COMMUNICATIONS

BY ANDREW WHITE

Critical to any special operation is communication with every member of a team, requiring simultaneous access to voice and data communications to enhance situational awareness (SA), and command and control (C2) across the battlespace.

However, a rapidly evolving operating environment is demanding even more of special operations forces (SOF) operators who can be tasked with conducting the full spectrum of operations, ranging from counterterrorism and counterinsurgency missions to the support to resistance (STR) missions associated with great power competition (GPC).

As a result, special operations task groups (SOTGs) operating on land, in the air, or at sea are demanding flexible, resilient and secure communications solutions throughout operational theaters.

Nowhere is this more prevalent than along NATO’s eastern flank in Europe, where U.S. and coalition SOTGs continue to have communications disrupted and/or intercepted by near-peer, peer, and high-capability adversaries in the form of Russian armed forces.

As defense sources associated with Ukrainian SOF and armed forces attest, Russian armed forces across the border as well as proxy forces in the Donbas region continue to employ mature electronic warfare (EW) concepts of operation, and tactics, techniques and procedures to create a command and control disrupted or denied environment (C2D2E).

TACTICAL SOLUTIONS

Communications solutions available to the U.S. Special Operations Command (USSOCOM) as well as international SOF partner forces around the world range from handheld software-defined radios (SDRs) capable of being upgraded in the field with new waveforms and software, to larger manpack, vehicular, and airborne radios providing greater levels in output for enhanced range.

One of the largest SDR providers to USSOCOM as well as the wider international SOF community is L3Harris Technologies, which on Nov. 21 received its latest $86 million full rate production order as part of an overall $390 million indefinite delivery/indefinite quantity (IDIQ) contract to supply the Tampa, Florida-based organization with an undisclosed number of Falcon IV AN/PRC-163 Next Generation Tactical Communications (NGTC) SDRs.

Speaking to Special Operations Outlook, L3Harris Technologies’ Senior Director, Product Management, Tactical Communications Jeff Kroon illustrated a series of demand signals arising from the special operations communications market that led to the development and continued upgrade of the AN/PRC-163 NGTC.

L3Harris Technologies’ AN/PRC-163 Next Generation Tactical Communications (NGTC) software-defined radio continues to be rolled out across USSOCOM as well as Five Eyes partners in Canada and the U.K.

PHOTO COURTESY OFTHE U.S. ARMY 75TH RANGER REGIMENT

“Globally, SOF users rely on communications to support mission flexibility, resiliency, operational effectiveness, and safety,” Kroon observed. “The focus is shifting from counterinsurgency missions to readiness amidst near-peer threats, thus increasing the need for resilience and protection from electronic attacks of all kinds.

“This shift is causing many countries to recapitalize their tactical communications solutions with the latest and greatest solutions in the market. This means new radios, new waveforms, and new levels of security. Resilience, survivability, and adaptability are key aspects to communications in modern warfare, and new requirements for cyber hardening are vital as the tactical IP network extends to the edge,” Kroon said.

Specifically, L3Harris also warned how legacy IP-based waveforms and radios with inadequate security now represent a vulnerable entry point to an otherwise secure network that extends to a larger wide area network throughout the modern battlespace.

“Type-1 NSA certified encryption is paramount in protecting these tactical edge networks, and, in turn, the entire wide area network to which it connects. Uncertified equipment such as commercially available and programmable radios are not government tested for vulnerabilities such as malware introduction, spoofing, or other types of electronic threats that could compromise SOF operator safety. SOF requirements around the world are transitioning to fully resilient communications waveforms and cyber-protected hardware assets,” Kroon added.

The introduction of the AN/PRC-163 NGTC provides a significant step-change in the tactical communications capability of SOF operators across USSOCOM. The dual-channel SDR is supported by the TSM-X Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) waveform, which is capable of connecting more than 200 nodes across a battlespace into a single mesh network.

The SDR provides multi-channel communications and can be connected to L3Harris Technologies’ ISR video mission module to support close air support and joint fires support, for example.

“In October we announced the first full-rate production order for the AN/PRC-163,” Kroon said. “We are delivering these twochannel handheld radios at an escalating pace to meet the increasing demand. As with any of our software-defined radios, the AN/ PRC-163 becomes more capable with every new firmware release, and with the introduction of new mission modules, like the ISR Generation 2 mission module, allows the rapid insertion of new capabilities into the tactical formation without the need of a separate device, additional connectors, or batteries.”

AN/PRC-163 SDRs can also be networked to the Android Tactical Assault Kit (ATAK) which was designed by the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) as a software solution to be viewed on end-user devices including smartphones.

ATAK-enabled smartphones are already in service throughout USSOCOM and the wider international SOF community, providing operators with a “secure, mobile, interactive geospatial tool [and] common operational picture,” according to a USSOCOM spokesperson.

The DOD’s ATAK software provides operators with enhanced situational awareness (SA) and command and control (C2) in addition to the ability to control close air support and other specialist mission capabilities.

L3HARRIS TECHNOLOGIES

USSOCOM personnel generally wear ATAK as a chest-mounted solution or as a standalone end user device (EUD) used to support “tactical chat; Link 16 data link connectivity; HALO/HAHO military freefall; route planning and navigation,” in addition to radio controls, the spokesperson added.

According to L3Harris Technologies, traditional VHF/UHF (30-512 MHz) line of sight communications will remain the backbone of all SOF communications, on the ground and for ground-to-air coordination.

Consequently, many SOF organizations around the world are also turning to Spectra Group’s SlingShot applique kit that has been designed to convert UHF/ VHF radios into L-Band beyond line of sight (BLOS) communications devices.

Speaking to Special Operations Outlook, a company source explained how SlingShot had been “conceived and designed in response to special forces requirements, offering a number of benefits for those engaged in high tempo operations, and that require reliable and robust communications on the move.”

“Already deployed by several NATO countries, SlingShot has manpack, vehicle, maritime, and aviation systems, meaning that command and control of all personnel, no matter where in the world, or how they are traveling, becomes notably easier,” Kroon said.

Spectra Group’s SlingShot attachment supports special operations training with NATO SOF entities, converting VHF/ UHF communications devices into a SATCOM capability.

SPECTRA GROUP PHOTO

“We are seeing the convergence of ISR and tactical communications solutions into a single tactical communications ensemble on the operators. MANET [waveforms] are gaining momentum and extending tactical IP networks to the edge; every operator can be equipped with a radio and an end user device,” Kroon added.

“Dual channel handhelds provide the ability to support 30-512 MHz, SATCOM [satellite communications], tactical MANETs and ISR in a single device, providing the flexibility and adaptability that the dynamic SOF operator needs for all stages of a mission while obviating the need to carry multiple legacy devices. The demand is out there for faster [frequency] hopping, faster data, and more resilience, and new waveforms are always under development by governments and industry.

“As new waveforms are developed and released, the multi-channel devices are well equipped to allow the introduction of new capabilities into the tactical networks while still providing a fallback plan or interoperability with adjacent conventional forces or partner forces,” Kroon highlighted.

Seeking to maintain interoperability with USSOCOM partner forces are SOF commands within NATO and the Five Eyes community. Examples include the Canadian Special Operations Forces Command (CANSOFCOM), which in Q3 2019 procured an undisclosed number of AN/PRC-163 SDRs.

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Additionally, industry sources confirmed to Special Operations Outlook that the United Kingdom Special Forces (UKSF) directorate has also purchased “tens” of AN/PRC-163s to support an initial operational test and evaluation program that could lead to a larger procurement in the future.

Meanwhile, L3Harris Technologies continues to develop the manpack variants of the AN/PRC-163 NGTC, also contracted to USSOCOM.

Company officials described to Special Operations Outlook that the new dualchannel manpack was planned to be unveiled to the market at the SOF Industry Conference (SOFIC) in May 2020. However, SOFIC was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and was changed to a virtual conference. It is unknown how this will affect the unveiling as this publication went to press. L3Harris was unable to provide further details regarding the capability of the manpack, but described the new technology as a “gamechanger” for USSOCOM force components.

Seeking to maintain similar levels in interoperability with its USSOCOM partners is the Polish Special Operations Component Command (POL SOCC), which took delivery of four S-70i Black Hawk helicopters from Sikorsky on Dec. 20, 2019.

Airframes that will be used by the Tier 1 CT unit GROM came fitted with a communications suite provided by Raytheon Company. However, industry sources associated with the POL SOCC described how the organization is seeking to upgrade the airframe’s communications solution with L3Harris SDR technology to ensure interoperability with the remainder of POL SOCC’s communications devices, as well as U.S. and international SOF partners.

According to Poland’s Defense Minister Mariusz Blaszczak, the procurement of the airframes will “ensure interoperability with the rapid reaction forces of NATO.”

Elsewhere in the international SOF community, SOF commands continue to upgrade their communications capabilities, with examples including the Swiss Special Forces Command (KSK), which is in the process of upgrading force elements with a variety of SDR solutions.

Speaking to Special Operations Outlook, Maj. Marco Dâmaso, system portfolio manager special units, Swiss Armed Forces, Armed Forces Planning, explained how one reserve SOF unit was in the process of receiving Thales’ MBITR [Multiband Inter/ Intra Team Radio] SDRs as part of a move to enhance “multifunctionality” capabilities.

“The procurement is almost finished and incoming into the unit,” Dâmaso confirmed before outlining an additional requirement for 1,500 dual-channel personal role radios that would allow SOF operators to simultaneously communicate by voice and data.

Additional demand signals emerging from the KSK include capability to run battle management system (BMS) software as well as capacity to support navigation in command and control denied or degraded environments. A competition will be initiated in 2021, with program completion by 2025, Dâmaso added.

Finally, active-duty units within the KSK (which includes the Army Reconnaissance Detachment 10 [DRA-10] and Military Police Special Detachment Unit) are expected to evaluate MANET high data rate personal radios with the aim to “increase connectivity and allow potential new capabilities” in the future.

Dâmaso also highlighted the interception and deception of tactical communications by Russian armed forces operating in Ukraine as well as demand signals to support urban operations in contested environments.

“Today, there are several solutions to enable the tactical non-GNSS [Global Navigation Satellite System] navigation and localization through inertial, RF [radio frequency]-based and smartphone-based solutions,” he concluded.

Finally, the threat of Low Probability of Intercept/Detection (LPI/D) by peer adversaries across the contemporary operating environment continues to drive a resurgence in high frequency (HF) throughout the SOF community.

Examples include the French Special Operations Command (COS) and Germany’s Special Forces Command (KSK), which both continue to pursue requirements for such a capability that is harder to disrupt and comprises a low-cost alternative to SATCOM.

“Special operations forces around the world continue to invest in HF communications,” Kroon said. “HF radios are now smaller and faster than the previous generations. With innovations in the areas of resiliency and wideband data, HF offers more flexibility to the SOF community than ever. HF can support the backhaul link as well as intel from the edge.

“These new innovations, combined with modern encryption algorithms and backwards compatibility with legacy HF systems, are driving many SOF organizations to modernize their HF fleet. Concerns about SATCOM-denied environments also drive many users to HF. HF nets have no single point of failure, and that’s the flexibility that SOF communicators require,” he concluded.

As USSOCOM and international SOF partners continue to urgently predict and equip for an uncertain future operating environment, the importance of secure, resilient, and flexible tactical communications looks set to remain a priority for commanders moving forward – especially so given that they are a “gateway” to the enabling of nextgeneration capabilities, including augmented reality and artificial intelligence/machine learning-assisted decision-making.