The European Union: 500 million people – 28 countries
Member states of the European Union Candidate and potential candidate countries
Founders
New ideas for lasting peace and prosperity‌
Konrad Adenauer
Alcide De Gasperi
W inston Churchill
Robert Schuman
Jean Monnet
The EU symbols
The European flag
The European anthem
Europe Day, 9 May The motto: United in diversity
hravatski
24 official languages
hravatski
Enlargement: from six to 28 countries
1952
1990
1973
1995
1986
1981
2004
2007
2013
41989
Fall of Berlin Wall – end of Communism EU economic help begins: Phare programme
41992
Criteria set for a country to join the EU: • democracy and rule of law • functioning market economy • ability to implement EU laws
41998
Formal negotiations on enlargement begin
42002
Copenhagen summit agrees enlargement
42004
10 new EU members: Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia
42007
Bulgaria and Romania join the EU
42013
Croatia joins on the 1st of July
© Reuders
The big enlargement: healing the division of Europe
Candidate and potential candidate countries
Wealth
Area
Population (million)
(gross domestic product per person)
Bosnia and Herzegovina
51
3.8
7 300
Montenegro
13
0.6
10 500
100
0.3
29 500
Kosovo under UN Security Resolution 1244
11
2.2
:
The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
25
2.1
9 200
Albania
27
3.2
7 300
Serbia
77
7.3
8 400
Turkey
770
73.7
13 600
4 290
508
25 700
(1000 km²)
Iceland
The 28 EU countries together
The treaties – basis for democratic cooperation built on law
1958
1952
The treaties of Rome: The European Economic Community The European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM)
The European Steel and Coal Community
2009
1987
Treaty of Lisbon
2003
Treaty of Nice
The European Single Act: the Single Market
1999
Treaty of Amsterdam
1993
Treaty of European Union – Maastricht
The EU charter of fundamental rights Binding for all the EU's activities 54 articles under 6 titles: 4 Dignity 4 Freedoms 4 Equality 4 Solidarity 4 Citizens' rights 4 Justice
A transparent Union at your service
The website of the European Union europa.eu
One and a half million documents available to the public
Europe Direct contact centre Answers your questions: 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11
Europe Direct Information Centres 500 EU Info Points across the EU
European Union Documents Access to internal documents upon request
The European Ombudsman
Deals with complaints over EU administration
Emily O’Reilly, the EU ombudsman
EU population in the world Population in millions, 2012
1343 1205
508 314
127
EU
China
India
Japan
143
Russia United States
The area of the EU compared to the rest of the world Surface area, 1 000 km²
16 889
9327
9159
4290 3287 365 EU
China
India
Japan
Russia United States
How rich is the EU compared to the rest of the world?
37 100
26 300 25 200
12 600
10 800 12 000 5 800
5 200
4 200
1 200
EU
China
India
2600
1300
Japan
Russia
United States
Size of economy: 2011 gross domestic product in trillion of euros
EU
China
India
Japan
Russia United States
Wealth per person: 2011 gross domestic product per person
131
43 43 34 30 20 9
Estonia Denmark Netherlands Belgium Slovenia Cyprus Malta
0.3
3
49 Slovakia
Luxemburg
62 56
Latvia
63
Lithuania Croatia
68
83
Austria
Ireland
92
Portugal
77
93
Hungary
Czech Republic
111
Bulgaria
Greece
230
Romania
295
305
244
410 357 313
United Kingdom
Italy
Finland
Poland
Germany
Sweden
Spain
France
506
544
How big are the EU countries?
Surface area in 1000 km²
21.4
4.6
Ireland
3.0 2.0 2.0
1.3 0.9 0.5 0.4
Lithuania Latvia
Slovenia Estonia Cyprus Luxemburg Malta
4.4
5.4
Finland
Croatia
5.4 Slovakia
8.4
Austria
5.6
9.5
Sweden
Denmark
10.0
Hungary
7.3
10.5
Czech Republic
Bulgaria
10.5
11.0
11.3
Portugal
Belgium
Greece
Netherlands
16.7
38.5
Romania
Poland
60.8
Italy 46.2
63.0
United Kingdom
Spain
65.4
France
Germany
81.8
How many people live in the EU?
Population in millions, 2012 508 million total
Bulgaria
Romania
Croatia
Latvia
Hungary
Poland
Estonia
Lithuania
Greece
Slovakia
Portugal
Czech Republic
Slovenia
Malta
Cyprus
Spain
Italy
EU-28
France
United Kingdom
Finland
Belgium
Germany
Denmark
Sweden
Netherlands
Ireland
Austria
Luxembourg
GDP per inhabitant: the spread of wealth
2012 GDP per inhabitant
Index where the average of the 28 EU-countries is 100
Europe 2020 – Europe's growth strategy
EU leaders agreed in 2010 the overall strategy to get out of the economic crisis by means of: 4Smart growth Better education, more research, greater use of communication technologies 4Sustainable growth A resource - efficient, greener and more competitive economy 4Inclusive growth More and better jobs, investment in skills and training, modernisation of the labour market and welfare systems, spreading the benefits of growth to all parts of the EU 4Good economic governance Better coordination of economic policy
The five targets for the EU in 2020
A greed in the Europe 2020 strategy: 4 Employment
75% of 20-64 year-olds to be employed 4 Research and innovation 3% of the EU's GDP to be invested in research 4 Climate change/energy Greenhouse gas emissions 20% lower than 1990 20% of energy from renewables 20% increase in energy efficiency 4 Education School drop-out rates below 10% 40% of 30-34–year-olds completing third-level education
4 Poverty 20 million fewer people in, or at risk of, poverty and social exclusion
Europe's response to the economic crisis
2008: Worldwide financial crisis starts in the United States Coordinated response from the EU's national governments, the European Central Bank and the European Commission: 4 Commit ment t o t he euro and t o f inancial st abilit y 4 New crisis management t ools and ref orms of rules: European Stability Mechanism: fund to help extraordinary economic difficulties EU-wide financial supervisory authorities, new laws for stability of banks 4 Bet t er economic governance: European Semester: annual procedure to coordinate public budgets Euro+ pact, "Fiscal compact treaty� : mutual commitments to sound public finances
How does the EU spend its money?
2014 EU budget: â‚Ź 142.6 billion = 1.06% of gross national income
Global Europe: including development aid 6% Security and citizenship, justice 2%
Sustainable growth – natural resources: agriculture, environment 42%
Other, administration 6%
Smart and inclusive growth: jobs, competitiveness, regional development 45%
Climate change – a global challenge
To stop global warming, EU leaders decided in 2007 to:
reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 20% by 2020 (30% if other developed countries do likewise) 4
4
improve energy efficiency by 20% by 2020
raise the share of renewable energy to 20% by 2020 (wind, solar, hydro power, biomass) 4
Energy sources in a changing world
Fuel used in EU in 2010, as share of total
Share of fuel imported from outside the EU in 2010
100% 84%
Gas 25%
Oil 35%
62% 53% 39%
Coal 16%
Nuclear 13% Renewables 10%
0% Coal
Oil
Gas
Nuclear Renewables (uranium)
All types of fuel
Research - investing in the knowledge society Spending on research and development in 2010 (% of GDP)
3.4% 3.0%
2.9%
2.0%
1.5%
EU
EU objective 2020
China
Japan
United States
Solidarity in practice: the EU cohesion policy
2007-2013: â‚Ź347 billion invested f or inf rastructure, business, environment and training of workers f or less well-of f regions or citizens
4
Regional fund
4
Social fund
4
Cohesion fund
Convergence objective: regions with GDP per capita under 75% of the EU average. 81.5% of the funds are spent on this objective. Regional competitiveness and employment objective.
The euro – a single currency for Europeans
Can be used everywhere in the euro area
4Coins: one side with national symbols, one side common 4Notes: no national side
EU countries using the euro EU countries not using the euro
Average annual inflation in the 17 EU-countries that used the euro in 2013 2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
1989
1988
1987
1986
1985
1984
1983
1982
1981
1980
1979
1978
1977
1976
1975
1974
1973
1972
1971
1970
Beating inflation
European Economic and Monetary Union: stable prices
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
The single market: freedom of choice
The single market has led to:
Significant reductions in the price of many products and services, including airfares and phone calls More choice for consumers
2.8 million new jobs
Four freedoms of movement:
© Getty Images
4 goods 4 services 4 people 4 capital
Free to move
“Schengen”: No police or customs checks at borders between most EU countries 4
4
Controls strengthened at EU external borders
More cooperation between police from different EU countries 4
You can buy and bring back any goods for personal use when you travel between EU countries
© Co rb i s
4
Going abroad to learn
Every year, more than 400 000 young people study or pursue personal development in other European countries with support from EU programmes: 4 Comenius: school education 4 Erasmus: higher education 4 Leonardo da Vinci: vocational training 4 Grundtvig: adult education 4 Youth in Action: voluntary work and
Š Getty Images
non-formal education
Improving health and the environment
Pollution knows no borders – joint action needed EU action has helped bring: 4 4 4 4 4
Much less acid rain Lead-free petrol Free and safe disposal of old electronic equipment Strict rules on food safety from farm to fork
4
More organic and quality farming More effective health warnings on cigarettes
4
Registration and control of all chemicals (REACH)
4
Š Va n Pa ry s M e dia
Cleaner bathing water
An area of freedom, security and justice
4
Charter of Fundamental Rights
4
Joint fight against terrorism
Police and law-enforcers from different countries cooperate 4
Coordinated asylum and immigration policies 4
Civil law cooperation
Š Eu ro p e a n Un i o n Po l i c e M i s si on
4
The EU: an exporter of peace and prosperity
4
World trade rules
Common foreign and security policy 4
Development assistance and humanitarian aid 4
EU runs the peacekeeping operations and the rebuilding of society in war-torn countries like Bosnia-Herzegovina.
The EU – a major trading power
% of global exports, goods, 2012
% of global exports, services, 2012
EU 15%
EU 25% United States 11%
Others 55%
Others 42%
Japan 5% China 14%
United States 18% India China 5% 6%
Japan 4%
The EU is the biggest provider of development aid in the world The EU provides over half of all development aid € 110
€ 70 € 60
EU
Japan
United States
Official development assistance per citizen, 2011
Three key players
The European Parliament - voice of the people Martin Schulz, President of of the European Parliament
The European Council and the Council - voice of the Member States Herman Van Rompuy, President of the European Council
The European Commission - promoting the common interest JosĂŠ Manuel Barroso, President of the European Commission
The EU institutions
European Council (summit)
European Parliament
Court of Justice
Court of Auditors
European Investment Bank
Council of Ministers (The Council)
European Commission
Economic and Social Committee
Committee of the Regions
Agencies
European Central Bank
How EU laws are made
Citizens, interest groups, experts: discuss, consult
Commission: makes formal proposal
Parliament and Council of Ministers: decide jointly
National or local authorities: implement
Commission and Court of Justice: monitor implementation
The European elections 2014
The European Parliament – voice of the people
4 Decides EU laws and budget together with Council of Ministers 4 Democratic supervision of all the EU’s work Number of members elected in each country (July 2013) Austria
19
Estonia
6
Belgium
22
Finland
13
Bulgaria
18
France
74
Croatia
12
Germany
99
Cyprus
6
Greece
Italy
73
Portugal
22
9
Romania
33
12
Slovakia
13
Luxembourg
6
Slovenia
8
22
Malta
6
Spain
54
20
Latvia
Lithuania
Czech Republic
22
Hungary
22
Netherlands
26
Sweden
Denmark
13
Ireland
12
Poland
51
United Kingdom 72 Total
* This figure will be reduced to 751 at the 2014 elections.
766
*
The European political parties
Number of seats in the European Parliament per political group (July 2013)
Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe 85
European People’s Party (Christian Democrats) 275
Greens/European Free Alliance 58
Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats 196
European United Left - Nordic Green Left 34
European Conservatives and Reformists 55
Total : 766
Europe of Freedom and Democracy 35 Non-attached members 28
Council of Ministers – voice of the member states
4One minister from each EU country 4Presidency: rotates every six months 4Decides EU laws and budget together
with Parliament 4Manages the common foreign and security policy
Council of Ministers – number of votes per country
Germany, France, Italy and the United Kingdom
29
Spain and Poland
27
Romania
14
Netherlands
13
Belgium, Czech Republic, Greece, Hungary and Portugal
12
Austria, Bulgaria and Sweden
10
Croatia, Denmark, Ireland, Lithuania, Slovakia and Finland
7
Estonia, Cyprus, Latvia, Luxembourg and Slovenia
4
Malta
3
Total:
352
“Qualified majority” needed for many decisions: 260 votes and a majority of member states From 2014: 55% of the Member States with 65% of the population
Summit at the European Council
Summit of heads of state and government of all EU countries 4Held at least 4 times a year 4 Sets the overall guidelines for EU policies 4 President: Herman Van Rompuy
A high representative for foreign affairs and security
Catherine Ashton Double hat: chairs the Foreign A f f airs Council meetings + Vice-president of the European Commission Manages the common f oreign and security policy
Head of European External A ction Service
The European Commission – promoting the common interest
28 independent members, one from each EU country 4Proposes new legislation 4Executive organ 4Guardian of the treaties 4Represents the EU on the international stage
The Court of Justice – upholding the law
28 independent judges, one from each EU country 4Rules on how to interpret EU law 4Ensures EU countries apply EU laws in the
same way
The European Court of Auditors: getting value for your money
28 independent members
4Checks that EU funds are used properly 4Can audit any person or organisation dealing with EU funds
The European Central Bank: managing the euro
4Ensures price stability 4Controls money supply and decides interest rates
4Works independently from governments
Mario Draghi President of the Central Bank
The European Economic and Social Committee: voice of civil society
353 members 4Represents trade unions, employers, farmers, consumers etc 4Advises on new EU laws and policies 4Promotes the involvement of civil society in EU matters
The Committee of the Regions: voice of local government
353 members 4Represents cities, regions 4Advises on new EU laws and policies 4Promotes the involvement of local government in EU matters
Civil servants working for the EU Commission employs about 23 000 permanent civil servants and 11 000 temporary or contract workers Other EU institutions: about 10 000 employed 4Permanent civil servants 4Selected by open competitions
4Come from all EU countries 4Salaries decided by law 4EU administration costs â‚Ź15 per EU citizen per year 4EU staff will be reduced by 5% between 2013-17