THE OPEN ASSEMBLY Fiona Fuller
Graduate Project 2020
Page 2 THE OPEN ASSEMBLY
Fiona
Fuller INTERIOR DESIGNER
Copyright © 2020 Fiona Fuller
INTRODUCTION Project Brief
pg 10 - 13
SECTION ONE
pg 14 - 45
SECTION TWO
pg 46 - 71
SECTION THREE
pg 72 - 89
SECTION FOUR
Term one Manifesto
Phase One Site Research
Phase Two Design Concept
Phase Three Design Development
pg 90 - 109
SECTION FIVE
pg 110 - 111
CONCLUSION
Phase Four Final Design - Details and Design Visualisation
Page 3
pg 4 - 9
Fiona Fuller
CONTENTS
Page 4 THE OPEN ASSEMBLY
THE OPEN ASSEMBLY Degree Project 2020
Page 5
The Open Assembly is a proposal which challenges the current typology of public space and reinterprets the relationship between citizens and the city within an interior environment. It generates a new concept of urban farming within an existing structure that enforces a ‘system of support’ focused towards the more vulnerable in society. A programme led design set within the limits of an existing structure.
Fiona Fuller
How can an alternative public space encourage collective citizen ownership within a city environment?
Chelsea College of Arts University of The Arts, London
Page 6 THE OPEN ASSEMBLY
THE
OPEN ASSEMBLY
Not closed or blocked
A gathering in one place
Freely accessed to all
A common purpose
Inclusive
VOCABULARY OF THE OPEN ASSEMBLY
Trade
The action of buying and selling goods and services Exchange
An act of giving one thing and receiving another in return Sustainable Economy
Support society and enhance human well-being Collective Identity
Knowing who and what you stand for as a group Community
A collective of actively invested citizens that form a network of social and economic relationships. Have the same interests and attitudes in common Placemaking
Putting the community at the centre Flexible
Able to be easily modified to respond to altered circumstances Gentrification
Renovating and improving to conform to middle-class taste Exclusion
The process of barring entry to something or someone Inclusion
The action of being open and inviting Spatial inequalities
Unequal distribution
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Open or shared by all people as a whole
Fiona Fuller
Public Space
Page 8 THE OPEN ASSEMBLY
THE PROJECT BRIEF
In response to technologies ever encroaching hold on human interactions and connections the brief is to provide the tools and environment to change the conversation of public space and citizen ownership on a human level in Kings Cross, the site location. The challenge is to equip the space to facilitate different functions and activities within both fixed and flexible spaces. The design should communicate permeability and connectivity where isolated spaces do not exist behind walls but are interconnected both horizontally and vertically with visual sightlines on varying heights. The interior will become an exploration of a transitional language of space, event and movement (Tschumi, B, 1996). The layered experience will be composed of many varied components that look to encourage the citizen that they have “the power to change the conversation” (Block, P). The narrative should explore ... ‘the citizen as the client, the activist, the architect, the co-creator, the teacher, the student…’, to communicate how a design intervention might be seen to encourage the citizens to take ownership and responsibility within the medium of an interior public space.
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THE OPEN ASSEMBLY Proposal Imagery
Page 10 THE OPEN ASSEMBLY
Questioning the Now Manifesto
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Manifesto
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SECTION ONE
MANIFESTO
How can design compete with technology and create real platforms of belonging in the wider context of
the city? Where the diverse social and political backgrounds of the citizens can interact and support each other without the aid of technology.
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Technology cannot solve many of today’s most pressing urban challenges, so citizens need to ask the right
questions and understand the issues that communities face and think creatively about how to address those problems. Sometimes technology can aid these efforts, but technology cannot provide solutions on its own. The Open Assembly looks at achieving the following manifesto points in order to achieve a community orientated public space.
THE OPEN ASSEMBLY
NI
Sustainable It is imperative that the design should be adapatble for future development without major redesign. Spatial Ownership By creating an intervention within the city structure, communities are encouraged to take ownership within public spaces to allow for the vulnerable to feel included and protected. This triggers happiness and self worth while bridging the gap between different social groups. Narrative An object can tell part of the story but the user will tell it all. The building should allow the user to connect to their environment as they have control of the space making it their own. Usefulness Functionality and usefulness must drive the design.
FES TO
Subversion Reverse social order and its structures of power and hierarchy enabling design to impact everyone. Create Revolution Envision and create alternative public spaces that revolutionise how we interact with our surroundings and each other Conversation Through conversation, the space can liberate people. There is a need to better understand and engage with societys changes and challenge our views for what is needed now for the individual. Striving to design for a better future as the whole community is of hight importance, conversation can educate, but it is also one way members of a community are inextricably connected. Sense of Identity By creating a space opens up a conversation of social and political topics, we explore and question our own identity and the identity of others. The aim is to encourage forming a collective community identity, that progresses from ‘I’ and ‘them’ to ‘We’.
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MA
Protection To provide protection for the less off through thoughtful design that should encourage the conversation of equality and community.
Fiona Fuller
will adhere to these points
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The Problem Kings Cross The Coal Office History of The Site Regeneration and Gentrification Layered Investigation of SIte Boundaries of Site Placemaking Community Placemaking Right to The City Community Projects Site Users Site Research Conclusion
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PHASE ONE Site Research
Fiona Fuller
SECTION TWO
THE PROBLEM
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Site map and details, research A key argument for this proposal rejects the common capitalist regeneration of neighbourhoods that whilst generating huge amounts of revenue for developers, has also caused fragmentation of communities by rejecting the views and needs of citizens when designing new environments.
Social/ Cultural Hierachies Visible
Hospitality Leisure
Capitalist Regeneration
International Businesses Retail
Overly Designed
Spatial Inequalities
Needs Placemaking
Lacking Placemaking
Surveillance
Major Connecting Hub
Road
Rail Boundaries of Site
Canal
Social / Cultural Values Celebrated
Destination Location Visitors
Social/ Class Divides Tourists
Diversity Right to The City Personalise
Citizen Needs
THE SITE KINGS CROSS
National/ International
Community
Safe Connected
Strategic
Wellbeing
Standard
Tactical
Quality Place
Creative
Authentic Experiences
Reinvent Public Space Co-created
Social Opportunity Arts, Culture, Entertainment
Improve Quality & Vitality Ownership of Place Care Responsibility
Mixed Use
Education Tactical Activities For Civic Engagement Produce Cultivation
*
Key elements taking forward in project proposal
Fiona Fuller
Types of Placemaking
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PLACEMAKING AND THE OPEN ASSEMBLY
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KINGS CROSS History
Kings Cross is a hybrid space with an existing infrastructure providing controlled boundaries. The site is nestled between the train tracks of two national and international underground and rail stations with Regents Canal running through the middle from the north-west to the east. The Coal Office within Granary Square holds the desirable attributes for the location of The Open Assembly. As a stand alone building made up of 5 connecting volumes on the edge of Regents Canal, it is in a prominent geographical position as a tool to highlight the strong presence of community within the capitalist environment.
THE COAL OFFICE
REGENTS CANAL
CAMLEY STREET NATURAL PARK
KINGS CROSS
PENTONVILLE
SOMERS TOWN
SAINT PANCRAS
CLERKENWELL
EUSTON
BLOOMSBURY
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BARNSBURY
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CAMDEN TOWN
KINGS CROSS
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BUILDING AND MATERIALITY
THE COAL OFFICE Built by Lewis Cubitt in 1851
Fiona Fuller Page 21
Much of the sites current architecture was inherited from its use as a coal, grain and potato depot that traded from the 1850s-1980s. As goods transportation moved from the trains to the roads, the land was left mostly derelict with a few buildings used for freight storage. Consequently, an underground culture scene of art and music emerged with the inhabitants expressing their ownership for a forgotten piece of industrial London.
KINGS CROSS
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SITE OBSERVATIONS
HOSTILE ARCHITECTURE Signs of social control are visible from the street furniture as an intended deterent towards people who fall within unwanted demographics.
SITE DOCUMENTATION Winter ‘19
SITE DOCUMENTATION Spring ‘20
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Designed space that welcomes a particular social class and overlooked by security. Cited as a safe space but only for those who fit the designed demographic.
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FREE LEISURE BUT UNDER SURVEILLANCE
KINGS CROSS
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“It’s so clean and safe here with all the security around”
PRIVATE LAND ARGENT 2008- present
“We have put our personality onto this public owned land”
PUBLIC LAND KINGS CROSS RAILWAY LANDS GROUP 1945 - 2008
“This is a piece of industrial land that the workers are proud off”
PUBLIC LAND GREAT NORTHERN RAILWAY 1850 - 1980
The history of Kings Cross has developed over three significant eras. The industrial goods and freight canals, wasteland and underground music scene and now presently, luxury accomodation, live, work and shop environment. Once publicly owned land, the local communities of KX wanted parks, social housing, a health centre and secondary school included in the new regeneration plan. However, only minimal needs were met and now as it is privately owned and managed the locals are not considered.
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Regeneration
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OWNERSHIP
KINGS CROSS
REGENERATION AND GENTRIFICATION
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At first glance, KX appears to be ‘inclusive’ to all, but in reality its very much targetted at those who can afford the shops and restaurants, and for those who can’t, invisible barriers deter their movements onto site.
“Sorry mate, this part of the city isn’t for you!”
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Fiona Fuller
KINGS CROSS
LAYERED INVESTIGATION OF SITE Site map and details
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Taking a ‘zoomed out’ approach to site analysis I mapped 6 elements that contributed to the sites characteristics and composition.
Designed Activity Spaces of Site
The Coal Office The Coal Office Canal
People Density
Main Pedestrian Routes onto Site
Canal
Thresholds Key Thresholds Transitional Routes
Open Green Spaces of Site *To investigate further
The Coal Office
The Coal Office
Pedestrian Route
Green Spaces
Canal
Canal
The Coal Office Canal Design Spaces of Activity
Bordering Infrastructure of Site *To investigate further
The Coal Office Canal Railway Tracks Road
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Transitional spaces and Thresholds of Site
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Areas of High People Density on Site
KINGS CROSS
BOUNDARIES OF SITE Physical and invisible
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To understand the composition of the site’s boundaries this mapping illustrates the barriers felt from the surrounding neighbourhoods of KX in to the centre of the site. Both physical and invisible barriers reveal themselves as mechanisms for deterring local and unwanted citizens onto site.
Bordering Infrastructure of Site
The Coal Office Canal Railway Tracks Road
Bordering communities freely access facilities found in neighbourhoods with no feelings of not belonging.
The boundaries onto the site of KX are clearly felt through physical and invisible barriers.
Placemaking is lacking within KX
An Invisible Barrier There are 408 Facial Recognition Cameras (FRT) within Kings Cross and St Pancras.
A Physcial Barrier Train tracks and Regents Canal restricts routes onto the site for the surrounding communities
KX redevelopment has neglected the surrounding communities resulting in them feeling like “outsiders” and are “deliberately isolated” (Kapoor, N,). Clear divides between the site and the local neighbourhoods are visible from the inward facing design of the development.
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Fiona Fuller
A tool like placemaking is needed to ‘bridge’ the community back into the site.
KINGS CROSS
PLACEMAKING Explained
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“Placemaking is an approach which puts the community at the centre and forefront of where they live” (Courage, C 2017). When looking at what placemaking is and how it can be achieved, citizen architecture is a relevant addition to the proposal, as spaces that are both imagined and led by citizens, for citizens and in turn creates the typology of citizen architecture.
DESIGNED ACTIONS The areas within the site which are open ‘public’ spaces all have a designed outcome of actions, highlighting the controlled nature of the site. When a more collaborative community approach to design is present, the actions of the space should be varied and developed through the users own instinct.
PLAY
E
AR QU
SIT
S RY NA
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Designed Activity Spaces of Site
IN TA
UN
FO
TG SA
AL
N SO
G
RE
AN SC
SWING
T EN
P
E ST
The Coal Office Canal Design Spaces of Activity
SW
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LE
T AT
B AT
GE
ID BR
E AC
PL
3
IMAGE INDEX
5
4
1. Ridley’s Temporary Restaurant, 2011 2. Urban Room Folkestone, 2017, 3. Croyden Parklets, 2017/18 4. Tate Modern Summer Terrace, 2018 5. Erith Lighthouse, 2016/17
THE DECORATORS
Multidisciplinary design collective that focuses on community collaboration, placemaking and citizen architecture The Decorators were a source of inspiration for their focus on social and cultural projects. Working with and in communities their methodology reflects the needs of the citizens in relation to what the surrounding landscape can offer. Erith Lighthouse project and Ridley’s Temporary Restaurant were the key projects that led me to realise the power of food and social connection. The activities and programmes of the projects all stem from a ‘need’ of the community.
Fiona Fuller
1
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2
KINGS CROSS
COMMUNITY PLACEMAKING
Evidence of placemaking within KX and St Pancras
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I zoned into looking at the spaces that offer an element of citizen architecture within the site. 4 community projects were found within a mile radius of the site, with 0 in the immediate KX boundaries. This led me to conclude the need for a community based ecological environment as a tool to ‘bridge’ the bordering communities onto the site.
1
1 Mile Radius
2
4
3
5 Open Green Spaces of Site
6
7
The Coal Office Canal
Green Spaces
1
THE SKIP GARDEN Closed CHARITY GARDEN, GLOBAL GENERATION
4
CAMLEY STREET NATURAL PARK Closed for refurbishment NATURE RESERVE, LONDON WILDLIFE TRUST Key Features of the Site • Visitor and learning centre • Woodland, grassland and wetland nature reserve • Childrens nature education
5
THE STORY GARDEN
CHARITY GARDEN, GLOBAL GENERATION 1 The Skip Garden - CLOSED
2 Thornhill Bridge Community Garden - NEGLECTED 3 Culpeper Community Garden
4 Camley Street Natural Park - CLOSED 5 The Story Garden 6 Calthorpe Project
7 Marchmont Community Garden
Features of the site include • Growing beds • Social Kitchen and cafe • Makers space • Spaces for rent • Childrens nature education • Wellness courses
Fiona Fuller
Key Features of the Site • Situated on temporary ‘meanwhile’ space • Growing beds in skips • Social Kitchen and cafe • Spaces for rent • Childrens nature education • Self sustaining • Workshops and events
Community Garden Community Project Canal
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Public Park
KINGS CROSS
THE CONTRAST
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The Story Garden
This mark making exercise communicates the difference of atmosphere felt within both sites when visited. The experience of The Story Garden was expressive, with multiple activities taking place across the site. A central roundhouse building cements the site together, as it gathers the users in. Growing beds and a kitchen are among the key features that enhance this fluid, permeable space expressed with circular energetic flow on the page.
In contrast, when experiencing Granary Square, the very straight forward and reserved feeling of the space offered no alternatives to using it other than as a transitional space with a few benches to momentarily sit on. Observing the time people spent within the square lasted no longer than 20 minutes. The feeling of being watched was evident, especially by the number of security and KX staff members around. The marks created express a sense of severity to the atmosphere.
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Granary Square
RIGHT TO THE CITY
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Related Theory
London’s infrastructure inhibits its inhabitants ‘right to the city’ as Henri Lefebvre explains in The Production of Space, 1991. This idea was first proposed in 1968 as a call to action, to reclaim the city as a co-created space, detaching it from the increasing impact that capitalism had over social interactions and the rise of spatial inequalities. All communities have a right to personalise their local areas and feel part of the city as a whole. Established groups and projects surrounding the site have no presence within the centre which shows a divide of social class and values. Community presence doesn’t seem to be a concern for Argent who’s intention is to make the space only ‘exclusive’ to visitors and tourists.
“I don’ feel like I fit into the right demographic for this part of the city”
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Fiona Fuller
RIGHT TO THE CITY
COMMUNITY PROJECTS To gain an understanding of the types of groups and projects already established within the Kings Cross and St Pancras area I analysed the activities and facilities of 9 key projects. The 9 projects were chosen as they offered a variation of programmes and were focused towards a mix of users.
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COMMUNITY GROUPS & PROJECTS Barnsbury Community Group Battlebridge Communal Garden Bemerton Villages Tenant Management Organisation British Trust for Conservation Volunteers Cally Resource Centre Camden Canals Association Camden Chinese Community Centre Camden Garden Centre Camden Shares (the timebank for Camden) Camden Town Shed Camley Street Natural Park Groundwork Camden and Islington Calthorpe Project Copenhagen Youth Project Culpeper Community Gardens Elm Village Tenants and Residents Association Friends of Argyle Square Friends of Barnard Park Friends of Edward Square Friends of Regent’s Canal Global Generation Goldington Street Estate Tenants and Residents Association Go London Holy Cross Centre Trust Hopscotch Asian Womens Centre Henry Cubitt Community Centre Islington Bangladeshi Association King’s Cross and Brunswick Neighbourhood Association King’s Cross Railway Lands Group London Orchard Project The Lumen Centre Maiden Lane Community Centre Marchmont Association New Horizon Youth Centre OneKX Peel Institute Somers Town Community Association The Sparkplug Thornhill Square Association
1
1
4 3 2 4 8
3
6
2
7
8 6
7 5
9
9
Group/ project location
5
Growing food, people and community for a better world
3. The Orchard Project Dedicated solely to the creation, restoration and celebration of community orchards.
School visits Gardening group activities Community lunches DIY sessions at MAKE Weekly events: Weaving, construction,
Training workshops School learning Community builds
Users Retired and unemployed, focused at men
Users Young people, businesses, families, female groups
Users Children and young adults, elderly, businesses, families
4. Islington Bangladeshi Association
5. Calthorpe Project
6. New Horizon Youth Centre
Offer welfare rights advice and information services to relieve poverty, activities that promotes integration and community cohesion.
Dedicated solely to the creation, restoration and celebration of community orchards.
A connected community where everyone benefits from living here
Education/training Health information events Lunch club Arts & crafts Community development Employment schemes Social
Grow & Cook Therapeutic Gardening Art group Choir Mental health projects
Mental health awareness projects Children activity and social clubs Mother and Child events Over 50’s social club Guest speaker events
Users Bangladeshi community of all ages
Users children and young adults, vulnerable, families
Users Youth and the elderly, families
7. Kings Cross Brunswick Neighbourhood Association Community Centre
8. Urban Community Projects
9. Hopscotch Asians Women Centre Surma Centre Bengali Workers’ Association
Kings Cross Youth Project Older Peoples Group Bangladeshi community Chinese community Somali community
Users Youth, Retirees, BAME communities
Mobile Food Bank Employment & Training Youth Work Finance Corner
Users Everyone
Enabling asian women to become more active citizens through participation in community activities and developing links with other communities. Safe Space
Users Bangali Women
USERS Children Young Adults Mothers /Parents Elderly Families Female Groups Male Groups Unemployed/retired Vulnerable
ACTIVITY FIELDS Education Teaching Making Growing Socialising Health & Wellness Support
Fiona Fuller
Creative Makers Space Skills Sharing Social and Gathering
2. Global Generation Skip Garden, The Story Garden
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1. The Camden Town Shed
USERS
Page 42 THE OPEN ASSEMBLY
What it means to be in a community - it’s a feeling of belonging, of togetherness.
For this proposal, I am defining a community as a collective of actively invested citizens that form a network of social and economic relationships with the same condition of sharing or having certain attitudes and interests in common. The mutual engagement of ‘thinking and learning together’ regardless of ethnicity, culture or religion (Block, Peter) will be the prominent fixture, a ‘pillar’ within this speculative project. Following on from the group/ project research I concluded the proposed primary, secondary and tertiary users of The Open Assembly in relation to the users of the 9 key projects and programme use.
CURRENT USERS vs PROPOSED USERS
CURRENT USERS OF SITE Primary Local businesses Tourists Students Visitors Secondary Inner site Residents
Primary
Secondary
Primary
PROPOSED USERS FOR THE OPEN ASSEMBLY Primary
The vulnerable and homeless Local & ethnic female groups Older people groups/ retirees Young disadvantage youths
Secondary
Inner and local residents Local students Invested young professionals
Tertiary Tourists Local businesses
Secondary
Tertiary
f9af23
THE BIG 5 To Nurture
To Give To Listen To Encourage
+ THE CONNECTING 3
What the space can provide for the community
=
Production Vending Ownership
TOGETHER
= THE OPEN ASSEMBLY “A permanent community infrastructure that provides an active joint space within the urban environment”
Fiona Fuller
To Provide
=
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What the community can offer to each other
CONCLUSION
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To Research
Kings Cross holds a complex array of issues and shows a lack of community involvement and ‘placemaking’ within the inner site which has resulted in the neighbouring communities feeling removed and unwelcome. The evident boundaries and restrictive pseudo public spaces and facilities reveals the capitalist values of the site that are disconnected from the realities of the area it is located within. The need for a space that provides connection of social and cultural values is evident. A space which allows the subject of community creation, collaboration and growth to succeed would be a valuable asset to the site. The aim for The Open Assembly is to provide a ‘bridge’ for the communities to take ownership of a piece of the city, that they can manage and maintain as a collective of actively invested citizens. A new programme of re-imagined shared spaces will ignite a new conversation for citizens to change the spaces they inhabit. In response to technologies involvement in city design, The Open Assembly provides the aids required to help vulnerable people feel more connected and grounded within an environment that focuses on real human interaction, communication and education.
“I want to live in a place that puts the community first” “I want to feel welcome in every part of the city”
Fiona Fuller
“The neighbourhood we call home, should reflect our social and cultural values as a community”
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“Co-creating something with my community strengthens our presence within the capitalist world”
Page 46 THE OPEN ASSEMBLY
The Open Assembly User Groups Programmes of Space Activity Relationships Ecological Learning Environment Sun Studies Courgette Journey Vertical Narrative Living Steps Streets in the Sky Social Points
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PHASE TWO Design Concept
Fiona Fuller
SECTION THREE
Page 48 THE OPEN ASSEMBLY
DESIGN CONCEPT
The concept of The Open Assembly is a reinvented urban community centre that celebrates the binding force of a shared set of responsibilities and ownership. The focus is on supporting vulnerable citizens within the community, whether the homeless, adults or children from disadvantaged backgrounds, citizens who are lonely or have challenges with mental health. Ultimately the space is a shared commodity that welcomes all. Growing food and celebrating social connections ignites the conversation for change. The environment becomes reactive when the tools provided enable citizens to listen and exchange ideas through encouragement and engagement. The building operates through a ‘skills exchange’ programme, citizens offer their ‘skills’, ‘knowledge’ or ‘time’ in exchange for something they need. The solution of The Open Assembly will provide: An educational and supportive environment through produce cultivation. Fixed and Flexible spaces that cater to the needs of the developing communities Community kitchen and cafe that embraces and connects social and cultural values An overall alternative public space experience within an interior space
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SKILLS EXCHANGE CIRCULAR SYSTEM Fiona Fuller
USERS AND ACTIVITIES
Page 50 THE OPEN ASSEMBLY
THE OPEN ASSEMBLY USER GROUPS
The Older Peoples Project
Nurture To Grow
The Kitchen Club
Groups/charities/projects Shelter Mission without Borders
Groups/charities/projects Somers Town Bengali Womens Association Camden Chinese Community Group
Groups/charities/projects Kings Cross Youth Team Only Connect Coram
Groups/charities/projects Camden Mens Shed Townswomen Guild
User Category: Homeless and vulnerable
User category: Predominately BAME and female demographic
User category: Disadvantaged local youths
User Category: Over 50’s
Skill Exchange Farm volunteer Bed, board, support and education
Skill Exchange Teaches in The Culture Kitchen Cooking School and cooks community lunches space to socialise with friends
Skill Exchange Shop Volunteera position in The Culture Kitchen Cooking School
Skill Exchange Farm and activity Leader Joins for community lunches to socialise
Learn to farm Initiative
Daily cooking and socialising. The Kitchen Club is at the heart of The Open Assembly which provides the users with a purpose.
Youth Team come together for cooking classes, farm classes, team lunches, craft activities. Buddy-Up system with The Old Peoples Project to privide both groups a different outlook.
Project that invites the older generation into farming and socialising with different ages and groups of people. The idea for this group is to integrate throughout the others the provide knowledge, skills and friendship that might not occur outside the building.
WhenMonday - Friday
WhenTuesday, Wednesday, Thursday
WhenMonday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday
WhenWednesday, Saturday, Sunday
Paul
Gayatri
Hannah
Pete
Project for the vulnerable in the community, homeless, poor, unemployed Volunteer for a minimum of 3 months in exchange for bed and board
Project X
1. VULNERABLE & HOMELESS
2. LOCAL & BAME FEMALES
4. OLDER CITIZENS
3. DISADVANTAGED YOUTHS
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PRIMARY
Fiona Fuller
Projects and groups created for the narrative of The Open Assembly proposal using real community groups around the bordering neighbourghoods of KX as the users.
PROGRAMMES OF THE SPACE
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Establishing the needs of the community Following the research into the groups/ projects of Kings Cross and St Pancras, The Story Garden, The Skip Garden and Calthorpe Project were a source of inspiration for The Open Assembly. They all engage with nature and offer a variation of programmes that interact around the central theme of growing and sharing. This in turn supports the other programmes such as a social kitchen for particular groups, environmental learning, arts club and children’s nature play. This provided me with the foundations of creating a space that had a main element of food production for the users to attend to as something they ‘own’ within the constraints of the inner site. The social benefits of working towards a combined outcome, a harvest of produce, as a network of teams reinforces the attitude of belonging within the constraints of the site.
OD
UC
A series of cultivation spaces throughout the building encourages ownership and collective teamwork towards a combined outcome of growth and harvest.
N DE
R
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SKILLS EXCHANGE
E
The Culture Kitchen is used by The Kitchen Club and Project X who use the produce grown to create recipes together and provide meals for the lunch club, community and visitors.
CU
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An offering of accomodation for the Nuture to Grow project. The ‘system of support’ that The Open Assembly developed from is highlighted in the skills exchange programme with the facilities of a hostel on site being an important feature in offering the vulnerable and homeless shelter and an education in exchange for their ‘time’ and ‘skills’
&
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CE PA S L
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LIV
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A flexible space that is adaptable to the needs of the community. Primarily used as a growing space that transitions into a market hall, classroom and events space.
T KE
LIB
RY RA
G
A ST
IRS
An alternative space that focuses on interaction and communication between citizens within a new design typology. (Welcome Hub) Community space that offers a variety of experiences within one space.
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PR
Fiona Fuller
Initial proposal of programmes in hierarchy of project needs
USERS AND ACTIVITIES
INITIAL PLAN DEVELOPMENT Subject to Change
ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS
Taking into consideration, established activity relationships, circulation and space restrictions.
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Sun
Growing Area
ACTIVITY MAPPING
To investigate the relationships of the programmes with each other and how they could be configured in the space.
Social Hub
The Market Hall Social Hub
The Culture Kitchen
Social Hub The Kitchen Table
Seed & Bean Cafe
Hostel
*Social Hubs become essential for connecting the programmes together for a fluid layout A neccesity
Must be linked
ENTRANCE
MASSING EXERCISE layout configuration
PRIVATE ENTRANCE
Beneficial if linked
LEVEL 3
GROWING ROOF FARM
ROOF TOP DIRECT SUN
SOCIAL EDUCATIONAL SPACE
ROOF TOP - DIRECT SUN
HOSTEL ROOMS
LEVEL 1
FARM SPACE GROWING GROWING AREA
ROOF TOP - DIRECT SUN
ROOF FARM
HOSTEL ROOMS (x5 beds minimum)
FARM SPACE linked
linked GROWING AREA ROOF FARM
GROWING ROOF FARM
SOCIAL SPACE FOR COMMUNITY ACTIVITIES
OPEN KITCHEN
SHARING TABLE
ROOF FARM
LEVEL 0
MARKET
KITCHEN/ CAFE
MARKET
KITCHEN/ CAFE
MAKERS SPACE / SOCIAL
vacant space MAKERS SPACE / SOCIAL
MOVEABLE FURNITURE LIFT SHAFT
PUBLIC ENTRANCE linked
EXPERIENCE LIBRARY / MAKERS SPACE
SEED & BEAN SHOP
EXPERIENCE LIBRARY / MAKERS SPACE
SEED & BEAN SHOP
CANAL
SOCIAL HUB
STAFF ENTRANCE WELLCOME HUB SOCIAL SPACE WELLCOME HUB SOCIAL SPACE
OFFICE
SCALE 1:300
ORCHARD
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LEVEL 2
Fiona Fuller
GROWING ROOF FARM GROWING AREA
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ECOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT
NEST WE GROW Kengo Kuma & Associates + College of Environmental Design UC Berkeley
Nest We Grow is an example of a structure that its main intent is to bring people in the community together to store, prepare and enjoy local foods in the setting of Hokkaido, Japan. The timber construction inspired by the verticality of Japanese larch forests invites the notion of ‘a sense of community’. The concept invites a place of meeting, gathering, growing, cooking and eating together as a group. There is a connection from the preservation of the fish being hung up to dry to the preparation area at the bottom, the visible sight lines across the whole structure allows the circular sequence of life to be present.
NEST WE GROW MODEL INVESTIGATION By creating a physical and 3D model of Nest We Grow I was able to manipulate an open interior which allows for visual sight lines across the space. Housing activities at different levels allows the user to experience the multi-programmed nature of the proposal.
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I can see you.
Fiona Fuller
1:75 NEST WE GROW Interpretation model investigating a vertical permeable narrative
ECOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT
SUN STUDIES
Seasonal Mapping
MARCH EQUINOX
3 5
JUNE SOLSTICE
4 1 2
SEPTEMBER EQUINOX
N
Page 58 THE OPEN ASSEMBLY
As a tool to understand the buildings position in relation to the sun’s path, I produced a sun study that shows how much direct sun rays the roof tops will receive over the course of a year. The cultivation activities occurring on the roof tops results in the building having a verticle narrative of action.
DECEMBER SOLSTICE
JUNE SHADOW CAST STUDY
Maximum amount of direct sun during this month on the roofs for the positioning
SOLAR ROOF
2
HERB TERRACE
3
AIR ROOF
4
THE MARKET HALL (Interior, L1)
5
MARKET ROOF
Page 59
“By utilising the roof tops as growing spaces the building helps the local economy by providing fresh, healthy produce to citizens and tourists”
1
Fiona Fuller
PLAN OF GROWING FIXTURES The space needs to be functional but flexible
KEY Moveable grow boxes
Raised grow beds
Grow lights
Orchard Trees
ECOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT
COURGETTE JOURNEY Design Strategy
L1 THE CULTURE KITCHEN
L2 SOLAR HOUSE
Outcomes; Farming brings people together Education is present throughout the growing, harvest and cooking periods Exchange of knowledge and ideas is communicated End product is a shared communal feast which illustrates the play of a circular narrative within The Open Assembly.
L0 SEED & BEAN SHOP
Page 60 THE OPEN ASSEMBLY
The element of food production is integrated through out the whole building and links the common theme of shared responsibility and collective ownership.
THE KITCHEN TABLE
N
Paul plants the courgette seed and cares for it throughout the season.
IN G
J J M
F M A
OW
L 1, 2, 4
N D J
GR
O S A
HAR VEST
L1
The Culture Kitchen and Project X use the courgettes in a recipe for the community meal
ÂŁ1
The community of The Open Assembly share a meal together
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L3
Fiona Fuller
Gayatri from The Culture Kitchen harvests the courgette when they are ready
SKILLS EXCHANGE
The connection of the building
Page 62 THE OPEN ASSEMBLY
The primary users of the building all offer their ‘skills’, ‘knowledge’ or ‘time’ in exchange for their needs.
GIVE
RECEIVE
PAUL Nurture & Grow Project TIME PRODUCE CULTIVATION
SUPPORT & SHELTER
SKILLS THE CULTURE KITCHEN
SPACE TO SOCIALISE IN
KNOWLEDGE PRODUCE CULTIVATION
SPACE TO SOCIALISE IN
TIME SEED & BEAN SHOP
STUDENT AT THE CULTURE KITCHEN COOKING SCHOOL
GAYATRI The Culture Kitchen Group
PETE The Old Peoples Project
HANNAH Project X
IN MOTION When the ‘skill exchange’ is in motion the whole building comes alive with action and reaction to form one connected space. All community users of the system interact on a daily bases that futher strengthens the community bond. They all benefit from the sharing of values and culture.
Everyone joins together for a meal at lunch.
Fiona Fuller
THE KITCHEN TABLE
SEED & BEAN SHOP HOSTEL SOCIAL SPACE THE CULTURE KITCHEN THE MARKET HALL PRODUCE CULTIVATION
Page 63
SCALE 1:250
VISUALISATION SKETCH Sketch development of interior vertical plan
VERTICAL NARRATIVE
Page 64 THE OPEN ASSEMBLY
Investigating the relationship vertically between floors
Step 1 Initial plotting of staircase for circulation
Step 2 Introducing roof gardens
Step 3 Developing relationships vertically and horizontally
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Fiona Fuller
VERTICAL NARRATIVE
EXPLODED STAIR AXONOMETRIC
LIVING STEPS
Steps that encourage social interaction.
Page 66 THE OPEN ASSEMBLY
Use of the stair feature within the central design of the interior acts as an ‘embracing’ space. The stairs encourage social interaction, provide tiered seating for talks or performances and offers a transitional route to the upper floors.
‘living stair’ ClinkNoord hostel, Amsterdam
Exploration and development of stair design through sketching and 3D visualisation
E AG
ED
SE
R TO &S
LEVEL 2
A
EM
RG
LA
SO
SE
OU
NH
E RE
TH
LEVEL 1
E TH
LTU
CU
EN
H ITC
K RE
L
E ST
HO
LEVEL 0 ED
SE
&B
N EA
OP
SH
PUBLIC ENTRANCE
L
AL
TH
E RK
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Varying floor plate sizes for single or group use
Fiona Fuller
LEVEL 3
VERTICAL NARRATIVE
STREETS IN THE SKY
Page 68 THE OPEN ASSEMBLY
Bridging activities and spaces together
Based on the concept of pedestrian walkways linking buildings together, and relevant to my proposal, activities together, I studied the connecting transitions presented in this volume model. I have represented the farming activity spaces as the clear resin forms and the bridging programme of the kitchen/ market place as the pink resin. The programme of the kitchen/ market acts as an invisible bridge connecting the produce cultivation into the interior programme. The walkways, the wood, then fit in and around creating a fluid layout of the space.
B
A. UNIVERSITY OF LIMA, PERU Grafton Architects, 2016
A university campus that thinks in a new way with a distinctive vertical structure. The concept of a vertical campus defies convention, as does the mix of open and enclosed spaces, both are key to the success of this building visually and spatially. The interior focuses on a common language of permeability. The mezzanines and landings visible to all to experience influenced my design strategy for an open interior that expresses the rhythm of the building through the visible interaction and congregation of the users.
B. SINT-JOZEF BUILDING, CARITAS PSYCHIATRIC CENTRE, MELLE, BELGIUM Architecten de Vylder Vinck Taillieu, 2018
These transparent volumes of the greenhouses are used as new rooms of the building. The enclosed yet visible boundary of the space is intriguing and reveals an ambigious relationship with the interior and exterior of the structures. Taking an element of this concept into the design of The Open Assembley is a direction that was further explored.
Fiona Fuller
A
B
Page 69
A
VERTICAL NARRATIVE
SOCIAL POINTS
Page 70 THE OPEN ASSEMBLY
Bridging the community together
Taking an element of pedway circulation design and exploring connecting routes that enhance social interaction between floors, the sketch (this page) shows the bridging of spaces and connection of users between the floors. The connecting spaces become ‘corridors of power’ (Fran Tonkiss) for the community.
L1 PROJECTED PLAN Points of social connection
Fiona Fuller
L2
Page 71
Axonometric of floor layout
Page 72 THE OPEN ASSEMBLY
Design Stategy Community Ownership Filtered Down, Grown Up The Market Hall Welcome Hub Inside, Outside Circular Building Architecture Circulation
Page 73
PHASE THREE Design Development
Fiona Fuller
SECTION FOUR
Page 74 THE OPEN ASSEMBLY
DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
DESIGN STRATEGY
Establishing three key features of the project
1 2 3
Produce CULTIVATION
To establish a permanent facility for urban farming that shares knowledge and responsibility of a greener lifestyle made visible within the KX site. The growing areas will need to be visible across the building with areas that allow for plant growing to become flexible in its positioning within the space.
Shared ACTIVITIES
The application of communal shared spaces that encourages social interaction through the freedom of exchange. The activities will focus on joining different groups together to achieve an agreed outcome.
Blurring BOUNDARIES
To achieve an interior public space that allows for openness and flexibility both in design and human interaction. Through the use of minimal partitions the interior doesn’t just allow for a vertical and horizontal narrative to evolve but blurs the prejudice between the different user groups and joins them with a shared ideology.
SEED & STORAGE COMMUNITY
THE
CULTURE
K I TC H E N T E R R A C E
SEED & BEAN
COMMUNITY
S P A C E SPACE THE KITCHEN
TABLE
COMMUNITY S H O P S P A C E H E R B
STAIR CASE
ELEVATOR
DESIGNED SOCIAL POINTS Blurring the space and the user divides
MARKET HALL H O S TS PEA CLE
CLOAKROOM
HOSTEL
COMMUNITY
KITCHEN & WC
Fiona Fuller
COMMUNITY SPACE Shared activities, communication and exchange, changing the conversation
Page 75
ROOF TOPS Produce cultivation provides the community with responsibility and ownership within an ecological environment
1
PRODUCE CULTIVATION
COMMUNITY OWNERSHIP
LEVEL 4 Open Air Roof
Page 76 THE OPEN ASSEMBLY
The growing rooftops create a responsibility among the community, and in turn exposes them to an environment they maybe wouldn’t have been able to access within the city. The space becomes an inclusive learning environment and a tool for education. The biodiversity of the site changes as well as the biodiversity of the neighbourhood.
Project X and Nurture To Grow
“So what made you decide to join Project X? “ “I wanted to learn new skills that weren’t available to me before. I think I now want to go to university and study urban ecology”
800 mm
SOLAR GREEN HOUSE Raised vegetable beds for wheelchair accessibility
HONEY CULTVATION FROM ROOF TOP HIVES
ROOF TOP ORCHARD FRUIT TREES
PRODUCE GROWN TOGETHER AND THEN SHARED TOGETHER
WHATS GROWING?
Peppers
AUTUMN/ WINTER
LEVEL 4
SCALE 1:500 0 1 2 3 4 5 6m
Page 77
Broccoli
Swiss Chard
Spring Onions
SPRING/ SUMMER
Fiona Fuller
CHAIN REACTION
N
1
PRODUCE CULTIVATION
GROWN UP AND FILTERED DOWN
Page 78 THE OPEN ASSEMBLY
Illustration communicating the relationships and interactions that occur from the produce cultivation on the roofs and how it filters down to the rest of the building. The journey binds the vertical narrative of the building together and establishes the relationship of the community involvement in the process.
“The courgettes are ready to harvest for the Culture Kitchen”
“Great, thanks Paul!”
“I think coriander will work well in this courgette dish for the lunch club”
“I’ve got the muffins ready for the Seed & Bean Shop”
“The special today is a courgette and feta muffin”
A
B
A
N
EAST ELEVATION
“I wonder what the ladies in The Culture Kitchen have made for lunch today?”
Shall we take a break and head downstairs to the lunch club?’
“It does smell good from up here!”
“The dish today is courgette fritters with a dukka creme fraiche and spiced pepper dressing””
B
SOUTH ELEVATION
“There is a tomato salad for the lunch club too”
SCALE 1:100
2
SHARED ACTIVITIES
THE MARKET HALL Moveable growing boxes allows the space to become flexible to the needs of the community. The space is open to shared activities with growing and maintenance drop in sessions and a twice weekly market and events programme.
SCALE 1:200 1
2
3
4
5
Carrot
Leek Celeriac
Sample of vegetables grown in The Market Hall. Due to the environment, root vegetables that survive in shadier conditions were chosen.
6m
900 mm
0
Beetroot
MARKET DAY LAYOUT
LEVEL 1 LEVEL 1
The moveable vegetable boxes become pop-up market stalls. Fold out panels provide space for the produce to be displayed along with local craft producers to sell their products in the assembly.
SCALE 1:500 0 1 2 3 4 5 6m
N
GROWING AND LEARNING LAYOUT
Schedule: Tuesday am
The Market Hall L1
“Ok Hannah, so to encourage full growth of the beetroot, remove the lower leaves of the plant“
“Great! I’ll start with the others“
Page 81 Fiona Fuller
Nuture and Grow Project X: Growing maintenance drop-in
2
Page 82 THE OPEN ASSEMBLY
SHARED ACTIVITIES
10am
THE WELCOME HUB
Flexible user orientated space
MORNING SOCIAL
The ground floor of The Open Assembly is a flexible social space that adapts to the needs of the community. With moveable furniture, the concept of ‘interpretation of use’ allows alternative formations within one space to develop. From large scale activities to fragmented small intimate situations. This space represents the community, as it puts their needs at the forefront of The Open Assembly.
Free space open to interpretation of use. Coffee meet ups, business meetings, play space.
Example of types of activities to take place with in the space
12 pm
4 pm
8 pm
BOOK CLUB
1:1 DROP IN
EVENTS/ TALKS
Open book club held 3x a week for different age and interest groups. The formation of the space is intimate and utilises the round seats for a focused environment.
Semi private booth set up for drop in sessions with community workers within the health, financial, residency and social sectors.
Theatre set up. Evening talk with Dutch journalist , Laxmi Haigh speaking about the importance of Circular Building Architecture.
LEVEL 0
Linear seating doesn’t allow for communal communication as the user focus is directly to the person in front.
Circular seating encourages interaction from all users as the direction of communication is focused to the centre.
SCALE 1:500 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10m
N
Page 83
“They are doing much better. Thank you for recommending that oinment for their rashes “
Fiona Fuller
“Hi Susan, how are the kids?“
3
COLOUR PALETTE
BLURRING BOUNDARIES
Trial variation of colour palette within the interior.
GREENHOUSES
Blurring the perception of interior and exterior spaces After being influenced by Architecten de Vylder Vinck Taillieu, I challenged how to create a new experimental public space with a structure associated with vegetable gardens, a greenhouse. With its familiar appearance of an outside component I removed the glass, so the skeletal structure introduces a new perceived space when within, it then becomes somewhere between a closed room and an open public space installation. The feeling of being embraced within it is significant and highlights the importance of the sharing table positioned at the centre. The inclusivity communicated from the varying floor heights that interact with it bridges the interior together.
Page 84 THE OPEN ASSEMBLY
Deep red/ Rust
Mustard Yellow
Green Teal
Tonal Grey/ concrete
Greenhouse roofs that reflect the original line of The Coal Office roofs.
Scale 1:75 test model of skeletal greenhouse structure interacting with different levels.
LEVEL 1
SCALE 1:500 0 1 2 3 4 5 6m
N
“Yes they are! Myself, Paul and The Project X group have been nurturing them well from seedlings “
“Hi Pete, the tomatoes are looking good this year. I’ve collaborated with Gayatri on a tomato soup recipe “
THE CULTURE KITCHEN
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Fiona Fuller
THE KICTHEN TABLE
3
BLURRING BOUNDARIES
CIRCULAR BUILDING ARCHITECTURE
Page 86 THE OPEN ASSEMBLY
SOLAR GLASS BIPV (Building Integrated Photovoltaic) glass generates energy for the building without compromising on aesthetics and blocking sunlight to the plants.
AUTOMATIC WINDOWS To control the temperature in the summer, the windows automatically open to allow the hot air rising to ventilate out.
RAIN WATER COLLECTION Collecting of rainwater from the greenhouse roofs to recycle to water the crops.
SCA
LE 1
:150
ENERGY PRODUCTION EXCESS TO NATIONAL GRID
O²
FRESH AIR TO CITY
RAIN RAIN
CO²
SCALE 1:300 CLEAN WASTE WATER
CANAL
RAINWATER AND GREY WATER STORED & REUSED
Fiona Fuller
COMPOST FOOD & CROP WASTE
Page 87
OPEN AIR ROOFS BRING BIODIVERSITY TO AREA
VERTICAL NARRATIVE
CIRCULATION The building is made accessible to everyone with the use of a lift placed to the east side, supplying the ground floor up to level 4 (roof) with step free access.
Page 88 THE OPEN ASSEMBLY
PUBLIC LIFT
AC
MA
IN P
SCALE
1:150
SEE PU D & B BLI C E EAN S NT RA HOP NC E
UBL
IC E
NTR
ANC
E
HO
STE L
EN
TRA
NC
E
Fiona Fuller
VA TE
Page 89
CCESS TO HOSTEL
PRI
Page 90 THE OPEN ASSEMBLY
Colour and Material Palette Full Elevation Ground Floor Floor Plan Hostel Visualisation Welcome Hub Visualisation Level One Floor Plan The Culture Kitchen Herb Terrace Visualisation The Kitchen Table Visualisation The Market Hall Visualisation - ‘Killer Image’ Level Two Floor Plan The Solar House Visualisation Level Three / Level Four Floor Plans
Page 91
PHASE FOUR Final Design - Details amd Design Visualisation
Fiona Fuller
SECTION FIVE
COLOUR AND MATERIAL PALETTE
Page 92 THE OPEN ASSEMBLY
Showcasing the use of a bold colour palette and industrial materials to communicate user presence and ownership within the site
With the variety of community groups using the building, the interior colour palette needs to reflect this diversity. The objective of The Open Assembly is about being present and engaged and users need to feel the buzz of energy and creativity when they enter the space. A bold colour scheme with the interjection of muted variations was chosen after various trials, the overall palette portrays the building as having a strong physical presence. This boldness of colour choice strengthens the communities sense of the buildings permanence. The materiality reflects the buildings industrial heritage with visible construction elements such as the steel supports being showcased, and the original brick walls being celebrated throughout. The decision to white plaster the north interior wall allows the sun, coming round from the east to west to reflect off the white and into the interior.
HERO COLOURS Present through the interior on FFE elements
SECONDARY COLOURS Muted tonal palette for walls, ceilings and FFE
3
5
1
5 7 6 MATERIAL INDEX 1
Concrete
2
Original red brick
3
Perforated and sheet powder coated steel
4
Vegetation
5
Formica laminate
6
Matte and shiny black steel
7
Birch plywood
5
Fiona Fuller
2
Page 93
4
BUILDING ELEVATION
NORTH ELEVATION
N
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
SCALE 1:250 8 9 10m
PLAN
Page 96 THE OPEN ASSEMBLY
GROUND FLOOR
HOSTEL ENTRANCE
MAIN PUBLIC ENTRANCE
SEED & BEAN SHOP SOCIAL SPACE
WC L0 / SOCIAL SPACE L 0a
URBAN ORCHARD
2
LEVEL 0a
1
2
2 2
2
SCALE 1:250 HOSTEL FACILITIES
HOSTEL
REGENTS CANAL
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10m N
WELCOME HUB SOCIAL SPACE Lift Shaft 1 Existing Chimney 2
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Fiona Fuller
GROUND FLOOR
HOSTEL Visualisation
Page 98 THE OPEN ASSEMBLY
GROUND FLOOR
WELCOME HUB Visualisation
Page 99
Fiona Fuller
PLAN
Page 100 THE OPEN ASSEMBLY
LEVEL ONE
LEVEL 1a SOCIAL / GROUP SPACE
SEASONAL GREENHOUSE
HERB TERRACE THE CULTURE KITCHEN extension to building
2 LEVEL 0
LEVEL 0a
1
2
2 2
SCALE 1:250 SEASONAL TERRACE
THE MARKET HALL
THE KITCHEN TABLE
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10m N
Lift Shaft 1 Existing Chimney 2
LEVEL ONE
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Fiona Fuller
THE CULTURE KITCHEN AND HERB TERRACE Visualisation
LEVEL ONE
Page 102 THE OPEN ASSEMBLY
THE KITCHEN TABLE Visualisation
Page 103
Fiona Fuller
LEVEL ONE
THE MARKET HALL Visualisation
Page 104 THE OPEN ASSEMBLY
‘Killer Image’
Page 105
Fiona Fuller
PLAN
Page 106 THE OPEN ASSEMBLY
LEVEL TWO
SOLAR GREENHOUSE SOCIAL/ GROUP SPACE
2 LEVEL 1
LEVEL 1
2
LEVEL 1
1
2 2
LEVEL 1a
SCALE 1:250 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10m SOCIAL SPACE N
Lift Shaft 1 Existing Chimney 2
LEVEL TWO
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Fiona Fuller
SOLAR GREENHOUSE Visualisation
PLAN
Page 108 THE OPEN ASSEMBLY
LEVEL THREE
2
2
1
2 2
SCALE 1:250 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10m SEED & STORAGE SPACE
N
Lift Shaft 1 Existing Chimney 2
PLAN
OPEN AIR GARDEN
2
2
1
2 2
SCALE 1:250 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10m MINI URBAN ROOF ORCHARD
N
Lift Shaft 1 Existing Chimney 2
Page 109
BEEHIVES
Fiona Fuller
LEVEL FOUR
Page 110 THE OPEN ASSEMBLY
The strength of the space is the conversations it can ignite that allows citizens to understand their surroundings and what role they have in it. “Then cities can start to be designed with people, and not just for people� (Lim, J and Rahman, M 2016).
Page 111
By focusing on the vertical narrative of the building and including a variety of viewpoints that maximises visibility internally, the interior and exterior evokes a sense of togetherness and inclusivity which is key for the progression of community public spaces. The Open Assembly is a fitting speculative case study of what co-created citizen architecture can embody to showcase the benefits of placemaking in city development.
Fiona Fuller
IN CONCLUSION