NR228 / NR-228 Final Exam (Latest 2024 / 2025): Nutrition, Health & Wellness Chamberlain
What are some causes of fluid retention? (select all that apply) ANSWER: A. Excess sodium/sodium retention B. Kwashiorkor C. Water intoxication What can cause a sodium deficiency? (select all that apply) A. Dehydration B. Hypernatremia C. Diarrhea D. Liver Disease ANSWER: A. Dehydration C. Diarrhea What are some ways to treat GERD? A. Lay down after meals B. Avoid big meals C. Avoid tight clothing D. Avoid high fat foods E. Eat chocolate to ease stomach ANSWER: B, C, D Which of the following are monosaccharides? A. Glucose B. Sucruose C. Fructose D. Galactose E. Maltose ANSWER: A, C, D Which of the following are disaccharides? A. Glucose B. Sucrose C. Maltose D. Galactose E. Lactose ANSWER: B, C, E Glucose is the main source of energy for ___? ANSWER: the brain and nerves
What is the sweetest artificial sweetener? ANSWER: Sunette Which of the following are sources of complex carbohydrates? (select all that apply) A. Grapes B. Grains C. Legumes D. Apples E. Potatoes ANSWER: B,C,E What complications are related to gestational diabetes? (select all that apply) A. premature birth B. congenital abnormalities C. fetal death D. type 2 diabetes later in mother E. macrosomia ANSWER: A. premature birth B. congenital abnormalities C. fetal death D. type 2 diabetes later in mother E. macrosomia What could cause infant hypoglycemia? ANSWER: When the mother had consistently high blood sugar during pregnancy so the baby gets used to having high blood sugar and gets used to producing high levels of insulin What are the fat soluble vitamins? ANSWER: A, D, E, K What are some food sources for monounsaturated fatty acids? ANSWER: olive oil, peanuts, avocado, canola oil What are some food sources for polyunsaturated fatty acids? ANSWER: vegetable oils, fish, margarine, What type of cholesterol increases risk of CAD when elevated? ANSWER: LDL Where are nonessential amino acids found? ANSWER: created in the body
When is a positive nitrogen balance common? ANSWER: growing children, pregnant women, people recovering from illness or injury When is a negative nitrogen balance common? ANSWER: aging adults, physical illness, extreme stress, starvation, surgery, eating disorders What effect does the acid- base balance have on proteins? ANSWER: if acid- base balance gets off then proteins become denatured and are not able to perform their usual functions Whats the function of hemoglobin? ANSWER: transports oxygen in the blood What is a complete protein? ANSWER: contains all nine essential amino acids What are some food sources for complete proteins? (select all that apply). A. Meats B. Dark green veggies C. Eggs D. Dairy products E. Fruits ANSWER: A, C, D What are high quality proteins? ANSWER: contain best balance of essential amino acids and are easily digested What are food sources for high quality protein? ANSWER: Eggs, human milk What is an incomplete protein? ANSWER: lacks one or more EAA and will not support life What are some incomplete proteins? ANSWER: plant foods What is a vegan? ANSWER: No animal products at all What is a lacto-vegetarian? ANSWER: no animal products except dairy
Whats an ovo-lacto vegetarian? ANSWER: no animal products except dairy and egs What is marasmus? A. Lack of protein while get adequate caloric intake B. Deficient caloric intake, skin hangs on skin C. Wasting Syndrome D. Dumping syndrome ANSWER: B What is Kwashiorkor? A. Lack of protein while get adequate caloric intake B. Deficient caloric intake, skin hangs on skin C. Wasting Syndrome D. Dumping syndrome ANSWER: A Beriberi is related to what vitamin deficiency? ANSWER: B1 Thiamine What are some food sources of B1 Thiamine? ANSWER: lean pork, whole grains and flours, legumes, seeds and nuts What is Beriberi? ANSWER: Bi Thiamine deficiency. Ataxia and tachycardia What are some food sources for Folate? ANSWER: leafy green veggies, legumes, fortified grain cereals What is Scurvy? ANSWER: Vitamin C deficiency, gingivitis, joint and limb aches, bruising, death What is the cause of Rickets? ANSWER: Vitamin D deficiency What are some food sources for Vitamin D? ANSWER: animal related foods (butter, egg, liver) What are some possible complications of Iodine Deficiency? ANSWER: Cretinism in pregnancy, goiter What is viral hepatitis? ANSWER: inflammation of the liver cause by mono or another viral infection
How is hep A transmitted? ANSWER: oral-fecal How is Hep B transmitted? ANSWER: sexual contact or blood How is Hep C transmitted? ANSWER: blood, saliva, semen How is Hep D transmitted? ANSWER: from Hep B virus How is Hep E transmitted? ANSWER: oral fecal What is cirrhosis of the liver and what is its cause? ANSWER: buildup of fibrous connective tissue from alcohol abuse, hepatitis, metabolic disorders, autoimmune diseases What type of diet is recommended for patients with liver cirrhosis? ANSWER: low protein What is ascites? ANSWER: accumulation of fluid in peritoneal cavity What diet plan would a patient with ascites need to follow? ANSWER: low sodium and possibly restricted fluids What is cholecystitis? ANSWER: pain, tenderness, fever, fat intolerance, nausea, heartburn, jaundice, steatorrhea What is the recommended diet to manage pain for a patient with cholecytitis? ANSWER: low fat diet What is gastroparesis? ANSWER: Delayed gastric emptying causing heartburn, nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting fullness and bezoar formation Gastroparesis is most common with what other disease? ANSWER: Diabetes type one
CAD is associated with a high _DL level? ANSWER: L (LDL) What are some modifiable risk factors for CAD? ANSWER: hypertension, smoking, type two diabetes, obesity, diet, steroids Nutrition therapy for patient with or at risk for CAD? ANSWER: low fat Who is most at risk for developing hypertension? ANSWER: African Americans Lifestyle changes to lower blood pressure? ANSWER: reduce weight, decrease alcohol intake, decrease sodium intake, stop smoking, increase activity level What diet is used to help with hypertension? ANSWER: DASH Diet for Congestive Heart Failure? ANSWER: Reduce Sodium intake What is the function of Vit B12? ANSWER: Transport and storage of folate What are some clinical manifestations of vitamin B12 deficiency? ANSWER: pernicious anemia and CNS damage Who is most at risk for a vitamin B12 deficiency? ANSWER: Vegans and vegetarians What vitamin deficiency causes scurvy? ANSWER: Vitamin C What is macrocytic anemia? ANSWER: RBCs are larger than normal but don't carry enough hemoglobin which is required to transport oxygen What type of diet is recommended for Hepatitis? ANSWER: liquid, then small meals, high protein
What is celiac disease? ANSWER: Autoimmune disease with inability to digest gluten containing grains (wheat, barley, rye) What is a clear liquid diet? ANSWER: Only foods that are clear liquid at room temperature (should not be used more than 24 hours) What is a full liquid diet? ANSWER: For patients who have difficulty swallowing, and liquids (juices) Enteral vs Parenteral ANSWER: Enteral is through GI tract (nasogastric), Parenteral is through central line What happens to the body during starvation? ANSWER: It uses stored carb, protein and fat to meet energy demands, decline in metabolic rate to prolong survival Whats the difference between stress and starvation related weight loss? ANSWER: During stress metabolic rate increases, starvation it decreases to prolong life Nutrition therapy for burn victims? ANSWER: fluid and electrolyte replacement What foods should a patient with dumping syndrome avoid? ANSWER: refined sugars, high fat What is hepatic encephalopathy? ANSWER: type of brain damage resulting from toxic ammonia buildup What are some symptoms of hepatic encephalopathy? ANSWER: confusion, change in LOC, behavior changes, personality changes What diet is recommended for patients with hepatic encephalopathy? ANSWER: high kcal (maybe low protein and push fluids) What diet should someone with CHF follow? ANSWER: low sodium What type of diet should a patient with COPD follow? ANSWER: increase kcal, adequate not excessive protein, don't overfeed
What is wasting syndrome? ANSWER: involuntary weight loss greater than 10% in 1 month with the presence of chronic diarrhea, weakness or fever Nutrition therapy for someone with wasting syndrome/HIV/AIDS? ANSWER: increase kcal and protein without expanding food volume What foods should be avoided with calcium based renal calculi? ANSWER: chocolate, spinach, rubarb, nuts, strawberries, tea (foods that increase oxalate) What is diverticulitis? ANSWER: inflammation of the diverticuli in the colon Nutritional Therapy for diverticulitis? ANSWER: liquid diet may be recommended temporarily, low fiber! What diet is recommended for a patient on dialysis? ANSWER: low sodium, phosphorus, and potassium Foods that should be avoided for patients with IBS? ANSWER: Fruits, diary, wheat, legumes, beans Whats the normal range for HDL? ANSWER: 40-59 Whats the normal range for LDL ANSWER: under 100 is optimal Whats the normal range for cholesterol? ANSWER: under 200