Our Land

Soil microorganism biodiversity in the Anthropocene -Communication design as a platform.

Fan Zhang

10026923

Royal College of Art

MRes Communication Design Pathway

July 2023

Our Land

Soil microorganism biodiversity in the Anthropocene -Communication design as a platform.

Words Account: 5988

Page: 82

Royal College of Art

MRes Communication Design

© Fan Zhang 03 July 2023

Acknowledgements

I am profoundly grateful to my esteemed tutor, Dr. Laura Santamaria, for her invaluable guidance, constructive feedback, and unwavering support throughout this research endeavors. Her extensive expertise and insightful suggestions, particularly in the realm of research methodology, have played a pivotal role in shaping the trajectory of my work.

I extend my sincere appreciation to Professor Teal Triggs, whose mentor ship has been instrumental in my growth in how to be a researcher. Her inclusive attitude and encouragement to explore diverse viewpoints have fostered an environment that nurtures innovative thinking. I am truly grateful for their guidance along this academic journey.

I would like to express my deep gratitude to Dr. Rosa Woolf Ainley for her exceptional professionalism, meticulous rigour, and scholarly approach to writing. Her astute attention to detail has helped me navigate numerous challenges, while her instruction in cultivating rigorous logical thinking has been invaluable, particularly as a non-native English speaker.

Special recognition is owed to Dr. Esther Teichmann for her unwavering support and proactive assistance. Upon learning of my intention to conduct field research in China, she took the initiative to contact the school, ensuring a smooth return to my home country. Without Esther's intervention, completing this research project would have posed significant difficulties.

I am immensely thankful to Henan Maijia Food Co., Ltd. for generously providing me with dedicated research space and actively collaborating throughout the study. Additionally, I wish to express my gratitude to the individuals in Xincai County, Henan Province, who graciously afforded me the opportunity to conduct interviews, significantly enriching the depth of this research.

Finally, I wish to convey my deepest appreciation to my beloved family and friends for their unwavering encouragement, unconditional tolerance, and boundless love. Their constant support has been an immeasurable source of strength throughout this journey.

Table of Content

Glossary

List of Illustration

Abstract Introduction Research Question

1. Literature Review

1.1 Anthropocene

1.2 Soil Health in Anthropocene

1.3 Art and Design In Anthropocene

1.4 Reflection

2. Research Methodology

2.1 Transition Design As Methodology

2.2 Analysis

2.3 Participatory Action Research

2.4 Interview

2.5 Key Findings

3. Reflection

4. Outcome

5. Conclusion Bibliography

Appendix

Appendix A. Consent Form Adult

Appendix B. Gatekeeper Information Consent Form

Appendix C. Transition Design Mapping

Appendix D. Interview Audio

Appendix D. OurLand Manifesto

Glossary

Anthropocene: In 2000, Curtsey and Stoermer proposed the term "Anthropocene" to emphasize the significant and increasing impact of human activities on the Earth's environment and ecology at global scales (Wirth 2022).

Capitalocene: The concept of the Capitalocene posits that the historical progression and global expansion of capitalism have resulted in the exploitation of natural resources, which, in turn, has contributed to the rapid aggravation of environmental challenges like climate change, deforestation, ocean acidification, and biodiversity loss (Kunkel, 2017).

Monoculture: Monoculture is a prevalent agricultural practice that involves cultivating a single crop species in a field at any given time. This method of farming is extensively employed in intensive agriculture.

Microorganism: A microorganism, also known as a microbe, is a living organism that is too small to be seen with the naked eye. The scientific discipline dedicated to the study of microorganisms is referred to as microbiology. Microorganisms encompass various types such as bacteria, fungi, archaea, and protists. It's important to note that microorganisms do not include viruses and prions, as these are typically considered non-living entities.

Wicked Problem: Wicked problems are complex and challenging to solve because they result from many interrelated and competing factors. Examples of wicked issues that we face in the twenty-first century include environmental degradation, social and economic inequality, and terrorism (Erlhoff , et al. 2008).

List of Illustration

Figure 1. Fan, Z. (2023) Interview With the future body. [Installation]. Royal College of Art, London.

Figure 2. Fan, Z. (2023)

Figure 3. Carnegie Mellon Transition Design Framework (Carnegie Mellon School of Design, 2015, p.7. )

Figure 4. Fan, Z. (2023) Mapping Wicked Problems. [Online illustration]

Figure 5. Fan, Z. (2023) Mapping Stakeholder Relations. [Online illustration]

Figure 6. Fan, Z. (2023) Designing for Transitions. [Online illustration]

Figure 7. Fan, Z. (2023) Designing for Transitions. [Online illustration]

Figure 8. Fan, Z. (2023) Designing Systems Interventions. [Online illustration]

Figure 9. Google Map (2023) 'Xincai County'. [Online]. Available at: https://goo.gl/ maps/TnVqjFXcovyTmCa89

Figure 10. Fan, Z. (2023) Agriculture Company Corn Field [Photograph]

Figure 11. Fan, Z. (2023) Agriculture Company Greenhouse [Photograph]

Figure 12. Fan, Z. (2023) Died Corps [Photograph]

Figure 13. Fan, Z. (2023) Small Rubbish [Photograph]

Figure 14. Fan, Z. (2023) Individual Farmer's Land [Photograph]

Figure 15. Fan, Z. (2023) Earthworm in Soil [Photograph]

Figure 16. -Figure 19. Fan, Z. (2023) Our Land [Website]. Available at: https://ourland5.cargo.site/

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to explore methods for improving soil biodiversity in the Anthropocene era through the utilization of design. While soil biodiversity plays a vital role in the whole ecosystem, most research has primarily focused on biodiversity above the ground. Furthermore, the significance of incorporating design into these studies has been largely overlooked. To address this gap in knowledge, it is crucial to undertake an interdisciplinary research project that combines the fields of design and soil science. This project employed a mixed research approach, combining Transition Design and Participatory Action Research methodologies. Ultimately, the objective of this research is to develop sustainable solutions for enhancing soil biodiversity through innovative design practices.

Key Words: Anthropocene, Soil, Health, Communication, Design

Introduction

My research initially focused on speculative design, exploring the future and its impact on the human body. To investigate this connection, I conducted interviews and sound research. However, as my research progressed, I encountered a significant issue that cannot be ignored - the Anthropocene. The Anthropocene is a geological time unit characterized by the profound influence of human activities on the environment and ecosystems (National Geographic, 2022). Despite humans not having direct control over the power they exert, their actions can be seen as geological forces (Anderson, 2015). Moore (2017) argues against the Anthropocene's simplistic interpretation of history and proposes the concept of the Capitalocene.

The Capitalocene framework emphasizes the power dynamics, economic gains, and interconnectedness of all life forms. According to Oxfam International (2020), the wealthiest 10% of the population accounted for more than half of emissions between 1990 and 2015, while the top one per cent contributed to 15% of emissions during that period. In my work, I employed the metaphor of the body without organs to bring attention to the interconnection between the Anthropocene, the Capitalocene, and the human body (Figure 1). I pondered how we could embody the concept of the body without organs within the context of the Anthropocene.

As my research developed, I came to realize the intricate and far-reaching nature of the occurrence and impacts of the Anthropocene (Figure 2). Consequently, I have made the decision to narrow down my focus in future research and concentrate specifically on the issues pertaining to soil microorganisms. Soils play a vital role in regulating water and biogeochemical cycles, as well as providing sustenance, timber, and textiles on a global scale, making them analogous to the Earth's outermost layer (Sullivan et al., 2022). However, most studies predominantly address biodiversity in aboveground microbiomes, leaving us with a limited understanding of changes occurring in below-ground biodiversity (Geisen et al., 2019).

In the Anthropocene, the fields of communication can assume a significant role. For instance, Pezzullo and Cox (2018) demonstrate that effective communication is crucial for facilitating public participation in environmental decision-making and can contribute to addressing and comprehending climate change concerns (Boykoff et al., 2015). Additionally, art and design also play a pivotal role in raising awareness about the Anthropocene.

In this context, how can communication design specifically serve as a platform to promote soil health in the Anthropocene era? Apart from scientists, farmers, and other stakeholders, what role can design play? Therefore, an interdisciplinary research program that integrates design, communication, and soil science becomes essential. My goal is to design sustainable solutions for soil in the Anthropocene by leverage communication and design to bridge existing gaps.

1.

2.

Research Question

Main Question:

How can communication design serve as a platform to promote soil microorganisms biodiversity in the Anthropocene?

Sub Question:

• How can communication design be used as a platform to raise awareness about soil health in the Anthropocene?

• What specific communication design strategies can effectively engage different stakeholders in understanding and promoting soil microorganism conservation in the Anthropocene?

1. Literature Review

1.1 Anthropocene

In 2000, Crutzen and Stoermer proposed the term "Anthropocene" to emphasize the significant and increasing impact of human activities on the Earth's environment and ecology at global scales (Wirth 2022). The Anthropocene Working Group adopted this proposal in 2009, and in 2016, at The International Geological Congress meeting, a super majority of the Working Group voted (88% of votes cast) for the Anthropocene to replace the Holocene as a geological time unit (Wirth 2022). The Anthropocene Epoch describes the geological period when human activities have substantially affected the planet's environment and ecosystems, even though humans do not have control over the forces they generate (Anderson 2015).

Moore (2017) proposes the Capitalocene as an alternative interpretation of history, emphasizing the interconnection between life and capitalism's economic gain and authority. Wirth (2022) questions the identity of the "Anthropos" in the Anthropocene, referring to the new age of the world. According to Oxfam International (2020), the wealthiest 10% produced more than 52% of emissions between 1990-2015, while the richest 1% was responsible for 15% of emissions during the same period. Despite capitalism playing a role in this, we are both victims and perpetrators of climate change. Schlanger (2019) explains how some "sustainable" and "eco-friendly" products may be a gimmick for selling, such as organic cotton tote bags, whose environmental impact is equivalent to that of 20,000 plastic ones.Monbiot (2021) raises concerns about the carbon capture technology developed by Solitaire, which only manages to extract a mere 1kg of carbon dioxide every eight hours, despite humanity producing approximately 32 billion kg of CO2 during the same time frame. Wirth (2022) sheds light on the exploitation faced by Indigenous communities, who have been adversely affected by practices like logging, mining, and unchecked energy activities, without adequate legal safeguards. This highlights the unfortunate reality

that those who have suffered the most are often the least represented in the Anthropocene.

Regardless of who is responsible for the Anthropocene, all humans are bound to suffer its consequences. Prescott et al. (2022) argue that as humans are an integral part of nature, our health is interdependent with the health of the environment. The impact of human activities such as pollution, urbanization, and land-use change has rapidly intensified in recent decades, leading to the transformation and disruption of natural systems, thereby posing a threat to both terrestrial and marine ecosystems and human health and well-being. (Myers 2017; Tong et al, 2022; Perreault and Lapointe, 2022). The Earth is currently experiencing significant changes such as habitat loss, increased atmospheric CO2 levels, extreme weather events, global warming, and a heightened risk of drought (Perreault and Lapointe, 2022). Land-use change, for instance, is predicted to result in significant habitat losses, which could imperil thousands of species (Powers and Jetz, 2019). This loss of biodiversity will also affect the provision of ecosystem services, which are crucial for human population health globally (Sandifer et al., 2015).

The health of ecosystems heavily relies on the contribution of microbial communities. Microbial communities play a vital role in the health of ecosystems. Recent research demonstrates that these communities are an 'extended genotype' or an 'eco-holobiont' associated with plants, animals, and humans and drive the fitness and performance of almost all organisms on Earth (Banerjee, S. et al. 2023). Furthermore, microbiome science has highlighted the interconnections between personal, public, and planetary health in measurable ways (Prescott et al., 2022). Microorganisms are highly diverse and can be found in soil, plants, and animals, and recent advancements in high-throughput sequencing techniques have significantly improved our understanding of their beneficial roles for hosts and ecosystems, beyond their pathogenic properties (Banerjee et al., 2018; Huttenhower et al, 2012; Jansson and Hofmockel, 2020)

1.2 Soil Health in Anthropocene

In the Anthropocene era, human activities have transformed a large portion of natural land into biomes affected by humans which now comprise around three-quarters of all soil on the planet. (Geisen et al., 2019). Recent studies indicate that microorganisms in soil and on the surface make up the largest proportion of global biomass, with bacteria accounting for 15%, while fungi and Archaea also have significant biomasses, exceeding that of animals at 0.3% (Banerjee et al., 2023).

Soil plays a vital role on the Earth's surface, contributing significantly to the regulation of water and biogeochemical cycles, as well as serving as a global source of food, timber, and textiles (Sullivan, P.L. et al., 2022). The biodiversity present in the soil is essential for human well-being, as it provides clean air, water, and sustenance (Wall et al., 2015). Despite their critical function in climate regulation through the control of soil organic matter turnover, which represents the largest carbon pool in terrestrial ecosystems, our understanding of how soil microbes respond to climate change and contribute to climate regulation remains limited (Wall et al., 2015). While much research has focused on the aboveground microbiome, there is still a lack of knowledge regarding whether changes in below ground biodiversity mirror the same patterns observed aboveground, specifically within the soil environment (Geisen et al., 2019).

Nevertheless, human actions have modified various soil properties and processes. The field of pedology, which investigates soil, now encompasses not only remote landscapes with minimal human impact but also urban developments, crop fields, mining sites, abandoned lands, parking areas and even gardens in homes.

The soil biota is highly sensitive to human-induced changes due to its close association with the surrounding biotic environment (Griffiths and Philippot, 2013; De Vries et al., 2012). These transformations are interconnected with the rapid population growth and the subsequent expansion of urban areas and infrastructure, leading to the increasing coverage of land surfaces. (Scalenghe and Marsan, 2009). Moreover, mining activities and agricultural practices have also contributed to the loss of land for energy production, food, feed, and bioenergy. With increasing pressure to support the growing human population, agricultural practices have been intensified through the use of irrigation, heavy machinery, chemical fertilizers and pesticides (Tilman et al., 2011). These practices modify habitats and immediately alter soil structure, physiochemical properties, and plant biodiversity, resulting in the reduction of soil biodiversity (Wardle et al., 1999). As a consequence, the microbial communities in the soil are becoming dominated by bacteria, while earthworms and mycorrhizal fungi are being adversely affected by agricultural practices, such as soil tillage (Song et al., 2017). The intensification of agricultural methods and the application of pesticides like neonicotinoids, as well as herbicides such as glyphosate, can have repercussions on non-target organisms and soil biodiversity (Bünemann et al., 2006). Furthermore, the release of heavy metals from agricultural activities and the pollution resulting from mining sites and smelters can lead to the mortality of microbial taxa and modify the composition of soil communities (Giller et al., 1998).

By 2050, it is estimated that around one billion hectares of land may be transformed into agricultural soil for food production purposes, leaving up to 10 billion people relying on soil for survival. Hence, it is imperative to build a worldwide soil research program that incorporates long-term studies for enhanced monitoring of soil transformations during the Anthropocene (Richter, 2020).

1.3 Art and Design In Anthropocene

Despite the critical role of soils in both ecosystems and societies, they have been neglected in the social and human sciences (Céline Granjou, Germain Meulemans, 2023). Furthermore, there is a lack of emphasis on soil health in design and planning. Art and design are increasingly being used as a means to explore the lasting effect of technology and modernity, particularly concerning to the ecological emergency and the Anthropocene. To exemplify, waste and pollution have been considered prospective sources of inspiration for innovative design (Lee, 2011). Certain designers have utilized a blend of recycled and fresh materials to fabricate so-called "green" products. However, a few of these materials are non-recyclable or non-biodegradable, posing harm to the environment (Liddell, 2013). Nevertheless, these design strategies have sustained their popularity as they enable the continuation of consumer-driven production under the pretext of environmentalism (Scofield, 2009).

Although various designs and art forms revolve around the concept of the Anthropocene, the narratives they convey concerning human reactions to this crisis hold significant importance. However, even with good intentions, artistic endeavors can inadvertently promote detrimental narratives by proposing actions that further reinforce human control over the planet. Anderson (2015) proposes that art initiatives emphasizing critical thinking, rather than simply simulating action, have the potential to be more productive in addressing the Anthropocene. Therefore, while art can effectively raise consciousness about the issue, it is crucial to carefully consider the narratives it promotes and aim to stimulate critical thinking and introspection.

In addition to Art and Design, Communication promotes facilitating public participation in environmental decision-making and contributes to the examination and resolution of climate change issues (Boykoff et al., 2015) (Bergillos, 2021, p. 3). Over the course of several decades, particularly since the 1980s, communication pertaining to the environment has focused on studying narrative frameworks in environmental communication and raising awareness about climate change. Additionally, it has explored patterns of environmental discourse, media coverage of environmental issues, public opinion, and various other aspects (Cox and Depoe, 2015; Peeples, 2015). Communication is viewed as a symbolic action, operating on the premise that our perceptions and beliefs regarding the environment are constructed through communication. Within the public sphere, which consists of competing voices engaging in discussions about environmental concerns, communication plays a vital role (Pezzullo and Cox, 2018). Consequently, the content of communication holds significance as it assigns meaning to climate information and influences societal perceptions and behaviors relating to the environment and climate change at different levels with varying effects (Boykoff, 2011).

Currently, there exists an evident gap in integrating communication and design to address the challenges faced in the Anthropocene, particularly concerning soil health.

1.4 Reflection

• The recognition of the Anthropocene highlights the urgency of addressing the impact of human activities on the planet. It calls for a re-evaluation of our relationship with nature and the need for sustainable practices.

• The concept of the Capitalocene challenges the dominant narrative of the Anthropocene by emphasizing the role of capitalism in shaping our relationship with the environment. It raises questions about power dynamics and the distribution of responsibility for climate change.

• The degradation of soil health in the Anthropocene poses a significant threat to ecosystem functioning and human well-being. Addressing soil degradation requires a comprehensive approach that considers social, economic, and environmental factors.

• Art and design can play a crucial role in raising awareness and stimulating critical thinking about the Anthropocene. However, it is important to ensure that the narratives promoted by these mediums encourage reflection and challenge existing power structures rather than reinforcing human dominance over the planet.

• Communication and media have a vital role in shaping public perceptions and behaviors regarding environmental issues. Effective environmental communication can be instrumental in mobilizing public action and creating meaningful change.

2.Research Methodology

2.1 Transition Design As Methodology

In the era of the Anthropocene, the issue of soil health is a multifaceted challenge influenced by a range of factors such as human behaviour, policy, economics, globalization, and social sciences. It can be characterized as a 'wicked problem' that necessitates a comprehensive understanding and transformative change. Consequently, the most suitable approach for this research project is the transition design method.

This holistic and systems-based design methodology aims to develop sustainable solutions for complex societal and environmental problems. It recognizes that we are currently experiencing a period of transition and emphasizes the need for societal shifts towards more sustainable futures. The approach acknowledges the critical role design plays in facilitating these transitions by comprehending the interconnectedness of social, economic, political, and natural systems. Addressing problems at various levels of the spatiotemporal scale, it aims to enhance the overall quality of life.

The Transition Design Framework (Figure 3) encompasses four interconnected domains of practices, knowledge, and skill sets that are vital for catalysing transformative change at the systemic level.

Vision: A clear and vivid depiction of the desired transition is imperative. Utilizing techniques such as scenario development, future-casting, and speculative design enables us to imagine possibilities and generate innovative solutions that surpass the limitations imposed by unsustainable socioeconomic and political paradigms.

Theories of change: To comprehend the intricacies of change within complex systems, multiple approaches and methodologies are necessary. These aid in explaining the dynamics and mechanisms involved in driving transformation.

Mindset/posture: An attitude of openness, collaboration, and self-reflection is indispensable for engaging in this work. It involves embracing a collective mindset and fostering effective teamwork while continuously reflecting on one's own perspectives and assumptions.

New ways of designing: This emerges as a result of the integration and application of the aforementioned areas. It entails developing innovative ways of designing that align with the vision, theories of change, and collaborative mindset fostered by the framework.

In order to gain a deeper understanding of the soil health problem and effectively address it, it is crucial to identify the stakeholders involved and undertake a transition design analysis using the framework provided by the CMU course:

Mapping Wicked Problems: Conducting extensive internet-based research on the wicked problem of soil health allows for visual mapping into five distinct categories: 1) social issues, 2) environmental issues, 3) economic issues, 4) political and governance matters, and 5) infrastructural and technological concerns (Figure 4).

Mapping Stakeholder Relations: It is essential to comprehend the conflicting interests and agendas of the various stakeholders connected to and affected by the soil problem (Figure 5).

Mapping the Evolution of a Wicked Problem: By tracing the historical evolution of soil health and its relationship to the Anthropocene, valuable insights from the past can inform present interventions and shape future visions.

Designing for Transitions: Developing a long-term vision where the soil health problem has been resolved helps assess the current situation in light of that vision. This evaluation aids in determining which aspects should be carried forward during the transitional process that spans several decades ( Figure 6- 7).

Designing Systems Interventions: Creating a comprehensive ecosystem of systems interventions serves as an initial tangible step towards the desired future on the transition pathway( Figure 8).

One limitation of the Transition Design method is its requirement for extensive research and development over an extended period. However, it offers a comprehensive approach to addressing wicked problems that involve complex interconnected factors. Moreover, it provides a framework for developing sustainable solutions that benefit both people and the natural environment.

2.2 Analysis

In the latter half of the 20th century, Horst Rittel and Melvin Webber introduced the concept of wicked problems to describe complex and unsolvable issues. This analysis focuses on the wicked problem of soil health in the Anthropocene era, exploring its interconnectedness with other problems and dependencies. The introduction of digitalization and electronic devices has improved quality of life and efficiency, but it has also had adverse effects on soil health due to the presence of rare earth elements and metals in electronic components. Mining activities for electronics production, energy provision, and agriculture further contribute to soil degradation.

Agricultural practices aimed at meeting the demands of a growing human population have intensified, leading to habitat modifications and negative impacts on soil biodiversity. Land-use changes, irrigation, heavy machinery, chemical fertilizers, and pesticides disrupt soil structure and physiochemical properties. Soil biodiversity is affected by factors such as land-use intensification, pesticide usage, and herbicides. Moreover, urbanization, driven by high food demands, contributes to mining activities and associated issues that threaten soil biodiversity globally.

I found that Stakeholder relations play a crucial role in addressing wicked problems, but they often hinder transitions towards more sustainable futures since the realistic problem-profit. In the context of soil health and biodiversity, four key stakeholders are identified: farmers and ranchers, environmentalists, government, and the public. These stakeholders have interconnected concerns and aspirations, with some sharing hopes or fears while others have conflicting needs or opinions.

Farmers rely on healthy soil for their livelihoods, but certain farming practices can harm soil health and biodiversity. Resistance to change may arise due to perceived threats to farmers' livelihoods. Stakeholders can be unfairly blamed without receiving adequate support, leading to conflicts with the public. The government may fear that addressing soil health and biodiversity issues will impact development plans and incur higher costs.

Recognizing these interconnected interests is crucial to resolving conflicts and prioritizing common goals. By understanding the complexity of stakeholder relations and the interdependencies between various aspects of the wicked problem, effective solutions can be developed to improve soil health and biodiversity in a sustainable manner.

2.3 Participatory Action Research

Although addressing the problem necessitates collaboration between individuals from diverse areas and fields, it became clear that the soil utilized for agriculture was predominantly impacted. After utilizing transition design as the initial stage of a comprehensive analysis, I opted to implement participatory action research. This approach involves conducting fieldwork on the soil through the involvement of relevant stakeholders, such as farmers who have a direct influence on the soil and the agricultural fields they cultivate. And I choose direct observation and interviews as approaches. My aim is to identify a more precise factor and effective solution for soil health.

Participatory Action Research (PAR) is a qualitative research approach known for its inclusive, empowering, and transformative nature, distinguishing it from other qualitative methodologies (Kach & Kralik, 2006). PAR is a specific form of action research, characterized by the systematic collection and analysis of data with the intention of taking action and bringing about change through the generation of practical knowledge (Gillis & Jackson, 2002, p. 264). The roots of PAR can be traced back to Kurt Lewin (1944), widely recognized as the pioneer of action research (Gillis & Jackson, 2002). Lewin's original concepts continue to guide researchers in structuring their work and reporting through a cyclical process that involves observation, reflection, action, evaluation, and adaptation (McNiff & Whitehead, 2006).

To generate data in PAR, various effective methods are employed, including focus groups, participant observation, field notes, interviews, diary entries, questionnaires, and surveys (Gillis & Jackson, 2002; Greenwood & Levin, 1998; McNiff & Whitehead, 2006; Stringer, 1999; Stringer & Genat, 2004). Therefore, this research incorporates two different methods to gather information:

• Direct observation is a method used to collect data in which the researcher observes subjects in their natural environment without interfering with their behaviour or outcomes. This observational approach provides contextual data on people management, interactions, situations, and surroundings. It is commonly used in public settings or environments due to its advantage of offering an undisturbed view of the subject. However, using this method in a private setting is not ethical as it raises ethical concerns. The observation will process on the farmland owned by the farmer, factory, and landlord. Through the observation of the soil and surrounding directly.

• The next method used in PAR is interviewing. This approach enables participants to describe their situation, as Stringer (1999) noted. Interviews are a theoretical and interactive way of collecting data that is suitable for exploring human experiences, according to Kaufman (1992) and Kvale (1996).

General environment:

I have chosen Sunzhaozhen Xincai County, located in Zhumadian City, Henan Province, China, as my observation site (Figure 9). The primary agricultural crops cultivated in this area include wheat, corn, and various vegetables. Xincai County boasts a flat terrain and deep soil layers, which contribute to its abundant soil resources for agricultural production. As per the 1983 soil census, the soil in Xincai County was classified into three main types, three subtypes, eight soil genera, and twenty soil species. Among these classifications, the most prevalent and extensive is the Shajiang black soil, covering approximately 64.51% of the total soil area. However, this soil exhibits low organic matter content, and deficiency in phosphorus across a large area, while being rich in potassium and nitrogen, resulting in poor fertility.

I choose here because Henan province is the main agricultural area for the whole of China, and I was born here. The observation date is just after the wheat harvest.

Participatory description:

The participants of this interview include individual farmers, factory workers, and the factory manager, all of whom live and work in the XIncai Country. The interview was conducted on 3 June 2023, after the wheat harvest, both in farmland and office settings. The objective of the interview was to obtain a deeper comprehension of the obstacles faced by farmers and factories, as well as the soil conditions in the area. However, due to a limited number of samples, it is possible that different regions may have varying situations.

Ethics Considered:

This interview does not require personal information and is conducted randomly. Nevertheless, I ensured that written informed consent was gained from all participants before conducting the interviews, which were recorded in their entirety to maintain transparency and ensure ethical practice. For each question, I use Individual Farmer A, Individual Farmer B etc. to represent each farmer who works for themselves. Factory Farmer A and Factory Farmer B represent the labour work for the factory. As well as Managers A to represent the factory manager.

2.4 Interview

Q: How was the grain harvest this year?

• Individual Farmer A: The harvest wasn't good. There was heavy rain before the harvest, which made it difficult to process and led to a lot of wheat going bad.

• Individual Farmer B: The harvest was terrible. I'm worried about how my family will manage this year. All the hard work we put in last year on the land seems to have gone to waste.

• Factory Farmer A: The wheat we obtained from the land is of poor quality and cannot be used by the factory.

• Factory Farmer B: This year's situation is not good. Most of the wheat has gone bad.

• Manager A: This year's production has decreased significantly due to the rain. Another major factor is seed selection. Our aim for selecting this particular seed was for wine making rather than high-yielding wheat or producing flour. Unfortunately, this variety of wheat does not yield much.

Q: Will chemical fertilizers be used during farming? If so, what type of ingredients are utilized?

• Individual Farmer A: Chemical fertilizers are commonly used by most farmers, and we use Nitrogen and phosphorus compound fertilizer.

• Individual Farmer B: Yes, I also use Nitrogen and phosphorus compound fertilizer because the land lacks adequate nutrients, and without it, grain productivity is low.

• Factory Farmer A: Our company provides chemical fertilizers, usually Nitrogen and phosphorus compound fertilizers.

• Manager A: In order to maintain high productivity and profitability, we must use Nitrogen and phosphorus compound fertilizers.

Q: Do Fertilizers Affect the Soil?

• Individual Farmer A: I understand that using chemical fertilizers may negatively affect soil quality, but it's essential to meet the quality standards demanded by consumers. We need to consider our own livelihoods since we rely on crops to sustain ourselves.

• Factory Farmer A: Though I'm not entirely certain about its effects on soil quality, I know that crops won't grow without chemical fertilizers.

• Manager A: The fertilizer currently in use poses a significant threat to the quality of soil. At a recent symposium, an expert pointed out that soil acidification is a severe issue. While it's possible to forego the use of fertilizer, sufficient amounts of organic and base fertilizer must be present in the soil. The ideal solution would be returning straw to the field after crushing it so that it can ferment naturally and enrich the soil with organic material. However, this method isn't suitable for the current situation as soil quality is poor, and most regions won't meet this requirement for at least five years.

Q: Are there other substances or factors that have an impact on soil quality?

• Individual Farmer B: We lack professional knowledge in this area, but we can gauge soil quality by observing the number of earthworms present. The amount of earthworms indicates soil biological fertility.

• Factory Farmer A: Apart from chemical fertilizers, pesticides and other agricultural chemicals can also harm soil quality. For instance, a biotechnology company based in Beijing previously sold us a fungus that could alter the soil's activity. However, it is prohibitively expensive, and using it would significantly reduce our profits.

Q: Will you seek help if you encounter any issues during the farming process?

• Individual Farmer A: I usually discuss these matters with my family since we work together. Unfortunately, we don't have many opportunities to converse with other individuals who possess greater knowledge.

• Factory Farmer A: We consult our leader if any problems arise and follow their instructions.

• Manager A: Occasionally, I ask my colleagues for advice, but most of them do the same. Sometimes, I also search for information on Baidu, a Chinese search engine. Recently, Douyin (Chinese TikTok) has proven more helpful, but it's vital to exercise caution as not all the information provided may be accurate. It's imperative to use one's own judgment when assessing the authenticity of the content on Douyin.

Added question for agriculture company managers:

Q: Is it challenging for you to gather information, or are there any hindrances in the process of screening it?

• Manager A: Many technology companies in China lack clarity on these issues. They're all taking a trial-and-error approach and learning as they go along. They constantly practice and refine their own experiences to progress gradually.

Q: Would direct consultation with agricultural experts or utilizing a platform be more efficient in resolving problems thoroughly and quickly?

• Manager A: My perception of the current state of agriculture is shared by many colleagues. Theoretical knowledge and strong theories abound among the agricultural experts we know. However, their expertise is often garnered from test fields, which vary significantly from field planting or actual growing conditions. As a result, their advice may not always be applicable. We still mostly rely on conversing with peers who have encountered similar issues and gained more experience. While direct consultation with agricultural experts is possible, most of their suggestions still need to be screened carefully before implementation.

Q: Does your company employ monoculture in intensive farming?

• Manager A: Unfortunately, we are presently incapable of implementing scientific planting and thus employ monoculture techniques. Our lack of advanced machinery for ploughing and farming and technical equipment acts as a hindrance. Additionally, the domestic pesticides and chemical fertilizers available to us do not satisfy the requirements of scientific planting. While certain large-scale farming companies in China might meet these specifications, most companies including ours fall short.

2.5 Key Findings

Chemical fertilizers, particularly the majority of those manufactured in China, cause significant harm to soil quality. Farmers and factories remain dependent on these fertilizers as they are essential for food production.

Scientific planting is one approach to safeguard agricultural land. Unfortunately, the requirements for scientific planting cannot be met by most Chinese regions presently. Consequently, soil resources continue to deteriorate, perpetuating a vicious cycle.

Agricultural experts' theories may not be applicable to all regions and circumstances, necessitating an analysis of better solutions based on the specific situation. However, most farmers lack access to expert insights in related fields.

3. Reflection

In the era of the Anthropocene, the issue of soil health is thorny and influenced by various factors. It has wide-ranging impacts on different aspects of human life, making it a challenging problem that necessitates a fundamental systemic change. Unfortunately, most designers tend to focus solely on product design, which fails to address the underlying root causes of the issue.

Similar to the analysis discussed earlier regarding transition design, safeguarding soil diversity requires collective action from individuals, supported by institutions and governments. Regrettably, most farmers lack opportunities to voice their concerns, while researchers struggle to consider the unique circumstances present in each region. The scientific study could not be used properly for real farming. The absence of a common communication platform hinders the exchange of questions, answers, and soil information across different regions, hampering further studies conducted by researchers. Moreover, individuals without expertise in soil health face significant hurdles in acquiring a comprehensive understanding of the subject, as it demands substantial time and effort to establish a knowledge base. Similarly, modifying ingrained thought patterns and behaviors necessitates a considerable investment of time and energy. Moreover, translating scientific theories into practical applications within the realm of agriculture requires collaborative efforts and a process of experimentation.

This is precisely why Transition Design is essential. Transition Designers actively seek out emerging possibilities within problematic contexts, instead of imposing predetermined solutions. They adopt an extensively transdisciplinary and collaborative method, grounded in a comprehension of how change unfolds within intricate systems. Their emphasis lies in nurturing and amplifying potentialities within specific contexts, guided by visions of a sustainable future that encompass social and environmental concerns and adopt longterm perspectives. Transition Design, rather than pursuing quick fixes, aims to implement ecological system interventions at various scales and over different time horizons.

As a communication designer and researcher, my objective is to develop a platform that facilitates information exchange and provides opportunities for public engagement. To accomplish this, I plan to create a global website where farmers and related companies can share land data from diverse regions. Experts can contribute valuable insights by answering user questions and providing the most up-to-date information on relevant topics. Additionally, individuals from different fields can participate in forums or online meetings to exchange ideas and perspectives. This practice aligns with the principles of Transition Design, as it necessitates support and collaboration from individuals across various domains to bring about systemic change. It is crucial for both farmers and governments to pay increased attention to this issue, and effective communication serves as the primary tool to raise awareness among individuals in different spheres. Moreover, this website serves as a platform wherein people can utilize information, communication, cooperation, and action to gradually establish a long-term intervention system, step by step.

4. Outcome

The website I have built is called 'Our Land.' The name signifies that although the land does not belong to any individual, it belongs to all creatures on Earth. However, as human beings, we bear the responsibility of taking care of it, considering that we are the primary cause behind the environmental issues, irrespective of whether it is referred to as the 'Anthropocene' or the ‘Capitalocene.' Currently, the website is still under construction due to technology limitations. Therefore, it is currently in a mock-up phase.

Website Link: Our Land

A: The main page. The background of this page incorporates a half-tone small spot effect, which dynamically moves along with the mouse movements. This signifies that the microorganisms change as we interact with the page.

B: The data collection and update page, the ultimate goal is to enable people to easily update or collect data for any specific area by simply clicking on the corresponding area on the map.

C: the Q&A page. At the top of this page, you will find information about regular online meetings, intended to encourage communication across various fields. Below that, there is a question box where anyone can ask a question. These questions will be discussed during meetings or answered online.

D: the glossary page, which includes important terminology related to soil. Additionally, researcher farmers have the option to contribute and add more terms to the glossary.

E: the information page, which outlines the aim and objectives of this website.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the recognition of the Anthropocene and the concept of the Capitalocene underscore the urgent need to address the impact of human activities on our planet. One significant consequence is the degradation of soil health in the Anthropocene era, which poses a considerable threat to both ecosystems and human well-being. To effectively tackle this issue, a comprehensive approach that takes into account social, economic, and environmental factors is crucial.

Art and design have a pivotal role to play in raising awareness and fostering critical thinking about the Anthropocene. However, it is imperative to ensure that the narratives conveyed through these mediums encourage self-reflection and challenge existing power structures instead of reinforcing human dominance over nature. Moreover, effective communication and media engagement is indispensable in shaping public perceptions and behaviours concerning environmental issues. By mobilizing public action and facilitating meaningful change, communication plays a vital role in addressing complex problems such as soil health in the Anthropocene era.

Safeguarding soil biodiversity necessitates collective action and systemic change, with active involvement from individuals, institutions, and governments. Transition Design offers a valuable approach that seeks out emerging possibilities within challenging contexts, employing a transdisciplinary and collaborative methodology. This approach nurtures potentialities, envisions a sustainable future, and implements long-term ecological system interventions at various scales.

As a communication designer and researcher, my objective is to develop a platform that fosters information exchange, public engagement, and collaboration. Creating a global website where farmers, experts, and individuals from diverse fields can share knowledge and perspectives will significantly contribute to raising awareness and working towards long-term interventions. Effective communication serves as the primary tool for establishing systemic change, gradually implementing intervention systems to address soil health challenges incrementally. It is of utmost importance for farmers, governments, and individuals across various domains to prioritize this issue and actively participate in the exchange of information, communication, cooperation, and action. Embracing Transition Design principles allows us to collectively work towards building a sustainable future where soil health is safeguarded for the benefit of ecosystems and human well-being. By adopting this holistic approach, we can pave the way for a more harmonious and resilient relationship between humanity and the environment.

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Appendix A.

CAVA Consent proforma

Consent for participant (adult) to be recorded + recordings archived and used for future research and teaching

NB If the adult has a communication disorder, the content of this form must be presented to her/him in an accessible format.

CONSENT TO BE VIDEO/AUDIO-RECORDED, AND FOR STORAGE AND FUTURE USE OF DATA

Please initial box

I agree to be video/ audiotaped for this project. 

I know that my video/audiotapes will be stored in the UCL Human Communication AudioVisual Archive (CAVA) held at the UCL Library:

Initial one box only to show how long you want recordings to be kept for

EITHER

2a) For as long as the Library exists, for future research. I know that future researchers will sign a CAVA Repository End User Licence Agreement to respect my confidentiality, rights and dignity, and use my data in a responsible way.

OR

2b) until the project team have finished their work in [date]. Then they will be destroyed.

3. I know that when the project team labels my recordings, writes articles and talks about the project they will use a false name, not my real name.

4. I agree that my data can be used for presenting research findings (e.g. at conferences); for further analysis in future research projects [and/or for teaching purposes].

5. I know that the information collected about me may be audited by the research sponsor, Fan Zhang to check that the research is being conducted properly.

Name of participant

Signature

Date

Fujie Wang 02/06/2023

CAVA Consent proforma

Consent for participant (adult) to be recorded + recordings archived and used for future research and teaching

NB If the adult has a communication disorder, the content of this form must be presented to her/him in an accessible format.

CONSENT

TO BE VIDEO/AUDIO-RECORDED, AND FOR STORAGE AND FUTURE USE OF DATA

Please initial box

I agree to be video/ audiotaped for this project. 

I know that my video/audiotapes will be stored in the UCL Human Communication AudioVisual Archive (CAVA) held at the UCL Library:

Initial one box only to show how long you want recordings to be kept for

EITHER

2a) For as long as the Library exists, for future research. I know that future researchers will sign a CAVA Repository End User Licence Agreement to respect my confidentiality, rights and dignity, and use my data in a responsible way.

OR

2b) until the project team have finished their work in [date]. Then they will be destroyed.

3. I know that when the project team labels my recordings, writes articles and talks about the project they will use a false name, not my real name.

4. I agree that my data can be used for presenting research findings (e.g. at conferences); for further analysis in future research projects [and/or for teaching purposes].

5. I know that the information collected about me may be audited by the research sponsor, Fan Zhang to check that the research is being conducted properly.

Name of participant Signature

Date

Hongtao Guo 03/06/ 2023

CAVA Consent proforma

Consent for participant (adult) to be recorded + recordings archived and used for future research and teaching

NB If the adult has a communication disorder, the content of this form must be presented to her/him in an accessible format.

CONSENT

TO BE VIDEO/AUDIO-RECORDED, AND FOR STORAGE AND FUTURE USE OF DATA

Please initial box

I agree to be video/ audiotaped for this project. 

I know that my video/audiotapes will be stored in the UCL Human Communication AudioVisual Archive (CAVA) held at the UCL Library:

Initial one box only to show how long you want recordings to be kept for

EITHER

2a) For as long as the Library exists, for future research. I know that future researchers will sign a CAVA Repository End User Licence Agreement to respect my confidentiality, rights and dignity, and use my data in a responsible way.

OR

2b) until the project team have finished their work in [date]. Then they will be destroyed.

3. I know that when the project team labels my recordings, writes articles and talks about the project they will use a false name, not my real name.

4. I agree that my data can be used for presenting research findings (e.g. at conferences); for further analysis in future research projects [and/or for teaching purposes].

5. I know that the information collected about me may be audited by the research sponsor, Fan Zhang to check that the research is being conducted properly.

Name of participant Signature

Date

Liang Shi 02/06/2023

CAVA Consent proforma

Consent for participant (adult) to be recorded + recordings archived and used for future research and teaching

NB If the adult has a communication disorder, the content of this form must be presented to her/him in an accessible format.

CONSENT

TO BE VIDEO/AUDIO-RECORDED, AND FOR STORAGE AND FUTURE USE OF DATA

Please initial box

I agree to be video/ audiotaped for this project. 

I know that my video/audiotapes will be stored in the UCL Human Communication AudioVisual Archive (CAVA) held at the UCL Library:

Initial one box only to show how long you want recordings to be kept for

EITHER

2a) For as long as the Library exists, for future research. I know that future researchers will sign a CAVA Repository End User Licence Agreement to respect my confidentiality, rights and dignity, and use my data in a responsible way.

OR

2b) until the project team have finished their work in [date]. Then they will be destroyed.

3. I know that when the project team labels my recordings, writes articles and talks about the project they will use a false name, not my real name.

4. I agree that my data can be used for presenting research findings (e.g. at conferences); for further analysis in future research projects [and/or for teaching purposes].

5. I know that the information collected about me may be audited by the research sponsor, Fan Zhang to check that the research is being conducted properly.

Name of participant

Signature

Date

Xingmin li 02/06/2023

CAVA Consent proforma

Consent for participant (adult) to be recorded + recordings archived and used for future research and teaching

NB If the adult has a communication disorder, the content of this form must be presented to her/him in an accessible format.

CONSENT

TO BE VIDEO/AUDIO-RECORDED, AND FOR STORAGE AND FUTURE USE OF DATA

Please initial box

I agree to be video/ audiotaped for this project. 

I know that my video/audiotapes will be stored in the UCL Human Communication AudioVisual Archive (CAVA) held at the UCL Library:

Initial one box only to show how long you want recordings to be kept for

EITHER

2a) For as long as the Library exists, for future research. I know that future researchers will sign a CAVA Repository End User Licence Agreement to respect my confidentiality, rights and dignity, and use my data in a responsible way.

OR

2b) until the project team have finished their work in [date]. Then they will be destroyed.

3. I know that when the project team labels my recordings, writes articles and talks about the project they will use a false name, not my real name.

4. I agree that my data can be used for presenting research findings (e.g. at conferences); for further analysis in future research projects [and/or for teaching purposes].

5. I know that the information collected about me may be audited by the research sponsor, Fan Zhang to check that the research is being conducted properly.

Name of participant Signature

Date

Hong Wang 02/06/2023

Appendix B.

Appendix C.

Transition Design Analysis Miro Board: Miro

Appendix D.

Interview Audio by permitted interviewees: Google Drive

Appendix E.

OurLand Manifesto

In the context of the Anthropocene, soil health is closely intertwined with the well-being of every living being on the planet, particularly in relation to agriculture.

A significant warning has been issued by a major UN report, highlighting the potential consequences of disrupted food supplies, forced population displacement, and the alarming loss of biodiversity. The report emphasizes the need for a proactive approach to protect, restore, and sustainably utilize land, referring to it as a "crisis situation." Failure to take more assertive action increases the risks of diseases like COVID-19, deterioration of human health, and conflicts over land resources. The second edition of the "Global Land Outlook" report from the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) identifies the global food system as the primary cause of land degradation, responsible for 80% of such degradation. Deforestation, which consumes 70% of freshwater resources, emerges as the leading factor behind the loss of terrestrial biodiversity.

OurLand serves as an inclusive platform that connects farmers, researchers, and scientists from various parts of the world to facilitate knowledge exchange, collaborative efforts, data collection, and the search for solutions to address challenges related to soil health. This platform presents an opportunity for experts in diverse fields to share their insights and expertise, thereby fostering innovation and creativity. Through OurLand, farmers can gain knowledge about agricultural practices, technologies, and products that enhance soil quality and increase productivity. In turn, researchers and scientists can access valuable real-world data that inform the development of more effective solutions to improve soil management practices.

By promoting open communication and collaboration, OurLand aims to advance sustainable agriculture and tackle the issues confronting global food production. Additionally, the platform seeks to bridge the gap between scientific theory and practical farming in the physical world. By facilitating the exchange of information and ideas, OurLand strives to contribute to substantial progress in agricultural research and development globally.