BIOD 171- Exam smallest biological unit of life - ✔cell at a generalized level, all cells are comprised of what - ✔macromolecules How many different types of amino acids are there - ✔20 essential amino acid - ✔cannot be produced by the body, must be gained from the environment through alternative sources the plasma membrane - ✔is often composed of a bilayer comprised of lipids, contains hydrophobic tails pointing inward carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms come together to form what primary macromolecule? - ✔Carbohydrates examples include: starch, glycogen, cellulose, or chitin prokaryotes can further be divided into - ✔bacteria and archaea (T/F) archaea, a eukaryotic class of microorganisms, is capable of surviving harsh environments - ✔false Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista are all classifications under what type of organism ✔Eukarya microorganisms classified as ________ obtain most of their energy by converting light energy into chemical energy - ✔Plantae Which of the following are considered protista? Bacteria, algae, yeast, amoeba ✔Algae and Amoeba (T/F) a defining characteristic of protista is the inability of colonies to form tissue layers ✔true The function of the ribosome is - ✔protein synthesis the combination of the cell membrane and the outer membrane is referred to as the ✔cellular envelope The function of the golgi is - ✔protein modification and distribution
(T/F) all multicellular microorganisms classified as animalia are classified as autotropic ✔false, they are hetrotrophic (T/F) metabolism is a controlled set of biochemical reactions that occur in living organisms in order to maintain life - ✔True (T/F) enzymes are polysaccharides that catalyze chemical reactions - ✔false term for metal ions that assist enzymes during catalyst reactions - ✔cofactors energy transfer process relative to both ATP and ADP - ✔ATP has the energy (phosphate group) to *donate* while ADP can *accept* ATP can be reduced to ADP + Pi Where do chemotrophs acquire their energy - ✔from performed chemicals found in the environment A reactive intermediate would be present in which phosphorylation process? ✔substrate-level phosphorylation what is the most energetic transition in the catabolism of glucose - ✔ETC yields 34 ATP (38 in Prokaryotes and 36 in Eukaryotes) what are the 2 main roles of G6P - ✔1-prevents glucose from diffusing out of the cell 2- serves as a signal molecule to the cell that glycolysis is about to begin (T/F) the beta-oxidation pathway catabolizes the fatty acid chain of lipids - ✔true (T/F) plants, algae and bacteria all contain chloroplasts - ✔False, chloroplasts are specific to plants and algae only The process of carbon fixation begins with which reactants - ✔H2O, CO2, ATP, NADPH How many turns or repetitions of the Calvin cycle are required to generate 1 molecule of glucose - ✔6 turns A + B —> A - B A -B —> A + B A— +B —> A + B— Ab + C —> A +Cb - ✔ligase lyase oxidoreductase transferase
assuming a fixed ocular, which part of the microscope would you adjust to enhance the magnification of a sample - ✔Objective lens (T/F) a cell that is adherent, flat (thin) and unstained is easily identified using the bright field miscroscopy - ✔false, adherent flat cells are almost invisible what could be seen clearly by the unaided eye - ✔skin cells (1,500 um) and protozoa (150 um) type of microscope that can provide detail images of live cells without staining ✔phase-contrast microscope that enhances contrast between specimen and background, but does not permit visualization of intracellular structures - ✔dark field microscope that uses neither halogen nor uv light but rather lasers to illuminate stained cells in high resolutions - ✔confocal (T/F) the distinguishing characteristic of Gram-Negative bacteria is the presence of LPA in the outer membrane - ✔true You want to observe the size and shape of a cell. What is the easiest staining technique that you could perform? Name at least one dye you would use during this process. ✔Simple stain. You could use any of the following: methylene blue, crystal violet, safranin or fuschin. TB staining - ✔Red cells (TB+) and blue background (TB -) (T/F) if a patient is suspected of having malaria, a giesma stain would be appropriate to perform - ✔true 1-a slide stained with fuchsin sample to observe size 2- organelles in a living ciliate 3- unstained sample that cannot be visual with bright-field bc sample absorbs very little light 4- protein trafficking of tagged proteins of interest under experimental conditions 5- builds a 3D image of the cell - ✔1 bright field 2 phase contrast 3 dark field 4 florescence 5 confocal Blood agar is - ✔enriched and differential
Columbia CNA is most closely related to which media - ✔Blood agar a researcher is studying a strain of E. coli growing on MacConkey and can't remember if it is gram-negative or gram-positive. is a gram stain necessary? - ✔No a gram-stain is not necessary because only Gran-Negative bacteria can grow on macconkey what type of agar media is best suited to support the growth of staphylococcus ✔Mannitol salt agar (T/F) the visualization of colonies on a petri dish represents bacterial cells that have multiplied ~ 2-3 times - ✔False, a visible individual colony has multiplied often a million times over to be considered a pure culture, the sample 1) can be traced back to a single cell and 2) - ✔must be free of contaminated when performing a quadrant streak, the sample is spread across the plate in a way to from what - ✔a dilution gradient, resulting in the growth of individual colonies (T/F) the lance-field groups are used to subdivide antigenic groups of gamma-hemolytic streptococcus - ✔false, they are used to subdivide Beta-hemolytic strep The distinctions for Lancefield subgroupings lie in its: (select all that apply) A. Catalase activity B. Carbohydrate composition of antigens C. Hemolytic activity D. All of the above - ✔carbohydrate composition of antigens (T/F) under most circumstances, staphylococcus can be found in ~80% of human population where it remains non-symptomatic - ✔false, it's 30% Invasion vs evasion - ✔Invasion: pathogen passes through or between cells to access deeper tissue/nutrients Evasion: pathogen suppresses the host immune system to continue replicating 1 folliculitis 2 scalded skin syndrome 3 impetigo 4 conjunctivitis 5 ophthalmia neonatorum - ✔1 pus-filled lesions on skin or hair 2 ruptured pustules treated with penicillin 3 childhood disease near mouth/nose 4 infection of thin, transparent scleral tissue 5 infection occurs at @time of birth
(T/F) causative agent of conjunctivitis can be either bacterial or viral - ✔True Other than the lungs, where can TB also spread to? - ✔brain, spine, and kidneys It is small, acid-fast rod usually remaining asymptomatic for up to 20 years. Affects skin, nerves, upper respiratory tract, and eyes - ✔Leprosy & hansen's disease clostridium perfringens - ✔also known as "gas gangrene" presents muscle necrosis, swelling of infected areas, fever, and internal gas production treatment: removal of infected tissue in conjunction with heavy antibiotic therapies Which form of the plague is highly virulent, what does it target - ✔pneumonic, it targets the respiratory (lungs) syphillis is cause by - ✔gran-negative spirochete (T/F) Chlamydia trachomatis can be grown on an agar plate alone - ✔False, it is an obligate parasite and requires a host cell 1 cardiac and neurological complications 2 paralysis, blindness, and dementia 3 infertility and pelvic inflammatory disease - ✔gonorrhea syphillis chlamydia basic components of a virus - ✔genome and a capsid rank from largest to smallest (orthomyxovirus, poliovirus, variolavirus) - ✔variolavirus (~200 nm) orthomyovirus (100-150 nm) poliovirus (~30 nm) a virus that infect bacteria is called a _________ and contains a ________-sided polygon capsid - ✔a virus that infect bacteria is called a *bacteriophage* and contains a *20*-sided polygon capsid Difference between lytic and temperate phages - ✔lyric replicate within the host cell until it ruptures whereas temporate primarily exist in a non-replicative state that does not kill the host cell lytic replicate all viral proteins needed for the assembly of new virus particles where lysogenic genomes are integrated into the host genome by the production of viral protein is suppressed
a patient diagnosed with german measles may experience what disease ✔conjunctivitis and flu-like symptoms what disease displays as a secondary characteristic swelling of the testes/ovaries and pancreas - ✔Mumps