Experimental 18 | Architectural Association | 2019-2020
MIX UP:
Tall Towers as Catalysts for Social Interaction
Experimental 18 | Architectural Association | 2019-2020
MIX UP:
Tall Towers as Catalysts for Social Interaction
Table of Contents
5 Introduction 7 13 19 25
Case Study: CCTV (OMA) Case Study: de Rotterdam (OMA) Case Study: Linked Hybrid (Steven Holl Architects) Case Study: Shanghai Tower (Gensler)
31
Margherita Canali: Grow-Rise
47
Damian Kam: Fashion Highwalk
61
Jihyun Choi: BUSINESSing NET
81
Diana Dulina: A-HUB
93
Sofya Zhuravlev: CoWork, CoLearn, CoCreate
105
Brian Chung: The Digital Zoo
117
Elliot Watt: Startup Accelerator
131
Pierre Zebouni: Elevated Sanctuary
149
Sungho Choi: The Garden City
163
Angelina Kiryukhina: Last Mile Delivery Centre
175
Vian Rasool: Museum for the Senses
Experimental 18 | Architectural Association | 2019-2020
MIX UP:
Tall Towers as Catalysts for Social Interaction
Tutors:
Viviana Muscettola Melodie Leung Nhan Vo Students:
Angelina Kiryukhina Brian Chung Damian Kam Diana Dulina Elliot Watt Jihyun Choi Margherita Canali Pierre Zebouni Sofya Zhuravleva Sung Ho Choi Vian Rasool Zeena Ismail
A special thank you to the following individuals for generously sharing their time and knowledge with us:
Alvin Huang Ana Araujo Chris Caroll Faaiza Lalji Jack Newton James Khamsi Javier Quintara de Una Leonora Lang Marco Vanucci Patrik Schumacher Paul Edwards Peter Murray Steve Watts Vince Ugarow
Experimental 18 | Architectural Association | 2019-2020
MIX UP:
Tall Towers as Catalysts for Social Interaction
Experimental 18 explores the interrelationship between tall towers and the creation of places for social interaction and production. The unit consists of second and third year students at the Architectural Association. The design of tall towers has been shaped and governed over time by a matrix of civic agendas, financial and physical forces resulting in a differentiated skyline reflecting greater and more intensified urban density while remaining isolated and limited in connectivity. In an era of increasingly limited natural resources, how can vertically arranged physical spaces be responsibly informed by and encourage contemporary forms of social communication? Can towers maintain the connective qualities and scale of a village community with the energy of an active and global metropolis? The unit began by collectively researching existing tower typologies: examples of residential, commercial and mixed use towers in various cities around the world. The framework for the analysis and design of towers centres on the interrelated systems of STRUCTURE, ENCLOSURE, and MOVEMENT. With this understanding, an alternative set of programs was investigated as sites with the potential to be arranged vertically. Projects were located within the City of London, with the design for areas of connectivity to include attention to the ground condition, underground and above ground amenities, and the possibilities and challenges afforded by vertical atria, nested public and private spaces and a mixed program. The results were critically assessed against existing models of performance, function and efficiency. Each student developed their design proposal as a synthesis of the existing tower typology enfolded with the alternative vertically arranged programs as a process of exploration to understand if the architecture of tall buildings can provide improved human and community scaled hubs to work, live, and socialize.
Case study
CCTV OMA
Elliot Watt Margherita Canali Vian Rasool
Exp 18 Mix-up: Tall Towers
modern methods as guidelines to achieve set performance objectives at different levels of seismic events. Checks explicit and quantitative design were made using linear and nonlinear seismic analysis allowed to verify compliance with the three levels of seismic design required by the authorities. B a s i c Q u a l i t y Ta r g e t s - No structural damage when subjected to an earthquake of level 1 with an average return period of 50 years. - Repair structural damage when subjected to an earthquake of level 2 by return period of 475 years. - Accepted but forecast severe structural damage collapse when the building is subjected to an earthquake of level 3, for an average return period of 2500 years. In the place where CCTV rise, values horizontal ground acceleration associated with the three l e v e l s o f d e s i g n e a r t h q u a ke s a re 7 . 2 0 a n d 4 0 % re s p e c t i v e l y o f g ra v i t y. T h e s t r u c t u re w a s a c h a l lenge for engineers. They had to design a construction plan for two towers supported in 60° to 90° bend in its top and bottom, to meet, forming a continuous loop. The towers were built in the opposite diagonal corners with a footprint of 160 x 160 meters, on a base of 45m in height and 9 f l o o r s , c o n n e c t e d b y a p o d i u m i n a ‘ L’. I n i t s u p p e r p a r t w e r e c o - j o i n e d b y a b r i d g e t o ‘ L’ p a r a l l e l to the podium. Thin concrete cores inside the building support internal floors. Basements with 4 levels reaching up to 18m below ground.
The building consists in two towers of different heights leaning towards each other of an angle of 6 degree, connected by a 75 m e te r s c a n t i l e v e r. The building was constructed by joining three volumes created a unique final volume. In order not to block the structural differentials this connection was scheduled to take place at dawn, when the steel of the twin towers were cooled and raised and managed the same temperature. Rem Khoolas “The building could have never been conceived by the Chinese and could have never been built by the Europeans”
2002 Competition won by OMA
2012 Completion
CCTV is among the first of 300 new towers in the new Beijing CBD
Architect Owner and Managment Structural Engineer Main Contractor
Costs To t a l F l o o r A r e a Height
Office for Metropolitan Architecture China Media Group Ove Arup & Par tners China State Construction and Engineering Corporation
850 m EURO 473000 sqm 234 m
Movement and Enclosure Exp 18 Mix-up: Tall Towers
CCTV Headquarters - Beijing, China OMA
Case study: CCTV
Movement and Enclosure Exp 18 Mix-up: Tall Towers
Case study: CCTV
Structure and Enclosure Exp 18 Mix-up: Tall Towers
Case study: CCTV
Structure and Enclosure Exp 18 Mix-up: Tall Towers
Case study: CCTV
Case study
De Rotterdam OMA
Angelina Kiryukhina Damian Kam Sungho Choi
Exp 18 Mix-up: Tall Towers
1
OWNERSHIP
STRUCTURES WHICH CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPEMENT
THE CHANGING SKYLINE OF KOP VAN ZUID 1986
2000
2013
ERASMUSBRUG BUILT, CONNECTING KOP VAN ZUID TO THE HISTORICAL CITY CENTRE
MIXED USE AND VERTICAL CITY CONCEPT INTRODUCED
GOOD VIEW LINE OF ALL BUILDINGS TO CONTRIBUTE TO THE SKYLINE.
NORTH SIDE
NORTH SIDE
€ PER M2
SOUTH SIDE
€ PER M2
1986 - ERASMUSBRUG
5000
15.9
4600
14.8
The Erasmusbrug Bridgwas built in 1986 to create a physical connection between the north and the south. This new suspension bridge is the symbol of the year 2000, where its ‘swan’ like form caught public imagination.
4353
14
17% COMPOSITE
3840 3728
29% MIXED-USE
11
2680
2004 MAB seeked Deloitte for financial support, as there weren’t enough investment. Deloitte proposed a mono-functional tower design. However, Deloitte’s design was not realised as they were not interested in mix-used towers.
2006
2007
MAB signed a contract with OVG to finacially support each other. MAB owned 75% of the building, responsible for design and construction; on the other hand, OVG owned 25% of the building, responsible for governing commercial programmes.
OMA joined and proposed final design of the building
TOTAL COST: €340,000,000 INVESTMENT FROM MAB: €200,000,000
TOTAL COST: €340,000,000 INVESTMENT FROM MAB: €200,000,000 INVESTMENT FROM OVG: €75,000,000
OWNERSHIP: 100% MAB
OWNERSHIP: 75% MAB, 25% OVG
43% RESIDENTIAL
83% CONCRETE
29% OFFICE
TOTAL COST: €375,000,000 INVESTMENT FROM MAB: €200,000,000 INVESTMENT FROM OVG: €75,000,000
DE MARKET ROTTERDAM 2016
OWNERSHIP: 75% MAB, 25% OVG
DE MARKET ROTTERDAM
MARKET
2019
RESIDENTIAL RENTAL PRICE
DE ROTTERDAM $ $$$ 2019
MARKET
2016
DE ROTTERDAM $ $$$
2019
RESIDENTIAL SALE PRICE
FLATS HIERARCHY
COMPARISON IN THE RATE OF PRICE INFLATION
There’s a hiecharchy in terms of property price within De Rotterdam. The apartment price, both
Both the rental and sale price of De Rotterdam are balancing out with the market prices in
rental and sales, goes up with the floors; and the price also changes depending the sides in which
Rotterdam as the real estate market is in a bit of decline starting from 2015. This is also reason why
the apartment is facing: The Rijnhaven side is the most expensive, while the Maas side is the least.
MAB Development ‘phase out’, as Rabobank’s financer in the Real Estate Market, FGH, was in
BUILDING FUNCTIONS (BUILDINGS >150M HEIGHT)
STRUCTURAL MATERIAL (BUILDINGS >150M HEIGHT)
decline. Hence Rabobank. changed its investment to a broarder market of asset management
1997 - CRUISE TERMINAL
KOP VAN ZUID
The cruise terminal is repurposed in 1997 to create a lively and attractive mixed used district. Other than retaining its original programme of a cruise terminal, retail or other public use are incorporated on the ground floor perimeter to give an active street frontage.
Kop Van Zuid is the restruction of the former dock-land as the city faced major urban development in the 1980s, with its city centre extending across the river Maas to the South Bank.
MAAS
KPN TOREN TOWER
BUILDING COST €23,220,000
ERASMUSBRUG
€1161 PER M2
DE ROTTERDAM
Wilhelminaplein Station
BUILDING COST €375,000,000
€2344 PER M2
CRUISE TERMINAL
PROPOSE PROGRAMME AFTER DOT.COM CRISIS
PROPOSE PROGRAMME AFTER 9/11
PROPOSE PROGRAMME AFTER OMA JOINED
OFFICE
RESIDENTIAL
HOTEL
RO
BUILDING COST €100,000,000
€2857 PER M
OWNERS’ PROFILE
MET
WORLD PORT CENTRE
Traditionally Rotterdam has been a predominant working class city, while the other three big cities of the Randstad (Den Haag, Utrech and Amsterdam) have been seen as more attractive. Although the port and city centre were rebuilt after the massive bomb damage during World War II, the subsequent relocation of the docks left large areas of derelict land in the city and high unemployment especially among unskilled workers. At the same time there was an exodus of people to the growing suburbs and a large inflow of immigrants from former Dutch colonies and elsewhere. The main strategy to tackle the issue has been focusing on both building on the strength of its port and logistics sector and on diversifying the city’s economy and expanding its facilities to make it an attractive location for ‘knowledge industries’ and for ‘knowledge workers’. This means repositioning Rotterdam away, in part, from its traditional roots and attracting in new people.
2 RIJNHAVEN
PUBLIC
MAB DEVELOPMENT
1999 - METRO
EXAMPLE PROJECTS: Les Halles in the center of Paris, De Resident in The Hague and the city hearts of cities such as Nice, Zoetermeer, Amstelveen and Almere.
THE HAGUE COASTLINE
OVG REAL ESTATE
PO
RT
OVG Real Estate is a fast-growing, global, real estate development company headquartered in Amsterdam, with offices in Rotterdam, Hamburg, Berlin and New York. THEY are currently in the middle of transforming ourselves from a real estate developer into a real estate technology company. THEIR ultimate goal is to become the leading brand in the business. It is THEIR core purpose to use technology to connect people and create healthy and sustainable environments.
TY CI
2009
DE V
AMVEST joined the investment, taking ownership of the residential tower. TOTAL COST: €375,000,000 INVESTMENT FROM MAB: €200,000,000 INVESTMENT FROM OVG: €75,000,00 INVESTMENT FROM AMVEST: €100,000,0000
EXAMPLE PROJECTS: East Side Tower in Berlin, Valley 1,2 and 3 in Amsterdam and The Edge in Amsterdam.
EL OP M
EN T
OWNERSHIP: 50% MAB, 25% OVG, 25% AMVEST
UR B AN AX I S
Water Taxi
The Wilhelminaplein Station is built in 1999, joining the original metro line connecting Rotterdam Central to Zuidplein. However, as the metro line expands, it creates connections to everywhere in Rotterdam and The Hague.
KERS S & WOR USTRIE E’ IND GEABL WLED ‘KNO
MAB Development is European developer of commercial real estate and multi-use city centre projects. THEY provide city centres with sustainable and successful combinations of living, shopping, working and recreation. Retail is often a key ingredient in mixed-used developments. MAB Development has offices in Germany, France and The Netherlands.
HOOGBOUWVIGIE
A high-rise building policy introduced in 1993, which limit the building of high rise to be built only along the urban axis. Also, for high rises which will drive development of the city to be seen as part of the skyline. This is also the reason why De Rotterdam has to increase its height from 110m to 150m.
AMVEST Amvest Investment Management manages around 20,000 homes, giving almost 50,000 tenants a home. Their job is to realize around 10,000 new homes in the coming years. These are mainly rental properties, but they also develop owner-occupied homes, care complexes and facilities.
2000 - KPN TOREN TOWER The design of the KPN Tower has proposed revisions to the masterplan. As the initial KPN Tower design has too few floor areas, a new land-use plan is proposed. The new land-use plan also proposed the idea of mix-used buildings, suggested from Rem Koolhas’ ‘Vertical City’. Also, as this bilding is dsesigned by starchitect Renzo Piano, it is also seen as a high quality building, as stated in the Kop Van Zuid Scheme.
EXAMPLE PROJECTS: De Zalmhaven in Rotterdam, District E Tower in Eindhoven, Coopvaert in Rotterdam, etc.
RABOBANK
MUTUAL BENEFIT PROGRAMME
The low skill, uneducated immigrants who used to work in the dock are not forced to leave the area, but ratherwere encouraged to stay to assist new businesses and new business ideas.
N
Rabobank Group is a full-range financial services provider that operates on cooperative principles. Its origins lie in the local loan cooperatives that were founded in the Netherlands nearly 110 years ago by enterprising people who had virtually no access to the capital market.
1970
1992
2015
Rabobank Group is comprised of independent local Rabobanks plus Rabobank Nederland, their umbrella organisation, and a number of specialist subsidiaries. Overall, Rabobank Group has approximately 61,100 employees (in FTEs), who serve about 10 million customers in 47 countries. MAB DEVELOPMENT and OVG REAL ESTATE are companies under RABOBANK
186 APARTMENTS ARE FOR SALE 54 APARTMENTS ARE FOR RENTAL RESEARCH
SITE HISTORY, DESIGN PROCESS, OWNERSHIP TRANSFERRAL
ARCHITECTURAL DAMIAN
KAM,
ASSOCIATION
ANGELINA
EX
18,
KIRYUKHINA,
2019-2020 SCOTT
CHOI
KOP VAN ZUID SCHEME STATED ‘PARKING IS PROVIDED AT ONE SPACE PER DWELLING’
NH HOTEL IS RENTING THE HOTEL, PROVIDING 266 ROOMS
2013 Construction was completed. MAB has ceased to exist, and OVG had been bought over by Rabobank. As such, the combined 75% ownership had gone to Rabobank. TOTAL COST: €375,000,000 INVESTMENT FROM RABOBANK: €275,000,000 INVESTMENT FROM AMVEST: €100,000,0000
2001 - WORLD PORT TOWER Similar to the KPN Toren Tower, the importance of the World Port Tower doesn’t only lay in the tower itself, but also the fact that it’s Norman Foster who designed it. The Kop Van Zuid Scheme put a heavy emphasis on high quality buildings in the second wave of high rises, hence employing Norman Foster to contribute to the new Rotterdam skyline.
HIGH-RISE VISIBILITY ASSESSMENT // 1:400,000 The above diagrams are visual impact diagrams which records building density in an area, while the columns represnts density, the colour of the columns represents the height of the building (the darker the blue is, the taller the building is.) !970, 1992 and 2015 are used as reference time points, as 1970 was before any Urban Development took place; 1992 was the point when the first wave of high rises appear; 2015 was the midpoint of the second wave of high rise. These diagrams sho the rapid developemt from a former dockyard to metropolis city.
OWNERSHIP: 75% RABOBANK, 25% AMVEST
Site Context and Form Follows Changing Ownership Exp 18 Mix-up: Tall Towers
Case Study: De Rotterdam
FLOOR AREA PER FLAT IN RELATION TO LEVELS
MAAS
MAAS
ERASMUSBRUG
COMBINED
office
(LOWER
AND
UPPER
RISE)
ERASMUSBRUG MAAS
1:100
1:100
UPPER RISE APARTMENT FLOOR 29 FLAT 509
LOWER RISE APARTMENT FLOOR 10 FLAT 257
FOR SALE
FOR RENTAL
2-bedroom apartment with used area of more than 127m2. The living area has an area of appproximately 62m2.
1-bedroom apartment with used area of over 100m2. The living room area has an area of approximately 52m2.
The flat is furnished when it is for sale, with a Bulthaup Kitchen already installed, and bathroom and kitchen alrady tiled.
The flat is furnished when it is for sale, with a Bulthaup Kitchen already installed, and bathroom and kitchen alrady tiled.
The apartment overlook the Maas, the Willems Bridge.
The apartment overlook the Maas, the Willems Bridge.
THE DIFFERENCE IN PRICE The difference in price of apartments in the upper rise and lower rise is caused by difference in size, and the number of bedrooms available. Moreever, this price difference is also caused by the fact that there is only a party wall to seperate the office space next door to the flat. Tenants can also look directly into the office space next door.
CORE
COLUMNS
GRID
(UPPER
RISE)
COLUMNS
GRID
(LOWER
RISE)
RIJNHAVEN 1:200 HOTEL PLAN
CRUISE TERMINAL
PRICE
RIJNHAVEN HOTEL ROOM PRICE IN RELATION TO VIEWS
APARTMENT
PRICE IN TO VIEWS
RELATION
APARTMENT
Comparing all the flats on the same floor, typically, flats with windows facing the Rijnhaven has the highest sale and rental price. Then the price range decrease in a clockwise direction.
COLUMNS
&
PRICE IN RELATION TO HEIGHT
The price of the apartment increase with height, as the flat size increase as it goes up the levels, so as the enhancement of views.
TRUSSES
The NH hotel’s rooms are roughly 23m2 big, with the exception of the rooms facing the south which are 30m2. Those south facing rooms are promoted as the ‘sunrise’ viewing rooms. In order to maximise profit, the NH hotel specify to have 266 rooms, rather than specifying floor area, in the planning of De Rotterdam. This is also the cause in why the columns do not align with the party walls.
COMBINED
COLUMNS
GRID
(UPPER
PODIUM)
COLUMNS
GRID
(LOWER
PODIUM)
1:500 OBLIQUE AXONOMETRIC PLAN CORE SHEAR
WITH WALLS
For better separation between apartment, providing more privacy for each apartment.
CORE WITH OUTRIGGERS
Allow lifts to face each other, enhancing the efficiency in circulation. Outrigger allows the floors to be split into 2 zones, allowing 2 companies to rent the same floor.
80% ENCLOSED CORE
Provide privacy by allowing different point of access to the core, for the 2 diiferent programmes (hotel, office) which shares the same core.
JACKING SYSTEM & PILE FOUNDATION
As De Rotterdam sits on a reclaimed land, it requires 1,165 pile foundations, each 50m longs, to hold the structure up.During the building phase, jacking system is implemented to hold the building in place as it is sinking.
COMPRESSION
(SHEAR
COMPRESSION
(CORE)
WALLS)
CANTILEVER
COLUMNS
RESEARCH
STRUCTURE AND HOW IT RELATES TO PROFIT ARCHITECTURAL
TENSION
(TRUSSES)
DAMIAN
KAM,
ASSOCIATION
ANGELINA
EX
18,
KIRYUKHINA,
2019-2020 SCOTT
CHOI
Structure Follows Finance Exp 18 Mix-up: Tall Towers
Case study: De Rotterdam
BACK OF HOUSE CIRCULATION DIAGRAM
Back of House includes hotel workers, room cleaners, toilet cleaners, rubbish collectors, retail staff, goods offloading staff.
RESEARCH
ENCLOSURE & MOVEMENT ARCHITECTURAL DAMIAN KAM,
UPPER
ASSOCIATION
ANGELINA
EX
18,
KIRYUKHINA,
2019-2020 SCOTT
CHOI
RISE
ERASMUSBRUG
CRUISE TERMINAL
DE ROTTERDAM LOWER
RISE
METRO
CRUISE TERMINAL
FRONT OF HOUSE CIRCULATION DIAGRAM 5-6TH
Front of House includes residence of the building, office workers, hotel guests, general public, and any vehicles belonging to the people listed before.
FLOOR
METRO
RESIDENCE 2-4TH
OFFICE
FLOOR
LEAVE
WORKERS
MAINTENENCE GOODS
Se
rv
FOR
SCHOOL
AND
WORK M
ARRIVE
TEAM
OFFLOAD
AND
STORE
ic
e
SITE MAP // 1:2000 1ST
l
tia
en
id
s Re
FLOOR
ng
pi
op
Sh
O
GROUND
e
c ffi
CHILDREN OFFICE
ng
pi
p ho
HOTEL
S
el
CLEANERS
Se
ot
H
rv
RETURN
WORKERS GUEST
FROM LEAVE
CHECK
TIDY
UP
SCHOOL FOR
M
LUNCH
WATER TAXI
OUT HOTEL
ROOMS
ic
e
C
SITE MAP // 1:2000
MOVEMENTS TO DE ROTTERDAM RESIDENT OFFICE
BASEMENT
HOTEL
RETURN
WORKERS GUESTS
CLEANERS
FROM LEAVE
CHECK
CLEAN
CARS METRO
WORK
WATER TAXI CRUISE
M
WORK
IN
OFFICE
N ENCLOSURE
DIAGRAM
RESIDENTIAL
HOTEL
PARKING
OFFICE
RETAIL
SERVICES
EXPLODED CIRCULATION DIAGRAM
C
SITE MAP // 1:2000
Movement and Enclosure Follow Ownership Exp 18 Mix-up: Tall Towers
Case Study: De Rotterdam
Case study
Linked Hybrid Steven Holl
Diana Dulina Zeena Ismail Sofya Zhuravleva
Exp 18 Mix-up: Tall Towers
28
Linked Hybrid Zeena Ismail, Sofya Zhuravleva, Diana Dulina
Boundaries Dongcheng District
Beijing & Districts
Architect: Steven Holl Location: Beijing, China Complete: 2009
Changping
- Over 700 Apartments
Shunyi
- A new “open city within a city” - Public skyloop and ground floor loop constantly generates random relationships
Haidian Mentougou
Chaoyang
Sky Loop
Shijingshan
Xicheng
Base Loop
Vertical & Horizontal Access
Site Changes
Dongcheng
Fengtai
Tongzhou
Fangshan
Daxing
1904-1990 Beijing First Paper Mill
2000-2003 Wangguocheng MOMA Complete
01/2005 POP MOMA Complete
Dongcheng District
Commercial Sub-district
Commercial
Beijing
Residential Sub-district
Educational
Beijing First Paper Mill
MOMA Development (High Income)
Linked Hybrid (High Income)
District Boundary
Dongcheng District
New Development
Workers’ Community (Low Income)
Walls
Public Realm
02/2007 Airport Expressway Complete
08/2008 Linked Hybrid (Dangdai MOMA) Complete, demolition of housing at the south
Enclosure
Dongcheng, Old & New
Low Income
High Income Enclosure Expressway Primary Circulation Secondary Circulation Tertiary Circulation High Income
Dongcheng District Boundary
Airport
Low Income
Public Realm
Bus
Expressway
Train
Hotels
Exp 18 Mix-up: Tall Towers
Site Context
Case Study: Linked Hybrid
Structure
Enclosure
8 Towers
Core of concrete shear walls:
Crossed concret
- Rectangular core com
- Linked Hybrid comprises of thirteen concrete cores
8 Towers
Core ofcore concrete shear walls: - Every provides access from the lobby to apartments
Crossed concrete overall stiffness, and ss
forces such as wind or ea - Rectangular core compris - Crossed concrete she overall stiffness,onand stabi apartments typical flo forces such as wind or earth - Crossed concrete shear w apartments on typical floor
- Three of the thirteen cores provide access to Skybridges. - Linked Hybrid comprises of thirteen concrete cores - Every core provides access from the lobby to apartments - Three of the thirteen cores provide access to Skybridges.
Programs Partial Access Steel and concrete composite framing:
Commercial Area
- The perimeter concrete moment frame is the second method of
Steel andlateral concrete composite framing: resisting loads, used effectively around cantilevers as a force Public Access
5 Cantilevers
transfer system. - The perimeter moment frameisiscarried the second method of - Tension fromconcrete overhanging cantilevers through the diagonal resisting lateral loads, bracing towards theused maineffectively building. around cantilevers as a force transfer system. - Core and shear walls increase the structural stiffness that allows for - Tension from overhanging cantilevers is carried through the diagonal each cantilever bracing towards the main building. - Core and shear walls increase the structural stiffness that allows for each cantilever
5 Cantilevers
8 Towers
Residential Area Public Access
Core of concrete shear walls:
Crossed concrete shear walls:
Perimeter concrete moment frame:
- Linked Hybrid comprises of thirteen concrete cores - Every core provides access from the lobby to apartments - Three of the thirteen cores provide access to Skybridges.
- Rectangular core comprises of four shear walls that increase the overall stiffness, and stabilising each building against horizontal forces such as wind or earthquakes. - Crossed concrete shear walls work to dictate the layout of the apartments on typical floor levels.
- Linked Hybrid makes use of its facade to further stabilise the structure of each tower - The frame is a grid comprised of uniform dimensions and interspersed with diagonal members - Diagonal members occur on an ad hoc basis, where it is required for building cantilevers, skybridges and reinforcing the overall stiffness. - Diagonal bracing members are located around the perimeter of each tower and increase torsional rigidity.
Diagonal bracing - Diagonal bracing is
Diagonal bracing: structural sections:
- Diagonal braci - Diagonal -bracing is utilo Double sided structural sections: diagonal braci - Diagonal bracing - Double sided over diagonal bracing i
Programs Partial Access Commercial Area Public Access Invisible skybridge:
Residential Area Public Access 8 Towers
8 Towers 8 Towers 8 Towers
Core of concrete walls: Core of concrete shear shear walls:
-Core Linked of Hybrid of thirteen concrete cores - Linked Hybrid comprises ofcomprises thirteen concrete cores concrete shear walls: - Every coreof provides access from the lobby apartments Core concrete shear walls: - Every core provides access from theprovide lobby to toto apartments --Three ofHybrid the thirteen coresof access Skybridges. Linked comprises thirteen concrete cores - Three of the thirteen cores provide toconcrete Skybridges. - Every coreHybrid provides access access from the lobby to apartments - Linked comprises of thirteen cores
- Three ofcore the thirteen provide access to Skybridges. - Every providescores access from the lobby to apartments - Three of the thirteen cores provide access to Skybridges.
Crossed concrete shear walls: Crossed concrete shear walls:
- Crossed concrete shear walls work to dictate the layout of the apartments on typical floor levels.
Diagonal bracing:
Steel and concrete composite framing: 5 Cantilevers
5 Cantilevers
55 Cantilevers Cantilevers
- The perimeter concrete moment frame is the second method of Steel and concrete composite framing: resisting lateral loads, used effectively around cantilevers as a force transfer system. Steel and concrete composite - The perimeter concrete moment frame is theframing: second method of - Tension from overhanging cantilevers is carried through the diagonal resisting lateral loads, used effectively around cantilevers as a force bracing towards the main building. transfer system. - perimeter The perimeter concrete framestiffness is frame the second of - Core and shear walls increasemoment themoment structural that allows for second - The concrete is method the method of resisting Tension from overhanging cantilevers is carried through the diagonal resisting lateral loads, used effectively around cantilevers as a force each cantilever lateral loads, used effectively bracing towards the main building. around cantilevers as a force transfer system. transfer system. - Core and shear walls increasecantilevers the structural stiffness that allows for - Tension fromoverhanging overhanging is carried through the diagonal - Tension from cantilevers is carried through the diagonal bracing each cantilever bracing towards the main building. towards the building. - Core andmain shear walls increase the structural stiffness that allows for cantilever - Coreeach and shear walls increase the structural stiffness that allows for each
Steel and concrete composite framing:
cantilever
- Linked Hybrid makes- use ofHybrid its facade further the structure of each Linked makes useto ofmoment its facade stabilise to further stabilise the Perimeter concrete frame: of eachcomposite tower concrete tower Perimeter moment frame: Steel andstructure concrete framing: - The frame isHybrid a grid comprised of uniform dimensions and interspersed - Linked use of its facade to further stabilise the - The frame is a grid with comprised ofmakes uniform dimensions and interspersed with diagonal members structure each tower - of Linked Hybrid makes of itsmethod facade ofto further stabilise the - The perimeter concrete moment frame is theuse second - Diagonal members on anofad hoc basis, where it and is required for diagonal members frame is aeffectively gridofoccur comprised dimensions resisting lateral- The loads, used cantilevers as a force interspersed structure eacharound tower uniform building cantilevers, skybridges and reinforcing the overall stiffness. with diagonal members transfer system. - Thean frame is ahoc grid comprised of uniformit dimensions and interspersed - Diagonal members occur on ad basis, where isperimeter required for building - Diagonal bracing members are located around the of - Diagonal members occur on an ad hoc basis, where it is required for - Tension from overhanging cantilevers is carried through the diagonal members each towerwith anddiagonal increase torsional rigidity. cantilevers, skybridges and the overall stiffness. building skybridges andon reinforcing overall stiffness. bracing towards thereinforcing main building. - cantilevers, Diagonal members occur an ad hocthe basis, where it is required for - Diagonal are located around the ofstiffness. - Core and shear walls building increase themembers structural stiffness that allows for perimeter cantilevers, skybridges and reinforcing theof overall - Diagonal bracing members arebracing located around the perimeter each tower and and increase torsional rigidity. each cantilevereach tower - Diagonal bracing members are located around the perimeter of increase torsional rigidity. each tower and increase torsional rigidity.
members - Skybridges a pair of parallel steel trussesstiffness to span a great Frame facadeadopt provides additional through distance whilst achieving a high level of transparency
diagonal members - Skybridges adopt a pair of parallel steel trusses to span a great distance whilst achieving a high level of transparency Deflection Resistance:
7 Skybridges
7 Skybridges
7 Skybridges Diagonal bracing: - Diagonal bracing is utilised across each tower in appropriate structural sections: - Diagonal bracing can be found over big openings - Double sided overhanging integral transform trusses with diagonal bracing in corner openings
By integrating diagonal bracing across the perimeter, the deflection resistance capacity is increased by 1.8 times more than a structure without when facing lateral loads Deflection with diagonal bracing: 99mm 6794 kN Deflection without diagonal bracing: 158mm 2430kN
Deflection Resistance:
- Diagonal bracing is utilised across each tower in appropriate Diagonal bracing: structural sections: - Diagonal bracing can be found over big openings Diagonal - Diagonal bracingbracing: is utilised across each tower in appropriate - Double sided overhanging integral transform trusses with structural sections: diagonal bracing in corner openings - Diagonal bracingiscan be found over big - Diagonal bracing utilised across eachopenings tower in appropriate - Double sided overhanging integral transform trusses with in appropriate structural sections: - Diagonal bracing is utilised across each tower diagonal bracing in corner - Diagonal bracing canopenings be found over big openings structural sections: - Double sided overhanging integral transform trusses with - Diagonal can openings be found over big openings diagonal bracing bracing in corner
Diagonal bracing:
7 Skybridges
- Skybridges adopt a pair of parallel steel trusses to span a great Invisible skybridge: - Frame facade through diagonal distance whilstprovides achievingadditional a high levelstiffness of transparency
Perimeter concrete moment Perimeter concrete moment frame:frame:
- Rectangular core comprises of shear walls increase the overall - Crossed Rectangular concrete corefour comprises of four shear that walls that increase the shear walls: overall stiffness, and stabilising each building horizontal Crossed concrete shear walls:against stiffness, and stabilising each building against horizontal forces such as wind forces such as wind earthquakes. - Rectangular coreorcomprises of four shear walls that increase the or earthquakes. - overall Crossedstiffness, concrete shear walls work to building dictate the layouthorizontal of the stabilising each - Rectangularand core comprises of four shearagainst walls that increase the apartments on typical floor levels. forces suchwork asstiffness, windto or earthquakes. - Crossed concrete shear walls dictate the each layout of the apartments overall and stabilising building against horizontal on - Crossed shearorwalls work to dictate the layout of the forcesconcrete such as wind earthquakes. 5 Cantilevers typical floor levels. apartments on typical floor levels.
Steel truss bridg
- Frame facade provides additional stiffness through diagonal
members skybridge: Invisible
- Double sided overhanging integral transform trusses with diagonal bracing in corner openings
By integrating diagonal bracing across the perimeter, the deflection
Deflection Resistance: Invisibleresistance skybridge: capacity is increased by 1.8 times more than a structure without when facing lateral loads Deflection Resistance: By integrating diagonal bracing across the perimeter, - Frame facade provides additional stiffness through diagonal the deflection
Deflection Resistance:
resistance capacity is increased by 1.8 times more than a structure members Deflection with diagonal bracing: without when lateral loads By integrating diagonal bracing acrossa the perimeter, the deflection - Skybridges99mm adopt a6794 pair offacing parallel steel trusses to span great kN By integrating diagonal bracing across thetimes perimeter, deflection resistance capacity is increased by 1.8 more than athe structure distance whilst achieving a high level of transparency Deflection withis diagonal bracing: without when facing lateral loads resistance capacity increased by 1.8 times more than a structure Deflection without diagonal bracing: 99mm2430kN 6794 kN 158mm without when facing lateral loads Deflection with diagonal bracing: Deflection without diagonal 99mm 6794 kN bracing: 158mm 2430kN
Deflection withDeflection diagonal bracing: without diagonal bracing: 158mm 2430kN 99mm 6794 kN
Steel truss bridges:
Friction pendulum seismic isolators:
Steel truss bridges: - Steel trusses create a triangular frame are subjected to essentially
axial forces due to externally applied load - Vertical and horizontal members are frame made rigid to form a - Steel trusses createtruss a triangular are subjected to complete three dimensional Vierendeel frame axial- Vierendeel forces due toprovides externally applied frame additional stiffnessload to the bridges structure and and allows for the removal of the centre panelare diagonal - Vertical horizontal truss members made rigid members to achieve a higher level of transparency.
- Friction pendulum bearings are used between the aerial bridge and Friction pendulum seismic isolators:
essentially to form a
complete three dimensional Vierendeel frame - Vierendeel frame provides additional stiffness to the bridges structure and allows for the removal of the centre panel diagonal members to achieve a higher level of transparency.
each tower. - These bearings use isolators that achieve a described period of - vibration Friction bearings are usedresonance. between thatpendulum minimises the shear transfer by reducing - During an earthquake the skybridges can move 40cm relative to each tower. towers, sparing both bridge and tower of the effects of lateral forces
the aerial bridge and
- These bearings use isolators that achieve a described period of vibration that minimises the shear transfer by reducing resonance. - During an earthquake the skybridges can move 40cm relative to towers, sparing both bridge and tower of the effects of lateral forces
Deflection without diagonal bracing: 158mm 2430kN
Exp 18 Mix-up: Tall Towers
Structure and Enclosure
Case Study: Linked Hybrid
- Steel trusses create a t
axialtruss forces due to extern Steel bridges
- Vertical and horizonta - Steel trussesthree create a trian complete dimensio axial- forces due toframe externally Vierendeel pro - Vertical andand horizontal tr structure allows fo complete three members to dimensiona achieve a hi - Vierendeel frame provid structure and allows for th members to achieve a highe
Movement + Environment diagram
Lobby to apartments
Zeena Ismail, Sofya Zhuravleva, Diana Dulina
Access lobby to bridge level
Sun Path Diagram
Public garden
Movement Diagram Lobby to apartments Sports Club
Access lobby to bridge level Health Spa
Sun light
Coffee House / Bar
Public garden Book Shop
Exhibition
Sports Club
Health Spa Ground floor public access & circulation Coffee House / Bar Worker Community access & circulation Book Shop Public Gardens access & circulation Exhibition Penthouse access
Residential access
Ground floor public access & circulation Skybridge access & circulation
Worker Community access & circulation Hotel guest access & circulation
Public Gardens access & circulation
Penthouse access
Residential access
Water Circulation Diagram
Skybridge access & circulation
Hotel guest access & circulation
Air Dynamics Diagram
Floor Heating
Hot Water Circulation
Cold Water Circulation Air Flow Greywater
Exp 18 Mix-up: Tall Towers
Movement and Environment
Case Study: Linked Hybrid
Case study
Shanghai tower Gensler
Jihyun Choi Brian Hok Man Chung Pierre Zebouni
Exp 18 Mix-up: Tall Towers
Case Studies
1
Shanghai Tower
120°
Structure + Enclosure Diagram
200 Wind Turbines
Plan
Tuned Mass Damper -
Counter Wind + Seismic Load
Wind Funnel Notch
Tower Twist - Reducing Wind Load
As the building sways, the 1200 ton TMD in tension sways in the opposite direc�on, ac�ng as a counter weight. Copper and magnets below it create eddy currents as TMD sways, making the force to return to the center even greater.
Scaling factor of about 55% and rotation at 120°, results in 24% savings from wind load acting on the structure. This twist is present on the outer skin, atrium zone plates, and the first floor plate on every zone.
Zones 08 Observation/Cultural Facilities
Zones 07 Hotel/Boutique Office Wind Notch Entrance Zones 07 Hotel
Concrete Central Core + Outer Columns -
Transferring Compressive Ver�cal Load + Torsion Resistant Square concrete ver�cal core used for infrastructure elements, therefore, pushing usable programs to the outer edge crea�ng vista. Thick core and columns is the result of keeping area of the skin free of suppor�ng elements.
Zones 06 Office
Entrance
Zones 05 Office
Entrance
Two Storeys Outrigger Trusses -
Lateral Movement + Compression Resistance
Zones 04 Office
Two storeys and one storey trusses within the zone plates resist lateral and ver�cal movements which latches on to the central core which also act as can�lever elements for the open atrium.
Podium Atrium Floor Plates
Zones 03 Office
Core
Zones 02 Office
Skin/1st Enclosure
Zones 01 Retail
2nd Enclosure
Concrete Founda�on -
Transferring Compressive Ver�cal Load Up to 56 meters deep, with around 955 piles of 1 meter in diameter, it combines 655,000 cubic meters of reinforced concrete to resist the massive compression of the tower that sits on top of so� soil composi�on.
Floor Plates
Atrium Floor Plates
Belt Truss
Two Storeys Outrigger Truss
Structure and Enclosure Underground Parking
Exp 18 Mix-up: Tall Towers
Case Study: Shanghai Tower
Multiple Types of Movements Exp 18 Mix-up: Tall Towers
Case Study: Shanghai Tower
Opening of the tower
632 m
2016
Shangai tower
Context and History
546 m
ZONE 9
Atriums:
Finalizing the core and facade
(lv 119)
470 m
The varying angles of the skin create 21 landscaped public atriums, each 12 to 14 stories high, which features retail and meeting space with sweeping views of the city. Atriums are considered the heart of public buildings. Not only are they the main spaces where social activities happen and where people gather/socialize but also these spaces reinforce connections to nature (with the use of green spaces) and with the city (by offering limitless views of the surroundings).
ZONE 8 (lv 106-110)
Plaza :
394 m
The tower provide public space outside to create accomodations, but also serves a highly active open plaza. By adding green areas to the the plaza, the architects creates a visual threshold that meditates between being in the tower and in the city.
ZONE 7 (lv 86-98)
2013
Topping out: construction of the outer skin starts.
320 m
ZONE 6
core reached 400m, the total built up area is 576 000 m2 of which approximately 66% or 380 000m2 is above ground.
(lv 69-81)
DEC
244 m
2012
AUG
ZONE 5 (lv 53-65)
Core reached a height of 338 m.
173 m
2012
501 Yincheng Middle Road, Lujiazui, Pudong, Shanghai
ZONE 4 (lv 38-49)
104 m
MAR
2010
ZONE 3
NOV
2008
Timeline: History of construction.
More than 2 000 workers were employed and 61 000 m3 of concrete was poured to create the 6 m thick mat fondation.
Start of construction.
(lv 23-34)
38 m ZONE 2
Landmark :
(lv 9-19)
The tower serves the citizens of Shangai by offering a general idea of their location inside the city. People grow a dependancy towards such a tall checkpoint.
Altitude: Height of atriums.
section: 1 /800
Location: site plan
Context and History Exp 18 Mix-up: Tall Towers
Case Study: Shanghai Tower