY*W* dh*abS1
Wd3+* +\WnZShZ\y SZe\`Y*gSSD
`*hS ,4qWS a\bZS SZe\`Y*gS\ZZmf ]*]\VE VZS-E DVD-/SaV\, S Y1/SgSZaVSf ab*b1y
1 m]dk1Z ,S/1b1WqYS 1-\,mD
`\+d/Sb1anI a1Zbq+`n 6>56
25
a]1f +1aV`\,Z\y fS`d`-SS \+1a]1hS,*1baq oee1VbS,ZmY a\h1b*ZS1Y b1`*]1,bSh1aVSf S fS`d`-Sh1aVSf Y1b\/\, V`\,1a+1`131ZSqE * b*V31 Sa]\Wn4\,*ZS1Y a\\b,1bab,dpk1y *]]*`*bd`m S W1V*`ab,
Z\-S1 ,`*hSE \4Z*V\YS,jSan a SZe\`O Y*gS\ZZmY ab1Z/\YE ,m`*4SWS ]\W\3SO b1WnZ\1 \bZ\j1ZS1 V a\,`1Y1ZZmY V`\O ,1a+1`1-*pkSY Y1b\/*Y , fS`d`-Sh1aV\y ]`*VbSV1D *]`SY1`E V*`/S\fS`d`- S4 b*O WSSE ,mabd]*,jSy Z* V\Z-`1aa1E `*aaV*O 4*WE hb\ \h1Zn f\`\j\ 4Z*V\Y a\ ,S/1b1O WqYS 1-\,m S da]1jZ\ a/1W*W SY \V\W\ ;> +1aV`\,Zmf \]1`*gSy Z* a1`/g1D Z b*VO 31 aV*4*WE hb\ \]1`*gSS +14 ]1`1WS,*ZSq V`\,S P ob\ a\,1`j1ZZ\ \+mhZ*q ]`*VbSO V* , 1-\ VWSZSV1D `\e1aa\` S4 Z1Y1gO V\-\ V*`/S\W\-Sh1aV\-\ g1Zb`* , 1`WSZ1 LDeutsches Herzzentrum BerlinM ,4qW /,* /SaV* a eSWnY\Y /Wq a1+q S a,\1-\ V\WO W1-SD \ ,`1Yq /\VW*/* \Z a\\+kSWE hb\ Z1/*,Z\ ]`\,1W \]1`*gSp +14 ]1`1WS,*ZSq V`\,S d `1+1ZV* ,1a\Y 6E9 VSW\-`*YY*E * , Sf VWSZSV1 /1W*WSan \]1`*gSS Z* a1`/g1 /1bqY S a Y1ZnjSY ,1a\YD `f*Z-1WnaV1E a]dabq Y1aqg ]\aW1 Y\O aV\,aV\-\ V\Z-`1aa*E a\ab\qWaq IV 1W\O 26
`\+d/Sb1anI a1Zbq+`n 6>56
Y\`aVSy aSY]\4SdY *Z1ab14S\W\-\,O`1*O ZSY*b\W\-\, 1,1`\OË&#x203A;*]*/Z\-\ `1-S\Z* a Y13/dZ*`\/ZmY dh*abS1YD * ,f\/1 , ,mO ab*,\hZmy 4*W ]`1/ab*,Sb1WS dab*Z\O ,SWS b*V\y 31 SZe\`Y*gS\ZZmy ab1Z/E b\O 31 ]`S,W1VjSy +\Wnj\1 ,ZSY*ZS1D /Z* /\Vb\` Y1/SgSZaVSf Z*dV S4 *ZVbO 1b1`O +d`-*E d,S/1, ]`1/ab*,W1ZZm1 Y*b1`S*WmE ,\aVWSVZdW*B w'b\ V*V `*4 b\E hb\ Zd3O Z\Ix Z* ]\a1b\,*W*E hb\ /\ aSf ]\` ]`S W1h1ZSS \3\-\,mf +\WnZmf Z1V\b\`m1 ,`*O hS ]`\ab\ ]\ ]`S,mhV1 Sa]\Wn4dpb ]1`1O WS,*ZS1 V`\,SD Ë&#x203A;*b1Y \Z* a `*/\abnp /\+*O ,SW*B w *jS Y*b1`S*Wm +d/db \h1Zn Vab*O bS Z* V\Ze1`1ZgSSE ]\a,qk1ZZ\y W1h1ZSp \3\-\,mf +\WnZmfE V\b\`*q ]W*ZS`d1baq , *ZVbO 1b1`+d`-1xD a1 +\Wnj1 ,`*h1y , `*4Zmf ab`*Z*f ,SO /qb ]`1SYdk1ab,* +1aV`\,Zmf Y1b\/\, W1h1ZSq S fS`d`-SSD `1Yq ]\V*31bE ab*O Zdb WS obS Y1b\/m dZS,1`a*WnZmY 4\W\O bmY ab*Z/*`b\Y , Y1/SgSZ1D
% (Ë&#x2122; Ë&#x161;
1/SgSZaVSy bd`S4Y , 4SS
w Z*h*W1 6>55 -\/* ,\ ,a1Y
a1 +\Wnj1 S +\Wnj1 Wp/1y 1/db Z* /`d-\y V\Z1g a,1b*E hb\+m ]\WdhSbn V,*WSeSgS`\,*ZZdp Y1/SO gSZaVdp ]\Y\kn 4* Y*Wdp h*abn b1f /1Z1-E V\b\`m1 \ZS 4*]W*bSWS +m d a1+q /\Y*D \ a\\+k1ZSp -*41O bm w S4Z1a \`W/xE V 6>59 -\/d \3S/*1baqE hb\ Z* SWS]]SZm 131-\/Z\ +d/1b ]`S143*bn YSWWS\Z wY1O /SgSZaVSf bd`Sab\,xE S V 6>6> -\/d b\ 31 hSaW\ bd`SO ab\, \3S/*1baq , (3Z\y \`11D Z\-S1 b*V31 1/db , Z/SpE *W*y4SpE SZ-*]d` S *yW*Z/D \`b\]1O /*YE V*`/S\W\-*Y S /`d-SY ,`*h*Y ab`1Yqbaq Z1 b\WnV\ 3Sb1WS 4*]*/Zmf ab`*ZD *V \bY1h*W\an , b\y 31 -*41b1E YZ\-S1 `*4+\-*b1,jS1 VSb*ygm \+`*k*pbO aq V ]W*abSh1aVSY fS`d`-*YE ]`SZ\aq a a\+\y e\b\O -`*eSS w4Z*Y1ZSb\ab1yE Z* V\b\`mf \ZS f\bqb +mbn ]\f\3SxD
YS`1 Z*ahSbm,*W\an 9E8 YSWWS*`/* Y\+SWnZmf *+\Z1Zb\,x Lw xE " MD Ë&#x203A;* ]\aW1/Z11 /1aqbSW1bS1 S4O4*
abSfSyZmf +1/ab,Sy ]\-S+O WS ;<> >>> h1W\,1VE ]`Sh1Y \V\W\ :>ý ,a1f aY1`b1y ]`Sf\O /Sbaq Z* 41YW1b`qa1ZSqx Lw Ë&#x161; xE
Ë&#x161; )MD
wË&#x203A;* ]`\j1/jS1 6> W1b \V\W\
<>> >>> `\aaSqZ ]\V\ZhSWS a a\+\yx Lw
â&#x20AC;¢ ) Ë&#x203A;Ë&#x161; xE
)MD
Z\-\4*/*hZ\abn Z1]`\/dVbS,Z* *4,SbS1 b1fZ\W\-Sy 4*h*abdp b`1+d1b \b `*+\bZSO V\, ,m]\WZqbn /,1 S +\W11 4*/*hS \/Z\,`1Y1ZZ\ S ]`S ob\Y \b,1h*bn Z* ,\]`\amD w 1E Vb\ /1W*1b YZ\O -\ /1W a`*4dE \V*4m,*pbaq Z1]`\/dVbS,ZmYSxEP -\,\O `Sb WSee\`/ *aaE /S`1Vb\` *+\`*b\`SS ,4*SY\O /1yab,Sq h1W\,1V* S SZb1`*VbS,Zmf Y1/S* ]`S b*ZO e\`/aV\Y dZS,1`aSb1b1 L " MD *V31 a\\+k*W\anE hb\ YZ\-\4*/*hZmy `13SY h*ab\ ,m4m,*1b ab`1aaE ]\ob\Yd Wp/S W1-h1 \b,W1V*pbaq Z* Z1adk1ab,1ZZ\1E Z1 Y\-db -Wd+\V\ YmaWSbn S b*VSY \+`*4\Y d]daV*pb ,*3Zm1 Y\Y1ZbmD WSee\`/ *aa ]`1/W*-*1bB w \-O /* ,m Z*hSZ*1b1 hb\Ob\ /1W*bnE /1W*yb1 , b1h1ZS1 6> YSZdb b\WnV\ ob\ S ZSh1-\ +\W11D *V ,m a\a`1/\b\O hSb1an S ab*Z1b1 YmaWSbn -Wd+31xD
* SWS]]SZ*fE -/1 4*]`1k1Z `*4,\/E hSaW\ 31ZkSZ , ,\4`*O ab1 \b 59 /\ 8= W1bE w3S,dkSf
, -`*3/*ZaV\Y +`*V1E ,\4`\aW\ ,/,\1 a 5==7 ]\ 6>>< -\/x Lw xE %MD
1a]d+WSV1 `d4Sq w;=E6 ]`\g1Zb* Z*a1W1ZSq ab*Z\O ,qbaq 31`b,*YS ]*aaS,Z\-\ Vd`1ZSqxD ab\WSg1 ab`*Zm P +SWSaS \b Z1-\ ab`*/*1b <;E; ]`\g1Zb* /1b1y Lw xE Ë&#x203A; )MD
*V\y `*4Zmy Ë&#x161;Ë&#x2122; & Ë&#x161; a1+1 ]`\/dVbE V\b\O `my Y\31b Sa]\Wn4\,*bnaq , Y1O /SgSZ1E V\aY1bSV1E * b*V31 ,f\/Sbn , a\ab*, Y\pkSf S /14SZeSgS`dpkSf a`1/ab,D Ë&#x161;-\ d]\b`1+Wqpb , ]SkdE S4 Z1-\ /1W*pb a\V S oeS`Z\1 Y*aW\D 'b\b ]`\/dVb V`*aS,my Z* ,S/E V b\O Yd 31 Z1/\`\-\y S ]\]dWq`Zmy ,\ ,a1Y YS`1D 1 SaVWph1Z\E hb\ a1yh*a \Z d ,*a Z* VdfZ1D b\ 31 ob\H SY\ZI hSb*1baqE hb\ `\/SZ* WSY\Z\, P (-\O \ab\hZ*q 4SqD bbd/* \ZS ]\O ab1]1ZZ\ ]1`1V\h1,*WS Z* Ë&#x203A;*]*/E Z* `1/S41YZ\Y\`aV\1 ]\+1`13n1D SO Y\Zm f\`\j\ `*abdb , Yq-V\Y VWSO Y*b1E ,\b ]\h1Yd \ZS \+Wp+\,*WS /Wq a1+q b*VS1 ab`*ZmE V*V `-1ZbSO Z*E a]*ZSqE b*WSqE 1VaSV*E * b*VO 31 Z1V\b\`m1 `*y\Zm 4SS S e`SO VSD 4`\aW\1 /1`1,\E , 4*,SaSY\abS \b a\`b* S Y1ab* ]`\S4`*ab*ZSqE Y\O 31b ]`SZ\aSbn , -\/ 6>>P59>> WSY\O Z\,D m`*kS,*ZS1 `*4WShZmf a\`b\, WSY\ZZmf /1`1,n1,E g,1bdkSf , `*4O Z\1 ,`1YqE ]\4,\Wq1b a\+S`*bn d`\O 3*y ob\-\ gSb`da* V`d-Wmy -\/D
b*WnqZaVS1 V\`ZS b\YE Z* a*Y\Y WS /1W1 /`1,ZS1 `SYWqZ1 ,m`*kS,*WS WSY\ZmE ,1O /dbaq -\`qhS1 a]\`mD dk1ab,dpb ]SanY1ZZm1 /\V*4*b1Wnab,* b\-\E hb\ `SYWqZ1 4Z*WS \/SZ S4 `\/* gSb`dO a\,mfE \h1Zn ]\f\3Sy Z* V`d]Zmy WSO 28
`\+d/Sb1anI a1Zbq+`n 6>56
WSY\Z
Y\ZD a,\1Y b`d/1 wË&#x161;ab1ab,\4Z*ZS1x `SYaVSy Sab\`SV WSZSy b*`jSy \a\+\ d]\YSZ*1b \ /1`1,1 gSb`\Z S 1-\ ]W\/*f LNatural HistoryMD /Z*V\E ]\ YZ1ZSp ,1/dkSf a]1gS*WSab\,E `SYWqZ*Y b*V31 +mW S4,1ab1Z S WSO Y\ZD \h1Yd ob\ Y\3Z\ db,1`3/*bnH dk1ab,d1b YZ\31ab,\ e`1a\V S Y\O 4*SV a S4\+`*31ZS1Y SY1ZZ\ WSY\O Z\,E * Z1 gSb`\Z\,D *]`SY1`E \/Z* ,SWW*E \+Z*`d31ZZ*q ]`S `*aV\]V*f , \Y]1qfE Z1/*`\Y Z*4m,*W*an wË&#x2122;\Y e`dVb\,mf /1`1,n1,xE b*V V*V +mW* dV`*j1Z* e`1aV*YS a S4\+`*O 31ZS1Y `*4Zmf `*ab1ZSyE ,VWph*q S WSY\ZZ\1 /1`1,\D \O,S/SY\YdE , b\ ,`1Yq WSY\Z ahSb*Waq oV4\bSh1aVSY /1`1,\Y S `*ag1ZS,*Waq WSjn V*V W1V*`ab,1ZZ\1 `*ab1ZS1D \ Z1S4O ,1abZ\E Z*aV\WnV\ jS`\V\ +mWS `*aO ]`\ab`*Z1Zm , b*WSS WSY\Zm S W1-V\ WS +mW\ Sf ,m`*kS,*bnD aZ\,Z\y ]\ab*,kSV gSb`da\,mfE , b\Y hSaW1 WSY\Z\,EP ob\ \ab`\, SgSWSqE S4,1abZmy a,\SY b1]WmY ]`\/\W3Sb1WnZmY W1b\Y S Yq-V\y 4SY\yD /Z*V\ WSY\Zm ,ma\V\-\ V*O h1ab,* ,m`*kS,*pb S , /`d-Sf h*O abqf b*WSSE ]`1SYdk1ab,1ZZ\ , ]`S+`13Zmf `*y\Z*fD /Z\ S4 b*VSf Y1ab P 3S,\]SaZmy -\`\/\V \``1Zb\E `*a]\W\31ZZmy V p-d \b 1*]\WqE S p3Z11 1-\ P Z1O ]\,b\`SY\1 ]\ a,\1y V`*a\b1 Y*WnO
eSb*ZaV\1 ]\+1`13n1 ]`\bq31ZZ\O abnp +\W11 8> VSW\Y1b`\,D /\Wn 1-\ aV*WSabmf +1`1-\, pbqbaq \h*`\,*O b1WnZm1 -\`\/VS P Y*WneSE \4SO b*Z\ S n1b`S adWn *`1EP ob\ WSjn Z1V\b\`m1 S4 g1W\-\ \31`1Wnq -\`\O /\,D \`b*Y WSY\Z\,E ,m`*kS,*1O Ymf , \``1Zb\ S Z* Y*WneSb*ZO aV\Y ]\+1`13n1E ]`Sa,*S,*1baq a1`O bSeSV*bE ]\/b,1`3/*pkSyE hb\ \ZS /1yab,Sb1WnZ\ +mWS VdWnbS,S`\,*O Zm 4/1anD 1abZm1 3Sb1WS 4*+\bqbaq \ a,\Sf WSY\ZZmf ]W*Zb*gSqfE ]`1O /daY\b`Sb1WnZ\ ,ma*3S,*q Sf b1`O `*a*YS Z* 4*WSbmf a\WZg1Y -\`Zmf aVW\Z*fE hb\+m /1`1,nq ]`SZ\aSWS a\hZm1 S *`\Y*bZm1 ]W\/mD b\+m ,m`*abSbn WSY\Z Z1 b`1+dO 1baq YZ\-\ Y1ab*D Ë&#x2122;Wq ob\-\ ,]\WZ1 ]\/\y/1b a,1bW*q W\/3SqE +*WV\Z SWS ]\/\V\ZZSVE ,1/n /1V\`*bS,Z\1 WSY\ZZ\1 /1`1,g1E dV`*j*pk11 /\YE Y\31b `*abS , -\`jV1D SY\Z*Y Z`*O ,qbaq a\WZ1hZm1E 4*kSk1ZZm1 \b aV,\4ZqV* Y1ab* P 31W*b1WnZ\ d ab1O ZmE -/1 \ZS Y\-db Z13Sbnaq , b1]W1D \ 4SY\yE V\-/* b1Y]1`*bd`* 4Z*hSO b1WnZ\ ]\ZS3*1baqE /1`1,g1 aW1/d1b Z*V`m,*bn SWS d+S`*bn , V\YZ*bdD
1 b\WnV\ V`*a\b* S *`\Y*b
*V h*ab\ ,*Y ]`S-\3/*1baq WSO Y\ZH /ZS VW*/db W\YbSV WSY\Z* , h*yE /`d-S1 Sa]\Wn4dpb 1-\ *`\Y*bO Zdp g1/`d SWS a/*+`S,*pb 1-\ a\V\Y ,m]1hVdD Y\31b +mbnE ,m /1W*1b1 S4 Z1-\ WSY\Z*/D \ ,a1Y YS`1 d ]\O ,*`\, WSY\Z ,a1-/* ]\/ `dV\y V*V Z1O 4*Y1ZSYmy SZ-`1/S1ZbD \ /\,\/SO W\an WS ,*Y Sa]\Wn4\,*bn a\V ob\-\ ]W\/* /Wq ,m,1/1ZSq ]qb1Z SWS /1O 4SZe1VgSSH 1V\b\`m1 \hSk*pb S /14SZeSgSO `dpb Vdf\ZZm1 /\aVSE ]`\bS`*q Sf ]\W\,SZV\y WSY\Z*D `\Y1 b\-\E ]SO bn1,*q a\/*E `*4,1/1ZZ*q WSY\ZZmY a\V\YEP f\`\j*q 4*Y1Z* \b+1WS,*b1O WqE ]qbZ\,m,\/Sb1Wq S a`1/ab,* /Wq hSabVS `*V\,SZmD ]\WOWSY\Z*E ]\O W\31ZZm1 , f\W\/SWnZSV SWS ]\adO /\Y\1hZdp Y*jSZdE Y\-db /1yab,\O ,*bn V*V \a,13*pkSy *`\Y*bS4*b\`
S *+a\`+1ZbE dab`*Zqq Z1]`SqbZmy 4*]*fD 4 obSf gSb`da\,mf ]\Wdh*pb WSO Y\ZZdp VSaW\bdE V\b\`*q Sa]\Wn4d1bO aq V*V Z*bd`*WnZmy V\Za1`,*Zb S ]`S/*1b +Wp/d SWS Z*]SbVd ]`SqbO Zdp VSaWSZVdD qV\bn S V\3d`* WSO Y\Z* +\-*bm ]1VbSZ\YE ]`SY1Zq1O YmY , ]Sk1,\y ]`\YmjW1ZZ\abS , V*h1ab,1 31WS`dpk1-\ ,1k1ab,*E 4*O -dabSb1Wq S oYdWn-*b\`*D `\Y1 b\-\E V\3d`* WSY\Z* a\/1`3Sb oeS`Z\1 Y*aW\E +14 V\b\`\-\ Z1 \+\ybSan , ]SO k1,\yE e*`Y*g1,bSh1aV\y S V\aY1O bSh1aV\y ]`\YmjW1ZZ\abqfD ob\ /*W1V\ Z1 ]\WZmy ]1`1h1Zn ,a1-\E hb\ Y\3Z\ ,m3*bn S4 WSY\Z*D Ë&#x2122;1yO ab,Sb1WnZ\E WSY\Z Z1 b\WnV\ q`VSy S *`\Y*bZmy e`dVbE \Z ]`*VbSh1aVS Z14*Y1ZSYmy ]\Y\kZSVI
Sb*YSZ C Sb*YSZ C \+1a]1hS,*1b `\ab S `*4,SbS1 \`-*ZS4Y*E \Z b*V31 ,*31Z /Wq ]\//1`3*ZSq 4/\`\,nqD Y +\-*bm YZ\-S1 `*abSb1WnZm1 ]`\/dVbmE Z*]`SY1` 41W1Zm1 WSab\,m1 \,\O kSE ]\YS/\`mE aW*/VSy ]1`1gE h1`Z*q aY\`\O /SZ* S VWd+ZSV*D \ VW*/141Y ,Sb*YSZ* C ,a1 31 q,Wqpbaq gSb`da\,m1 S a`1/S ZSfE V\O Z1hZ\ 31E WSY\ZD Ë&#x161;-\ a\/1`3*ZS1 , WSY\Z1 4*,SaSb \b YZ\-Sf e*Vb\`\,E b*VSfE V*V VWSO Y*bSh1aVS1 daW\,SqE , V\b\`mf ,m`*kS,*Waq WSY\ZE a]1W\abn ]W\/* S /*31 1-\ ]\W\31ZS1 Z* /1`1,1D Z1V\b\`mf ab`*Z*f adb\hZ*q ]\b`1+Z\abn , ,Sb*YSZ1 C /Wq ,4`\aW\-\ 4/\`\,\-\ \`-*O ZS4Y* a\ab*,Wq1b \V\W\ 5>> YSWWS-`*YY\,D /SZ WSY\Z a`1/Z1-\ `*4Y1`* \+1a]1hS,*1b ,4`\aW\-\ h1W\,1V* ]`SY1`Z\ ]\W\,SZ\y adb\hZ\y Z\`Ym ,Sb*YSZ* CD
˚ ˚• )
b\ Z1 b*V Z* V*`bSZV1H `\hSb*yb1 dVS 5;B55P5=D *VS1 b`S /1b*WS Z* ob\Y `SadZV1 S4\+`*31Zm Z1,1`Z\H *]SjSb1 ZS31 a,\S \b,1bm S `*aV`*anb1 V*`bSZVdD
5 ˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝ 6 ˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝ 7 ˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝˝ ˘ b,1bm V w ˚ ˚• • ˚x aY\b`Sb1 Z* ab`*ZSg1 67D
˙\]\WZSb1WnZm1 oV41Y]Wq`m w 1Y1yZ\y ,SVb\`SZmx Y\3Z\ `*a]1h*b*bn a a*yb* www.jw.org /ru
˙ ) ˝˙˚ ) b\ , \bWShS1 \b /`d-Sf a/1W*W \/SZ S4 ]`\V*31ZZmfH
˙ ˛ B ]`\hSb*yb1 dVS 5;B59E 5:D *V ,m Y\31b1 ]\/`*3*bn 1-\ ]`SO Y1`dH ˙ ˛ B ]`\hSb*yb1 \W\aO aqZ*Y 7B59C 5 1aa*W\ZSVSyg*Y 9B5<D \-\ Z1 Zd3Z\ 4*+m,*bn +W*-\/*`Sbn V*3/my /1ZnH ˙ ˛ B ]`\hSb*yb1
a*W\Y 5>;B<C *V\,* 5B5;D ˙ )
˚• ˚ & dabn V*3/my hW1Z a1YnS 4*]Sj1b ]\ Y1Znj1y Y1`1 \/Zd ]`ShSZdE 4* hb\ \Z +W*-\/*`1Z \-d 1-\,1E 4* hb\ +W*-\/*`1Z V\YdOb\ S4 a,\1y a1YnS S 4* hb\ +W*-\/*`1Z V\YdO b\ 1k1D \b\Y Z*]SjSb1E V*V ,m Y\31b1 ]`\q,Sbn Z* /1W1 a,\p +W*-\/*`Z\abn 1-\,1 S obSY Wp/qYD
\+1`Sb1 S 4*]\YZSb1
*]Sa*Z* ]\aW1/Zqq VZS-* S+WSS
-\`* 1,\
˚ ˚
5 -D ZD oD
=< -D ZD oD
b`13nb1E aW\3Sb1 ]\]\W*Y S a\f`*ZSb1
˚•
\b,\`1Z /*Y
% D *VS1 VZS-S S+WSS Z*]Sa*W \Sa1y ]\/ ,/\fZ\,1ZS1Y \-*H D \/Sb1W1y \Sa1q 4,*WS S D ˚-\ damZ\,SW* D D ˛*V\ZhSb1 e`*4d S4 S+WSSB w \Sa1y +mW b,1`/E +d/b\DDDx
8>6: -\/ /\ ZD oD
˝SW , 59>> --D /\ ZD oD
˚• ˚• )
65
SZ*yaV*q ]dabmZq
\a]Sbm,*Waq , ˚-S]b1E ]1`1j1W h1`14 SZ*yaVdp ]dabmZpE /\y/q /\ -\`m 1,\
˚ % H 1`,mY S4 +S+W1yaVSf ]1`a\Z*31yE Z*/1W1ZZmf aSW\y b,\`Sbn hd/1a*D \Sa1y +mW \3nSY ]`\`\V\YE ad/n1yE 4*V\Z\/*b1W1Y S ,\3/1Y /`1,Z1-\ 4`*SWqD Z +mW h1W\,1V\YE a\b,\`S,jSY YZ\-\ d/S,Sb1WnZmf S hd/Zmf /1W L b\`\4*V\ZS1 78B5>P56C af\/ 8B5P=MD
˚ % D mbS1E af\/E 1,SbE SaW*E b\`\4*V\ZS1E \, Lb*V31 a*W\Y => SE ,\4Y\3Z\E a*W\Y =5MD D Y`*YE \f*,1/*E /\hn e*`*\Z* L af\/ 5B59P6B5>C :B6>MD D wDDD,S/1W 1,S/SY\-\x L˚,`1qY 55B6;MD
b`*Zm S Z*`\/m 8D 1Zq 4\,db *Y]S\Z\Z*D Z1 ,\a1Yn W1bD ) 3S,d Z* */*-*aV*`1D V\WnV\ Z* */*-*aV*`1 ,S/1b1W1y 1-\,mB 5> >>>E 68 >>> SWS :6 >>>H 9D *V*q b\hV* Z* V*`b1 dV*4m,*1b Y1ab\E -/1 3S,d qH +,1/Sb1 11E \bY1bnb1 Z* V*`b1 b\ Y1ab\E -/1 3S,1b1 ,mE S ]\aY\b`Sb1E V*V /*W1V\ \Z\ Z*f\/Sbaq \b */*-*aV*`*D
˛*/*ZS1 /Wq /1b1y
*y/S , 3d`Z*W1 obS V*`bSZVS S a,\SYS aW\,*YS `*aaV*3SE hb\ S4\+`*31Z\ Z* V*3/\y S4 ZSfD
`\+d/Sb1anI a1Zbq+`n 6>56
31
Z* Z1 Y\-W* \b\`,*bnaq \b ob\y VZS-S ˘ ˝1ZkSZ* S4 npO•\`V* L " M +mW* ,]1h*bW1Z* b1YE V*V , VZS-1 w 1W\,1h1ab,\ , ]\SaV*f \-*x \+O ad3/*pbaq \aZ\,Zm1 YS`\,m1 `1WSO -SSD Z* aV*4*W*B w *h*, hSb*bn obd VZS-dE q Z1 Y\-W* \b Z11 \b\`,*bnaqI
]*aS+\ 4* b*Vdp ]\W14ZdpE ]\4Z*O ,*b1WnZdp WSb1`*bd`dxD ˙`d-\y hSb*b1Wn Z*]Sa*WB w) ]`\O hSb*W obd VZS-d \b V\`VS /\ V\`VSE ‹ * b*V31 ]`\,1`SW +\Wnjdp h*abn aamW\V Z* gSbS`d1Ym1 ]d+WSV*O gSS P * Sf Z1Y*W\I ) Z*ab\qb1WnZ\ a\,1bdp ,a1Y ]`\hSb*bn obd VZS-dD \Z1hZ\E , Z1y \]Sam,*pbaq ,4-Wq/m
,S/1b1W1y 1-\,mE Z\ ob\ WSjn Y*O W*q h*abn SZb1`1aZ1yj1y Sab\`SS `1WS-SSxD
m Y\31b1 4*V*4*bn obd 7<8Oab`*O ZShZdp VZS-dE 4*]\WZS, Vd]\Z S \bO ]`*,S, 1-\ ]\ \/Z\Yd S4 */`1a\,E dV*4*ZZmf Z* ab`*ZSg1 9 ob\-\ 3d`Z*W*D
Q ) f\hd ]\WdhSbn dV*4*ZZdp VZS-d
˚ ˚ ˚
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
\y */`1aE SZ/1Va
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
Z* D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D q4mV1D Q 1Zq SZb1`1ad1b +1a]W*bZ\1 /\Y*jZ11 S4dh1ZS1 S+WSSD
www.jw.org/ru
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
g12 09-U