NSG120 / NSG 120 Final Exam (Latest 2024 / 2025): Nursing Pathophysiology | Exam Review with Questions and Verified Answers | All Units Covered | 100% Correct | Grade A
a coronary artery is totally obstructed, leading to prolonged ischemia and cell death, or infarction of the heart wall ANSWER myocardial infarction A neoplastic condition usually involving a single lymph node ANSWER Hodgkin Lymphoma A nurse is reviewing the health record of a patient who has SIADH. Which of the following laboratory findings should the nurse anticipate? a.High urine sodium b.Increased urine osmolality c.High serum potassium d.Decreased urine specific gravity ANSWER A, B The urine is going to have higher levels of sodium being excreted and there will be an increase in urine osmolality The patient will have an increase in the urine specific gravity and will not have a high blood level of potassium A presence of plaques consisting of lipids, cells, fibrin, & cell debris, often with attached thrombi ANSWER atherosclerosis a progressive degenerative disease affecting motor neurons in the cerebral cortex, the brain stem, & spinal cord ANSWER ALS a progressive degenerative disorder that affects motor function through loss of extrapyramidal activity ANSWER Parkinson's Disease acromegaly ANSWER hypersecretion of the GH in adulthood/after puberty when the epiphyseal plate has fused - enlargement of face, hands, feet - treatment: surgery or radiation
Addison Disease S/S ANSWER chronic fatigue, and weakness, loss of appetite with consequent weight loss, inability to retain H2O and salt= dehydration hyperpigmentation of the skin Addison's disease ANSWER A rare, chronic endocrine disorder in which the adrenal glands do not produce sufficient steroid hormones. ADH role ANSWER Located in post pituitary. Causes renal tubules to retain water (bring to blood) and decrease urine vol Alzheimer's disease (AD) ANSWER A progressive disease that destroys the brain's neurons, gradually impairing memory, thinking, language, and other cognitive functions, resulting in the complete inability to care for oneself; the most common cause of dementia. Anemia ANSWER A condition in which the blood is deficient in red blood cells, in hemoglobin, or in total volume. Aneurysm Treatment ANSWER Can be treated by clipping off the weakened site BEFORE hemorrhage occurs ankylosing spondylitis ANSWER chronic, progressive arthritis with stiffening of joints, primarily of the spine and lower back. - fusion of the joints, more common in me ankylosing spondylitis S/S ANSWER low back pain, morning stiffness, loss of motion, lordosis and kyphosis aphasia ANSWER inability to comprehend or express language Avulsion ANSWER ligament is torn away from the bone benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) ANSWER enlargement of the prostate gland. More common in older males
BPH s/s ANSWER hesitancy and straining during urination. Decreased strength of the urine stream (weak flow). Dribbling after urination. Feeling that the bladder is not completely empty. An urge to urinate again soon after urinating. Pain during urination (dysuria). breast cancer prevention ANSWER diet, exercise, maintaining healthy body weight, pregnancy and breastfeeding decisions, routine screenings--esp for women with a family history Broca's area ANSWER Controls language expression - an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech. CAD ANSWER atherosclerosis of the coronary system; includes MI and angina pectoris Cancer of the prostate ANSWER Leading cancer in older males; A hard area on the prostate or hard, fixed, irregular nodules on the prostate suggest cancer. The median sulcus may not be palpable. Cancer of the Testes ANSWER Most testicular tumors are malignant. 1 in 300 affected Most common solid tumor cancer in young men Number of cases increasing Testicular self-examination is essential for early detection. May originate from one type of cell or mixed cells from various sources Teratoma—tumor consisting of mixture of different germ cells Some malignant tumors secrete hCG or AFP, which serve as useful markers for diagnosis. Cataracts ANSWER disease that causes visual impairment due to excessive growth of the epithelial cell layers of the lens Cataracts S/S ANSWER poor night vision, yellow or fading of colors, halos around bright objects at night, glare sensitivity, gradual loss of vision, blurry vision, cloudiness of lens
Cause of hypoparathyroidism ANSWER -removal of thyroid -trauma to glands Cause of Type 1 Diabetes ANSWER Destruction of pancreatic cells that produce and release the body's insulin cerebrovascular accident (CVA) ANSWER a.k.a. "Stroke". Lack of blood supply to the brain causing brain damage
S/S: face drooping--uneven smile, arm weakness, speech difficulty, characterized by progressive tissue degeneration and obstruction in the airways of the lungs ANSWER COPD chlamydia prognosis ANSWER -good with early treatment -if untreated: PID, infertility in females; epididymitis in males, sterility in both Chlamydia S/S ANSWER Most common STI in US. major cause of sterility and leading cause of PID Often asymptomatic men--> urethritis, thin water discharge with burning and itching, scrotal swelling women--> urethritis, cervicitis, dysuria, yellow vaginal discharge with burning/itching, abdo pain, and dyspareunia (painful intercourse) Chlamydia treatment and prevention ANSWER Treatment: Azithromycin and other antibiotics Prevention: Safe sex and absitnence Chronic complications of diabetes mellitus ANSWER - Retinopathy-->Leading cause of blindness. - Diabetic nephropathy-->Most common cause of end-stage kidney disease. - Diabetic Neuropathy (most common) - Sensory deficits more common - Secondary Diseases-->CAD, Stroke, PAD Infection - at higher risk
chronic disorder of uric acid metabolism that manifests as an acute, episodic form of arthritis ANSWER Gouty arthritis Clinical Manifestations of leukemia ANSWER fatigue, bleeding, fever & infxn, anorexia and weight loss, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, headache, blurred vision. pancytopenia (few RBC, WBC, and platelets-- can cause easy bruising, bleeding, etc.) can occur is cells crowd bone marrow compound (open) fracture ANSWER bone breaks through the skin compression fracture ANSWER common in vertebrae; bone is crushed or collapses into small pieces condition of chronic hypersecretion of the adrenal cortex, which results in excessive circulating cortisol levels ANSWER Cushing's Disease Conductive hearing loss ANSWER disorders of sound tranmission from outer ear or middle ear to receptors in the middle ear. - cerumen build up - otitis media otosclerosis (hardening of the ossicles) Cretinism ANSWER condition of congenital hypothyroidism in children that results in a lack of mental development and dwarfed physical stature; the thyroid gland is either congenitally absent or imperfectly developed Cushing's syndrome ANSWER a condition caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol Cushing's syndrome symptoms ANSWER Obesity, wasted extremities, buffalo hump, acne, hirsutism, amenorrhea, proximal muscle weakness, striae, HTN CVA Risk Factors ANSWER HTN, smoking, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, diabetes, family history, history of TIA, hormonal contraceptives
Dementia ANSWER a slowly progressive decline in mental abilities, including memory, thinking, and judgment, that is often accompanied by personality changes diabetes insipidus (DI) ANSWER antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is not secreted, or there is a resistance of the kidney to ADH diabetes mellitus ANSWER chronic carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism disorder from lack of insulin or faulty cell use of insulin DKA s/s ANSWER D-ehydration K-etones in the urine and blood, Kussmaul Resp and K+ A-cidosis, Acetone breath, Anorexia d/t nausea -Type I or II, a serious complication of insulin deficiency, break down of fats and rls of ketones dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB) ANSWER a condition characterized by abnormal bleeding often due to an imbalance in hormone level changes 2 cycles: 1. Anovulatory DUB--Associated with either too much estrogen or a loss of progesterone 2. Ovulatory DUB-->Caused by defects of the control mechanisms of menstruation endometriosis ANSWER a condition in which patches of endometrial tissue escape the uterus and become attached to other structures in the pelvic cavity Endometriosis Signs and Symptoms ANSWER Dysmenorrhea with pain in lower back and vagina. Infertility Severity of pain is not indicative of extent of the disease. Dyspareunia, dysuria, and sometimes painful defecation. Expressive aphasia ANSWER impaired ability to speak or write fluently/appropriately.
Site of Damage--> Broca, left frontal lobe Fibrocystic breast disease ANSWER Most common disorder of the breast Benign, nodular masses most prominent during progesterone phase of menstruation fracture ANSWER a break or disruption in the continuity of a bone FSH ANSWER stimulates growth of eggs in ovaries; stimulates spermatogenesis in testes giantism ANSWER hypersecretion of GH before puberty and before the epiphyseal plate has fused. Very tall growth glaucoma ANSWER increased intraocular pressure results in damage to the retina and optic nerve with loss of vision Global aphasia ANSWER Combination of expressive and receptive aphasia Major brain damage, including Broca's area, Wernicke's area. - Cannot express self or comprehend others Gonorrhea ANSWER 2nd most common STI; infxn of urinary tract. asymptomatic, purulent discharge, dysuria Males: prostatitis, epididymitits. Females: PID and infertility, conjunctivitis in neonates Gonorrhea prognosis ANSWER Good with prompt diagnosis and treatment. Gonorrhea treatment and prevention ANSWER Treatment: Antibacterial drugs (penicillin or ceftriaxone + doxycycline) Some drugresistant strains Retest for eradication
-Ophthalmia neonatorum prevented by prophylactic treatment of eyes of all newborns within 1 hour -Required by law in U.S. Gout ANSWER hereditary metabolic disease that is a form of acute arthritis, characterized by excessive uric acid in the blood and around the joints Gout S/S ANSWER warmth, pain, swelling in joint-usually the big toe, pain starts at night with red/purple skin around affected area, limited movement in the joint with scaling or peeling skin Graves disease ANSWER an autoimmune disorder that is caused by hyperthyroidism and is characterized by goiter and/or exophthalmos greenstick fracture ANSWER bending and incomplete break of a bone; most often seen in children Gullian-Barre S/S ANSWER Starts with weakness & diminished reflexes, of lower extremities and moves upward gullian-barre syndrome ANSWER Autoimmune attack on the peripheral nerve myelin. Leads to inflammation, destruction, and interruption of nerve conduction. Hashimoto's disease ANSWER an autoimmune disease in which the body's own antibodies attack and destroy the cells of the thyroid gland HCO3 (bicarbonate) normal range (metabolic) ANSWER 22 (acidosis) to 26 (alkalosis) Hemophilia ANSWER An X-linked recessive disorder in which blood fails to clot properly, leading to excessive bleeding if injured. hemorrhagic stroke ANSWER occurs from a ruptured artery, aneurysm (weakening of blood vessel), uncontrolled HTN. - Collection of blood in the brain leads to ischemia and increased ICP
Hemorrhagic stroke treatment ANSWER blood pressure management, ICP monitoring and management HHNKS symptoms ANSWER T2DM insulin and fluid deficiency Severe dehydration Loss of electrolytes Including potassium Neurologic changes such as stupor Hodgkin's lymphoma ANSWER distinguished from other lymphomas by the presence of large, cancerous lymphocytes known as Reed-Sternberg cells
chronic malignant disease of the lymph nodes Hodgkin's lymphoma S/S ANSWER enlargement of cervical, axillary or inguinal lymph nodes, anorexia, weight loss, night sweats, malaise, and extreme pruritus. Later- low grade fever, leukocytosis, respiratory infections, and bone pain Hormones and Menstrual Cycle ANSWER - After menses, FSH is secreted and causes ovarian follicle to mature. The follicle secretes estrogen, which thickens uterine lining. •Mid-way through the cycle, LH levels greatly increase and cause ovulation •The ovarian follicle increases progesterone production to help the uterus to prepare for a potential implantation of a fertilized ovum. •If no fertilization, estrogen and progesterone levels drop and the uterine lining degenerates, resulting in menstruation. hydronephrosis ANSWER abnormal dilation of the renal pelvis caused by pressure from urine that can't flow past an obstruction in the urinary tract hydronephrosis s/s ANSWER - dysuria - pain on side, abdomen, and groin
- hematuria hyperparathyroidism S/S ANSWER too much calcium rlsd into the blood. kidney stones, excessive urination, osteoporosis, hyperparathyroidism treatment ANSWER Surgery Volume replacement Improve GFR Increase Ca+ excretion Diuretics Hyperthyroidism symptoms ANSWER Nervousness, weight loss despite increased appetite, excessive sweating and heat intolerance, palpitations, frequent bowel movements, muscular weakness of the proximal type and tremor Hypoglycemia is defined as a blood glucose level less than _________mg/dL ANSWER 50 hypoparathyroidism S/S ANSWER low calcium levels in the blood muscle pain/cramps, twitching or spasms, tingling, dry skin Hypoparathyroidism treatment ANSWER vit D+ca supplementation if low serum Ca, high urine Ca, add diuretic thiazide Hypothyroidism symptoms ANSWER Fatigue, lethargy. Modest weight gain with anorexia. Dry, coarse skin and cold intolerance. Swelling of face, hands, and legs. Constipation. Weakness, muscle cramps, arthralgias, paresthesias, impaired memory and hearing. impacted fracture ANSWER one fragment is firmly driven into the other Ischemic Stroke ANSWER Caused blockage either by a thrombosis (formed clot on artery wall) or an embolism (clot has detached from wall and traveled to the brain).
- blood flow is cut off, which leads to ischemia Ischemic stroke treatment ANSWER tPA if within 3-4.5 hours and no hemorrhage/risk of it reduce risk: aspirin, clopidogrel, BP control, blood sugar and lipids control Left Side CHF Symptoms ANSWER Infarction of the (L) ventricle causes decreased CO and pulmonary congestion
S/S: orthopnea, SOB, phlegm, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, hemoptysis, rales, pulmonary edema Leukemia ANSWER malignant disorder of the blood and blood forming organs. - excessive accumulation of leukemic cells due to unconditional growth Lyme's disease symptoms ANSWER can start as symptoms of arthritis, moves to fever, bull's eye rash lymphedema ANSWER a condition where the tissues in the extremities swell due to an obstruction in the lymphatic system Main cause of polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss, and fatigue ANSWER hyperglycemia Main symptoms of T1DM ANSWER polyuria, polyphagia, polydipsia
- weight loss, fatigue, recurrent infxns, vision changes menorrhagia ANSWER excessive menstrual bleeding metrorrhagia ANSWER Bleeding between menstrual cycles Modifiable factors for breast cancer ANSWER weight, physical activity, alcohol consumption
multiple myeloma ANSWER malignant neoplasm of plasma cells in the bone marrow Multiple Sclerosis (MS) ANSWER Multiple Sclerosis (MS) ANSWER Progressive demyelination of neurons in the brain, spinal cord, and cranial nerves - Loss of myelin interferes with nerve conduction (motor, sensory, autonomic) Narrow-angle or acute-angle closure glaucoma ANSWER Emergency; lens enlarges, pushes iris fwd and to side, blocking aqueous humor. - angle betw. the cornea and iris in ant. chamber is decreased; blocking the canal of schlemm - triggered by pupil dilation, drugs, stress, prolonged periods of being in dark rooms. - S/S: eye pain, n, headache, blurred vision - again, devel. abnormality Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma ANSWER Malignancy involves multiple lymph nodes. Reed-Sternburg cells not present Non-modifiable risk factors for breast cancer ANSWER Age, family history, medical history normal pH values ANSWER 7.35 (acidosis) to 7.45 (alkalosis) occurs when the blood/oxygen supply to the myocardium is impaired or the heart is working harder & needs more oxygen ANSWER angina occurs when the heart is unable to pump sufficient blood to meet the metabolic needs of the body ANSWER Congestive Heart Failure
Oligomenorrhea ANSWER long cycles of more than 6 weeks open angle glaucoma ANSWER most common; insidious onset, usually asymptomatic - 1st indicator: increased intraocular pressure - trabecular network and canal of schlemm are obstructed, slowly increasing IOP - common in older adults Osteoarthritis (OA) ANSWER progressive, degenerative joint disease with loss of articular cartilage and hypertrophy of bone (formation of osteophytes, or bone spurs) at articular surfaces Osteoporosis Etiology ANSWER Decrease of bone density due to a loss of calcium salts. Common in older women Osteoporosis risk factors ANSWER alch use, corticosteroids, low calcium, low estrogen, smoking, sedentary lifestyle PaCO2 range (respiratory) ANSWER 45 (acidosis) to 35 (alkalosis) Parkinson's disease ANSWER A disorder of the central nervous system that affects movement, often including tremors. too much ACH and too little dopamine patho of type 2 DM ANSWER insulin resistance pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) ANSWER inflammation of organs in the pelvic cavity; usually includes the fallopian tubes, ovaries, and endometrium; most often caused by bacteria PID S/S ANSWER lower abdo pain, starts gradually and becomes constant. Often associated with intercourse. Spotting after intercourse and purulent cervical or vaginal discharge.
Fever, chills, increase cramping with menses, irregular bleedings or some pain with intercourse. polydipsia and polyuria are related to diabetes mellitus due to ANSWER fluid shifts from the osmotic effect of hyperglycemia Polymenorrhea ANSWER short cycles of less than 3 weeks postical period ANSWER after seizure, feeling tired primary reproductive organs in the males ANSWER testes-- produce testosterone Primary symptom of breast cancer ANSWER new lump, swelling of part of breast, red and flaky skin, pulling or pain in the nipple area prodomal phase ANSWER the phase that is before a seizure occurs--aura, headache, etc Progesterone ANSWER prepares and maintains endometrium for implantation and pregnancy receptive aphasia ANSWER inability to understand spoken or written words.
- Site of damage: Wernicke area, left temporal lobe, prefrontal lobe results when cells begin to metabolize fats and proteins ANSWER ketosis rheumatoid arthritis ANSWER a chronic autoimmune disorder in which the joints and some organs of other body systems are attacked Right sided CHF symptoms ANSWER JVD, peripheral edema, weight gain, hepatomegaly, ascites S/S of hypoglycemia ANSWER *H- headache *I - irritability
*W- weakness *A- anxious and trembling *S- sweaty (diaphoresis) *H- hunger "Cold and clammy gimme candy" s/s of multiple myeloma ANSWER -severe bone pain -anemia -skeletal fractures (osteoporosis) -inc risk of infection -spinal cord compression -renal failure S/S of multiple sclerosis ANSWER initial--> visual and sensory impairment - dysphagia - muscle weakness - slurred speech - fatigue s/s of osteoarthritis ANSWER 1. joint pain that is worse with use, better with rest 2. pain and stiffness after long periods of inactivity or getting out of bed in the morning 3. swelling, warmth and crepitus around joint S/S of prostate cancer ANSWER initally asymptomatic. urinary obstuction-blood in urine or semen, painful ejaculation symptoms are similar to BPH s/s of rheumatoid arthritis ANSWER systemic joint pain s/s of testicular cancer ANSWER scrotal "fullness or heaviness," may NOT experience pain, dull ache in lower abdomen or groin, lump in testicle, sudden collection of fluid in scrotum, later enlarged tender breasts (gynecomastia) S&S of Diabetes Insipidus (Decreased ADH) ANSWER excessive urine output and thirst, dehydration, weakness, and
sensorineural impairment ANSWER Damage to the organ of Corti or auditory nerve Infection Head trauma Neurological disorders Ototoxic drugs Sudden very loud sounds or prolonged exposure to loud noise Presbycusis and congenital defects SIADH ANSWER syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone SIADH and DI S/S ANSWER SIADH--> increase fluid, decreased urine output; fluid vol excess, edema, increased BP, low sodium (hyponatremia), natriuresis (excretion of sodium in urine)
DI--> decreased fluid, increased uo, fluid vol deficit, dry/dehydrated, sunken eyes, more sodium in blood = diluted urine SIADH treatment ANSWER Fluid restrictio SIADH vs Diabetes Insipidus ANSWER SIADH--> overproduction of ADH
DI--> insufficient production of ADH sickle cell anemia ANSWER a genetic disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin, resulting in RBC elongation and hardening in a sickle cell shape when O2 levels are low.
- More common in African Americans simple goiter ANSWER thyroid enlarges due to lack of iodine in the diet Simple Goiter Treatment ANSWER Goal is to reduce the size of the goiter. Dietary supplements of iodine or T3 and T4 hormone replacement therapy
Sprain ANSWER tear/injury to a ligament Strain ANSWER tear to a tendon
(think: sTrain = Tendon) Stress fracture ANSWER a small crack in the bone that often develops from chronic, excessive impact Subluxation ANSWER bone only partially displaced, with partial loss of contact betw. surfaces T/F: Cranial nerves III, IV, and VI control eye movement ANSWER testes function ANSWER produce sperm and testosterone Testosterone ANSWER stimulate and aid in male secondary sex characteristics growth, key for erections The hormone _________ also may be given to counteract the effects of insulin. As the pt's condition is stabilized, a complex carb and protein snack is given to keep the blood glucose level within normal limits ANSWER glucagon thyrotoxicosis s/s ANSWER condition caused by the exposure of body tissue to excessive levels of thyroid hormone Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) ANSWER brief episode of loss of blood flow to the brain, usually caused by a partial occlusion,atherosclerosis, or a vascular spasm Trichomoniasis s/s ANSWER Protozoal infxn--vaginal in women and urethral in men. - asymptomatic - urethritis, dysuria and itching, women: discharge
Trichomoniasis treatment ANSWER Metronidazole (Flagyl) Urolithiasis ANSWER kidney stones form from excessive salt intake Urolithiasis s/s ANSWER asymptomatic, flank pain, n/v, rapid pulse, cool skin, renal colic (obstruction of ureter) Wernicke's area ANSWER controls language reception - a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe Which are common symptoms related to the endocrine gland disfunction? - growth abnormalities - menstrual regularity - skin hair and nail changes, - edema - sterility ANSWER growth abnormalities, skin hair and nail changes, edema, sterility