BIOD 151 EXAM 1 Consists of Anatomical positions, planes of direction, cell structures and their functions, body cavities, etc.
six levels of organization of the body - ✔chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, organism level. The necessary life function that protects our internal environment from our external environment is provided by what system? - ✔Integumentary The function of movement is provided by what system? - ✔muscular The function of responsiveness is provided by what system? - ✔Nervous The function of digestion is provided by what system? - ✔Digestive Anabolism - ✔making more complex cellular structures from simpler ones Catabolism - ✔Break down of complex cellular structures into simpler ones Excretion involves what systems? - ✔digestive, respiratory and urinary The reproductive system is controlled by what other system? - ✔the endocrine system Which tissue covers the body surface and lines the cavities of the body. - ✔Epithelium the three steps in cellular respiration are - ✔1. Glycolysis 2. Citric Acid Cycle 3. Electron transport system What is the purpose of ATP? - ✔Powers the cellular activities allowing cells to have the energy needed to carry out their functions. Epithelial cells perform what types of functions? - ✔* They are responsible for secretion and absorption. *They are constantly being divided to replace dead cells that shed away What are the four basic tissue types? - ✔1. Epithelium 2. Muscle 3. Connective 4. Nervous tissue
Superficial - ✔Toward or at the body surface Deep - ✔Away from the body surface is what direction? Intermediate - ✔Between a more medial and more lateral structure Medial - ✔Toward or at the midline of the body or on the inner side of inferior - ✔Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure of the body Superior - ✔Toward the head end or upper part of a structure (above) Anterior - ✔Toward or at the front of the body Is the knee proximal or distal to the pelvis? - ✔Distal Is the elbow proximal or distal to the hand? - ✔Proximal Dorsal - ✔Toward or at the back of the body Flexion - ✔Closing of a joint Extension - ✔Opening of a joint In anatomical position are the hands in pronation or supination? - ✔Supination Why are the hands in this supinated position ? - ✔Because the bones of the forearm (radius/ulna) are uncrossed in the supinated position.. Palms have to be facing forward for it to be anatomical position Define elevation and depression: - ✔Elevation- upward movement of a structure Depression- downward movement of a structure Define retraction and protraction: - ✔Protraction- movement in the anterior direction Retraction- movement in the posterior direction radial deviation - ✔A person standing in anatomical position moves their right wrist laterally towards the radius. This body division includes the head neck and trunk - ✔Axial division This is a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts - ✔midsaggital
These planes lie vertically and divide the body into anterior and posterior parts ✔frontal A transverse plane divides the body into these two parts - ✔Superior and Inferior These cuts/sections are made diagonally between the horizontal and vertical planes. ✔oblique This body cavity protects the nervous system. - ✔dorsal body cavity This body cavity encases the brain. - ✔cranial cavity This cavity encloses the spinal cord. - ✔spinal cavity The frontal plane is also known as the plane. - ✔coronal plane The ventral body cavity is divided into these two cavities - ✔1. Thoracic cavity 2. Abdominopelvic Cavity This cavity encloses the heart - ✔pericardial cavity The outer surfaces of the organs and body cavities are covered by this double layered membrane called the - ✔Serosa What is pleurisy? - ✔inflammation of the pleurae The abdominopelvic region is divided into what four quadrants? - ✔right upper, left upper, right lower, and left lower This region surrounds the naval - ✔umbilical region This region houses the pelvis. - ✔illiac region This cavity houses the teeth and tongue. - ✔oral cavity This cavity houses the eyes - ✔orbital cavity Joints are lined with what? - ✔synovial fluid This cavity contains the tiny ear bones, name them. - ✔Middle ear: malleus, incus, stapes
Explain why active metabolizing cells need to be relatively small. - ✔the smaller a cell the larger the surface area will be. The larger the surface area the faster the cell will be able to carry out the metabolic process Explain the three differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. - ✔Prokaryotic cells are smaller, they don't carry DNA, and they don't contain membrane bound organelles Function of the nucleus - ✔Contains DNA, control center of the cell Function of ribosomes - ✔make proteins function of smooth ER - ✔lipid synthesis Function of Rough ER - ✔modifies and transports proteins Function of RNA - ✔take the coded amino acid sequence from nucleus to ribosome for protein synthesis. Function of endospore - ✔dormant body w/bacteria, extremely durable cell produced by bacteria clostridium botulinum which can lead to botulism function of golgi complex - ✔responsible for receiving lipids and proteins synthesized by the endoplasmic reticulum, altering their structures and shipping them to other parts of the cell. function of lysosomes - ✔possess digestive enzymes which break down biomacromolecules. (food) function of mitochondria - ✔convert the chemical energy found in food into ATP. (ATP Production) function of plasma membrane - ✔Controls what enters and leaves the cell Microtubules - ✔Thick hollow tubes that make up the cilia, flagella, and spindle fibers. Microfilaments - ✔are solid and create movement. extracellular matrix - ✔contains collagen fibers, found in human/animal cells. Describe aerobic respiration and the purpose of ATP production. - ✔Eukaryotic cells require mitochondria to convert the chemical energy found in food (glucose) into ATP. This process is called aerobic respiration. During cellular respiration oxygen is required to break down food. Carbon dioxide, water and ATP are produced.
Explain what happens in Tay-Sachs disease. - ✔When lysosomes lack one of the digestive enzymes that normally breaks down a toxic lipid in the brain, the lipid builds up and can lead to intellectual disability and death. Label all structures inside a cell (See figure in module) - ✔ A phospholipid molecule, which is the major constituent of membranes, is said to be amphipathic because it contains polar and non-polar groups in the same molecule. On a scrap sheet of paper, draw the diagram normally used to illustrate an amphipathic phospholipid and name the functional group that makes up each part of the molecule. Compare your drawing to the answer key. - ✔ Define eukaryotic cells vs prokaryotic cells - ✔The three main differences are the size (prokaryotes are smaller), the presence of a nucleus (not present in prokaryotes), and the presence of membrane-bound organelles (not present in prokaryotes). Membranes - ✔The structure is a phospholipid bi-layer where proteins can be partially or completely embedded. The proteins can change positions and move around within the membrane, thus it's "fluid" diffusion vs facilitated diffusion - ✔1. Diffusion is when molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration to achieve equilibrium with the two sides of a membrane.(small molecules such as gases, water, and glycerol as well as lipid-soluble molecules such as hydrocarbons) 2. Facilitated diffusion is used for a lipid-insoluble molecule and happens by carrier proteins binding temporarily to the molecule and releasing it to the other side. (lipidinsoluble (polar) molecules such as sugars and amino acids) active transport - ✔When molecules or ions are pumped from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration. This requires extra energy and carrier proteins because the molecules are going against the concentration gradient. Endocytosis - ✔when a biomacromolecule outside the cell gets enclosed in the cell membrane and forms a vesicle inside the cell. Proteins - ✔In facilitated diffusion and active transport, carrier proteins are used to move lipid-insoluble molecules to the other side of the membrane. Isotonic - ✔same concentration of solutes inside as outside the cell Hypotonic - ✔lower concentration of fluid which will cause the cell to swell in the process of equalizing
Hypertonic - ✔higher concentration of fluid which will cause blood cells to shrivel in the process of equalizing Cholesterol - ✔Cholesterol is a lipid that is very hydrophobic and has one polar hydroxyl group. It joins with phopholipids and mixes in with the tails to prevent solidification during low temperatures. It also stabilizes the phospholipd head with the hydroxyl group by restricting movement in higher temperatures.