1. AFET - Committee on Foreign Affairs
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3. LIBE - Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs
4. JURI - Committee on Legal Affairs
5. IMCO – Committee on Internal Market and Consumer Protection
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7. EMPL - Committee on Employment and Social Affairs
8. ECON I - Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs I
9. ECON II - Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs II
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DROI - Committee on Human Rights
Fiscal discipline: A budget in which income equals expenditure. Financial Transaction Taxes are taxes placed on a specific type of financial transaction. They have existed since at least the seventeenth century, when Stamp Duty was introduced in England, though the current EU proposals are most comparable with the Tobin Tax first 2
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CULT - Committee on Culture and Education
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AFCO I - Committee on Constitutional Affairs I
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AFCO II - Committee on Constitutional Affairs II
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http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/EN/foraff/127825.pdf http://www.economist.com/node/18895586 5 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-17004530 6 http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/EN/foraff/127434.pdf 7 The High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy 8 http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/EN/foraff/127825.pdf 9 http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/syria-rejects-arab-league-plan-end-crisis-15418379#.Ty1cucU9Wrk 4
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http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/feb/04/assad-obama-resign-un-resolution http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=41144&Cr=Syria&Cr1= 12 http://rt.com/news/syria-resolution-veto-russia-china-515/ 13 http://www.economist.com/node/21543542 14 http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/syria/index.html 15 http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/01/how-the-world-could-and-maybe-should-intervene-insyria/251776/ 11
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http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Infcircs/Others/infcirc140.pdf http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Infcircs/Others/infcirc140.pdf 18 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-15673941 19 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-16778292 20 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-15983302 17
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– http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-16778292
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3. LIBE - Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs
OVERVIEW
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http://www.eurotreaties.com/maastrichtec.pdf http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/justice_freedom_security/free_movement_of_persons_asylum_immigration/l33020 _en.htm 27 (from French: Frontières extÊrieures for "external borders", legally: European Agency for the Management of Operational Cooperation at the External Borders of the Member States of the European Union 28 http://www.frontex.europa.eu/ 29 80 of all illegal immigrants enter the EU via Greece 26
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http://ec.europa.eu/immigration http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/internal_market/living_and_working_in_the_internal_market/l14573_en.htm 32 http://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/policies/external/external_intro_en.htm 33 http://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/policies/external/external_ga_en.htm 31
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4. JURI - Committee on Legal Affairs
OVERVIEW
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As of 31 December 2011, http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1326801/000119312512034517/d287954ds1.htm Kaplan and Haenlein ‘Users of the World, unite! The challenges and opporunities of Social Media’, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0007681309001232 36 ‘Personal (user) data’ is defined as ‘any information relating to an identified or identifiable natural person (‘data subject’); an identifiable person is one who can be identified, directly or indirectly, in partcular by reference to an identification number or to one or more factors specific to his physical, physiological, metnal, economic, cultural or social identity’ by Article 2(a) of Directive 95/46/EC 37 ‘Behind the Huge Growth of Social Media’, http://behavioraltargeting.biz/behind-the-huge-growth-of-social-media/ 35
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Google Won’ Delay New Privacy Policy Despite EU Concerns, http://www.csoonline.com/article/699427/google-won-t-delaynew-privacy-policy-despite-eu-concerns
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5. IMCO – Committee on Internal Market and Consumer Protection
OVERVIEW
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http://www.onlinepoker.net/poker-news/poker-stocks-financials/online-gambling-industry-grows-293-billion-2010/9662 http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/consultations/docs/2011/online_gambling/sec2011_321_en.pdf (Sec1.3) 41 https://divisiononaddictions.org/html/publications/shafferinternetgambling.pdf 42 http://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/healthnews/6198482/Internet-gambling-can-be-10-times-more-addictive-than-otherforms.html 40
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http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/28/technology/28eurogamble.html?pagewanted=all http://www.national-lottery.co.uk/player/p/goodcausesandwinners/wherethemoneygoes.ftl 45 http://www.euractiv.com/sports/betting-chief-eu-gambling-market-needs-harmonised-rules-interview-503424 46 http://www.euractiv.com/consumers/commission-eyes-eu-regulation-online-gambling-news-507351 47 http://www.euractiv.com/sports/eu-court-says-austrian-german-gambling-curbs-illegal-news-497634 48 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2006:321E:0001:0331:EN:PDF 49 http://www.euractiv.com/food/eu-court-says-countries-can-ban-online-gambling-news-494928 50 http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/consultations/docs/2011/online_gambling/com2011_128_en.pdf 51 http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/de/pressroom/content/20111003IPR28106/html/Stronger-cooperation-needed-ononline-gambling-MEPs-say 52 http://www.egba.eu/pdf/EGBA-FINAL-green-paper-contribution-110801.pdf 44
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http://ec.europa.eu/euratom/ar/last.pdf http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-SF-08-037/EN/KS-SF-08-037-EN.PDF
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7. EMPL - Committee on Employment and Social Affairs
OVERVIEW
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16-24 years old http://www.businessinsider.com/europe-youth-unemployment-20121?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+TheMoneyGame+%28The+Money+Game%29#italy -22 57 http://www.cnbc.com/id/40453626/Why_Are_Youth_Unemployment_Rates_Higher 58 http://www.businessinsider.com/europe-youth-unemployment-2012-1 59 http://www.businessinsider.com/eurostat-spain-unemployment-rate-229-percent-2012-1 60 http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/pubdocs/2011/72/en/1/EF1172EN.pdf 56
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http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/pubdocs/2011/72/en/1/EF1172EN.pdf http://ec.europa.eu/youth/youth-policies/overview_en.htm 63 http://ec.europa.eu/europe2020/index_en.htm 64 http://ec.europa.eu/europe2020/tools/monitoring/recommendations_2011/index_en.htm 62
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8. ECON I - Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs I
OVERVIEW
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Fiscal discipline: A budget in which income equals expenditure. http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/01/30/us-eu-summit-idUSTRE80S0SR20120130 67 The treaty, however, allows for joining in the future. See http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/feedarticle/10068493 for a brief summary of the Czech position. 68 Here you can find the full “Treaty on Stability, Coordination and Governance in the European Economic and Monetary Union“ as agreed to sign on January 30th: http://www.european-council.europa.eu/media/579087/treaty.pdf 69 The EMU sums up the group of policies aimed at converging the economies of EU Member States in three stages so as to allow them to adopt the euro. As such, it is largely synonymous with the Eurozone. 70 Many claim that by buying state bonds during the current crisis the ECB is risking its independence and turning into a politically driven institution similar to the American Federal Reserve Bank by using monetary policy for fiscal purposes. For further information: http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,779183,00.html 71 Moral hazard means that people with insurance may take greater risks than they would do without it because they know they are protected. In a monetary union, not only does the county with the large deficit suffer from some of the adverse effects of having a large debt, but all the other members of the union do as well. Therefore there is an incentive for them to “bail out” the offending country. 72 Article 125 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union: http://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2008:115:0047:0199:en:PDF 66
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You can find that statement issued by the Euro Area Heads of State or Government on December 9th here: http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/ec/126658.pdf 74 The ESM is a permanent rescue funding programme or bailout mechanism to succeed the current European Financial Stability Facility and the European Financial Stabilisation Mechanism in the Eurozone. 75 http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/01/30/us-eu-summit-idUSTRE80S0SR20120130 76 For more information on Keynes’ theories (especially p.56-65): http://www.cuizy.cn/Recommended/Nature&glabolization/Modern%20Macroeconomics%20%20Its%20Origins,%20Development%20And%20Current%20State.pdf 77 Fiscal policy involves the use of government spending, borrowing and taxation. 78 For more information on monetarism: http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/Monetarism.html 79 An explanation and empirical study of the positive relationship between expected budget deficits and interest rates: http://www.phil.frb.org/research-and-data/publications/business-review/2004/q2/brq204sl.pdf 80 BEPGs are adopted by the Council as a reference document guiding the conduct of the whole range of economic policies in the Member States and the EU. These provisions are contained in Article 121 TFEU stating that ‘Member States shall regard their economic policies as a matter of common concern and shall co-ordinate them within the Council’, http://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:12008E121:EN:HTML 81 In essence the SGP says that all countries in the Eurozone should aim to keep their annual budget deficit below 3% of GDP, and keep total public debt below 60% of GDP, the deficit criterion applies to all EU Member States.
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It is a new set of rules for economic and fiscal surveillance: http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=MEMO/11/898 83 An export surplus is an economic measure of a positive balance of trade, where a country's exports exceeds its imports. A trade surplus represents a net inflow of currency from foreign markets. 84 An export surplus is an economic measure of a positive balance of trade, where a country's exports exceeds its imports. A trade surplus represents a net inflow of currency from foreign markets. Read more: http://www.investopedia.com/terms/t/trade-surplus.asp#ixzz1luen87ul 85 The OMC is an intergovernmental means of governance in the EU, based on the voluntary cooperation. 86 http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,811155,00.html 87 Austerity measures in the EU – a country by country table: http://www.europeaninstitute.org/Special-G-20-Issue-onFinancial-Reform/austerity-measures-in-the-eu.html
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9. ECON II - Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs II Compromising viability for economic stability? In search of measures to discourage excessive risktaking in the financial sector: Is the proposed Financial Transactions Tax (FTT) 88 part of the solution?
OVERVIEW
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Financial Transaction Taxes are taxes placed on a specific type of financial transaction. They have existed since at least the seventeenth century, when Stamp Duty was introduced in England, though the current EU proposals are most comparable with the Tobin Tax first proposed as a currency transaction tax in 1972. However the EU FTT will focus on derivatives and the exchange of shares and bonds. 89 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-16783520 90 These are a 0.01% tax on derivatives trading and a 0.1% tax on the trading of bonds 91 http://www.thecityuk.com/research/our-work/reports-list/economic-contribution-of-uk-financial-and-professional-services2011/
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http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-16783571 http://www.independent.co.uk/hei-fi/news/former-rbs-boss-stripped-of-knighthood-for-starting-worst-recession-sinceworld-war-two-6297764.html 94 http://www.publicserviceeurope.com/article/1446/survey-shows-brussels-support-for-robin-hood-tax 93
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DROI - Committee on Human Rights
OVERVIEW
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As it amended art. 10 and 19 of Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (Treaty of Rome) See art. 21 of the Charter: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/charter/pdf/text_en.pdf 97 http://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/birth_family_relationships/eu_and_family_law.html 98 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Same_sex_marriage_map_Europe_detailed.svg 99 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gay_Adoption_Map_Europe.svg 100 http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/eb/eb66/eb66_highlights_en.pdf 101 http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=REPORT&mode=XML&reference=A6-2008-0479&language=EN 96
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Art. 75 and 77 of the report http://www.europeandignitywatch.org/media/media-coverage/select_category/21.html 104 Argentina, Belgium, Canada, Iceland, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, South Africa, and Sweden 105 Israel, overseas dominions of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, parts of the United States, and all States of Brazil and Mexico. 106 http://people.ischool.berkeley.edu/~nunberg/gaymarriage.html 103
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http://people.virginia.edu/~cjp/articles/ffp10b.pdf http://www.pediatricsdigest.mobi/content/118/1/349.full 109 Statistic on social groups usually target more than 1000 subjects, (see Miller’sHandbook on Research Design) 110 http://www.lifesitenews.com/news/archive/ldn/2005/may/05053106 111 http://borngay.procon.org/sourcefiles/How_does_the_Sexual_Orientation_of_Parents_Matter.pdf 108
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http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-16239693 http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/45719296/ns/world_news-asia_pacific/t/kim-jong-ils-youngest-son-dubbed-greatsuccessor/ 114 http://www.huffingtonpost.com/amarnath-amarasingam/the-prophet-is-dead-juche_b_1158553.html 115 http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/11/826&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage= en 113
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http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/11/826&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage= en 117 118 http://www.hrw.org/news/2011/12/08/human-rights-organizations-call-action-north-korea-international-human-rights-day 119 120 http://www.amnestyusa.org/research/reports/annual-report-north-korea-2011?page=show
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CULT - Committee on Culture and Education
OVERVIEW
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Her full speech: http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=SPEECH/11/777 http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/11/1292 123 As stated in this highly informative study of the European cultural (and creative) sector: http://www.keanet.eu/ecoculture/executive_summary_en.pdf 124 A discussion of the changing cultural policies: http://www.culturalpolicies.net/web/compendium-topics.php?aid=174 125 IPR contain many different porperty rights like patents, trademarks, and, important to this topic, copyright. 122
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See the May 2011 press release: http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/11/630&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en 127 http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2012/jan/23/monday-note-piracy-sopa 128 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-16735219 129 ICT (information and communications technology - or technologies) is an umbrella term that includes any communication device or application, encompassing: radio, television, cellular phones, computer and network hardware and software, satellite systems and so on, as well as the various services and applications associated with them, such as videoconferencing and distance learning. 130 See this great collection of information about collecting societies and copyright at the World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO) website: http://www.wipo.int/about-ip/en/collective_mngt.html 131 See the outline of the programme: http://ec.europa.eu/culture/creative-europe/index_en.htm
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AFCO I - Committee on Constitutional Affairs I
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On the Ankara Agreement: http://www.abgs.gov.tr/index.php?p=117&l=2. On the Customs Union and its exceptions: http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/customs/customs_duties/rules_origin/customs_unions/article_414_en.htm. 134 The Accession partnership document of 2005: http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/turkey/st20002_05_tr_framedoc_en.pdf. 135 On the Turkish National Programme: http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/turkey/summary_en.pdf. 136 The Acquis communautaire entails all the rights and obligations of EU Member States (treaties and laws). 133
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‘Key findings on the 2011 progress report on Turkey’, 12.10.2011, European Commision. http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=MEMO/11/694. 138 ‘Vertical integration’ in this context means deepening EU integration, namely passing on competences of the state to the supranational level, to the EU, such as i.e. a common fiscal policy, whereas ‘horizontal integration’ means enlarging the EU horizontally by new states acceding the EU. 139 Accession partnership, Negotiating Framework, 2005, European Commission (see Footnote No. 4). 140 Politics of ‘double standards’ is the application of different norms or values to similar situations or to different people in a similar situation. In terms of accession to the EU, this means applying different values or procedures to different candidate countries.
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AFCO II - Committee on Constitutional Affairs II
OVERVIEW
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P. Birkinshaw, D. Ashaigbor have defined it as follows: Democratic deficit in the EU thus would be the partial or absolute lack of the vesting of power in the European people (the EU citizens) resulting from the transfer of powers from the national legislatures to the Community decision-making apparatus, composed of the representatives of the national executives. 142 Series of surveys regularly performed by the European Commission which produces reports of public opinion of certain issues related to the European Union across the Member States. 143 EB autumn 2009: http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/eb/eb72/eb72_first_en.pdf 144 EB autumn 2011: http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/eb/eb76/eb76_first_en.pdf 145 Although the Council of the EU and the European Council are largely composed of nationally elected representatives. 146 For more information on Moravscik’s line of thought: http://www.princeton.edu/~amoravcs/library/framework.pdf
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http://www.europarlbarcelona.eu/ressource/static/files/EB71-3_Post-electoral-Synthese_analytique_EN.pdf Foddesal and Hix argue in favour of a democratic deficit based on lack of competition for leadership positions: www.princeton.edu/~amoravcs/library/hix.doc 149 As explained in ‘The EU as a public sphere’ by Claes H. de Vreese (University of Amsterdam), a public sphere is most commonly referred to as a space or arena for deliberation, discussion and engagement in societal issues. The public sphere concept is often related to Jürgen Habermas. In this article Risse tries to clarify the theoretical concept of a public sphere: http://aei.pitt.edu/6556/1/001315_1.PDF 148
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Original: ‘Tot està per fer i tot és possible’. Extracted from the poem ‘Right now’ (‘Ara mateix’) by Miquel Martí i Pol.
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