TU DELFT - ARCHITECTURE PORTFOLIO WORKS 2019-2023 by Fabio Chica

PORTFOLIO FABIO HERNÁN CHICA BONILLA CONTACT INFO

+57 3168294016 FH.CHICA10@OUTLOOK.COM

APPLICATION FOR MSC. IN ARCHITECTURE, TU DELFT ACADEMIC AND NON ACADEMIC WORKS 2019-2023

CONTENT

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ARCHITECTURE OF EXTRACTION: SERVITÁ

SUPPLY INFRASTRUCTURE: RETORNAR AL AGUA

SUMMARY MOTIVATION LETTER

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Studying architecture at Universidad de los Andes helped me recognize the influence, thus importance, of architecture in our daily lives and acknowledge the extent to which our identities are indelibly connected to the built environment. However, in these modern times, we face a myriad of social, environmental, and infrastructure challenges, which are even more acute in the Global South. Hence, architecture is crucial in shaping our society to envision a better future. To become a more capable/qualified professional in this field, I am eager to pursue further studies that will enable me to deepen my knowledge and contribute to meaningful solutions. I am interested in the MSc Architecture track at TU Delft due to its diverse range of studios and integrated design, engineering, and social approach. As an undergrad in Civil Engineering and Architecture, the program’s versatility and the studios’ diversity are key factors that can help me broaden my field of practice and strengthen my academic and professional profile. Furthermore, being a world-leading university, I would be able to study, learn, and collaborate with top-notch professionals, which can nurture my career. I would like to further explore architecture in highly complex and differentiating spatial conditions with a strong research component. Therefore, the studio Border and Territories can help me reflect on the intersections, relations, and limits within architecture in emerging territories and how robust representational techniques help to question this relationship.

SOCIAL ARCHITECTURE: KÉDOUGOU RURAL SCHOOL

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Moreover, the Architecture and Dwelling studio provides an opportunity to explore the principles of housing design. It offers a chance to ponder how design can help foster social inclusion and sustainability and facilitate collaborations between private and public sectors to address the worldwide housing challenges, especially in Latin America. Regarding a potential thesis project, I am interested in exploring two topics. The first is how obsolete infrastructures can be reimagined to create new possibilities within the design and architecture realms. The second is analyzing new dwelling forms in popular settlements and how a design-led approach can create new forms of living, improving the quality of life of the inhabitants of these places and reducing inequality.

HERITAGE AND UTOPY: LA UTOPÍA DE CAREX

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RESEARCH PAPER: ANALYSIS OF THE RAILWAY SYSTEM IN COLOMBIA

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DISCLAIMER: ALL IMAGES ARE REFERENCED - SEE PAGE 28

In conclusion, the MSc Architecture track at TU Delft is the perfect opportunity for me to advance my academic and professional aspirations. I am confident that my academic background, practical experience, and passion for architecture make me a strong candidate for the program.

SELF INTRODUCTION VIDEO: https://vimeo.com/902789959?share=copy

SERVITÁ - 2023 -

LANDSCAPE / SOCIAL HOUSING / ECOLOGY

¿Is there a life after the quarry? Servitá is located northeast of Bogotá at the foothill of the Andes mountain range. Its name comes after the villa once situated at the center of the lot, where just remains the main building. Villa Servitá served as a foster home and psychiatric center in the early 1940s and for almost 40 years as a quarry for construction materials. The extraction activities during this time modeled the entire mountain’s landscape, creating terraces, steep zones and waterways, among others. The project pretends to become a social housing referent as it tackles, on the one hand, the city housing deficit and, on the other hand, dignifies social housing by providing high-quality landscape amenities. Therefore, Servitá is a project where inhabitants would be able to maintain a close relationship between nature and the city.

mountain range ecosystem and the urban environment, and its reduced footprint intends to diminish the effect on watercourses (basins), flora and fauna. Multiple iterations of the general plan and the location of the towers were conducted with precise studies of the terraces, the steep zones and landfills to properly connect the entire project with low, cost-effective engineering interventions to construct a feasible project. Consequently, Servitá uses just the 8.2% (7.152 m2) of the total Developable Area (86.781 m2) and the 1.5% of the Gross Area (450.511 m2) of the lot.

Conceived of 16 towers, 25 story each, 8 units per floor with a total of 3200 housing units. Servitá is a high-density project that seeks to free soil to increase permeable areas that significantly reduce the loads of the urban drainage, work as a threshold between the

- LOCATION: Bogotá, Colombia - TYPE: Professional work - ROLE: Lead architect - CONTRIBUTION: Design, modelling, rendering, post production - DATE ISSUED: JANUARY 2019 - DECEMBER 2023 - SUPERVISOR: Pedro Aparicio Llorente (pedroaparicio22@gmail.com)

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ARCHITECTURE OF EXTRACTION HISTORY OF THE QUARRY

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The exploitation of the eastern Andes Mountain range has always been a persistent phenomenon in the history of Bogotá. Due to the increasing population and urban development, the mountains were subdued to extraction processes of sands, clays and gravels. For this project, a slope analysis was completed to identify the plain and steepest places to imagine possible settlements for the towers. Thus, understanding the existing terraces and the topography, the proposal seeks to diminish the engineer interventions and reduce the risk of falling materials due to eroded occurrences.

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SITE PLAN. Quarry’s Status - Year 1956

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GRASSHOPPER CODE. Slope Analysis.

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SITE PLAN. Quarry’s Status - Year 2023

SITE PLAN. Quarry’s Status - Year 2015

SITE PLAN. Slope analysis gradient. In green the flat zones, in red the steep zones

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LANDASCAPE

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CONTAINMENT SLOPES MECHANISMS PARKS

Bogotá’s cordillera has always served as a bank of materials for construction purposes till its present day. These extraction processes modified the topography, affecting the hill’s stability and increasing the risk of slope failure. Hence, containment interventions and slope stabilizations must be made.

SOFT SURFACE

HARD SURFACE

CONTAINMENT SLOPES

FOREST RESERVE

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To reduce the high cost of engineering interventions, the whole project is designed with a 63° degree gradient slope. This gradient comprises the optimal degree to maintain the stability of the slope. Furthermore, the project implements active containment mechanisms in high-gradient slopes where the distance between the terraces is insufficient.

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AXONOMETRIC DIAGRAM, AXONOMETRIC DETAIL, FABRICATION DETAIL 1. Flexible Polimer Geomat 2. Steelgrid System with Flexime Polimer Geomat

A flexible geomat with a steel grid system is implemented for surface stabilization and erosion protection.

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SITE PLAN. Current topography of Servitá

SITE PLAN. Intervened topograpy with projected terraces

SITE PLAN. Landscape and architectural proposal

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STUDY CASES W.C.

The housing unit design was based on two premises: an efficient structural system and the relation between private and public space, which both study cases share a similar approach. Pedregulho Housing Development by Affonso Reidy consists of a modular structural system that results in a repetitive unit that unfolds almost infinitely. The Jiménez de Quesada Towers designed by Diego Llorente have the same principle; the project uses an efficient constructive mechanism that allows the erection of tall buildings in a short time through a set of structural walls.

MAIN BEDROOM

KITCHEN

LIVING ROOM

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2 BEDROOM

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LIVING ROOM

CLOSET

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STUDIO

SERVICE

LAUNDRY

KITCHEN

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SERVICE

LAUNDRY

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In addition, Pedregulho was conceived from a modern perspective where the open plan and pilotis are its principal characteristics. The building merges with its surroundings and bridges connect the public space to the central part of the tower as a mechanism to extend the public space inside the building.

KITCHEN

LIVING ROOM

PHOTOGRPAHY, SITE PLAN, UNIT PLAN. 1. Pedregulho Housing Development, Rio de Janeiro Brazil 2. Jiménez de Queseda Towers, Bogotá Colombia

ARCHITECTURAL PROPOSAL HOUSING 1

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SOCIAL HOUSING

HOUSING

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AXONOMETRY. Close up of a tower and it’s public space.

UNIT PLAN. Endless variations of a home

PERSPECTIVE. Relation between the towers

PERSPECTIVE. Relation between the project and the public space

PERSPECTIVE. Relation between the project and the landscape

PERSPECTIVE. Relation between the project and the containment slopes

ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION

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At a district scale, the Andes Mountain range is the main ecological corridor of the city. It offers a vast ecosystemic biodiversity thanks to its altitude (from 2,650m to 3,600 meters above sea level). The six species of tree listed below correspond to the ecocline between 2,500m and 2,900m. One particular characteristic is that they attract birds, which means that a proper reforestation program could overcome the decreasing of fauna over the East Mountain Range.

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The proposal intends to connect the mountains with the city as the forest intermingles between the towers, the public space and the terraces, serving as a threshold between the two ecosystems (the built and the natural) and thinking the city through the medium of landscape.

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ARCHITECTURAL MODEL. Social landscape, the relation between the mountain and the project.

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SITE PLAN. Project’s landscape intervention.

Arrayán Adenaria floribunda

Cedro Andino Cedrela odorata

Cucharo Myrsine guianensis

Espino Duranta mutisii

Mano de Oso Oreopanax incisus

Tuno Miconia caudata

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ARCHITECTURAL MODEL. Social landscape, the relation between the mountain and the project.

SECTION. Group of tree species across the altitude range between 2,500m to 3,000m above sea level.

RETORNAR AL AGUA - 2019 -

RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES / ARCHITECTURE

¿Can water be an articulator of the public realm? The project consisted of designing a public space, equipment, and housing infrastructure based on the lecture on water in the territory to construct a new landscape. Through a series of exercises, the student would reach a proper definition of a project as each exercise unveiled different ideas of how to approach the project’s intentions. The first, writing as a project, consisted of using writing to describe and define the project’s intentions through a series of reflections. The second, matter and detail, was about designing an element, a fragment, that could explain the entire project which could be replicated at different scales. Last, foundations, was an exercise to read the territory’s marks to understand how they reveal topography and urban settlements.

Retornar al Agua, el Sincretismo de Habitarla ponders on the unseen part of the water system of a city, the water supply infrastructure. Consequently, the project seeks to understand how it works, its footprint on the territory and its relation with neighboring communities. WRITING AS PROJECT Water is simple and mysterious; it is found at all scales and states; it is drop and sea, ice and mist; it is constantly changing, therefore it is transmuting, which makes it omnipresent. It murmurs when it touches a material, moors when it becomes a river, a reflection when it pools and time because it transforms matter.

Therefore, these exercises aimed to understand how the project creates a new reality, new boundaries, a new place, as Rafael Moneo states in Inmovilidad Substancial: Building implies the construction of a place. The place is created through the lenses of the project, and it is the project’s intentions that unfold the scenery where it is located.

- LOCATION: Bogotá, Colombia - TYPE: Individual academic work - PROJECT LEVEL: THESIS PROJECT ARCHITECTURE / 9 semester - DATE ISSUED: JULY 2019 - SUPERVISOR: Lorenzo Castro (l.castro86@uniandes.edu.co)

RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES

TERRITORIAL PLAN. Aqueduct infrastructure network that supplies Bogotá

THE ACQUEDUCT SYSTEM SUPPLY INFRASTRUCTURE

The water supply system consists of three main components: the water reservoirs, the principal network, and the local network. As the city of Bogotá has grown, the water demand has pushed to new pieces of infrastructure to comply with the demand. Currently, three main reservoir systems supply water to the city: Wiesner, Tibitoc and Vitelma. Moreover, four principal tanks, Suba, Casablanca, Vitelma and El Silencio, receive the water from the plants and then distribute it to the local network. According to the mapping process, the entire network is located in the upper part of the mountain range that borders the city.

TIBITOC SYSTEM

WIESNER SYSTEM

VITELMA SYSTEM

25% POTABLE WATER

70% POTABLE WATER

5% POTABLE WATER

NEUSA RESERVOIR

SAN RAFAEL RESERVOIR

LA REGADERA RESERVOIR

TOMINÉ RESERVOIR

CHUZA RESERVOIR

EL DORADO RESERVOIR

SISGA RESERVOIR DIAGRAMS. Aqueduct system reservoirs

THE LOT

The Casablanca tank was selected after thorough investigation due to its unique features and rich history. Situated atop what was once a quarry used to produce building materials, the resultant topography comprises a barrier between the two neighborhoods. Furthermore, the construction of two tanks uphill has reduced its capacity, which represented an opportunity to intervene. In this sense, the Casablanca tank can establish itself as a landmark and an articulator in this way.

THE SPECIFICITY OF THE PLACE A similar exercise to the industrial photos of Bernd and Hilla Becher was carried out to comprehend the relationship between the tanks and their surroundings and how this infrastructure is positioned in the territory. Through a photographic register of the water tanks, it was found that these structures usually have fences, are closed to the public, and don’t have any relation with their vicinity, which increases the perception of insecurity around them.

SATELLITE IMAGE. Tank of Casablanca

PHOTOGRAPHIES. 1.Tanque Castillo Viejo / 2.Cerro Norte I / 3.Tanque Codito / 4.Tanque El Consuelo / 5.Tanque El Paríso I / 6.Tanque El Paraíso II / 7.Tanque Sierra Morena I / 8.Tanque Unicerros.

Therefore, working around the water tanks posed an interesting opportunity to reimagine, rethink and generate new relations as people congregate around water for multiple purposes throughout history.

PHOTOGRAPHY. Trabajos acueducto barrio Verbenal - Year 1930

PHOTOGRAPHY. Lavanderas - Year 1910

PHOTOGRAPHY. La Rebeca del lago del parque Centenario - Year 1930

ARCHITECTURAL MODEL. Project analysis

SITE PLAN. Tank of Casablanca

PUBLIC SPACE

ARCHITECTURE

MATTER AN DETAIL The public space was thought to operate at different scales where the object could provoke different relations. On a territorial scale, to activate the public areas, a lecture on the existing water paths looks to reactivate and reconnect them. On an urban scale, the project proposes a series of small-scale urban acupuncture treatments, such as bollards, benches, and plazas in areas that can help connect the neighborhood and the surrounding communities. On an architectural scale, the element is a scalable, replicable object that serves as a landmark for the entire project.

PERSPECTIVE. Marker

PERSPECTIVE. Bench

PERSPECTIVE. Platform

MILITARY AXONOMETRY. Plublic space intervention

PERSPECTIVE. Principal public plaza

EQUIPMENT MATTER AND DETAIL

The equipment was thought to serve as the custodian of the main public space located in the center of the project. Distributed in the four corners, these buildings are the filter to enter the water memorial. Conceived as a polyvalent space that can host different activities, material-wise, the building was designed to remind the extraction activities the place was subdued to. Therefore, the equipment façade is made up of gabion blocks, a material that attests to the mountain’s transformation and history. 1

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EQUIPMENT PLAN. Multi-purpose space

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MATERIAL LIST 1. Concrete strip (10cm) 2. Black ceramic tiles 3. Waterproofing system (2cm) 4. Reinforced concrete beam 5. Polished concrete ceiling (10cm) 6. Led spot light 7. Steel lintel 8. Rock gabions (50cm) 9. Reinforced steel 10. Post-tension concrete beam (biaxial laminar system)

11. Anchor bolt 12. Concrete lintel (30cm) 13. Door rail 14. Pivoting door 15. Glass (6mm) 16. Terrazzo slabs (7cm) 17. Self-leveling floor 18. Concrete slab 19. Compacted gravelling 20. Concrete footing 21. Compacted rock

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DETAILED SECTION. Equipment façade

PERSPECTIVE. Equipment public space

SOCIAL HOUSING FOUNDATIONS The project acknowledges the architectural and urban characteristics of popular settlements, which differ from modern architecture regarding growth mechanisms, morphology, and typology. Following extensive research, the project compiles the main features: progressive construction, immediate relation with public space, and terraces that allow continuous relations with its surroundings and neighbors to replicate. Five iterations of a 4m x 7m block with different floor levels, attached in infinite ways, resulting in an irregular, labyrinthic space. Nonetheless, the outcome derives from a conscious, well-designed urban space instead of the sum up of individual constructions. A first floor of commercial use is contemplated within the iterations as it is a common denominator in popular settlements where each family has a business.

DRAWING. Ciudad Bolívar, Gerrmán Samper Gnecco - Year 2003

PLAN. Arrangement of housing units

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TYPE 2 22 UNITS 1 UNIT - 2 FLOOR

TYPE 3 26 UNITS 1 UNIT - 3 FLOOR

TYPE 4 24 UNITS 1 UNIT - 3 FLOOR

TYPE 5 19 UNITS 1 UNIT - 4 FLOOR

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PHOTOGRAPHY. Street view, Ciudad Bolívar.

DIAGRAM. Topography, canals and stairs resoutions

DIAGRAM. Morphology of self-built architecture

DIAGRAM. Relations between houses

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UNIT PLAN. Housing typologies

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PERSPECTIVE. Model of urbanism of the social housing

KÉDOUGOU RURAL SCHOOL - 2023 -

ARCHITECTURE / PARTICIPATORY DESIGN / EDUCATION

¿Can architecture produce social change? Situated in the Kédougou region in southeast Senegal, the project seeks to be a piece of architecture that can improve the community’s current conditions regarding social infrastructure, which can detonate multiple relations among the inhabitants, especially the children. The project intends to be a place that strengthens the cultural heritage of the different ethnic groups that live in the area. According to the report Situation Economique et Sociale du Senegal issued by the Agence Nationale de la Statistique et de la Demographie, the Kédougou region has one of the lowest percentages of schools in Senegal. Therefore, the precariousness of education infrastructure in the region is understood as an opportunity that can boost the accessibility to education for many children in the area.

children can gather. This patio serves as a limit and a central place for all activities, surrounded by classrooms that are open to the center, allowing learning processes to be dynamic through internal and external knowledge not limited to traditional education but also horticulture, cultural heritage traditions, ancestral practices, among others. By doing this, the project aims to create rooting and strengthen the local culture of the Peul and Mandigues. The project aims to teach students in different areas besides traditional education. In addition to the architectural program required by the competition, dry bathrooms and orchards have been conceived within the project to provide food sovereignty and consciousness to the school and children.

The project aims to potentiate cultural relations by providing a space transcending traditional education processes. This is reached by creating a central multi-purpose patio where the

- LOCATION: Kédougou Region, Senegal - TYPE: Architectural competition - GROUP MEMBERS: Individual - DATE ISSUED: JUNE 2023

SOCIAL ARCHITECTURE COMPOSITION

ARCHITECTURE

MAURITANIA

Saint-Louis

Louga

Matam

Diourbel

Thiés Dakar

Fatick

Kaolack

Tambacounda

Kaffrine

MALI GAMBIA Ziguinchor

Sédhiou

Kolda

Kédougou

SECTION A-A’. Project proposal

GUINEA-BISSAU GUINEA

GROUND FLOOR

Location. Southeast of Senegal in Kédougou department

1. Dry Bath 2. Classroom 3. Dining room 4. Polivalent space (Labs) 5. Offices 6. Nursery 7. Main entrance 8. Agriculture fields

RIV

Location. Villlage south of Kédougou region

2 THE PROJECT GRAVITATES AROUND THE CENTER WHERE ALL ACTIVITES CONFLUTE.

THE SURROUNDING BUILDINGS WORK AS CUSTODIES. THEY CONNECT THE SCHOOL WITH THE OUTSIDE.

THE CORNER IS LIBERATED TO GENERATE OTHER RELATIONS BETWEEN THE BUILDINGS AND THE OPEN SPACE OF THE SCHOOL.

2 THE PROJECT INTENDS TO BE A MODEL TO BE REPLICATED.

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SITE PLAN. Architectural proposal

DIAGRAMS. Project concept

PARTICIPATORY DESIGN

DIAGRAM. Material - Rosewood

DIAGRAM. Material - Rammed earth

DIAGRAM. Material - Broken tiles

DIAGRAM. Construction - Rosewood

DIAGRAM. Construction - Rammed earth

DIAGRAM. Construction - Broken tiles

DIAGRAM. Assemblage - Rosewood

DIAGRAM. Assemblage - Rammed earth

DIAGRAM. Assemblage - Broken tiles

DETAIL CONSTRUCTION PROCESS On the one hand, the proposal focuses on local materials to reduce the impact of construction costs, such as transportation fees, and, on the other hand, to contribute to local processes that may be involved in the construction sector. As a result, the project seeks to strengthen local construction techniques and empower the community as they help to build it. As the community gets involved in the construction, it becomes essential that the project uses traditional patterns in different spaces and materials to generate a sense of belonging. As a result, a wood frame with local bamboo was placed in the divisions with traditional patterns of the Peuls and Mandigues (The two predominant cultures of the area). Finally, rammed earth was decided for the enclosure and bearing walls because of the feasibility of constriction as a cost-effective alternative. AXONOMETRY. Construction process

DIAGRAM. Assemblage - Rosewood

MATERIAL LIST 1. Structure - Rosewood trunk column (15cms x 15cms) 2. Roof - Thatched straw (15cms) 3. Structure - Rosewood trunk outrigger (10cms x 10cms) 4. Structure - Rosewood trunk rafter (15cms x 15cms) 5. Façade - Bamboo window (1.17mts) 6. Structure - Rosewood trunk beam (20cms x 20cms) 7. Structure - Reinforced concrete beam (40cms x 20cm) 8. Structure - Rosewood trunk beam (15cms x 15cms) 9. Façade - Rammed earth wall (40cms x 3.60mts) 10. Foundation - Reinforced concrete beam (40cms x 80cms) 11. Floor - Self-leveling floor (5cms) 12. Foundation - Compacted gravelling (50cms) 13. Floor - Concrete slab with broken tiles (10cms)

1 2 ILLUSTRATION. Main entrance of the project

3 4 1.43 1.43

5 6 7

0.20

5.43

9 3.60 4.00

0.20

10 11 12 13

DETAILED SECTION. Classroom

lLLUSTRATION. Dry bathroom and main building

EDUCATION

PERSPECTIVE. Water reservoir, vegetable garden and dry bathrooms

PERSPECTIVE. Central space

PERSPECTIVE. Classroom typology A

PERSPECTIVE. Classroom typology B

PERSPECTIVE. Main building, polyvalent space

LA UTOPÍA DE CAREX - 2021 -

RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES / UTOPIA - ARCHITECTURE

Imbued with a message from the past, the historic monuments of generations of people remain to the present day as living witnesses of their age-old traditions.1 The competition consisted of reflecting on the abandoned architectural heritage of the Hispanic cultural world. In order to accomplish this, it was necessary to locate, document, measure, and depict a building in ruins (raquis) and propose a utopia that would preserve its memory. Occupying a place means taking possession of it; it is an act of violence. In this sense, the proposal is conscious of the narratives that characterize the place and, simultaneously, is a catalyst for new paradigms of significance based on a collective generation of culture. The Carex utopia reflects on the concept of death. Our architectural intervention takes place in the Bocachica canal in Cartagena, Colombia, which includes the military forts of San José and San Fernando de Bocachica built in the 18th century and the maritime space between them. In this place, we propose a ritual that will commemorate the dead of the people from the Carex society located in El Escorial, on the other side of the Atlantic.

The architectural interventions in the canal will allow the ritual to be carried out since we are not only interested in proposing architecture by itself but also in an activity that will fill it with meaning. In the different stages of the ritual, not only the departure of the dead but also the fundamental values that established the Carex society in El Escorial will be commemorated. Therefore, this collective mourning lived through the rite will become a way of reminding the inhabitants of Carex what they share as human beings. Any hierarchy or social inequality in this society would be dismissed and delegitimized. Mourning will also create a notion of unity, collaboration, and empathy among those who have lost a loved one. In this sense, the intervention in our raquis will be an active agent in creating meaning and purpose in people, taking distance from conceiving architecture and history as static elements.

- LOCATION: Cartagena, Colombia - TYPE: Architectural competition - GROUP MEMBERS: Daniel Medina, Fabio Chica - ROLE: Lead architect - CONTRIBUTION: Design, modelling, post production - DATE ISSUED: OCTOBER 2021

1. INTERNATIONAL CHARTER FOR THE CONSERVATION AND RESTORATION OF MONUMENTS AND SITES (THE VENICE CHARTER 1964)

COLONIAL CARTOGRAPHY RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES

VICEROYALTY OF NEW GRANADA

The raquis are the forts of San José and San Fernando in the Bocachica channel in Cartagena, Colombia. These two forts were built in the 18th century by the engineer Antonio Arévalo in response to a prevailing need to protect the canal, which was the only entrance to the Bay of Cartagena. Protecting this city was vital for the Spanish Empire, as it was one of the most important political and economic centers of the Spanish colonies in America. Because of its strong outward orientation, the architecture blends with the surrounding scenery. As a result, open spaces are more hierarchical than internal spaces. The architecture of San José and the ellipsoidal architecture of San Fernando were strongly determined by their characteristic location and the necessity of defense against ships arriving through the canal. For this reason, the San José battery, the San Fernando fort, and the marine canal that runs through it constitute the raquis complex. Our ruin is, in that sense, the relation between these three elements, which ultimately constitutes them and gives them meaning.

MAP. San José fort

MAP. San Fernando fort

MAP. Bocachica canal, San Fernando and San José Fort

MAP. Coastline of Cartagena and its fortitudes

THE FORTITUDES DEFENSE MECHANISM

Today, the Bocachica channel remains the only entrance to the Bay of Cartagena because of its marine topography. In the viceroyalty epoch, the Spanish empire pursued a series of defense strategies that considerably altered the bay’s landscape to defend themselves from foreign threats. From dikes to rockfills, the Spaniards molded the maritime terrain like the works done in 1773 by Don Antonio de Arévalo, consisting of a continuous rockfill from Cartagena to the island of Tierra Bomba, closing the pass through this place. Because the primary purpose of the military architecture was solely protection, these mechanisms used through the XVI-XVIII century were the base of the project design. San Fernando and San José forts were conceived with meticulous, calculated lines of defense to encompass their vicinities as much as possible. Based on this principle and the lecture of cartographic maps specifically the Plano de la Canal de la entrada de Bocachica del Puerto de Cartagena de Yndias the area for intervention was depicted. Finally, the Bocachica landscape was intervened through a series of rockfills to fulfill the ritual. The channel will no longer function as a waterway to connect the Atlantic Ocean with the Cartagena Bay but as an intricate relationship between the two forts where the Charon will navigate its waters, creating spaces of permanence and transit for the whole rite.

MAP. Bocachica canal and its fortitudes. Defend lines of each fort.

DIAGRAM. Internvention area based on the batteries defense line of each fort

DIAGRAM. Proposed areas of intervention

DIAGRAM. Landscape proposal. Rockpit design to create permanence and transit spaces

TALE

THE UTOPIA

UTOPIA - ARCHITECTURE

We propose a society in El Escorial, the epicenter of the former Spanish empire. This society will have the pilgrimage to the Bocachica canal as a ritual to bid their deceased farewell. This ritual seeks to commemorate death and remind El Escorial’s inhabitants of their society’s essential values. Thus, our utopia, once the fortress of an empire that resided on the other side of the Atlantic, will guard the principles, values, and spirituality of a society likewise situated in the distance. This place will be visited not only by the departed ones but also by those who are grieving and those who need to remember the fundamental values of society. Upon arrival, the Charons and the Embalmers await. Responsible for taking care of the site and preparing throughout the year the necessary elements to carry out the ceremony of the Carex society. ILLUSTRATION. Deck suit. Fundamental Acts

ILLUSTRATION. Deck suit. Garden

ILLUSTRATION. Deck suit. Detail

SITE PLAN. Landscape proposal

ILLUSTRATION. Deck suit. Entity

ILLUSTRATION. Central tower

SITE PLAN. Architectural proposal

UTOPIA OF CAREX

FUNDAMENTAL ACT: ARRIVAL

FUNDAMENTAL ACT: SAN JOSÉ FORT

FUNDAMENTAL ACT: RITE OF PASSAGE

FUNDAMENTAL ACT: SAN FERNANDO FORT

FUNDAMENTAL ACT: RETURN

A guide to the Bocachica canal, San José and San Fernando Forts presenting the story of the Utopia of Carex.

After a long journey from El Escorial, the inhabitants of Carex arrive to the Bocachica canal to bid a fond farewell to their deceased with a ritual that will remind them the fundamental principles and spiritual foundations of their community.

The deceased are received by embalmers at the San José fort, where they are prepared for their final journey across the canal. The embalmers are responsible to cover the bodies in order to unite them into a single collective body. They are placed on rafts manufactured by the charons that then head towards San Fernando fort.

Upon leaving San José, the ritual of passing the bodies begins. The charons are in charge of carrying the bodies from one place to another. In San Fernando, the people of Carex are watching the passage and experiencing collective mourning, which reminds them of the values of equality, empathy and solidarity, fundamental bases of their society.

After the deceased arrive to San Fernando fort, they become memory, emotion and remembrance. On the upper floors, the citizens of Carex observe the passing of the bodies from the canal to the central tower, large crematorium oven, considered to be the axis mundi that connects the earthly with the divine plane.

The last moment of the ritual takes place in the south battery that borders San Fernando. Here people observe the charons carrying the ashes of the bodies towards the mangrove; characteristic landscape of this area that, finally, be the place where the souls will reside forever.

DECK SUITS

ILLUSTRATION. First suit: Fundamental Acts ILLUSTRATION. Second suit: Garden ILLUSTRATION. Third suit: Detail

PERSPECTIVE. 1.Arrival / 2.San Jose fort / 3.Rite of passage / 4.San Fernando fort / 5.Return PERSPECTIVE. 1.El Escorial / 2.Bocachica Canal / 3.Garden in the battery of San José / 4.Mangrove / 5.Maritime landscape PERSPECTIVE. 1.Rockfill / 2.Axonometry San José fort structure / 3.Axonometry fort battery structure / 4.Axonometry San Fernando fort structure / 5.Axonometry housing units

ANALYSIS OF THE RAILWAY SYSTEM IN COLOMBIA 2017 RESERACH METHODLOGIES - INFRASTRUCTURE

For years, Colombia has focused its public investment on road transportation, setting aside the other modes, resulting in the deterioration of its infrastructure. Nevertheless, despite the high investment percentages in this mode, Colombia has not advanced in terms of infrastructure, transportation, and logistics according to international standards. In this order of ideas, this work analyzes the actual condition of the railroad infrastructure, the benefits of goods transportation, and the potential logistic corridors based on georeferenced maps and the country’s local and global economic conditions.

of which 90% is coal. Finally, in accordance with the IDB, policies designed to reduce internal transportation costs would have a positive impact on exports, particularly in areas where access to ports is more expensive; ultimately, high levels of exports tend to reduce transportation costs since they generate economies of scale and drive investments in infrastructure improvements. Concerning the above, it is worth asking whether the lack of development of railway infrastructure is due to a monopoly of the road sector benefiting the road mode, which prevents the development of policies aimed at promoting other modes of transportation.

In conclusion, the research raises a reflection on the investment that should be allocated to the railway mode due to the multiple advantages it offers compared to the road mode, especially in externalities such as congestion, environmental impact, and deterioration of infrastructure. On the other hand, the virtues of large-scale cargo transportation such as coal where, with only 1% of investment allocated to this mode, it mobilizes 27% of exports,

- LOCATION: Bogotá, Colombia - TYPE: Individual academic work - PROJECT LEVEL: THESIS PROJECT CIVIL ENGINEER / 8 semester - DATE ISSUED: DECEMBER 2017 - SUPERVISOR: José Luis Cala Estupiñan (jl.cala632@uniandes.edu.co) - José Luis Ponz Tienda (jl.ponz@uniandes.edu.co) - SÉNECA INSTITUTIONAL REPOSITORY: http://hdl.handle.net/1992/40524

LIST OF IMAGES SERVITÁ

RETORNAR AL AGUA

KÉDOUGOU RURAL SCHOOL

LA UTOPIA DE CAREX

1. COVER. ARCHITECTURAL MODEL (Fabio Chica). PHOTOGRAPHY (Luis González) 2. SITE PLAN. QUARRY’S STATUS YEAR 2023. Infraestructura de Datos Espaciales para el Distrito Capital, (26 de noviembre de 2023). Imagen Satelital 2023. https://mapas.bogota.gov.co/# 3. SITE PLAN. QUARRY’S STATUS YEAR 1956. Instituto Geográfico Agustín Codazzi, (1956). Imagen Satelital Servitá 1956. https://igac.gov.co 4. SITE PLAN. QUARRY’S STATUS YEAR 1974. Instituto Geográfico Agustín Codazzi, (1974). Imagen Satelital Servitá 1956. https://igac.gov.co 5. SITE PLAN. QUARRY’S STATUS YEAR 2004. Infraestructura de Datos Espaciales para el Distrito Capital. (26 de noviembre de 2023). Imagen Satelital 2004. https://mapas.bogota.gov.co/# 6. SITE PLAN. QUARRY’S STATUS YEAR 2015. Infraestructura de Datos Espaciales para el Distrito Capital. (26 de noviembre de 2023). Imagen Satelital 2015. 7. GRASSHOPPER CODE. SLOPE ANALYSIS. (Fabio Chica) 8. SITE PLAN. SLOPE ANALYSIS. (Fabio Chica) 9. FLEXIBLE POLIMER GEOMAT. AXONOMETRIC DIAGRAM. (Fabio Chica) 10. FLEXIBLE POLIMER GEOMAT. AXONOMETRIC DETAIL. (Fabio Chica) 11. FLEXIBLE POLIMER GEOMAT. FABRICATION DETAIL. (Fabio Chica) 12. STEEL GRID SYSTEM. AXONOMETRIC DIAGRAM. (Fabio Chica) 13. STEEL GRID SYSTEM. AXONOMETRIC DETAIL. (Fabio Chica) 14. STEEL GRID SYSTEM. FABRICATION DETAIL. (Fabio Chica) 15. SITE PLAN. CURRENT TOPOGRAPHY. (Fabio Chica) 16. SITE PLAN. INTERVENED TOPOGRAPHY. (Fabio Chica) 17. SITE PLAN. LANDSCAPE AND ARCHITECTURAL PROPOSAL (Fabio Chica) 18. PEDREGULHO HOUSING DEVELOPMENT. PHOTOGRAPHY. Hidden Architecture, (02 of July 2018). Photography. http://hiddenarchitecture.net/pedregulho-housing-developmen/ 19. PEDREGULHO HOUSING DEVELOPMENT. GENERAL PLAN. Hidden Architecture, (02 of July 2018). General Plan. http://hiddenarchitecture.net/pedregulho-housing-developmen/ 20. PEDREGULHO HOUSING DEVELOPMENT. UNIT PLAN. Vitruvius, (02 of July 2018). Unit Plan. https://vitruvius.com.br/ revistas/read/projetos/20.240/8097 21. TORRES JIMÉNEZ DE QUESADA. HOUSING DEVELOPMENT. PHOTOGRAPHY. Pedro Aparicio Llorente. Torres Jiménez de Quesada. En P. Aparicio, Diego Llorente, Proyectos de Arquitectura 1960-2022. (p. 89). Bogotá: APLO, 2022. 22. TORRES JIMÉNEZ DE QUESADA. HOUSING DEVELOPMENT. GENERAL PLAN. (Fabio Chica) 23. TORRES JIMÉNEZ DE QUESADA. HOUSING DEVELOPMENT. UNIT PLAN. Pedro Aparicio Llorente. Torres Jiménez de Quesada. En P. Aparicio, Diego Llorente, Proyectos de Arquitectura 1960-2022. (p. 108). Bogotá: APLO, 2022. 24. UNIT PLAN. ENDLESS VARIATIONS OF A HOME (Fabio Chica) 25. AXONOMETRY. TOWER AND PUBLIC SPACE (Fabio Chica) 26. PERSPECTIVE. RELATION BETWEEN PROJECT AND LANDSCAPE (Fabio Chica) 27. PERSPECTIVE. RELATION BETWEEN TOWERS (Fabio Chica) 28. PERSPECTIVE. RELATION BETWEEN PROJECT AND CONTAINMENT SLOPES (Fabio Chica) 29. PERSPECTIVE. RELATION BETWEEN PROJECT AND PUBLIC SPACE (Fabio Chica) 30. ARCHITECTURAL MODEL. SOCIAL LANDSCAPE (Fabio Chica). PHOTOGRAPHY (Luis González) 31. ARCHITECTURAL MODEL. SOCIAL LANDSCAPE (Fabio Chica). PHOTOGRAPHY (Luis González) 32. SITE PLAN. PROJECT’S LANDSCAPE INTERVENTION. (Fabio Chica) 33. DRAWING. ARRAYAN DRAWING. Sociedad Antioqueña de Ornitología. Vida, Color y Canto. Plantas Neotropicales que Atraen Aves. (p. 173). Medellín: Mesa Editores, 2021 34. DRAWING. CEDRO ANDINO DRAWING. Sociedad Antioqueña de Ornitología. Vida, Color y Canto. Plantas Neotropicales que Atraen Aves. (p. 191). Medellín: Mesa Editores, 2021 35. DRAWING. CUCHARO DRAWING. Sociedad Antioqueña de Ornitología. Vida, Color y Canto. Plantas Neotropicales que Atraen Aves. (p. 199). Medellín: Mesa Editores, 2021 36. DRAWING. ESPINO DRAWING. Sociedad Antioqueña de Ornitología. Vida, Color y Canto. Plantas Neotropicales que Atraen Aves. (p. 257). Medellín: Mesa Editores, 2021 37. DRAWING. MANO DE OSO DRAWING. Sociedad Antioqueña de Ornitología. Vida, Color y Canto. Plantas Neotropicales que Atraen Aves. (p. 41). Medellín: Mesa Editores, 2021 38. DRAWING. MANO DE OSO DRAWING. Sociedad Antioqueña de Ornitología. Vida, Color y Canto. Plantas Neotropicales que Atraen Aves. (p. 185). Medellín: Mesa Editores, 2021 39. SECTION. GROUP OF TREE SPECIES (Fabio Chica)

1. AXONOMETRIC. PROJECT PROPOSAL (Fabio Chica) 2. TERRITORIAL PLAN. AQUEDUCT NETWORK (Fabio Chica) 3. DIAGRAM. AQUEDUCT SYSTEM RESERVOIRS (Fabio Chica) 4. PHOTOGRAPHY: Tanque Castillo Viejo, 2019 (Fabio Chica) 5. PHOTOGRAPHY: Tanque Cerro Norte I, 2019 (Fabio Chica) 6. PHOTOGRAPHY: Tanque Codito I, 2019 (Fabio Chica) 7. PHOTOGRAPHY: Tanque El Consuelo, 2019 (Fabio Chica) 8. PHOTOGRAPHY: Tanque El Paraíso I, 2019 (Fabio Chica) 9. PHOTOGRAPHY :Tanque El Paraíso II, 2019 (Fabio Chica) 10. PHOTOGRAPHY: Tanque Sierra Morena I, 2019 (Fabio Chica) 11. PHOTOGRAPHY: Tanque Unicerros, 2019 (Fabio Chica) 12. PHOTOGRAPHY: Trabajos Acueducto Barrio Verbenal, Saúl Ordúz 1980 (Museo de Bogotá, Instituto Distrital Patrimonio Cultural IDPC) 13. PHOTOGRAPHY: Lavanderas, Luis Alberto Acuña 1910 (Museo de Bogotá, Instituto Distrital Patrimonio Cultural IDPC) 14. PHOTOGRAPHY: La Rebeca del Parque del Centenario, Gumersindo Cuellar 1930 (Banco de la República) 15. TANK OF CASABLANCA. SATELLITE IMAGE. Retrieved from QGIS 16. TANK OF CASABLANCA. GENERAL PLAN (Fabio Chica) 17. ARCHITECTURAL MODEL. PROJECT ANALYSIS (Fabio Chica) 18. PERSPECTIVE. MARKER (Fabio Chica) 19. PERSPECTIVE. BENCH (Fabio Chica) 20. PERSPECTIVE. PLATFORM (Fabio Chica) 21. AXONOMETRY. PUBLIC SPACE INTERNVENTIONS (Fabio Chica) 22. PERSPECTIVE. PRINCIPAL PUBLIC PLAZA (Fabio Chica) 23. PLAN. EQUIPMENT (Fabio Chica) 24. DETAILED SECTION. EQUIPMENT FAÇADE (Fabio Chica) 25. PERSPECTIVE. EQUIPMENT INTERIOR (Fabio Chica) 26. PERSPECTIVE. EQUIPMENT PUBLIC SPACE (Fabio Chica) 27. DRAWING. CIUDAD BOLIVAR, GERMAN SAMPER GNECCO, 2023 (Germán Samper) 28. PHOTOGRAPHY. STREET VIEW CIUDAD BOLIVAR, 2022 (Google Maps) 29. PHOTOGRAPHY. STREET VIEW CIUDAD BOLIVAR, 2022 (Google Maps) 30. PHOTOGRAPHY. STREET VIEW CIUDAD BOLIVAR, 2022 (Google Maps) 31. DIAGRAM. STREET VIEW CIUDAD BOLIVAR (Fabio Chica) 32. DIAGRAM. STREET VIEW CIUDAD BOLIVAR (Fabio Chica) 33. DIAGRAM. STREET VIEW CIUDAD BOLIVAR (Fabio Chica) 34. PLAN. HOUSING DISTRIBUTION (Fabio Chica) 35. PLAN. HOUSING TYPOLOGIES (Fabio Chica) 36. PERSPECTIVE. MODEL OF HOUSING URBANISM (Fabio Chica) 37. PERSPECTIVE. MODEL OF HOUSING URBANISM (Fabio Chica) 38. PERSPECTIVE. MODEL OF HOUSING URBANISM (Fabio Chica)

1. COVER. ILLUSTRATION MAIN BUILDING (Fabio Chica) 2. LOCATION PLAN. SOUTHEAST OF SENEGAL. (Fabio Chica) 3. LOCATION PLAN. VILLAGE OF KÉDOUGOU REGION. (Fabio Chica) 4. DIAGRAM. PROJECT CONCEPT (Fabio Chica) 5. SECTION A-A’. PROJECT PROPOSAL (Fabio Chica) 6. SITE PLAN. ARCHITECTURAL PROPOSAL (Fabio Chica) 7. DIAGRAM. MATERIAL ROSEWOOD (Fabio Chica) 8. DIAGRAM. MATERIAL RAMMED EARTH (Fabio Chica) 9. DIAGRAM. MATERIAL BROKEN TILES (Fabio Chica) 10. DIAGRAM. CONSTRUCTION ROSEWOOD (Fabio Chica) 11. DIAGRAM. CONSTRUCTION RAMMED EARTH (Fabio Chica) 12. DIAGRAM. CONSTRUCTION BROKEN TILES (Fabio Chica) 13. DIAGRAM. ASSEMBLAGE ROSEWOOD (Fabio Chica) 14. DIAGRAM. ASSEMBLAGE RAMMED EARTH (Fabio Chica) 15. DIAGRAM. ASSEMBLAGE BROKEN TILES (Fabio Chica) 16. DIAGRAM. ASSEMBLAGE ROSEWOOD (Fabio Chica) 17. AXONOMETRY. CONSTRUCTION PROCESS (Fabio Chica) 18. DETAILED SECTION. CLASSROOM (Fabio Chica) 19. ILLUSTRATION. MAIN ENTRANCE (Fabio Chica) 20. ILLUSTRATION. DRY BATHROOM AND MAIN BUILDING (Fabio Chica) 21. PERSPECTIVE. WATER RESERVOIR, VEGETABLE GARDEN AND BATHROOM (Fabio Chica) 22. PERSPECTIVE. CENTRAL SPACE (Fabio Chica) 23. PERSPECTIVE. CLASSROOM TYPOLOGY A (Fabio Chica) 24. PERSPECTIVE. CLASSROOM TYPOLOGY B (Fabio Chica) 25. PERSPECTIVE. MAIN BUILDING, POLYVALENT SPACE (Fabio Chica)

1. COVER. ILLUSTRATION TOWER OF CAREX (Fabio Chica) 2. MAP. SAN FERNANDO FORT Antonio de Arebalo, Plano y perfiles del fuerte de S.n Fernando situado en el costado del norte del canal de Bocachica. En Servicio Histórico Militar, Cartografía y relaciones históricas de ultramar, Madrid, Tomo V, 1981. 3. MAP. SAN FERNANDO FORT Antonio de Arebalo, Plano Batería de S.n José. En Servicio Histórico Militar, Cartografía y relaciones históricas de ultramar, Madrid, Tomo V, 1778. 4. MAP. CONSTRUCTION MECHANISM OF ROCKFILL Antonio de Arebalo, Plano de una parte del recinto de la muralla de la Plaza de Cartagena de Yndias. En Servicio Histórico Militar, Cartografía y relaciones históricas de ultramar, Madrid, Tomo V, 1789. 5. MAP. BOCACHICA CANAL Joaquín Francisco Fidalgo, (1795). Plano del canal de Boca-chica del puerto de Cartagena de Yndias. En. Biblioteca virtual patrimonio bibliográfico, https://bvpb.mcu.es/es/consulta/resultados_ocr.do?id=89947&tipoResultados=BIB&posicion=3&forma=ficha 6. MAP. COASTLINE OF CARTAGENA AND ITS FORTITUDES Manuel Anguiano, Plano topográfico de las cercanías de la plaza de Cartagena. En Servicio Histórico Militar, Cartografía y relaciones históricas de ultramar, Madrid, Tomo V, 1805. 7. MAP. BOCACHICA CANAL. D. Ignacio Sala, Plano de la Canal de la entrada de Bocachica del Puerto de Cartagena de Yndias. En Servicio Histórico Militar, Cartografía y relaciones históricas de ultramar, Madrid, Tomo V, 1751. 8. DIAGRAM. INTERVENTION AREA (Daniel Medina, Fabio Chica) 9. DIAGRAM. PROPOSED AREAS (Daniel Medina, Fabio Chica) 10. DIAGRAM. LANDSCAPE PROPOSAL (Daniel Medina, Fabio Chica) 11. SITE PLAN. LANDSCAPE PROPOSAL (Daniel Medina, Fabio Chica) 12. ILLUSTRATION. DECK SUIT: FUNDAMENTAL ACTS (Fabio Chica) 13. ILLUSTRATION. DECK SUIT: GARDEN (Fabio Chica) 14. ILLUSTRATION. DECK SUIT: DETAIL (Fabio Chica) 15. ILLUSTRATION. DECK SUIT: ENTITY (Fabio Chica) 16. ILLUSTRATION. CENTRAL TOWER (Fabio Chica) 17. SITE PLAN. ARCHITECTURAL PROPOSAL (Daniel Medina, Fabio Chica) 18. ILLUSTRATION. DECK SUIT: FUNDAMENTAL ACTS (Fabio Chica) 19. PERSPECTIVE. ARRIVAL (Fabio Chica) 20. PERSPECTIVE. SAN JOSÉ FORT (Daniel Medina) 21. PERSPECTIVE. RITE OF PASSAGE (Daniel Medina) 22. PERSPECTIVE. SAN FERNANDO FORT (Fabio Chica) 23. PERSPECTIVE. RETURN (Daniel Medina) 24. ILLUSTRATION. DECK SUIT: GARDEN. (Fabio Chica) 25. PERSPECTIVE. EL ESCORIAL (Fabio Chica) 26. PERSPECTIVE. BOCACHICA CANAL (Fabio Chica) 27. PERSPECTIVE. GARDEN IN THE BATTERY OF SAN JOSÉ (Daniel Medina) 28. PERSPECTIVE. MANGROVE (Daniel Medina) 29. PERSPECTIVE. MARITIME LANDSCAPE (Daniel Medina) 30. ILLUSTRATION. DECK SUIT: DETAIL (Fabio Chica) 31. PERSPECTIVE. ROCKFILL (Fabio Chica) 32. PERSPECTIVE. AXONOMETRY SAN JOSÉ FORT STRUCTURE (Fabio Chica) 33. PERSPECTIVE. AXONOMETRY BATTERY STRUCTURE (Fabio Chica) 34. PERSPECTIVE. AXONOMETRY SAN FERNANDO FORT STRUCTURE (Fabio Chica) 35. PERSPECTIVE. AXONOMETRY HOUSING UNITS (Fabio Chica) 36. ILLUSTRATION. CHARON (Fabio Chica) 37. ILLUSTRATION. HEALER (Fabio Chica) 38. ILLUSTRATION. PEOPLE (Fabio Chica) 39. ILLUSTRATION. ANIMALS (Fabio Chica)