Nexus Medical City - New Administrative Capital Egypt: Graduation Project by FarahWaleed1

NAC Medical City

Graduation Project Report Environmental Architecture and Urbanism 2021-2022

‘ The Medical City of the Future’ A smart resilient medical city and touristic hub in Egypt’s New Administrative Capital

Written by Undergraduate students in the department of Environmental Architecture and Urbanism, Ain Shams University as prerequisite for their graduation project

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Supervised By Dr Ashraf Nessim Dr Doaa Kamal Eng Omar Shahin Eng Rana Osama Eng. Mohamed Darwish Eng Mohamed Magdy

Our Team

Doaa Ahmed

Farah Waleed

Hadeer AbdelHakam

Hana Ibrahim

Kholoud Adel

Lujain Rafaat

Magued Adel

Maram Magdy

Mena Ashraf

Menna Farag

Nada Baligh

Youssef Ashraf

Graduation Project Report 2021-2022

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01 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................25

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1.1 Sustainable Development Goals.............................26

1.1.1 Definition......................................................................................................... 27 1.1.2 Goal 1: No Poverty................................................................................ 27 1.1.3 Goal 2: Zero Hunger.......................................................................... 27 1.1.4 Goal 3: Good Health and Well-Being.................................. 28 1.1.5 Goal 4: Quality Education............................................................. 28 1.1.6 Goal 5: Gender Equality.................................................................. 28 1.1.7 Goal 6: Clean Water and Sanitation................................... 28 1.1.8 Goal 7: Clean and Affordable Energy................................ 29 1.1.9 Goal 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth................ 29 1.1.10 Goal 9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure........ 29 1.1.11 Goal 10: Reduced Inequalities.................................................... 29 1.1.12 Goal 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities............. 29 1.1.13 Goal 12: Responsible Consumption and Production.30 1.1.14 Goal 13: Climate Action..................................................................30 1.1.15 Goal 14: Life Below Water............................................................30 1.1.16 Goal 15: Life on Land.......................................................................30 1.1.17 Goal 16: Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions........... 31 1.1.18 Goal 17: Partnership for the Goals......................................... 31 1.1.19 Main SDGs Related to the Medical City.......................33 1.2 Egypt 2030 Vision......................................................34 1.2.1 Egypt 2030 Vision Overview......................................................35 1.2.2 First Pillar: Economic Development ..................................35 1.2.3 Second Pillar: Energy........................................................................35 1.2.4 Third Pillar: Knowledge, Innovation and Scientific research...........................................................................................................................36 1.2.5 Fourth Pillar: Transparency and Efficient Government Institutions................................................................................................................36

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1.2.6 Fifth Pillar: Social Justice................................................................36 1.2.7 Sixth Pillar: Health................................................................................36 1.2.8 Seventh Pillar: Education and Training............................. 37 1.2.9 Eighth Pillar: Culture.......................................................................... 38 1.2.10 Ninth Pillar: Environment............................................................ 38 1.2.11 Tenth Pillar: Urban Development........................................... 38 1.2.12 Pillars in Medical City..................................................................... 38 1.2.13 Challenges................................................................................................. 38 1.3 The New Administrative Capital............................. 40 1.3.1 Overview......................................................................................................... 41 1.3.2 City Vision..................................................................................................... 41 1.3.3 City Principles............................................................................................ 41 1.3.4 City Location............................................................................................. 42 1.3.5 City Phases.................................................................................................43 02 SITE ANALYSIS.........................................................................................45 2.1 Historical Background...............................................46 2.1.1 History of Cairo’s Urban Expansion...................................... 47 2.1.2 Building a New Capital..................................................................49 2.1.3 Medical City............................................................................................. 50 2.2 Site Location...............................................................51 2.2.1 Country Location.................................................................................. 52 2.2.2 City Location........................................................................................... 52 2.2.3 Site Location .......................................................................................... 52 2.2.4 Strategic Location...............................................................................55 2.3 Neighbourhood Context..........................................56 2.3.1 Macro Land Use Analysis........................................................... 57 2.3.2 Micro Land Use Analysis.............................................................. 57 Graduation Project Report 2021-2022 2

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2.3.3 Green River Analysis........................................................................ 60 2.3.4 Central Business District Analysis......................................... 61 2.3.5 Surrounding Urban Fabric Analysis....................................64 2.3.6 Macro Scale Architectural Patterns....................................65 2.3.7 Micro Scale Architectural Patterns......................................65 2.3.8 Surrounding Skylines.........................................................................68 2.3.9 Nearby Landmark Analysis.......................................................69 2.3.10 Nearby Universities Analysis...................................................70 2.3.11 Nearby Religious Services........................................................... 72 2.3.12 Nearby Hospitality Locations................................................ 73 2.3.13 Street Pattern Analysis..................................................................74 2.4 Site Regulations........................................................ 75 2.4.1 Site Boundaries....................................................................................... 76 2.4.2 Surrounding Street Dimensions and Right of Way.77 2.4.3 Site Height Restrictions ................................................................ 78 2.5 Natural Features....................................................... 79 2.5.1 Introduction................................................................................................80 2.5.2 Topography................................................................................................ 81 2.5.3 Geological Formation....................................................................... 83 2.5.4 Soil Analysis ............................................................................................85 2.5.5 Green Area Analysis......................................................................... 87 2.5.6 Proposed Flora........................................................................................ 91 2.6 Man-made Features................................................. 96 2.6.1 Buildings Found on Site................................................................... 97 2.7 Circulation.................................................................99 2.7.1 Off-site Pedestrian Circulation...............................................100 2.8 Accessibility..............................................................101 2.8.1 International Access..........................................................................102

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2.8.2 Modes of Transportation ...........................................................105 2.8.3 Road Hierarchy ..................................................................................107 2.8.4 Local Transportation to the Site ........................................109 2.9 Utilities.......................................................................110 2.9.1 General Overview..........................................................................................................111 2.9.2 Location of Energy Generation..............................................112 2.9.3 Location of Water Utilities......................................................... 114 2.10 Climate.................................................................... 116 2.10.1 Temperature............................................................................................117 2.10.2 Dry Bulb and Dew Point............................................................ 118 2.10.3 Solar Radiation.................................................................................. 119 2.10.4 Wind Analysis.....................................................................................120 2.10.5 Ground Temperature & Moisture...................................... 122 2.11 Medical Demographics......................................... 123 2.11.1 Expected Population and Needed Doctors in the NAC............................................................................................................................ 124 2.11.2 Disability Analysis..............................................................................127 2.12 Conclusions............................................................ 128 2.12.1 Site Location Conclusion............................................................ 129 2.12.2 Neighbourhood Context Conclusion............................... 129 2.12.3 Site Regulations Conclusion...................................................130 2.12.4 Natural Features Conclusion.................................................130 2.12.5 Man-made Features Conclusion.......................................... 131 2.12.6 Circulation Conclusion ................................................................ 131 2.12.7 Accessibility Conclusion .............................................................. 131 2.12.8 Utilities Conclusion........................................................................... 131 2.12.9 Climate Conclusion.......................................................................... 131 2.12.10 Medical Demographics Conclusion............................... 132 Graduation Project Report 2021-2022 4

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03 ANALYTICAL STUDIES CONCLUSION........................133

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3.1 SWOT Analysis......................................................... 134 3.1.1 Strengths...................................................................................................... 135 3.1.2 Weaknesses............................................................................................... 136 3.1.3 Opportunities.......................................................................................... 137 3.1.4 Threats.......................................................................................................... 138 3.2 TOWS Analysis......................................................... 140 3.2.1 Strengths and Opportunities..................................................... 141 3.2.2 Weaknesses and Opportunities............................................. 142 3.2.3 Strengths and Threats................................................................... 143 3.2.4 Weaknesses and Threats............................................................. 144

04 SIMILAR PROJECTS........................................................................145

4.0 Project’s Highlights................................................. 146 4.0.1 Sheikh Khalifa Medical City..................................................... 147 4.0.2 Woodland Health Campus ..................................................... 147 4.0.3 Illinois Medical District ............................................................... 147 4.0.4 Shanghai Medical City ............................................................... 147 4.0.5 Amghara Medical City................................................................ 147 4.0.6 Alexandria Medical City............................................................. 147 4.1 Case 1:Sheikh Khalifa Medical City....................... 148 4.1.1 Project Background............................................................................. 149 4.1.2 Project Location ................................................................................. 149 4.1.3 Main Concept ......................................................................................150 4.1.4 Design Ideas And Challenges ................................................150 4.1.5 Project Program ................................................................................... 151 4.1.6 Layout Analysis .................................................................................. 152

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4.1.7 Environmental Techniques........................................................... 153 4.2 Case 2: Woodland Health Campus ...................... 155 4.2.1 Project Background ..........................................................................156 4.2.2 Location.....................................................................................................156 4.2.3 Main Concept ..................................................................................... 157 4.2.4 Buildings Analysis............................................................................... 158 4.2.5 Landscape Analysis ........................................................................ 161 4.2.6 Environmental Techniques......................................................... 162 4.3 Case 3 : Illinois Medical District............................. 166 4.3.1 Project Background........................................................................... 167 4.3.2 Project Location ................................................................................ 168 4.3.3 Main Concept ..................................................................................... 168 4.3.4 Design Idea And Challenges...................................................170 4.3.5 Zoning...........................................................................................................171 4.3.6 Land Ownership..................................................................................172 4.3.7 Street Analysis .....................................................................................174 4.3.8 Landscape Analysis......................................................................... 175 4.3.9 Buildings Skyline..................................................................................179 4.3.10 Building Orientation.....................................................................180 4.3.11 Facade Treatment............................................................................180 4.3.12 Environmental Techniques ....................................................... 181 4.4 Case 4 : Shanghai Medical City............................ 182 4.4.1 Project Background............................................................................ 183 4.4.2 Project Location ................................................................................. 184 4.4.3 Main Concept ..................................................................................... 184 4.4.4 Design Idea And Challenges ................................................. 185 4.4.5 Layout Analysis................................................................................... 186 4.5 Case 5 : Amghara Medical City............................. 192 Graduation Project Report 2021-2022 6

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4.5.1 Project Background........................................................................... 193 4.5.2 Project Location ................................................................................ 193 4.5.3 Main Concept ..................................................................................... 194 4.5.4 Design Idea And Challenges...................................................196 4.5.5 Zoning ....................................................................................................... 197 4.5.6 Street Analysis .................................................................................... 198 4.5.7 Landscape Analysis.........................................................................199 4.5.8 Environmental Techniques .......................................................201 4.6 Case 6 : Alexandria Medical City..........................206 4.6.1 Project Background..........................................................................207 4.6.2 Project Location .............................................................................. 208 4.6.3 Space Program ................................................................................ 209 4.6.4 Environmental Techniques .................................................. 215 4.7 Inspiration Ideas .................................................... 216 4.8 Case Studies Conclusions..................................... 223 4.8.1 Sheikh Khalifa Medical City .................................................. 224 4.8.2 Woodland Health Campus...................................................... 224 4.8.3 Illinois Medical District ............................................................... 224 4.8.4 Shanghai Medical City ..............................................................225 4.8.5 Amghara Medical City ..............................................................225 4.8.6 Alexandria Medical City ..........................................................226

05 GAP ANALYSIS...................................................................................... 227

5.1 Current State...........................................................228 5.1.1 Current State Definition................................................................229 5.1.2 Medical Staff.........................................................................................229 5.1.3 Patients and Diseases................................................................... 230 5.1.4. Medical Facilities.............................................................................. 230

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5.1.5 Medical Infrastructure...................................................................232 5.2 Target State.............................................................236 5.2.1 Target State............................................................................................ 237 5.2.2 Administrative Capital Vision................................................ 237 5.2.3 Egypt’s Development Vision For 2030.........................238 5.2.4 International Smart City Targets......................................... 241 5.2.4. International Smart City Targets Cont......................... 242 5.2.5 Global Green & Healthy Hospitals (GGHH) Agenda 244 5.3 Bridging the Gap....................................................246 5.3.1 Transportation and Urban Mobility.................................. 247 5.3.2 Safety and Security........................................................................249 5.3.3 Emergency and Response.......................................................... 251 5.3.4 Environmentally Considerate ................................................268 5.3.4 Environmentally Considerate Cont................................... 273 5.3.5 Energy Efficiency.............................................................................. 276 5.3.6 Citizen Integration and Communication..................... 280 5.4 Conclusion of Analysis........................................... 287 06 THE PROJECT.......................................................................................... 289 6.1 Medical City Overview............................................290 6.1.1 Vision............................................................................................................... 291 6.1.2 Mission.......................................................................................................... 291 6.1.3 Main Objectives................................................................................... 291 6.2 Concept...................................................................294 6.2.1 Concept Inspiration..........................................................................295 6.2.2 Concept Application......................................................................296 Graduation Project Report 2021-2022 8

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6.2.3 Project Name.......................................................................................299

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6.3 Space Program...................................................... 300

6.3.1 General Zones.......................................................................................301 6.3.2 Medical Zones Selection........................................................... 302 6.3.3 Zones and Areas............................................................................. 304 6.4 User Analysis.......................................................... 309 6.4.1 User Analysis Introduction...........................................................310 6.4.2 Types of Users.......................................................................................310 6.4.2.1 Medical Staff............................................................................310 6.4.2.2 Patients........................................................................................... 311 6.4.2.3 Research Department...................................................... 312 6.4.2.4 Administrative Department......................................... 313 6.4.2.5 Maintenance Department............................................ 314 6.4.2.6 Students........................................................................................ 315 6.4.2.7 Visitors............................................................................................ 316 6.5 Design..................................................................... 327 6.5.1 Functionality ..........................................................................................328 6.5.2 Accessibility............................................................................................333 6.5.3 Smartness................................................................................................346 6.5.4 Legibility...................................................................................................348 6.5.5 Connectivity............................................................................................ 351 6.5.6 Sustainability........................................................................................353 6.5.6.1 Energy Management........................................................355 6.5.6.2 WELL Rating System..................................................... 357 6.5.6.2.1 Water.......................................................................................... 357 6.5.6.2.2 Thermal Comfort.............................................................358 6.5.6.2.3 Air................................................................................................. 367 6.5.6.2.4 Light............................................................................................368 6.5.6.2.5 Material...................................................................................369

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6.5.6.2.6 Mind...........................................................................................370 6.5.6.2.7 Movement............................................................................... 371 6.5.7 Final Proposed Design................................................................. 375

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TABLE OF FIGURES

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Figure 1-1: The Sustainable Development Goals................... 32 Figure 1-2: The Sustainable Development Goals most relevant to the Medical City.........................................................................33 .........................................................................................................................................40 Figure 1-3: The New Administrative Capital principles... 42 Figure 1-4: The New Administrative Capital location......43 Figure 1-5: The New Administrative Capital phases......... 44 Figure 2-1: Cairo’s urban expansion.................................................. 47 Figure 2-2: Illustration of population growth............................ 48 Figure 2-3: A rendered vision of the NAC.................................49 Figure 2-5: A rendered vision of the proposed medical city................................................................................................................................. 50 Figure 2-4: Why a medical city............................................................ 50 Figure 2-6: A map indicating Egypt’s Location..................... 52 Figure 2-7: A map indicating the site’s location in the NAC..............................................................................................................................54 Figure 2-8: A map indicating the site’s location in the NAC..............................................................................................................................55 Figure 2-9: A map indicating all the land uses in phase 1 of the NAC.............................................................................................................58 Figure 2-10: A map indicating the surrounding uses around the Medical City............................................................................58 Figure 2-11: A map indicating the percentage of built up and green areas.................................................................................................59 Figure 2-12: A map indicating the seven zones of the Green River in relation to the site..................................................... 60 Figure 2-13: A detailed map indicating the seven zones of the Green River in relation to the site.................................... 60 Figure 2-14: A map showing the transportation networks linking the Green River with the Site................................................ 61 Figure 2-15: A map showing the location of the CBD...... 61

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Figure 2-16 : A map showing the transportation networks linking the Green River with the Site...............................................62 Figure 2-17 : A 3D conceptual diagram of the CBD......... 62 Figure 2-18 : A detailed plan of the CBD...................................63 Figure 2-19 : The surrounding urban fabric...............................64 Figure 2-20 : Macro scale architectural pattern analysis.66 Figure 2-21 : Analysis of the buildings’ patterns around the site.................................................................................................................................. 67 Figure 2-22 : The existing hospital on site................................... 67 Figure 2-23 : An illustration of the surrounding skylines.68 Figure 2-24 : An illustration of the prominent nearby landmarks............................................................................................................................70 Figure 2-25 : University students in Egypt....................................71 Figure 2-26 : An illustration of the prominent nearby landmarks..............................................................................................................................71 Figure 2-27 : Religious buildings radius of service illustration................................................................................................................................. 72 Figure 2-28 : Nearby hotels radius of service illustration.73 Figure 2-29 : Analysis of street patterns........................................74 Figure 2-30 : Site dimensions illustration..................................... 76 Figure 2-31 : Surrounding streets..........................................................77 Figure 2-32 : Surrounding streets dimensions...........................77 Figure 2-33 : A map showing the building height categories.................................................................................................................................. 78 Figure 2-34 : A map showing the building height categories..................................................................................................................................80 Figure 2-35 : A diagram showing the topography in the traverse section (top) and longitudinal section (bottom).81 Figure 2-36 : A map showing the contours on the site.... 82 Figure 2-37 : A table indicating the geological formations in the first phase of the NAC................................................................ 83 Graduation Project Report 2021-2022 12

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Figure 2-38 : A diagram showing the geological formations from the previous table.................................................................. 84 Figure 2-39 : A picture of a construction site in the NAC. 85 Figure 2-40 : A diagram showing the topography in the traverse section (top) and longitudinal section (bottom).. 86 Figure 2-41 : A diagram showing the topography in the traverse section (top) and longitudinal section (bottom).. 86 Figure 2-42 : A diagram showing the green areas in the NAC.............................................................................................................................. 87 Figure 2-43 : A diagram showing the principles of the Green River............................................................................................................. 88 Figure 2-44 : A diagram showing the zones of the Green River............................................................................................................................. 90 Figure 2-45 : Palm trees in the Egyptian Desert................... 91 Figure 2-46 : Table showing selected trees.................................92 Figure 2-47 : Table showing selected trees, palms, succulents, and herbaceous perennials........................................................93 Figure 2-48 : Table showing selected shrubs............................. 94 Figure 2-49 : A picture of shrubs native to Egypt............... 94 Figure 2-49 : Table showing selected ground-cover...........95 Figure 2-50 : Picture of ground-cover ...........................................95 Figure 2-51 : Location of buildings on site.................................. 97 Figure 2-52 : The existing General Hospital..............................98 Figure 2-53 : The existing transformer station on site......98 Figure 2-54 : Pedestrian circulation only in Green River...... 100 Figure 2-55 : Capital International Airport.............................102 Figure 2-56 : Map showing the location of the New Cap-

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ital and Cairo’s airports............................................................................104 Figure 2-57 : An image of the monorail.....................................106 Figure 2-58: Map of main roads and public transport lines 106 Figure 2-59 : Legend for Figure 53................................................106 Figure 2-60 : An image of the Regional Ring Road.......108 Figure 2-61: Map of the road hierarchy......................................108 Figure 2-62: Legend for Figure 56..................................................108 Figure 2-63 : Location of the roads around the site........109 Figure 2-64 : Solar panels..........................................................................111 Figure 2-65 : Location of the New Capital Combined Cycle Power Plant................................................................................................... 113 Figure 2-66 : Location of the solar farms in the NAC... 113 Figure 2-67 : New Cairo water line.................................................. 114 Figure 2-68 : Location of the calverts near the site.......... 115 Figure 2-69 : Location of the water treatment plant....... 115 Figure 2-70 : Graph of annual temperatures...........................117 Figure 2-71 : Graph of annual dry bulb temperatures and dew points............................................................................................................... 118 Figure 2-72 : Graph showing solar radiation........................... 119 Figure 2-73 : Map of solar radiation on site............................ 119 Figure 2-74 : Graph showing wind highs and lows............120 Figure 2-75 : Map indicated wind direction in Autumn..121 Figure 2-76 : Wind roses during the seasons of the year.121 Figure 2-77 : Graph indicating soil temperatures annually 122 Figure 2-78 : Map of soil moisture................................................... 122 Figure 2-79 : Number of medical staff and beds needed in the city...................................................................................................................... 125 Figure 2-80 : Number of people with disabilities by type in the NAC............................................................................................................127 Graduation Project Report 2021-2022 14

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Figure 3-1 : Strengths illustrated on map of phase 1 of NAC............................................................................................................................ 135 Figure 3-2 : Weaknesses illustrated on map of phase 1 of NAC............................................................................................................................ 136 Figure 3-3 : Opportunities illustrated on map of phase 1 of NAC..................................................................................................................... 139 Figure 3-4 : Threats illustrated on map of phase 1 of NAC............................................................................................................................ 139 Figure 3-5 : Map illustrating SO on site.................................... 142 Figure 3-6 : Map illustrating WO on site.................................. 142 Figure 3-7 : Map illustrating ST on site...................................... 143 Figure 3-8 : Outbreak of Covid-19 in Egypt........................... 144 Figure 4-1 : Location of site.................................................................... 149 Figure 4-2 : Concept.....................................................................................150 Figure 4-3: Concept.......................................................................................150 Figure 4-4 : Common public space.................................................150 Figure 4-5: Public plaza.............................................................................150 Figure 4-6: Location zones on site.................................................... 151 Figure 4-7 : Surgical pavilion................................................................. 151 Figure 4-8 : Surgical pavilion layers............................................... 152 Figure 4-9 : Surgical pavilion roof.................................................... 152 Figure 4-10 : Layout...................................................................................... 152 Figure 4-11: Main Garden Level Shading Element........... 153 Figure 4-12: Women building facade pattern........................ 154 Figure 4-14: Green walls , hanging gardens and green roofs............................................................................................................................ 154 Figure 4-13 : Kids building colorful louvers............................... 154 Figure 4-15 : Woodland Health Campus....................................156 Figure 4-16 : Site location........................................................................156 Figure 4-17 : Project layers....................................................................... 157 Figure 4-17 : Functions ............................................................................... 158

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Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure

4-18 : Integrated acute and community hospital.159 4-19 : Specialist outpatients clinics ...............................160 4-20 : Long-term care facility ..........................................160 4-21 : Landscape concept ...................................................... 161 4-22 : Gardens.................................................................................. 162 4-23 : Thermal comfort 1......................................................... 163 4-25: Thermal comfort 3......................................................... 163 4-24: Thermal comfort 2.......................................................... 163 4-26: Water techniques ........................................................... 164 4-27: Active techniques ...........................................................165 4-28: Passive techniques ........................................................165 4-29: Illinois Medical District............................................... 167 4-30: Project location................................................................. 168 4-31 : Gateways............................................................................... 168 4-32 : Streets......................................................................................169 4-33 : Vacant lands ....................................................................169 4-34 : Street network..................................................................170 4-35 : Transit hub..........................................................................170 4-36 : Nodes........................................................................................171 4-37 : Zoning ....................................................................................172 4-38 : Land ownership.............................................................. 173 4-39: Street analysis.....................................................................174 4-40 : Landscape.......................................................................... 175 4-41 : Buffer..........................................................................................176 4-42 : Fencing....................................................................................176 4-43 : Landscape lighting.......................................................177 4-45 : Linear parks........................................................................178 4-44 : Outdoor signs ..................................................................178 4-47 : Los Angeles Skylines...................................................179 4-46 : Plazas........................................................................................179 4-48 : Buildings Elevations....................................................180 Graduation Project Report 2021-2022 16

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4-49 : Buildings facade treatment..................................180 4-51 : Using social plants ........................................................ 181 4-50 : Storm-water system..................................................... 181 4-52 : Shanghai Medical City............................................ 183 4-54 : Shanghai Medical City location...................... 184 4-53 : Pollution scale ................................................................. 184 4-55 : The Platform conceptual section ................... 185 4-56 : The layout zones ...........................................................187 4-57 :The layout zones with various paths...............187 4-58 : Form generation ........................................................... 188 4-59 : Shared faculty building .........................................190 4-61 : Rehabilitation center...................................................190 4-60 : Rehabilitation center.................................................190 4-62 : Haushan Hospital.......................................................... 191 4-63 : Project location................................................................ 193 4-64 : Project program organization............................ 194 4-65 : Project metro map.......................................................195 4-66 : Project functions.............................................................195 4-68 : Smart city concept.......................................................196 4-67 : Social connectivity........................................................196 4-69 : Site zoning........................................................................... 197 4-70 : Zoning analysis............................................................... 198 4-71 : Street section......................................................................199 4-72 : Landscape techniques.............................................200 4-73 : Pedestrian paths.............................................................201 4-74 : Project Site..........................................................................207 4-75 : Project location.............................................................. 208 4-76 : Master Plan .................................................................... 209 4-77 : Space program ..............................................................210 4-78 : Zoning iterations..............................................................211 4-79 : Recommended zones ................................................ 212

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Figure 4-80 : Heights and networks............................................... 212 Figure 4-81 : Medical zone .................................................................... 213 Figure 4-82 :Parking zone........................................................................ 213 Figure 4-83 : Central Park zone ..................................................... 214 Figure 4-84 : Wellness zone ................................................................ 214 Figure 4-85 : Commercial zone ....................................................... 214 Figure 4-86 : LEED Categories ...................................................... 215 Figure 4-87 : Pathways & connections between the buildings ............................................................................................................................. 215 Figure 4-88 : Wan Chai Sky Garden ............................................217 Figure 4-89 : Destination Medical Center Rochester.......217 Figure 4-90 : Future City , Dovjan................................................... 218 Figure 4-91 : Rochester Downtown ................................................. 219 Figure 4-92 : Jewel Changi Airport Singapore ..................220 Figure 4-93 : Megalopolis x shenzhen super headquarter 221 Figure 4-94 : Amghara Medical City......................................... 222 Figure 5-1: Egyptian patient and physician in a clinic.. 229 Figure 5-2: Categories of Disabilities.......................................... 230 Figure 5-3: Disabled Category by Age..................................... 230 Figure 5-4: Stroke Unit of Kasr Al-Ayni Hospital............... 231 Figure 5-5: NAC Rendered Night Shot.....................................232 Figure 5-6: Illustration for a Smart City....................................233 Figure 5-7: Components of a Smart City.................................234 Figure 5-8: Separation of Medical Waste................................235 Figure 5-9: NAC City Goals.................................................................238 Figure 5-10: Logo of Egypt Vision 2030..................................238 Figure 5-11: Egypt’s 2030 Vision’s Dimensions ...................240 Figure 5-12: Illustration of the form of Smart Cities........ 241 Figure 5-13: Diagram of the Dimensions of Smart Cities... 243 Graduation Project Report 2021-2022 18

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Figure 5-14: Logo of GGHH................................................................. 244 Figure 5-15: Visualization of Auto-pods..................................... 248 Figure 5-16: Illustration of Straddling Bus................................ 248 Figure 5-17:Image from Test-Run...................................................... 248 Figure 5-18:Illustration of Auto Car Park..................................249 Figure 5-19: Image from Roxy Garage........................................249 Figure 5-20: Image of Robotic Security Guard................. 250 Figure 5-21: Illustration of Smart Security System........... 250 Figure 5-22: Picture of Ambulance Drone................................ 251 Figure 5-23: Picture of SAM Concierge...................................... 251 Figure 5-24 Illustration of Possible Solutions to Make Low-Income Housing Sustainable...................................................254 Figure 5-25: Visualization of Maze................................................255 Figure 5-26: Illustration of Social Distance Circles in Domino Park.......................................................................................................255 Figure 5-27: Small, Dispersed Markets.......................................256 Figure 5-28: Illustration of Market..................................................256 Figure 5-29: Illustration of Urban Farming.............................256 Figure 5-30: Illustration of Separate Bike, Pedestrian and Vehicle Lanes..................................................................................................... 257 Figure 5-31: Sketch from Kevin Lynch’s Image of the City 258 Figure 5-32: Picture from Cairene Market in Islamic Cairo..........................................................................................................................258 Figure 5-33: Diagram of Circular Economy...........................259 Figure 5-34: Illustration of Local Businesses......................... 260 Figure 5-35/36: Illustration of Sources of Air Pollution and Its Solution................................................................................................. 261 Figure 5-37: Illustration of Optimal Social Distancing.. 261 Figure 5-38: Illustration of Air Purifying Plants...................262 Figure 5-39: Illustration of Ways to ..............................................262

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Figure 5-40: Illustration of Cues.......................................................263 Figure 5-41: Separation of Zones....................................................264 Figure 5-42: Plans of Mount Sinai hospital............................265 Figure 5-43 Diagram of Intervention...........................................265 Figure 5-44: Diagram of preferred condition........................266 Figure 5-45: Design hack (1)................................................................................................ 266 Figure 5-46: Design hack (2)............................................................................................... 266 Figure 5-47: Design hack (3)................................................................................................267 Figure 5-48: Colour coding a plan according to its infection risk.................................................................................................................... 267 Figure 5-49: Sum up for the COVID-19 design strategies in a tent clinic plan.......................................................................................268 Figure 5-50: Visualization of Air-Purifying Drone............. 273 Figure 5-51: Image of Connected Green Urban Corridor... 274 Figure 5-52: Illustration of Connected Green Urban Corridor................................................................................................................................274 Figure 5-53: Image of Building’s Facade...................................274 Figure 5-54: Mechanical Butterfly................................................... 275 Figure 5-55: Algae Growing Surface............................................ 275 Figure 5-56: Nano-coatings.................................................................. 275 Figure 5-57: Nano-coatings.................................................................. 276 Figure 5-58: Thermo Chromic Prints............................................. 276 Figure 5-59: Futuristic light posts ....................................................277 Figure 5-60: Illustration of Smart Lights...................................277 Figure 5-61: Picture of Path-lights.....................................................277 Figure 5-62: Pictures of Different Smart Materials......... 278 Figure 5-63: Picture of photo chromic panels.................................................278 Figure 5-64: Picture of Vacuum Insulation Panels............ 278 Figure 5-65: Picture of Filling Insulation with Nano Technology....................................................................................................................... 279 Graduation Project Report 2021-2022 20

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Figure 5-67: Illustration of Suggested Used Materials in Patients Rooms................................................................................................. 279 Figure 5-66: Illustration of Smart HVAC.................................. 279 Figure 5-68: Illustration of Social Participation.................. 280 Figure 5-69: Picture of Interactive Media Facade........... 280 Figure 5-70: Picture of Interactive Pavilion .......................... 280 Figure 5-71 Picture of fiberglass rods............................................ 281 Figure 5-72: Hologram of Elephant .............................................. 281 Figure 5-73: Virtual Screen..................................................................... 281 Figure 5-74: Social Integration........................................................... 282 Figure 5-75: Medical Hologram........................................................ 282 Figure 5-76: Agri-healing Diagram................................................283 Figure 5-77: Agri-healing Design Principles Diagram................................... 284 Figure 5-78: Agri-healing Design Principles Diagram................................... 284 Figure 5-79: Agri-healing Framework........................................................................... 285 Figure 5-80: Layout Components................................................................................... 286 Figure 5-81: Placing of directiona marks.................................................................... 286 Figure 6-1 : City objectives.....................................................................292 Figure 6-2 : A pulse......................................................................................295 Figure 6-3 : Different pulses based on users and functions............................................................................................................................296 Figure 6-4 : The city is central in the medical world and has a global impact..................................................................................... 297 Figure 6-5 : Inspiration for name.....................................................299 Figure 6-7 : Main zones areas.............................................................301 Figure 6-8 : Main zones areas pie chart................................... 302 Figure 6-9 : Top causes of disease death in Egypt......... 302 Figure 6-10 : Top causes of death world wide..................... 303 Figure 6-11 : Areas of medical zones .......................................... 304 Figure 6-12 : Areas of medical zones pie chart.................. 305 Figure 6-13 : Comparison between expected users in each

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medical zone...................................................................................................... 305 Figure 6-14 : Areas of other zones excluding open spaces, services, and infrastructure................................................................... 306 Figure 6-15 : Areas of open spaces................................................307 Figure 6-16 : Areas of services and infrastructure............ 308 Figure 6-17 : Medical staff information........................................310 Figure 6-18 : Medical staff numbers................................................ 311 Figure 6-19 : Patients’ information..................................................... 311 Figure 6-20 : Patient numbers............................................................. 312 Figure 6-18 : Medical staff numbers............................................... 312 Figure 6-21 : Research department information.................. 312 Figure 6-22 : Research department numbers......................... 313 Figure 6-23 : Administration information.................................. 313 Figure 6-24 : Administration numbers.......................................... 314 Figure 6-25 : Maintenance workers information................. 314 Figure 6-26 : Maintenance workers numbers......................... 315 Figure 6-27 : Students’ information................................................. 315 Figure 6-28 : Student numbers............................................................ 316 Figure 6-29 : Visitors’ information.................................................... 316 Figure 6-30 : Visitor numbers............................................................... 317 Figure 6-31 : Types of vehicles by user.......................................... 317 Figure 6-32 : Example of nurse user path................................. 318 Figure 6-33 : Example of senior doctor path......................... 318 Figure 6-34 : Suggested educational, administration, and research schedules.......................................................................................... 319 Figure 6-35 : Suggested medical staff and maintenance schedules................................................................................................................. 321 Figure 6-36 : Patient, educational, administrative, and research user journeys.....................................................................................323 Figure 6-37 : Medical staff user journey....................................325 Figure 6-39 : User paths and node creation..........................328 Graduation Project Report 2021-2022 22

TABLE OF FIGURES

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Figure 6-40 : Grid creation using computational methods 329 Figure 6-40 : Zoning macro scale.................................................. 330 Figure 6-41 : Zoning micro scale........................................................ 331 Figure 6-42 : Layout....................................................................................332 Figure 6-43 : Airport location in relation to the site.......333 Figure 6-44 : Road heirarchy with zones...................................334 Figure 6-45 : Vehicular network........................................................335 Figure 6-46 : Cycling network.............................................................336 Figure 6-47 : Pedestrian network...................................................... 337 Figure 6-48 : Emergency routes on plan in red...................338 Figure 6-49 : Entrances locations....................................................339 Figure 6-50 : Intersections locations and types map.... 340 Figure 6-51 : Pod stations radius of service.............................. 341 Figure 6-52 : Pod station schematic zoning............................342 Figure 6-53 : Pod rail blowup..............................................................342 Figure 6-54 : Pod blowup........................................................................343 Figure 6-55 : Networks’ intersection..............................................345 Figure 6-56 : Main road section.......................................................345 Figure 6-57 : Smart bus app................................................................346 Figure 6-58 : Ambulance drones...................................................... 347 Figure 6-59 : App for doctors............................................................. 347 Figure 6-60 : Smart pods ......................................................................348 Figure 6-61 : Serial vision allocation..............................................348 Figure 6-62 : 1-Entrance...........................................................................349 Figure 6-63 : 2- Emergency road intersection with pods..... 349 Figure 6-64 : 3- Station and pedestrian level difference..... 349 Figure 6-65 : 5- Main plaza in therapeutic gardens with waterfall over several levels................................................................. 350

00 Table of Content

Figure 6-66 : 5- Network overlap................................................... 350 Figure 6-67 : 6-View of General Hospital............................... 350 Figure 6-68 : Green networks............................................................... 351 Figure 6-69: Pedestrian networks in green zones ...........352 Figure 6-70 : Sustainable solutions section.............................353 Figure 6-71 : Energy management plan for the city.......355 Figure 6-72 : WELL Categories........................................................ 357 Figure 6-73 : Water management techniques in 3D......359 Figure 6-74 : Smart water management techniques........ 361 Figure 6-75 : Water management techniques sketch.....363 Figure 6-76 : Thermal comfort methods....................................365 Figure 6-77 : Methods for better air quality.......................... 367 Figure 6-78 : Methods for better light quality......................369 Figure 6-79 : Smart methods for material and waste management.................................................................................................................370 Figure 6-80 : Methods for better mental health................. 371 Figure 6-81 : Movement WELL analysis................................... 373 Figure 6-82 : The Chosen Locations............................................. 375 Figure 6-83 : The Final Design........................................................... 376

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01 Introduction

1.1 Sustainable Development Goals

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1.1 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS

1.1.1 Definition The United Nations approved the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), also known as the Global Goals, in 2015 as a universal call to action to end poverty, safeguard the environment, and ensure that by 2030, all people live in peace and prosperity. They are 17 goals in total. The 17 SDGs are interconnected, recognizing that actions in one area have an impact on outcomes in others and that development must strike a balance between social, economic, and environmental sustainability. Countries have agreed to emphasize improvement for those who are the most disadvantaged. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) aim to eradicate poverty, hunger, AIDS, and discrimination against women and girls.

1.1.2 Goal 1: No Poverty Poverty eradication in all of its forms

remains one of humanity’s greatest challenges. Despite the fact that the number of people living in extreme poverty fell by more than half between 1990 and 2015, far too many individuals continue to struggle to meet even the most basic human requirements. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a bold commitment to abolish poverty in all of its forms and dimensions by 2030. Targeting the most vulnerable, expanding basic supplies and services, and assisting communities devastated by war and climate-related disasters are all part of this strategy.

1.1.3 Goal 2: Zero Hunger Sadly, acute hunger and malnutrition continue to be a major impediment to growth in many nations. As of 2017, an estimated 821 million people were chronically malnourished, largely as a result of environmental degradation, drought, and biodiversity loss. Over 90 million children under the age of five are overweight or obese. Undernourishment and severe food insecurity appear to be on the rise in practically all of Africa, as well as South America.

The SDGs aim to eliminate all types

01 Introduction

of hunger and malnutrition by 2030, ensuring that everyone, especially children, has enough and nutritious food throughout the year.

1.1.4 Goal 3: Good Health and Well-Being The 2030 Agenda recognizes the importance of good health to longterm development and the interdependence of the two. It considers expanding economic and social disparities, rapid urbanization, climate and environmental risks, the ongoing burden of HIV and other infectious diseases, and emerging challenges such as noncommunicable diseases. SDG 3’s goal of eradicating poverty and reducing inequality will require universal health coverage. Antimicrobial resistance, for example, is an emerging global health priority that is not expressly addressed in the SDGs

1.1.5 Goal 4: Quality Education The notion that education is one of the most powerful and proven drivers for sustainable development is reaffirmed by achieving inclusive and high-quality education for all. By 2030, this objective will ensure that all girls

and boys have received free elementary and secondary education. It also aspires to equalize access to inexpensive vocational training, erase gender and income gaps, and ensure universal access to a high-quality higher education.

1.1.6 Goal 5: Gender Equality The purpose of this goal is to achieve gender equality. Ending all forms of discrimination against women and girls is not only a basic human right, but it is also essential for a long-term future; it has been demonstrated that empowering women and girls promotes economic growth and development.

1.1.7 Goal 6: Clean Water and Sanitation This goal aims to ensure that everyone has access to water that it is managed sustainably. Water stress is affecting an increasing number of countries, and rising drought and desertification are exacerbating the problem. At least one out of every four individuals is expected to face persistent water shortages by 2050.

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1.1.8 Goal 7: Clean and Affordable Energy This objective aims to ensure that everyone has access to clean, inexpensive, and long-lasting energy. As the world’s population grows, so will the demand for inexpensive energy, and an economy based on fossil fuels is causing dramatic climate change. If we are to meet SDG 7 by 2030, we must invest in solar, wind, and thermal power, improve energy productivity, and ensure that everyone has access to energy.

1.1.9 Goal 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth This goal aims to promote longterm, inclusive, and sustainable economic growth, as well as full and productive employment for all people. Encouragement of entrepreneurship and job development, as well as effective efforts to end forced labour, slavery, and human trafficking, are essential. With these goals in mind, the goal is for all women and men to have full and productive employment, as well as respectable job, by 2030.

1.1.10 Goal 9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure 29

Build robust infrastructure, promote equitable and sustainable industrialization, and support innovation are all aims of this goal. Technological advancement is also essential for finding long-term solutions to both economic and environmental problems, such as creating new jobs and increasing energy efficiency. Sustainable development can be facilitated by promoting sustainable industries and investing in scientific research and innovation.

1.1.11 Goal 10: Reduced Inequalities This goal aims to reduce disparities within and between countries. Inequality of income necessitates global solutions. This entails bettering the regulation and oversight of financial markets and institutions, as well as encouraging development aid and foreign direct investment to areas with the highest need. Facilitating safe movement and mobility of people is also critical to closing the gap.

1.1.12 Goal 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities This goal aims to make cities and human settlements more inclusive, secure, resilient, and long-lasting. In-

01 Introduction

equality of income necessitates global solutions. More than half of the world’s population lives in cities. Two-thirds of humanity, or 6.5 billion people, will live in cities by 2050. Without a fundamental change in the way we create and manage our urban places, we will not be able to achieve sustainable development.

1.1.13 Goal 12: Responsible Consumption and Production This goal is to ensure that consumption and production patterns are sustainable. Inequality of income necessitates global solutions. To reach this goal, we must manage our common natural resources efficiently, as well as dispose of toxic waste and pollutants in a responsible manner. Encourage industries, businesses, and consumers to recycle and reduce waste, as well as aiding developing countries in their transition to more sustainable consumption habits by 2030, are both critical.

consequences. Climate-related calamities cause annual economic damages in the hundreds of billions of dollars. This is not to include the human toll of geophysical catastrophes, which are 91 percent caused by climate change and killed 1.3 million people and injured 4.4 billion people between 1998 and 2017. The goal is to raise $100 billion each year to help developing nations adapt to climate change while also investing in low-carbon development..

1.1.15 Goal 14: Life Below Water This goal aims to conserve and exploit oceans, seas, and marine resources in a sustainable manner for longterm development. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) aim to manage and protect marine and coastal ecosystems from pollution while also addressing the effects of ocean acidification. Improving protection and the long-term use of ocean-based resources through international law can also assist to alleviate some of the problems that our seas are facing.

1.1.14 Goal 13: Climate Action

1.1.16 Goal 15: Life on Land

This goal aims to take immediate action to address climate change and its

This target aims to protect, restore, and promote the sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, manage forGraduation Project Report 2021-2022 30

NEXUS ests sustainably, battle desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and biodiversity loss. To promote global food and water security, climate change mitigation and adaptation, and peace and security, immediate action is required to limit the loss of natural habitats and biodiversity, which are part of our common heritage.

1.1.17 Goal 16: Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions This goal aims to promote peaceful and inclusive societies for long-term development, as well as providing everyone with access to justice and construct effective, responsible, and inclusive institutions at all levels. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) aim to drastically reduce all forms of violence and work with governments and communities to end conflict and insecurity. Promoting the rule of law and human rights, as well as decreasing the flow of illicit armaments and enhancing the participation of developing nations in global governance organizations, are critical components of this process.

1.1.18 Goal 17: Partnership for the Goals Strengthening the means of imple-

mentation and revitalizing the global cooperation for sustainable development is the purpose of this goal. Strong global alliances and cooperation are required to achieve the SDGs. In 2017, official development assistance (ODA) remained stable but fell short of the aim of US$147 billion. Humanitarian crises resulting from conflict or natural catastrophes continue to necessitate increased financial resources and assistance. In order to promote growth and trade, many countries require Official Development Assistance. The world is more connected than it has ever been. Improving access to technology and knowledge is a crucial step toward fostering creativity and sharing ideas. For long-term growth and development, it’s critical to coordinate policies that help emerging countries manage their debt while also encouraging investment in the least developed.

01 Introduction

Figure 1-1: The Sustainable Development Goals Source: United Nations

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1.1.19 Main SDGs Related to the Medical City All of the previously mentioned goals should be reflected in the Medical City. However, there are some which need to be emphasized and stressed upon. First and far most, is naturally Goal 3 which focuses on Good Health and Wellbeing. Considering the project is a Medical City, the city should strive to align with requirements and aims of this goal. Moreover, there is Goal 4, Quality Education. This should be reflected in all educational institutions within the Medical City and the New Administrative Capital. Goals 6 and 7, which are Clean Water and Sanitation and Clean and Affordable Energy respectively should be also carefully integrated and studied. Other goals that should be focused on are Goals 8, 9, 11, 12, and 13.

Figure 1-2: The Sustainable Development Goals most relevant to the Medical City Source: United Nations

1.2 Egypt 2030 Vision

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1.2.1 Egypt 2030 Vision Overview The strategy is especially relevant in light of the current situation in Egypt, which necessitates a revision of development goals in order to stay up with current and future requirements and develop better solutions to address them. This should allow Egyptian society to join the ranks of developed nations and realize the country’s objectives. The obstacles facing Egypt’s development process are considered in Vision 2030. The scarcity of natural resources such as energy, land, and water (along with environmental degradation); human development resources such as population, health, and education; the inadequacy of the governance system; and the lack of systems that foster creativity and innovation are all examples of these challenges. Furthermore, the plan sets several goals and targets in order to turn these aspects into development incentives rather than significant challenges. Within the three dimensions of sustainability the vision has eleven pillars: Economic Development, Energy, Innovation and Scientific Research, Transparency and Efficient Government Institutions, Social Justice, Health, Education and Training, Culture, Environment, and Urban Development.

1.2.2 First Pillar: Economic Development By 2030, the Egyptian economy is a balanced, knowledge-based, competitive, diversified, market economy, characterized by a stable macroeconomic environment, capable of achieving sustainable inclusive growth. An active global player responding to international developments, maximizing value added, generating decent and productive jobs, and a real GDP per capita reaching high-middle income countries level.

1.2.3 Second Pillar: Energy 35

01 Introduction

An energy sector meeting national sustainable development requirements and maximizing the efficient use of various traditional and renewable resources contributing to economic growth, competitiveness, achieving social justice, and preserving the environment. A renewable energy and efficient resource management leader, and an innovative sector capable of forecasting and adapting to

1.2.4 Third Pillar: Knowledge, Innovation and Scientific research A creative and innovative society producing science, technology and knowledge, within a comprehensive system ensuring the developmental value of knowledge and innovation using their outputs to face challenges and meet national objectives

1.2.5 Fourth Pillar: Transparency and Efficient Government Institutions A transparent, fair, and flexible public administration sector that manages State resources efficiently and effectively. Accountable to citizens, increasing their pleasure, and responding to their demands.

1.2.6 Fifth Pillar: Social Justice By 2030, Egypt is a fair interdependent society characterized by equal economic, social, political rights and opportunities realizing social inclusion. A society that supports citizens, right in participation based on efficiency and according to law, encouraging social mobility based on skills. A society that provides protection, and support to marginalized and vulnerable groups.

1.2.7 Sixth Pillar: Health Human health is an intrinsic human right and one of the key pillars of a strong Graduation Project Report 2021-2022 36

NEXUS society. A person in good health has the ability to work and produce, which benefits society and, as a result, the state’s economy. Any state’s decision-makers must place a high priority on the health pillar since it is a problem that directly affects residents and has a direct impact on human and economic development, especially since individuals constitute the state’s human capital. All Egyptians enjoy a healthy, safe, and secure life through an integrated, accessible, high quality, and universal healthcare system capable of improving health conditions through early intervention, and preventive coverage. Ensuring protection for the vulnerable, and achieving satisfaction of citizens and health sector employees. This will lead to prosperity, welfare, happiness, as well as social and economic development, which will qualify Egypt to become a leader in the field of healthcare services and research in the Arab world and Africa. The strategic visions for health to 2030 aim for all Egyptians to live a healthy, safe, and secure life through an integrated, accessible, high-quality, and universal healthcare system capable of improving health conditions through early intervention and preventive coverage, ensuring protection for the vulnerable, and achieving citizen and health sector employee satisfaction. This will lead to wealth, welfare, happiness, as well as social and economic progress, allowing Egypt to become a leader in the Arab World and Africa in terms of healthcare services and research. Until 2030, the strategic vision for health focuses on achieving three main objectives. The first being the improvement of health of all Egyptians overall, the second being having universal health care for all and the third being improving the governance of the healthcare sector.

1.2.8 Seventh Pillar: Education and Training A high-quality education and training system available to all, without discrimination within an efficient, just, sustainable and flexible institutional framework. Providing the necessary skills to students and trainees to think creatively, and empower them technically and technologically. Contributing to the development of a proud, creative, responsible, and competitive citizen who accepts diversity and differences, and is proud of his country’s history. 37

01 Introduction

1.2.9 Eighth Pillar: Culture A set of positive cultural ideals that celebrates diversity and individuality. Providing residents with access to information and increasing their ability to interact with new advances while respecting their history and cultural heritage. Giving children the wisdom of cultural innovation and freedom of choice. Adding value to Egypt’s economy and showcasing Egypt’s soft power on a regional and worldwide level.

1.2.10 Ninth Pillar: Environment The target is to have the environment integrated in all economic sectors to preserve natural resources and support their efficient use and investment, while ensuring next generations’ rights. A clean, safe and healthy environment leads to diversified production resources and economic activities, supporting competitiveness, providing new jobs, eliminating poverty and achieving social justice.

1.2.11 Tenth Pillar: Urban Development A balanced spatial development management of land and resources to accommodate population and improve the quality of their lives

1.2.12 Pillars in Medical City The medical city would most likely be included in certain pillars such as Economic Development, Energy, Scientific Research, Education and Training, Social Justice, Health, Environment and Urban Development.

1.2.13 Challenges The main challenges facing the Medical City whilst aiming for Egypt’s 2030 vision are health related. Graduation Project Report 2021-2022 38

NEXUS To begin with, there is the status of the health insurance system and its incompatibility with the demands of citizens. Despite the vast number of people who have health insurance, the majority of them use private sector providers or teaching hospitals. Also, lack of awareness of the importance of public health and proper nutrition, with most citizens unaware of the importance of maintaining their health and adhering to a proper nutrition regimen, as well as a lack of healthy lifestyle practices such as sports, all of which contribute to citizens’ health deterioration. Additionally, because of the lack of current information systems and the modesty of the control system, many public health institutions have limited supplies and equipment. The existing appointment method is inefficient, requiring medical graduates to work for two years in the government sector. The system prioritizes jobs at entities within cities, resulting in a disparity in service quality between urban and rural governorates. Not to add a lack of female educational achievement, particularly in Upper Egypt, resulting in a drop in their health awareness, which has a negative impact on their children’s diet and health. Finally, there are some problems specific to the job. For example, in Upper Egypt, there is no nursing culture. Upper Egyptian households find it difficult to accept their daughters working as nurses, resulting in a shortage of skilled medical personnel in several health units and hospitals in the region. Misalignment of skills between higher education graduates and health-care demands, in which there is no certified method for coordinating the needs and quality of graduates available to fill positions in required specializations.

1.3 The New Administrative Capital

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1.3 THE NEW ADMINISTRATIVE CAPITAL

1.3.1 Overview Since 2015, the New Administrative Capital (NAC) has been under construction as a large-scale project to build a new capital city in Egypt. The capital city is one of the economic development plans and projects, and it is part of a bigger initiative called Egypt Vision 2030. Egypt’s new capital has yet to be assigned a name. On the website of the new capital, a competition to choose a new name and logo for the city was started. A jury of experts was constituted to assess the proposals submitted for inclusion in the list and to choose the best among them.

1.3.2 City Vision Building a new capital connecting East with West, and North with South. An advanced modern smart city, a hub of sustained economic growth and a beacon of culture, arts and sciences. The thread that connects us to our history, our present and building its future

1.3.3 City Principles The New Administrative Capital has 7 main targets to be: Sustainable City, Green City, Smart City, Walkable City, Liveable City, Connected City, and Business City. The sustainable approach that the city will take is to use clean and renewable energy, as 70% of building are going to be covered by photo-voltaic cells panels to generate electricity. In addition to that, waste and water recycling is an important aspect that is included in the city’s development plans.

01 Introduction

The city is planned to have around 1,000 feddan of green and urban spaces, which pours into the capital’s vision to be a green city. As for being a smart city, it is desired to have all elements of the city, such as buildings, civilians, landscape, etc, connected to each other by the Internet in what is called Internet of Things. To be a walkable and liveable city, it would have pedestrian and green networks while having different residential density areas. As for targeting to be a connected and a business city, the capital’s transportation lines are planned to connect the city with itself as well as with the outside by having a railway system, an airport, and connecting to regional roads. Being connected would help in being a business city, as the capital is expected to have over 2 million job opportunities and 6.5 million citizens. As a medical city within the New Administrative Capital, it is essential to have the same targets and contribute to reaching them.

Sustainable city

Green city

Smart city

Walkable city

Livable city

Connected city

Business city Figure 1-3: The New Administrative Capital principles Source: Author

1.3.4 City Location The new administrative capital is situated between the governorates of Cairo and Suez. The site sits on the eastern outskirts of Greater Cairo, between the Suez Road to the north and the El Ain El Sokhna Road to the south, and is closer to Greater Cairo than the Suez governorate. Graduation Project Report 2021-2022 42

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Figure 1-4: The New Administrative Capital location Source: Author

1.3.5 City Phases The new administrative capital city has an area of 170,000 feddan (683 km2) . There are various stages to the construction process. The first phase begins next to the fifth settlement and continues behind two gated communities (Al-Rehab and Madinaty), forming a new satellite metropolis on the fringes of Greater Cairo. The government ministries and administration district are included in the first construction phase of NAC, which is expected to have a population of 1.5 million people when completed, with a total population of 6.5 million when all phases are completed.

01 Introduction Three phases of developmental planning are included in the blueprint. Each of these phases is separated into a longitudinal section to guarantee that each stage involves the establishment of a portion of the city’s complete services and major components. The administrative and ministry sectors, which are branded as the distinct governmental district, are included in the first phase. The rest of the regional services, the economic foundation, and the succeeding residential areas will be completed in two stages. The first phase also includes the construction of an international airport and six big residential areas to house the first residents. The second phase will cover an area of 47 thousand feddan while the third will cover an area of 97 feddan.

Figure 1-5: The New Administrative Capital phases Source: ACUD

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02 Site Analysis

2.1 Historical Background

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2.1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

1950 2.5mil

2.1.1 History of Cairo’s Urban Expansion Since the dawn of time, Egyptian cities have been built on the edges of the great River Nile due to its arable land and myriad of uses. This fact holds true for the capital of Egypt, Cairo. As a result of the unique services, it offers all its citizens, Cairo has served to attract many Egyptians from all governates. However, while many view Cairo as a destination to aspire to reach and live in, this has played a negative role on Cairo’s core infrastructure and original design, where the initial design was not created to expect the current and future state of overpopulation. It is currently estimated that Cairo is the seventh most populated city in the world and the population is expected to reach over 38 million by 2050 This has led city planners to attempt to treat this issue through urban expansion away from the Nile into the East Desert. This can be seen clearly through the analysis or Cairo’s city limits over the span of the last one hundred years.

1975 6.5mil

2000 13.6mil

2021 20.9mil

Figure 2-1: Cairo’s urban expansion Source: Author

02 Site Analysis

Population is expected to reach over 38 million in 2050

Figure 2-2: Illustration of population growth Source: Author

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2.1.2 Building a New Capital The idea for a new capital was first mentioned in March of 2015, where it was announced that a new capital was to be built due to the fact that Cairo had a plethora of issues that were too hard to fix. It is considered to be an investment in Egypt’s future where it is an economic development project. It is worth mentioning that all of this aligns with Egypt’s 2030 Vision. As mentioned in the previous section, a new capital was necessary as a step to combat the ever-growing Egyptian population in the country’s capital. Hence, a new capital was proposed to be built in the Eastern desert of Egypt. It was suggested that all the governmental entities in Cairo be relocated to the New Capital including the presidential residence. Besides the governmental part, the New Capital was designed with sufficient housing to cover over six and a half million residents. In addition to this, the central business district in the capital is expected to contain one of the highest towers on the African Content. At the time of writing this report, the New Administrative Capital, most commonly called the NAC, is yet to be named, however, a competition was launched to have it named.

Figure 2-3: A rendered vision of the NAC Source: Cube Architects

02 Site Analysis

2.1.3 Medical City Egyptian tourism contributes to roughly eleven percent of the gross domestic product of the country. One of the top four kinds of tourism in Egypt is medical tourism, alongside cultural tourism, leisure tourism and religious tourism. Known for its mystical healing sands, Egypt has attracted a great many people in search of healing of skin and bone diseases particularly in the Red Sea region and the myriad of oases and wells in the country. It is worth mentioning that what makes Egypt a medical destination is its natural environment, not its medical departments or staff. Hence, a medical city in the heart of the New Administrative Capital was a spectacular idea to broaden the scope of Egypt’s medical tourism industry.

Why? Destination Healthcare A place for medical tourism both locally and internationally.

Figure 2-4: Why a medical city Source: Author

Figure 2-5: A rendered vision of the proposed medical city Source: HKS Architects

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2.2 Site Location

02 Site Analysis

2.2 SITE LOCATION

2.2.1 Country Location The site lies in Egypt, a country on the edge of the African Continent. It has a strategic location where it acts as a link between Africa and the Middle East in Asia.

2.2.2 City Location The proposed New Administrative Capital lies on border between Cairo, Egypt’s sprawling capital city and Suez, one of Egypt’s main governates that lies on the Suez Canal.

2.2.3 Site Location The medical city is located within the heart of the New Administrative Capital which lies on the Cairo-Suez border. It is located near its main green river besides residential zone 6 and spans over an area of five hundred and forty feddan.

Figure 2-6: A map indicating Egypt’s Location Source: Author

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Figure 2-7: A map indicating Source:

02 Site Analysis

Site Location

the site’s location in the NAC Author

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2.2.4 Strategic Location Not only is the site at the heart of the New Capital’s first phase, it also lies at 1hra 15mins a strategic distance from Cairo’s Downtown where the ride mere hour away and Downtown Cairo New Cairo is only 30 minutes from the location.

1hr 15mins Downtown Cairo

30mins New Cairo

Figure 2-8: A map indicating the site’s location in the NAC Source: Author

2.3 Neighbourhood Context

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2.3 NEIGHBOURHOOD CONTEXT

2.3.1 Macro Land Use Analysis As previously stated, the New Capital was designed to accommodate the ever-growing Egyptian population, therefore, it can be clearly be seen in the land uses map that the majority of lands in phase one of the capital are dedicated to residential use. The second most important function is the governmental district and the airport zone, where the airport will serve as a major accessibility point for the medical tourists that come from different countries. Other functions include the investors zone which have been already sold to many development groups both local and global. Another major use can be found in the leading project zones where they will house over 100 towers reaching sky-high heights which will also attract tourism to the area.

2.3.2 Micro Land Use Analysis The land uses surrounding the site directly are on total opposite ends of the spectrum where to the North-West lies Residential Zone Six, on of the main residential districts in the New Capital. To the South-East, the New Capital’s Expo City can be found which can be categorized as a major landmark in the City. To the South, Egypt’s Octagon is situated where the Egyptian Ministry of Defense resides. And finally, to the North, the city’s Central Business District can be found, which lies just below the Green River, the main green spine in the Capital.

02 Site Analysis

Figure 2-9: A map indicating all the land uses in phase 1 of the NAC Source: Author

Figure 2-10: A map indicating the surrounding uses around the Medical City Source: Author

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52%

Built Space

41%

Green Space

Water Bodies and Outdoor Space

Figure 2-11: A map indicating the percentage of built up and green areas Source: Author and Et Al

02 Site Analysis

2.3.3 Green River Analysis One of the main highlights of the New Administrative Capital is the Green River. It is basically a reincarnation of the idea of the Nile, where the Capital is built around it. It spans the length of the city extending to the length of thirty-five kilometers. Consisting of seven main parks, the Green River also serves as a main attraction point for the citizens. Gate & Historical Park Sustainability Park

Civil Park

Health Park International Park Scientific and Technology Park

Nature and wildlife park

Figure 2-12: A map indicating the seven zones of the Green River in relation to the site Source: Author

Figure 2-13: A detailed map indicating the seven zones of the Green River in relation to the site Source: Cube Architects

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Figure 2-14: A map showing the transportation networks linking the Green River with the Site Source: Cube Architects

2.3.4 Central Business District Analysis A distinctive goal of the New Capital is to attract investors from all over the world, and so a New Central business District was designed to provide future investors with all their needs. The design offers investors a wide range of services ranging from shopping malls to administrative buildings to hotels. This city provides a different skyline to be seen from the site.

Figure 2-15: A map showing the location of the CBD Source: Cube Architects

02 Site Analysis It is to be noted that there are bus routes connected the Central Business District with the Medical City.

Figure 2-16 : A map showing the transportation networks linking the Green River with the Site Source: Cube Architects

Figure 2-17 : A 3D conceptual diagram of the CBD Source: Cube Architects

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NEXUS It is also worth noting that the Central Business District is expected to include a hospital, though it remains unclear whether this decision is going to be revisited or not. Nevertheless, the Medical City should provide unique enough services to attract visitors from the Central Business District as well as investors. Furthermore, the visitors or residents within the Medical City are expected to pay visits to the Central Business District so a connection is necessary

Of f ice Towers Mix ed Us e Res iden tial Towers Commun ity Cen tre Hos pital Jun ior an d Sen ior Sch ool Cultural Cen tre Cen tral P laz a Res tauran ts City Sports Club

Figure 2-18 : A detailed plan of the CBD Source: Cube Architects

11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 9 9

02 Site Analysis

2.3.5 Surrounding Urban Fabric Analysis The urban fabric of the city demonstrates its physical characteristics where there are 3 main types of spaces: positive, negative, and neutral. The positive space embodies enclosure and is mostly formed by buildings, while the negative is represented mostly in the form of streets and paths of circulation. Unfortunately, because the New Capital is still under construction much of the urban fabric patterns remain indistinct, nonetheless, by examining the neighboring Residential District Six and analyzing its urban fabric pattern, it can be found that there are positive spaces between the buildings in the middle yet a vast amount of negative space in between.

Figure 2-19 : The surrounding urban fabric Source: Author

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2.3.6 Macro Scale Architectural Patterns

2.3.7 Micro Scale Architectural Patterns

Architecture patterns play a vital role in influencing how the language of the project is going to go. For example, if all the surrounding context has one style or pattern, the design may be inspired by a similar language to fit in. On the other hand, the design may go in the complete opposite direction in an effort to stand out and be unique.

Similarly, as we zoom into the site and observe the surrounding architecture patterns, important conclusions can be deduced.

Through careful analysis of the main architectural patterns in the first of the surrounding city, it can be easily deduced that each district has its own unique style depending on the function it serves. For example, all residential districts are different but within the frame of unity where they are all in the style of modern Islamic architecture. Similarly, the Governmental District and the Presidential Residence have a unique modern style. As for the Expo City and the Sports Village both are iconic in their own way. The suggested Medical City in the proposed plan appears to also have a modern twist to it sporting fluid futuristic architecture and a high percentage of greenery.

As stated in earlier sections, to the North-West of the site is the RD6 or Residential District Six, which like all other residential districts in the first phase of the New Administrative Capital is categorized by having a Modern Islamic Architecture Style. To the South of the City, is a transformer station which will most likely have little influence in which style the city is designed under. The Expo City is on the South-East of the site. It is a very iconic and unique zone where the style of design is supremely futuristic and sleek. This goes hand in hand with the proposed Medical City mood. Last but not least, to the North of the site is Central Business District which is characterized by its skyscrapers and great heights. It follows a distinct modern style usually tubular in form.

02 Site Analysis

Govern metn al Dis trict P res iden tial Res iden ce

Sports Village

Kn owledge Village Al Fattah al Green Nile Aliem Mos que

Ex po City

Figure 2-20 : Macro scale architectural pattern analysis Source: Author and Cube Architects

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Cen tral Bus in es s Dis trict Modern

Neigh bourh ood R6 Modern Is lamic

Gen eral Hos pital Modern Tran s f romer Station Figure 2-21 : Analysis of the buildings’ patterns around the site Source: Author and Google Earth

Figure 2-22 : The existing hospital on site Source: Author

02 Site Analysis

2.3.8 Surrounding Skylines The analysis of the surrounding skylines is essential in determining and analyzing how the city design will fit with the surrounding existing buildings. We can notice a towering skyline to the North and the monotone skyline to the West which means the Medical City needs to be unique in design to compete with the Central Business District’s skyline.

Central Business District Modern

Neighbourhood R6 Modern Is lamic Figure 2-23 : An illustration of the surrounding skylines Source: Author and Google Earth

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2.3.9 Nearby Landmark Analysis Landmarks are unique features that leave a memorable impression on all those who come across them. They may be buildings, squares or even significant natural features that make a place distinct and impressionable. An important function of landmarks is that they help people orient where they are and assists in way-finding as well. By examining the surrounding districts that are expected to be built around the site, it can be surmised that there is a plethora of significant buildings and features that will serve as landmarks in the first phase of the New Administrative Capital including mainly the Green River which spans the length of the whole city. Religious landmarks are very abundant in the Capital. There are three main religious landmarks like Al Fattah Al Aleem Mosque which is the second largest mosque in the world and was built by only Egyptian workers. The second religious landmark is Cathedral of the Nativity of Christ which is the largest Oriental Orthodox church by area in the world. Lastly, there is Egypt Grand Mosque which is quite the spectacle. A major landmark to the East of the site is the Expo City which was design by the world-class architecture firm Zaha Hadid Architects. Its design was inspired from the Nile Delta’s networks. The Central District which was discussed prior is also considered as a major landmark with its collection of sky-high towers. Moreover, the Green River is also a main landmark in the whole city. The Main Opera in the New Capital is also expected to be the Largest in the Middle East. Other landmarks include the Governmental District, the Sports City and the new airport. It can be concluded that the medical city will need to be a landmark within itself

02 Site Analysis

to compete with nearby landmarks.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Al Fattah Al Aleem Mosque CBD Ex po City Sports City Opera Governmental District Green River Capital Airport Egypt Grand Mosque Catherdral of the Nativity of Christ

Figure 2-24 : An illustration of the prominent nearby landmarks Source: Author

2.3.10 Nearby Universities Analysis A collection of prestigious international universities will be included in the New Administrative Capital, in addition to schools. Of course, the Supreme Council of Universities certifies all these universities’ degrees. These universities include the German International University of Applied Sciences (GIU), which includes a plethora of majors like engineering, architecture, business, computer science, design and pharmaceuticals. The University of Prince Edward, a new Canadian university, will offer specialization in sustainable energy engineering and industrial and structural design engineering. Every year, about 400 students from Egypt and other countries will enroll at the university.

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NEXUS There will also be other universities such as the Hungarian University, the Swedish University, the University of Liverpool, the British Coventry University, located in one of the best locations in the Administrative Capital near Midtown Sky New Capital, and the Japanese University, Canadian College, and University of Sinai allocate which will cover about 450 feddan. It can be concluded that a medical major needs to be included in our site.

Figure 2-25 : University students in Egypt Source: Coursera

Figure 2-26 : An illustration of the prominent nearby landmarks Source: Author

02 Site Analysis

2.3.11 Nearby Religious Services

Egypt Gran d Mos que

Al-Fattah Al-Aleem Mos que

There is an abundance of religious service buildings for both major religions in Egypt, the Muslims and the Christians. These include one of the largest mosques in the world; Al Fattah Al Aleem Mosque and the largest Oriental Orthodox church in the world by area; the Cathedral of the Nativity of Christ. Since the majority of the population is Muslim, the main services area mosques.

3 Al Sh uh adaa Mos que 2 4 El-Sh ah id 1

Mos ques 5 Al Sh uh adaa Mos que 2

6 Al Sh uh ada Mos que 3 7 Al Sh uh ada Mos que 5 8 Cath edral of th e Nativity of Ch ris t

It should be noted that we will need both Christian and Muslim worship areas in the site.

400 m

4 7

5 6

Religious

Figure 2-27 : Religious buildings radius of service illustration Source: Author

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2.3.12 Nearby Hospitality Locations The medical city was designed to not only benefit the healthcare in the country, but also to serve as a medical tourist destination. This indicates that all medical tourists will need a place to accommodate them. Although there are hotels near the site, they are located beyond the Ring Road, hence, they are not very walkable. The analysis of the existing and yet to built hotels in the area indicates that the medical city is in dire need of hospitality services within the site to provide the tourists with a suitable walkable place to stay.

The St. Regis Almasa Hotel

2 CBD Hotel

1 1000 m

Hos pitality Figure 2-28 : Nearby hotels radius of service illustration Source: Author

02 Site Analysis

2.3.13 Street Pattern Analysis The gird pattern where streets are positioned perpendicular to the block is used in some areas as it is easy to construct however it is not used in residential areas as it can lead to cross cutting the residential areas.

Organ ic

on th e periph eries of th e green river an d res iden tial z on es

Grid

The curvilinear and organic patterns are used mostly in the residential districts as they help reduce traffic shortcuts through these zones. The linear pattern can be found around the Green River and Regional Ring Road.

In res iden tial z on e

Curv ilin ear

In res iden tial z on e

Lin ear

Rin g Road / Alon g th e green river

It can be concluded that only the grid pattern can be useful in the Medical City design, but it is not necessary to use it.

Organ ic

2 4

on th e periph eries of th e green river

Radial 3

Street P attern Figure 2-29 : Analysis of street patterns Source: Author

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2.4 Site Regulations

02 Site Analysis

2.4 SITE REGULATIONS

2.4.1 Site Boundaries The allotted area for the medical city is five hundred and forty acres which is roughly five hundred and twenty feddan. It spans a length of two kilometers with a width of one and one eighth kilometers and is rotated at an angle of forty degrees to the West..

Dimen s ion s of s ite

40 Figure 2-30 : Site dimensions illustration Source: Author and Google Earth

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2.4.2 Surrounding Street Dimensions and Right of Way

Region al Rin g Road

To the South-West is a major highway, the Regional Ring Road. Its width is around eighty five meters and goes in both directions. To the North-East and North-West are two unpaved unnamed roads but their widths are expected to be twenty and thirty meters respectively.

To the South-East is another unnamed road having a width of twenty meters. It can be concluded that an internal ring road will have to be added within the Medical City going both ways.

Figure 2-31 : Surrounding streets Source: Author and Google Earth

Figure 2-32 : Surrounding streets dimensions Source: Author and Google Earth

02 Site Analysis

2.4.3 Site Height Restrictions Tall buildings have a significant impact on pedestrian-level winds in the surrounding streets, as well as the flow field over the low-lying buildings’ roofs. This has an impact on pollutant pathways and the city’s overall ventilation potential. The Central Business District is characterized by high towers with heights reaching four hundred meters. This may affect the orientation of buildings in the Medical City due to the fact that they may block the view as well as affect wind patterns. The height restriction within the site is very low where the maximum height that can be reached is twenty meters.

Figure 2-33 : A map showing the building height categories Source: Author

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2.5 Natural Features

02 Site Analysis

2.5 NATURAL FEATURES

2.5.1 Introduction Egypt is a beautiful country with a vast diversity of natural features due to the fact that overlooks two major seas and no to mention the fact that the Nile River passes through it. The Medical City lies in the Eastern Desert, so the natural environment is desert lands and mainly desert plants. It’s almost equidistant from the Red Sea and the Nile River, so an artificial river was proposed to be built.

Figure 2-34 : A map showing the building height categories Source: Egypt Tours Plus

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2.5.2 Topography Topography determines the strategies of soil conservation and water flow in agriculture. It also aids scientists in providing information on the landmass, which helps to reduce soil erosion. It also has advantages in weather forecasting. The climate of different places is affected by diverse landforms. The land varies in height in many zones, but by analyzing the height variation in the most severe zones both traverse and longitudinally, it can be concluded that it is practically flat. In the traverse direction, height varies a maximum of one meter every fifty meters. On the other hand, in the longitudinal section, its one meter for every one hundred and twenty meters of length. Because the site covers a large area and that the contour is mild, it cannot be perceived by the human eye. However, it can aid in determining the drainage patters in the land.

373m 337m 360m

0.5km

343m

0.5km

Figure 2-35 : A diagram showing the topography in the t Source:

02 Site Analysis

Figure 2-36 : A map showing the contours on the site Source: Author

1km

1.5km

1km

1.5km

1.8km 2km 2km

traverse section (top) and longitudinal section (bottom) Author

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2.5.3 Geological Formation Geologic processes produce geologic features. They are usually the outcome of interactions between Earth’s external (erosion and deposition) and internal (geochemical) processes (plate tectonics). They might be big (such as a mountain range) or little (such as the ripples in a stream bed). On the macro scale, a wide collection of geological ground types can be found. The main type is Hagul Formation which is mainly made of sand and gravel. The second dominant type is Gabel el Ahmar Formation, which as can be expected, is similar to the consistency of the Red Sea Mountains, which are made of sand, quartzite and gravel. There are another three less dominant types of ground or soil which are Wadi Deposits, Mokattam Group and Basalt. On the micro scale, the site can be easily identified as having Hagul Formation type which is the dominant ground formation in most of the first phase of the New Administrative Capital.

Geological Feature

Consistent

Hagul Formation 128.544 km2

1-Fluviatile sand 2-Gravel 3-Underline by white limestone with marl

Gabel el-Ah mar f ormation 48.049 km2

1-Vividly colored sands, 2-Quartzite 3-Gravel

Wadi Depos its 37.765 km2

Range of material, from gravel to mud, and the sedimentary structures vary widely

Maadi Formation 25.157 km2

Wadi Ryan Formation and shallow marine, dense medium bedded limestone

Mok attam Grou p 3.235 km2

Range of stones and rocks

Bas alt 2.204 km2 Figure 2-37 : A table indicating the geological formations in the first phase of the NAC Source: Author

02 Site Analysis

Figure 2-38 : A diagram showing the geological formations from the previous table Source: Gomaa Dawood, 2015

To conclude, this type of soil can be beneficial where it will reduce the construction costs in the project. Moreover, we can outsource some native construction materials such as limestone from the nearby lands. However, on the other hand, this type of rocky soil may require advanced construction techniques.

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2.5.4 Soil Analysis The measurement of the warmth in the soil is known as soil temperature. The ideal soil temperature for most plants is 65 to 75 degrees Fahrenheit (18-24 C.). Nighttime and daytime soil temperatures are both important. Soil moisture refers to the amount of water in the soil. It can be measured in both volume and weight. In situ probes (e.g..., capacitance probes, neutron probes) or remote sensing technologies can be used to assess soil moisture. The soil temperature in the site has an average of 22 degrees which is an ideal temperature for most types of plants. As for the soil moisture, it has an average between four to six degrees. Therefore, it’s necessary to carefully choose plants for landscape that could adapt with this type of soil with high temperature and low water

Figure 2-39 : A picture of a construction site in the NAC Source: NAC

02 Site Analysis

Figure 2-40 : A diagram showing the topography in the traverse section (top) and longitudinal section (bottom) Source: Soil Atlas

Figure 2-41 : A diagram showing the topography in the traverse section (top) and longitudinal section (bottom) Source: Soil Atlas

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2.5.5 Green Area Analysis Green spaces are locations where people can go for recreation, physical activity, or simply to relax and unwind. This is good for their health and reduces stress levels in city dwellers. Children need creative play areas in nature to improve their social skills and concentration. Green areas play and important role in healing people where access to nature has been proven to help speed up the healing process. There is an abundance of green areas in the New Administrative Capital, but, despite having view access to the Green River, the site is not directly on any green zones.

Civil P ark

Health Garden

Figure 2-42 : A diagram showing the green areas in the NAC Source: Author and NAC

02 Site Analysis

One of the main green zones in the New Administrative Capital is the Green River. It spans a long length of thirty-five kilometer and is connected to all the residential districts. Some of the main features in the Green River are the bicycle lanes, the open zoo, and the recreational area. Not to mention the green and open spaces, the tram and many more. It is divided into seven zones including a Health Garden which is unfortunately a whopping distance of twelve kilometers from the site. This distance is completely unwalkable so our site must include a zone to make up for this poor design.

Recreation al Green & Area open s paces

Bicy cle

Open Zoo

Sus tain ability

Hotels

Mos que

Tram

Health care Res ort

35 km

Figure 2-43 : A diagram showing the principles of the Green River Source: Cube Architects

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Figure 2-44 : A diagram showin

Source: Cub

02 Site Analysis

ng the zones of the Green River

be Architects

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2.5.6 Proposed Flora In order for the project to fit in with surrounding natural landscape it has to have types of plantation that are suitable for the environment. The fact that the city is yet to be built means that there are no surrounding plants that can be used as the area is a desert zone. Hence, these are some proposed plantations which are native to Egypt and have little water needs so as to adapt to the environment easily.

Figure 2-45 : Palm trees in the Egyptian Desert Source: Britannica

02 Site Analysis

Figure 2-46 : Table showing selected trees Source: Author

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Figure 2-47 : Table showing selected trees, palms, succulents, and herbaceous perennials Source: Author

02 Site Analysis

Figure 2-48 : Table showing selected shrubs

Figure 2-49 : A picture of shrubs native to Egypt Source: Author

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Figure 2-49 : Table showing selected ground-cover Source: Author

Figure 2-50 : Picture of ground-cover Source: Author

2.6 Man-made Features

NEXUS

2.6 MAN-MADE FEATURES

2.6.1 Buildings Found on Site The site is still under construction so there aren’t many man-made features to take into account. The paving is construction sand and the paved roads so far. There are however two buildings on the site which are the General Hospital and a transformer station. The General Hospital is characterized by blue glass and a white cladding all modern in style. It is owned by the Ministry of Health and Population and was designed by a consultant engineering office for the Egyptian Armed Forces Engineering Authority. Covering a total built up area of twenty-five thousand square meters it provides three hundred and twenty-seven patient beds.

Figure 2-51 : Location of buildings on site Source: Author and Google Earth

02 Site Analysis

Figure 2-52 : The existing General Hospital Source: Google Maps

Figure 2-53 : The existing transformer station on site Source: Google Maps

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2.7 Circulation 99

02 Site Analysis

2.7 CIRCULATION

2.7.1 Off-site Pedestrian Circulation

From Medical City

The site is not constructed yet so there is no circulation within it but there is no walkability to the nearby hotels or Green River.

Th e St. Regis Al-Masa Hotel 15 mins by car 2hrs walking

Walkability should be integrated within the site projects to help improve user health.

Th e Green Riv er 24 mins by car 5hrs walking

Figure 2-54 : Pedestrian circulation only in Green River Source: Author and Cube Architects

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2.8 Accessibility

02 Site Analysis

2.8 ACCESSIBILITY

2.8.1 International Access The Medical City in the New Administrative Capital strives to be come an international touristic destination. This needs to be supported by adequate access points which are thankfully available close to the site location. Firstly, there is the New Capital Airport, which is only twenty-six minutes from the Medical City. It is Egypt’s principal international airport, servicing the country’s new capital, which has yet to be named. It is located 45 kilometers east of Cairo and was developed in tandem with the Sphinx International Airport, which is located west of Cairo. The 16-square-kilometer airport is designed to relieve some of the load on Cairo International Airport and Sphinx International Airport. This can be used for promoting the city as a medical touristic destination for all.

Figure 2-55 : Capital International Airport Source: Cement Egypt

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Monorail station 6 October Monorail station New Administrative

Main roads

Figure 2-56 : Map showing the location o Source:

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02 Site Analysis

s ( Ring road )

of the New Capital and Cairo’s airports ACUD

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2.8.2 Modes of Transportation The NAC will be home to Egypt’s first high-speed electric train. It will be connected to the 6th of October City, the Burj el Arab, and Alexandria via this railway. The train will stop at 15 stations over a 534-kilometer route that runs from al-Alamein to Ain Sokhna. In addition, a 98-kilometer monorail project connecting the NAC to Eastern Cairo is anticipated to be completed, making it the world’s longest monorail system. Employees who will be transferred to NAC will receive transportation cards from the government or their current employer, according to reports. However, particular station details for this monorail, as well as how these new transportation initiatives will be incorporated into current transportation networks, are still unknown. The arrangement of transportation infrastructure, which tends to determine the spatial distribution of economic clusters, poses a risk of fragmented urban development. This will result in tremendous development in certain places while leaving others behind. However, other aspects that need be considered, such as the seasonality of places like Ain Sokhna and al-Alamein and the price of these transit systems, will determine how far these areas grow. Another main transport system is the Light Rail Line, which will connect the New Administrative Capital to several cities. This route connects Cairo with the new cities (Al Obour – Al Mostakbal – Al Shorouk – New Heliopolis – Al Badr – Industrial Zone – 10th of Ramadan – New Administrative Capital). The LRT has a total length of ninety kilometers and sixteen stations, with a capacity of thirty thousand passengers per hour per direction and five hundred thousand passengers per day. There are several proposed bus routes besides the main roads in the city. It can be noticed that there are no bus lines passing next to the site. This may affect the zoning in the project. It is to be noted that the Regional Ring Road is directly next to the site, which makes it easily accessible by most governates within the region.

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02 Site Analysis

Legen d Medical City LRT/Mon orail Termin al LRT Lin e Mon orail Lin e Moh amed Bin Zayed North Street Moh amed Bin Zayed South Street Region al Rin g Road Bus Lin es Figure 2-57 : An image of the monorail

Figure 2-59 : Legend for Figure 53

Source: Daily News Egypt

Source: Author

Region al Rin g Road Figure 2-58: Map of main roads and public transport lines Source: Author and Cube Architects

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2.8.3 Road Hierarchy The transportation infrastructure that services the land uses included inside the urban fabric, whether residential, commercial, educational, or other, is an important component of the built environment. The road hierarchy has been used to aid in the planning of the interface between land use and the road system, as well as the proper connection of highways within the system. While the exact nomenclature varies depending on the source, the core structure includes freeways, arterials, collectors, and local roads. In general, the functional hierarchy can roughly correlate to the road owner’s or administrator’s structure. Highway or freeway roads are at the top of the hierarchy. On and off-ramps or freeways. These allow the freeway to run at a higher speed and with more flow with less friction. Freeways are frequently lumped into the following category, arterials. Near the site, there main highway or freeway is to the East. It is the Regional Ring Road which passes through a number of Egyptian governates. The arterial roads in the New Administrative Capital are have not been named yet at the time of writing this report. As for collector roads, traffic is collected from local roads and distributed to arterials by collectors. A collector is usually used to transport traffic to or from a nearby location. There are two main collectors in the New Capital which mimic the South and North Teseen roads in New Cairo. These roads are the North Ben Zayed Axis and the South Ben Zayed axis, both of which lie to the North of the Medical City, Local streets and roads are at the bottom of the hierarchy. These roads are the slowest and carry the least amount of traffic. These roads may be unpaved in some sections as is the case so far around the Medical City.

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Legen d High ways

Arterial Roads Arterial Roads Collector Roads Local Roads Local Roads Figure 2-60 : An image of the Regional Ring Road

Site Location Figure 2-62: Legend for Figure 56

Source: Amwal Al Ghad

Source: Author

North Ben Zayed Ax is

South Ben Zayed Ax is

Region al Rin g Road

Figure 2-61: Map of the road hierarchy Source: Author

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2.8.4 Local Transportation to the Site As the project is still under construction, the surrounding roads are mainly unpaved. Nevertheless, there are roads to the Northeast, Southwest and Northwest and the Regional Ring Road to the South East. The closest monorail station can be found around six kilometers from the site location and the LRT passes close by.

Figure 2-63 : Location of the roads around the site Source: Author and Google Maps

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2.9 Utilities

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2.9 UTILITIES

2.9.1 General Overview. Utilities are necessary services that contribute significantly to economic and social growth. For effective poverty eradication, high-quality utilities are required. Governments are ultimately responsible for guaranteeing dependable universal service access within transparent regulatory frameworks. In recent years, increased competition in the utilities sector has resulted in changes in legislative frameworks and enterprise ownership structures, as well as company diversification. Job security and working conditions in the sector have been impacted as a result of these factors. Appropriate workforce levels and training in the usage of new technology are critical for guaranteeing workplace productivity and safety especially considering the fact that the New Capital aims to be a sustainable green city.

Figure 2-64 : Solar panels Source: Globally Today

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2.9.2 Location of Energy Generation Solar energy does not produce waste or pollute water, which is critical considering the scarcity of water. Wind energy, unlike fossil fuels and nuclear power plants, has one of the lowest water consumption footprints, making it critical for water conservation. Furthermore, when solar panels are used to generate power, no greenhouse gas emissions are released into the atmosphere. Solar power is an important energy source in the transition to clean energy production because the sun delivers more energy than we’ll ever need. Egypt is relatively hot country with a lot of solar radiation on its soil, which is one of the reason there are two solar power plants in the New Capital. The city is expected to have almost ninety square kilometers dedicated for solar panels to help power the city. However, the main solar energy power plant is planned to be built in the third phase of the new capital. Despite this, there is a small wind and solar energy plant set to be located in the Green River. There is also a New Capital power plant that involves the development of several natural gas power plants and wind turbine power plants. There are three main electrical stations. One of them is New Capital Combined Cycle Power Plant located on an area of one hundred and seventy-five acres, forty-two kilometers away from Katameya Road, Ain Sokhna and the other two are still under construction.

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New Capital Combin ed Cy cle P ower P lan t

Figure 2-65 : Location of the New Capital Combined Cycle Power Plant Source: Author

Figure 2-66 : Location of the solar farms in the NAC Source: Author

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2.9.3 Location of Water Utilities The nearest fresh water source to the New Administrative Capital is the Nile River. The Nile River supplies Egypt with practically all of its water. To take advantage of water from the Red Sea or ground water, the government may build desalination facilities near the city. The Green River which is at the center of the city will use treated wastewater as an effort to reduce water use. The water is contained within two artificial lakes in the Green River and is set to use treated water from New Cairo until the New Capital is more populated and this water will be accessed from the ten-kilometer line. There are three main sources for water used for potable uses. They are the carrier line directly from the River Nile to the New Administrative Capital, the Tenth of Ramadan water line at distance of thirty-four kilometers and finally the New Cairo water line at a distance of thirty-three kilometers from the location. As for the water management, there are points called calverts which is basically an infrastructure solution to mitigate heavy rainfall. There are two near the location of the Medical City. Also, there is a treatment plant for water a little further from the site near the third phase of the city. Hence, the Medical City can contribute with water to be reused and can also use the treatment plant to recycle water.

Figure 2-67 : New Cairo water line Source: Unknown

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Calvert

Figure 2-68 : Location of the calverts near the site Source: Author and Google Maps

Figure 2-69 : Location of the water treatment plant Source: Author and ACUD

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2.10 Climate

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2.10 CLIMATE

2.10.1 Temperature When considering the thermal comfort of inhabitants and the design of building services systems, temperature can be a particularly relevant parameter in the built environment. As a result, many temperature measurements are meant to represent people’s thermal comfort, or some aspect of their thermal comfort. Thermal comfort is a science in and of itself. Analysis of the temperature in the NAC annually indicates high temperatures from June to September and low temperatures from December to February. Therefore, design consideration will be needed to help maintain human comfort. Legen d Recorded High Des ign High Avg High Mean Avg Low Des ign Low Sum m er Com f ort Win ter Com f ort

Figure 2-70 : Graph of annual temperatures Source: Author and Climate Consultant

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02 Site Analysis

2.10.2 Dry Bulb and Dew Point Regular thermometers measure the ambient air temperature or the dry bulb temperature, whereas thermometers wrapped in wetted wicks measure the wet bulb temperature. The felt influence on the discharge air temperature increases as the wet bulb depression increases. Wet bulb temperature refers to the amount of water vapour that the atmosphere can contain under present weather conditions. The air is drier and can store more water vapour at a lower wet bulb temperature than it can at a higher wet bulb temperature. As for the dew point, it indicates the temperature which air needs to be cooled to. Analysis of these two temperatures indicates that the numbers are below the average needed for human comfort from the month of November to March. Therefore, humidification is needed through the Fall and Winter months.

Legen d Win ter Com f ort

Dew Point & Dry Bulb

Sum m er Com f ort Dew P oin t

Dry Bulb

Degree °C

29 26

13 7

20 17

24 19

12 7

15 11

5 0

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

June

July

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Month Figure 2-71 : Graph of annual dry bulb temperatures and dew points Source: Author and Climate Consultant

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2.10.3 Solar Radiation Solar radiation, often called the solar resource or just sunlight, is a general term for the electromagnetic radiation emitted by the sun. Solar radiation can be captured and turned into useful forms of energy, such as heat and electricity, using a variety of technologies.

Figure 2-73 : Map of solar radiation on site Source: Global Solar Atlas

High solar radiation is observed in the Summer months which can be used to generate solar energy up to two thousand kilowatts annually.

Legen d Av g High (Total Surf ace) Mean Av g low (Total Surf ace)

Obs ervation : High Solar radiation in Summer Seas on .

Figure 2-72 : Graph showing solar radiation Source: Author and Climate Consultant

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02 Site Analysis

2.10.4 Wind Analysis Analyzing wind patterns in all months of the year is essential for sustainable design and particularly in the field of urban design. It can affect many design decisions like the location and height of buildings. It can be observed in the graph below that there are higher wind speeds in the months of April, May, July and December. Wind energy can generate more than six thousand kilowatts of energy if turbines of radius one hundred and thirty meters are used. Wind directions vary throughout the year with the dominant direction being North. In the Summer, the wind direction is North-West, whilst in the Autumn it’s mainly North-East. As for winter, it ranges between North-East and South West and in the Spring we mainly experience North and North-East winds. Therefore, landscape design should be adaptive to make use of all wind directions throughout all seasons especially water related landscape design. Legen d Avg High Mean Avg Low

Figure 2-74 : Graph showing wind highs and lows Source: Author and Climate Consultant

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Figure 2-75 : Map indicated wind direction in Autumn Source: Global Solar Wind

Summer

Autumn

Win ter

Sprin g

Figure 2-76 : Wind roses during the seasons of the year Source: Author and Climate Consultant

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02 Site Analysis

2.10.5 Ground Temperature & Moisture The measurement of the warmth in the soil is known as soil temperature. The ideal soil temperature for most plants is 65 to 75 degrees Fahrenheit (18-24 C.). Soil temperatures are significant both at night and during the day.

Figure 2-78 : Map of soil moisture

It can be noticed that the soil generally has higher temperatures in the Summer on the site, so suitable plants should be selected for the landscaping.

Ground Temperature 30

Degree °C

25 20

15 10 5 0

Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Month

Soil Temp. : High s oil temp. in Summer.

Figure 2-77 : Graph indicating soil temperatures annually Source: Author and Climate Consultant

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2.11 Medical Demographics

02 Site Analysis

2.11 MEDICAL DEMOGRAPHICS

2.11.1 Expected Population and Needed Doctors in the NAC Through comparing the expected population of the New Administrative Capital and several requirements for the health sector announced by the World Health Organization, the number of doctors, nurses and others that are needed in the Medical City were calculated. The World Health Organization or WHO recommends 4.45 doctors, physicians, and nurses per each 1000 of the population. Therefore, since the total population of the Medical City is 6.5 million, we will need around 29,000 of the aforementioned. It is also recommended by Who to have around 82 pharmacists per each 100,000 of the population. So, it is expected that we will need 5,330 of those. As for the number of dentists, WHO recommends 1 for each 7500 people. And so, we will need around 865 dentists to serve the city. Hospital beds are regarded as main unit of measurement for the quality of healthcare. WHO recommends 5 beds per each 10,000 of population. This roughly translates to 3,250 in the Medical City. It is estimated that the Medical City will house around 25% of the required medical staff. This includes 7500 people who will need around 45 residential units having 4 apartments per floor. This is estimated to need an area of 14 Feddan.

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NEXUS

Doctors , Nurs es 28,925 & P h y s ician s (4.45 P er 1000 P op.)

6.5 P h armacis ts (82 P er 100,000 P op.)

5,330

Figure 2-79 : Number of medical s

Source: Author and Worl

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02 Site Analysis

Den tis ts

865

(1 P er 7500 P op.)

5M 3,250

Hos pital Beds (5 P er 10,000 P op.)

staff and beds needed in the city

ld Health Organization

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2.11.2 Disability Analysis Urban settings, infrastructures, amenities, and services can obstruct or facilitate involvement and inclusion of all elements of society, perpetuating exclusion or nurturing it. Accessibility to physical environments, such as roads and housing, public buildings and spaces, and fundamental urban services such as sanitation and water, health, education, transit, and emergency response and resilience programmes, is widely lacking for people with disabilities. Barriers to information and communication, such as applicable technologies, as well as cultural attitudes, such as negative stereotyping and stigma, contribute to the isolation and marginalization of people with disabilities in urban settings. The Medical City should be inclusive for all people, where at least 87,100 people in the NAC will suffer from walking disability based on the percentage from the total population in the city.

35,100

39,000

Self-Care

36,400

Walking

34,450

43,550

87,100

Categorization of Disabilities

Concentration

Hearing

Vision

Communication

Figure 2-80 : Number of people with disabilities by type in the NAC Source: Author and CAPMAS

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2.12 Conclusions Graduation Project Report 2021-2022 128

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2.12 CONCLUSIONS

2.12.1 Site Location Conclusion The medical city is located within the heart of the New Administrative Capital which lies on the Cairo-Suez border. It is located near its main green river besides residential zone 6 and spans over an area of five hundred and forty feddan. This strategic location can be used to our advantage.

2.12.2 Neighbourhood Context Conclusion Analysis of the surrounding land uses indicates that the site is the main medical location in the region, so it should be able to provide the city with all of its needs. Each district in the capital has its own unique style, hence, the Medical City can take on any form or style. To compete with the skyline of the Central Business District, the Medical City must have a distinct design. The Medical City, it might be inferred, will have to be a landmark in and of itself. The Medical City will need to provide a university with a medical major and any other majors related to medicine due to the lack of these majors in the surrounding universities. It’s worth noting that the location will require both Christian and Muslim worship facilities.

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02 Site Analysis

According to a review of the existing and planned hotels in the vicinity, the medical city is in desperate need of hospitality services to give guests with a comfortable walkable location to stay.

2.12.3 Site Regulations Conclusion It can be determined that a two-way internal ring road will be required within the Medical City. The highest height that can be attained within the site is twenty meters, which is a fairly modest restriction.

2.12.4 Natural Features Conclusion The topography cannot be perceived by the human eye because it covers such a broad area and has such a gentle curve. It can, however, help determine the drainage patterns in the land. The type of soil can be advantageous in terms of lowering project construction costs. Furthermore, some local construction materials, such as limestone, can be sourced from adjacent regions. However, on the other hand, this type of rocky soil may require advanced construction techniques. It’s critical to carefully select plants for the landscape that can adapt to this type of high-temperature, low-water soil. The Green River is divided into seven zones, one of which is a Health Garden, which is a phenomenal twelve kilometers away from the location. Because this distance is impossible to walk, our site must incorporate a zone to compensate for the poor design. Because the city has not yet been created, there are no nearby plants that can Graduation Project Report 2021-2022 130

NEXUS be utilized because the area is desert. As a result, below are some suggested plantations that are native to Egypt and require less water to adapt to the environment.

2.12.5 Man-made Features Conclusion The General Hospital on site is modern in style, which needs to be considered.

2.12.6 Circulation Conclusion To increase user health, walkability should be incorporated into site projects.

2.12.7 Accessibility Conclusion It’s worth noting that the property is just close to the Regional Ring Road, making it accessible to most of the region’s governments. Moreover, it is close to the airport and the monorail station.

2.12.8 Utilities Conclusion The water used on-site is taken to be treated and reused in the Green River. There is a main solar power plant in the 3rd phase of the site so we may either need to place energy generation on site or use the nearby solar and wind energy farms in the green belt.

2.12.9 Climate Conclusion High temperature from June to September, So we may need passive design

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02 Site Analysis

strategies to combat high cooling loads. Lows from December to February, suggesting use of passive heating techniques. Humidification is needed through the Winter and Autumn months. Solar energy can be used due to high solar radiation Wind energy can be used but is not advised unless acoustics are considered. Also, landscape design, particularly water-related landscape design, should be adaptable to take advantage of all wind directions throughout the year.

2.12.10 Medical Demographics Conclusion The Medical City is expected to house around a quarter of the required medical personnel. This contains approximately 7500 individuals who will require approximately 45 residential units with four apartments per floor. It is projected that 14 Feddan will be required.

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03 Analytical Studies Conclusion

3.1 SWOT Analysis

NEXUS

3.1 SWOT ANALYSIS

3.1.1 Strengths 1-The land is almost undesigned so we can have freedom of design 2-Solar & Wind Energy could be a dependable renewable energy resource 3-Accessibility to different commercial and mixed-use areas 4-Topography of land is not flat and there is height ranges .

S Figure 3-1 : Strengths illustrated on map of phase 1 of NAC Source: Author and Cube Architects

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03 Analytical Studies Conclusion

3.1.2 Weaknesses 1- Soil has high temperature, while being very dry 2-High temperatures in summer resulting in higher cooling loads 3-Low temperatures in winter causing discomfort 4-Not in a walkable distance to the green river 5-Not accessible by buses so far

5 5

Figure 3-2 : Weaknesses illustrated on map of phase 1 of NAC Source: Author and Cube Architects

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3.1.3 Opportunities 1-Accessible from other governments through Regional Ring Road 2-Accessible from Cairo through LRT & metro lines 3-The site is in Egypt near two airports (international patients) 4-There are nearby landmarks attracting tourists too 5-The NAC is in need for all medical specialties 6-Near Green River 7-Connected to the Suez Canal and Cairo 8-Connection to water treatment plant 9-Varies materials in geological formation that could be used as construction materials

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03 Analytical Studies Conclusion

3.1.4 Threats 1-The health garden in the green belt is far away 2-No hotels are walkable from the site 3-The CBD skyscrapers will affect wind patterns and connection to green belt 4-It is surrounded by modern Islamic and modern architecture so style should integrate both 5-There is no medical major in the surrounding universities 6-60% of the medical universities graduates either works abroad or shifts career 7-Deficiency in the medical field around the Republic 8-70% of Egypt population doesn’t have medical insurance

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Figure 3-3 : Opportunities illustrated on map of phase 1 of NAC Source: Author and Cube Architects

1 4

Figure 3-4 : Threats illustrated on map of phase 1 of NAC Source: Author and Cube Architects

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3.2 TOWS Analysis

NEXUS

3.2 TOWS ANALYSIS

3.2.1 Strengths and Opportunities

1-An LRT or metro station can be added to facilitate access 2-Sustainable factor can be considered using solar, wind energy and water treatment plant 3-Topography can be used to direct used water 4-Geological formation will reduce construction costs 5-Connectivity to Suez Canal & Cairo, would ease importing medical equipment & targeting skilled professionals. 6-Interested investors would encourage using new technologies 7-Introducing residential units with low rents for people coming from governorates 8-People coming from the gulf area would need commercial activities and suitable hotels

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03 Analytical Studies Conclusion

3.2.2 Weaknesses and Opportunities 1-We can add bus stops in our land 2-We can use local plants and passive design strategies

Figure 3-5 : Map illustrating SO on site Source: Author and Cube Architects

Figure 3-6 : Map illustrating WO on site Source: Author and Cube Architects

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3.2.3 Strengths and Threats

1-We can add a miniature green belt or a branch in the land 2-We can add a medical major from a university on the land 3-The city will offer more opportunities to those who aspire to work in the medical field 4-The landscape has to consider high solar exposure, proposing suitable shading elements 5-Offering unique services to attract people

Figure 3-7 : Map illustrating ST on site Source: Author and Cube Architects

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03 Analytical Studies Conclusion

3.2.4 Weaknesses and Threats 1-Medical City could play a part in spreading illnesses where it is a global medical destination

Figure 3-8 : Outbreak of Covid-19 in Egypt Source: Cairo Review

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04 Similar Projects

4.0 Project’s Highlights

NEXUS

4.0 PROJECTS’ HIGHLIGHTS

4.0.1 Sheikh Khalifa Medical City This city has a useful layout.

4.0.2 Woodland Health Campus The main highlight of this case study is the variety of sustainable techniques used which can be applied in our city.

4.0.3 Illinois Medical District What is unique about this case study is the plethora of landscape elements studied and used.

4.0.4 Shanghai Medical City The main selling point of this example is the analysis of connections between different facilities.

4.0.5 Amghara Medical City This medical city is unique where it applies many smart techniques we can use as well as having a useful space program.

4.0.6 Alexandria Medical City This example has a similar area to ours and has many suggested zoning iterations. 147

4.1 Case 1:Sheikh Khalifa Medical City

NEXUS

Background

4.1 SHEIKH KHALIFA MEDICAL CITY

Location

4.1.1 Project Background

Concept

Chairman of Abu Dhabi Health Services (SEHA), Saif Bader Al Qubaisi, has revealed plans for the new three-million-square-foot, 838-bed Sheikh Khalifa Medical City (SKMC). The new facility will replace the old Sheikh Khalifa Medical City and provide enhanced medical, pediatric, and trauma care for Abu Dhabi citizens. It was designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP (SOM) in a joint venture with ICME and Tilke.

Envr Techniques

Analysis

Space Program

Idea & Challenges

4.1.2 Project Location

Figure 4-1 : Location of site Source: Author

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Concept

Location

Background

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4.1.3 Main Concept “The new Sheikh Khalifa Medical City blends the technical needs of a world-class medical institution with the psychological well-being of its guests,” says Mustafa K. Abadan, the project’s Design Partner.

4.1.4 Design Ideas And Challenges The design, which is envisioned as a “city inside a city,” aims to establish a new paradigm for a medical centre, one that is more similar to a busy campus with vibrant public spaces and a sense of community.

+ Figure 4-2 : Concept

Analysis

Space Program

Idea & Challenges

Source: Author

The architecture enables for the flexible integration of next-generation medical equipment, while the inclusion of amenities like trees and hanging gardens, as well as restaurants and shopping, gives patients and their families with quiet, respite, and a feeling of normalcy.”

Figure 4-4 : Common public space Source: Archdaily and SOM

The design tries to achieve a balance as a state-of-the-art vision based in local tradition, informed by historical regional precedents. The design responds to and respects the UAE’s unique culture as well as the arid desert climate.

Figure 4-3: Concept

Envr Techniques

Source: Author

Figure 4-5: Public plaza Source: Archdaily and SOM

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Concept

Location

Background

The project’s principal architectural difficulty was to strike a compromise between the client’s demand for different identities for each of the three hospitals and the medical city’s overall unified expression. This was accomplished by creating a set of unifying and distinguishing components. The heavy stone plinth of the medical city – a nod to the region’s old architecture – serves as a common pedestrian-scaled expression, within which the most intensive medical functions, as well as communal amenity spaces and light-filled courtyards, will be located.

Figure 4-7 : Surgical pavilion Source: Archdaily and SOM

Idea & Challenges

4.1.5 Project Program

Space Program

Sheikh Khalifa Medical City will include a general hospital as well as women’s and pediatric institutions. Given the project’s immense scope, establishing a welcoming sense of character and overall unity for the entire facility – while still communicating a feeling of personality for each specific hospital in addition to clinics and the medical pavilion and some services that supports the main functions like gymnasium ,storage building and the behavioral sciences pavilion , and a police station and a small mosque .

Analysis

Beh avioral s cien ces pavilion

P olice s tation

Storage Buildin g Mortuary buildin g

Mos que

Home care buildin g

Gymn as ium

Ex ecutive buildin g Medical pavilion

Envr Techniques

Surgical pavilion

Clin ics

Figure 4-6: Location zones on site Source: Author, Archdaily and SOM

151

4.1.6 Layout Analysis The heavy stone plinth of the medical city – a nod to the region’s old architecture – serves as a common pedestrian-scaled expression, within which the most intensive medical functions, as well as communal amenity spaces and light-filled courtyards, will be located. A network of gardens covers the plinth’s roof, which also serves to connect the bed towers that rise above. Within a shared vocabulary, the architecture of the bed towers communicates the identity of each institution. Surgical P avilion Typical bed f loors

In tegrated with lan ds cape

Bas e of th e buildin g (plin th )

Figure 4-8 : Surgical pavilion layers Source: Author, Archdaily and SOM

Green outdoor

Envr Techniques

Analysis

Space Program

Idea & Challenges

Concept

Location

Background

04 Similar Projects

Bed towers

P lin th roof Surgical P avilion Figure 4-9 : Surgical

Figure 4-10 : Layout Source: Archdaily and SOM

A vibrant “town centre” with lobbies, cafes, shops, and education spaces is embedded in the plinth and at the core of the medical campus. Above the plinth, a network of open spaces unites this lively and participatory multi-level area. This town centre, which is located at the intersection of the two entry drives that connect the campus to the city, shows how this project re-imagines the building type and serves to establish and differentiate this medical campus as a true centre within the urban fabric The most serious issue at the SKMC site is the chaotic traffic within. It resembles a wild car park rather than a contemporary medical facility. Furthermore, the number of vehicles must increase, making any “typical” solution unworkable. We need to come up with a radical answer. We need to reconsider not only the structure of the SKMC site, but also how it operates.

pavilion roof

Source: Author, Archdaily and SOM

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NEXUS

Background

4.1.7 Environmental Techniques

Analysis

Space Program

Idea & Challenges

Concept

Location

To fight Abu Dhabi’s harsh desert climate, the medical city will employ cutting-edge, high-efficiency equipment as well as age-old regional notions. A comprehensive climate strategy is developed to obtain a Two Pearl certified sustainability rating within the local Estidama requirements (Abu Dhabi’s equivalent of LEED), from roof-top solar collectors to simple fabric scrims that will shade the main garden level. By combining systems that harness, magnify, and support the natural environment, the medical city will embrace future sustainable growth.

Figure 4-11: Main Garden Level Shading Element

Envr Techniques

Source: Archdaily and SOM

The exterior sun screens that characterize the bed tower facades will range from the general hospital’s simple rhythm to the children’s hospital’s colourful colours and patterns to the women’s hospital’s elaborate mashrabiya-inspired geometries. 153

Figure 4-12: Women building facade pattern Source: Archdaily and SOM

Figure 4-13 : Kids building colorful louvers Source: Archdaily and SOM

In addition to the green roofs and ganging gardens and green walls which are used in the main surgical pavilion

Figure 4-14: Green walls , hanging gardens and green roofs Source: Archdaily and SOM

Envr Techniques

Analysis

Space Program

Idea & Challenges

Concept

Location

Background

04 Similar Projects

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4.2 Case 2: Woodland Health Campus

Background

04 Similar Projects

4.2 WOODLAND HEALTH CAMPUS

Woodland health campus is located in woodlands in Singapore . Also it is planned to be completed in 2022 . It is designed by SAA Architects with total area 62 feddan.

Space Program

Idea & Challenges

Concept

Location

4.2.1 Project Background

Figure 4-15 : Woodland Health Campus

4.2.2 Location

Source: SAA Architects

Envr Techniques

Analysis

It is located in Woodlands close to Irvine’s coast in Singapore city.

Figure 4-16 : Site location Source: Author

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NEXUS

Background

4.2.3 Main Concept

Location

The Architect inspired the project’s concept from the rain forests that characterizes Woodlands city. Building the project on four layers stacked one over the other. Each layer represents a specific zone, serves a certain function and have unique features.

Rain f ores t Layers

Concept

Emergent Layer

Idea & Challenges

Canopy Layer

Space Program

Understory Layer

Figure 4-17 : Project layers

Forest Floor Layer

Source: Author

Analysis

The project layers from bottom to top comes as following:

Envr Techniques

The Forest Floor Layer: designed to be a park like horizontal plane, with continuous landscape for both the public and the users and natural topography that defines the landscape zones. The layer is equipped with cycling tracks and bicycle parks as an attempt from the Architect to encourage the users to adopt a more active life style. The architect designed this layer to be a fence-less, seamless and car-less environment.

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Concept

Location

Background

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The Under-story Layer: this layer houses the podium that serves the diagnostic and intervention floors. With green fingers integrated into the design of the main hospital (Integrated Acute and Community) building, it drastically improves day lighting and improves space ventilation. The architect designed this layer to be accessible yet protected. The Canopy Layer: the layer that houses the wards towers. As the mid layer it is the most ventilated and day-lit layer. With linking bridges stretched between the towers inter-connecting them. The architect designed this layer to be quiet and secured. The Emergent Layer: this layer is all about greenery, dominated by spaces like roof gardens, healing landscapes and rooftop urban farming. The architect designed this layer to be healing and supportive.

The Integrated Acute and Community Hospital Building: the building is equipped with trauma lifts that connects directly to the Emergency Department located on the podium, this allows for the smooth and quick transfer of critical conditions patients in case of emergencies. Both Acute wards and Community wards are located in the same building, this allows for a seamless transfer and exchange of care for patients throughout-the various wards.

Buildin gs

Analysis

Space Program

Idea & Challenges

4.2.4 Buildings Analysis

●

Envr Techniques

● ●

Integrated Acute and Community Hospital Specialist Outpatient Clinics Long-term Care Facility

Figure 4-17 : Functions

Source: SAA Architects and Author

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Idea & Challenges

Concept

Location

Background

NEXUS

Figure 4-18 : Integrated acute and community hospital Source: SAA Architects and Author

Analysis

Space Program

Specialist Outpatient Clinics: a special building block visually separated from the main hospital building but connected to the podium with a linking bridge. The clinics are supported with an outpatient rehabilitation centre, a satellite radiology centre and an outpatient pharmacy. The building houses various clinics in different medical fields to allow and support an easy accessibility for the patients between specialties. The building is crowned with a rooftop community farming and the outcome produce supports the nutritional needs of the users.

Envr Techniques

Long-term Care Facility: a separated building block, characterized with its cluster living environment. The building represents a dementia friendly facility and it aims toward promoting the independence and dignity of the patients. It houses social zones and living spaces for patients to relax, communicate and spend quality time with their families. The building is sited with The Intergenerational Garden for meaningful social activities for the younger users as well as the elders.

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Figure 4-19 : Specialist outpatients clinics Source: SAA Architects and Author

Envr Techniques

Analysis

Space Program

Idea & Challenges

Concept

Location

Background

04 Similar Projects

Figure 4-20 : Long-term care facility Source: SAA Architects and Author

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Background

4.2.5 Landscape Analysis The project landscape is divided by topography and building blocks into four different gardens classified into two categories of functions.

•

The Rehab Garden and it is more directed towards inward involvement.

•

The Healing Forest Garden and its meant to encourage emotional participation.

Space Program

Idea & Challenges

Concept

Location

A Serene Environment category for functions as meditation and leisure walking. The two gardens that lies under this category are:

● Topography

creates different zones

● Continuity of landscape

Figure 4-21 : Landscape concept

● Nature for

both public and patients

Source: SAA Architects and Author

Analysis

An Activity Lawn category for functions like playing and community ponding. The gardens that lies under this category are:

Envr Techniques

• Intergenerational Garden and its goal is to encourage involvement between users of different generations. • Community Farming Garden and it supports active participation of users and patients.

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Background

Garden s Serene environment for meditation and leisure walking ● Rehab Garden ● Forest Garden

Location

Comprises activity lawns, play areas and community gardens. ● Community Farming Intergenerational Garden Figure 4-22 : Gardens

Envr Techniques

Analysis

Space Program

Idea & Challenges

Concept

Source: SAA Architects and Author

4.2.6 Environmental Techniques The project takes advantage of various environmental techniques that helps in improving several architectural aspects, improve the user experience and achieve suitability. The environmental techniques are classified into four categories. 4.2.6.1 Energy Efficiency and Thermal Comfort Photo-voltaic cells: photo-voltaic solar cells located on the building’s rooftops, it harvests solar energy and converts it into electricity, helping in reducing the money spent on energy in a clean sustainable way.North-south orientation: the building mass orientation is parallel to the North-South horizon helping in Minimizing exposure to direct sun and improving the thermal comfort. Sensor operated windows: an automated system and sensors allowing maximum ventilation and minimal heat gain throughout the day. Sun pipes: also known as sun tunnels, it harvests sunlight from the rooftops delivering it to the windowless underground spaces. Sensor operated light system: a high efficiency lighting system that helps in reducing energy consumption. Motion sensing escalator: equipped with motion sensors to reduce the running time of the escalators and increase energy efficiency. Graduation Project Report 2021-2022 162

NEXUS

Background

Displacement cooling an air distribution technology that introduces cool air into a zone at low velocity, and it is used for the efficient cooling of the rooms.

Concept

Location

Rooftop farming: rooftop gardens, green areas and farms that reduces direct sun exposure and heat gain.

Idea & Challenges

Figure 4-23 : Thermal comfort 1

Figure 4-24: Thermal comfort 2 Source: SAA Architects and Author

Analysis

Space Program

Source: SAA Architects and Author

Figure 4-25: Thermal comfort 3 Source: SAA Architects and Author

Envr Techniques

4.2.6.2 Water Efficiency Rainwater collection: harvesting rainwater, filtering, storing and then reusing the water for irrigation

163

Siphonic ground discharge: water drainage system that reduces deep concrete drains Food waste recycling: converts food waste to water by turning waste food into coal like substance and using it in the desalination of water reducing the energy needed for the desalination process Stream plaza: a landscape water body that collects and reuses rainwater Rain sensors: automated watering system that organize and reduces the need for irrigation

Analysis

Space Program

Idea & Challenges

Concept

Location

Background

04 Similar Projects

Figure 4-26: Water techniques Source: SAA Architects and Author

Envr Techniques

4.2.6.3 Active Techniques Active living stairs: Naturally lit and ventilated stairs with a view on the park to encourage use of stairs. Bicycle Park: conveniently located to promote cycling Graduation Project Report 2021-2022 164

NEXUS

Background

4.2.6.4 Passive Techniques Monsoon canopy: allows for natural ventilation and reduces noise

Idea & Challenges

Concept

Location

Edible garden: farming to achieve “farm to table” concept

Figure 4-27: Active techniques

Envr Techniques

Analysis

Space Program

Source: SAA Architects and Author

Figure 4-28: Passive techniques Source: SAA Architects and Author

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4.3 Case 3 : Illinois Medical District

NEXUS

Background

4.3 ILLINOIS MEDICAL DISTRICT

Location

4.3.1 Project Background

Analysis

Space Program

Idea & Challenges

Concept

The Illinois Medical District (IMD) takes place at a location that is two miles away from west of Chicago’s downtown loop, the district is considered one of the largest urban medical districts in the country. It’s exactly located in Cook County, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America.

Figure 4-29: Illinois Medical District Envr Techniques

Source: SCB and Sam Schwartz Engineering

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4.3.2 Project Location Cook County, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America

Concept

Location

Background

04 Similar Projects

Figure 4-30: Project location

Envr Techniques

Analysis

Space Program

Idea & Challenges

Source: Author

4.3.3 Main Concept The main concept focuses on four points that need to be considered in the district that needs to be enhanced or to be strengthened to promote a better medical district. 4.3.3.1 Enhance Gateways to the IMD The northern, eastern, and southwestern entrances have lower traffic then the others therefore development and enhancement of these entrances is focused on to increase their traffic to divide entrance equally on all of the entrances.

Figure 4-31 : Gateways

Source: SCB and Sam Schwartz Engineering

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NEXUS

Background

4.3.3.2 Strengthen Harrison Street

Concept

Location

Harrison street which is one of the four arterial streets passing through the district, passing through the northern part of the district, needed to be strengthened because of the development happening all around the street. Therefore the infrastructure of the street and the surrounding area of the street should be improved to support the future uses and demands of the corridor . 4.3.3.3 Infill / Redevelopment Opportunities

Figure 4-32 : Streets Source: SCB and Sam Schwartz Engineering

Analysis

Space Program

Idea & Challenges

Focusing on the infill of the vacant lands was one of the main concepts due to the availability of a huge amount of vacant lands that reach up to sixty acres of land in need of infill. Most of those empty lands are located south of Roosevelt Road which passes through the southern third of the land. Stakeholders also noted that some of the available facilities are considered outdated and old that need replacement, and redevelopment. Which works in the same direction to transform the district into a more compact urban layout . Figure 4-33 : Vacant lands

4.3.3.4 Transportation Hub Conceptt

Source: SCB and Sam Schwartz Engineering

Envr Techniques

Focusing on transportation is usually one of the most important concepts to focus on, therefore developing a transportation hub was the idea adapted by the district. The concept is practiced by encouraging the use of transit, which would decrease the need of shared parkings, which automatically will increase the pedestrians and decrease the use of personal cars lowering the traffic . 169

4.3.4 Design Idea And Challenges The ideas and challenges revolves around the development of the pedestrian connections and gathering spaces and the development of the retail areas and nodes 1-Development of the street’s life and the increase of social interactions of users was a point focused on by adding a systematic approach to open spaces in the district. This systematic approach was practiced through a hierarchy of linear parks, pedestrian streets, and pockets parks

2-Development of the retail nodes was practiced through five points which are: -Expand and increase the gateway and entrances of both Polk street and harrison street allowing direct entrance to the retail nodes - Paulina Street and near the Pink Line has vacant lands that need to be filled and developed to increase services and retail -Taylor Street needs to be extended from both the west and east sides. -Focus development on the planned retail found in Cook county. -Create a retail node along Roosevelt road.

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Figure 4-34 : Street network Source: SCB and Sam Schwartz Engineering

Figure 4-35 : Transit hub Source: SCB and Sam Schwartz Engineering

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4, 14, 17 Elementary and High School; Park Open Space; Community Recreation or Community Center.

Location

5 Single Family and Multi Family Residential (historic district); Uses permitted in the B2-l Restricted Retail and Service District (Taylor Street only) as approved by the Commission under the Act as necessary and appropriate to the District.

Concept

6,10 Medical, Educational; Office (business and professional); Public and Private Human Services. Figure 4-36 : Nodes

Idea & Challenges

Source: SCB and Sam Schwartz Engineering

4.3.5 Zoning

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.3A, 3B, 7 Medical: Hospital; Educational; University; Research; Office (business and professional}; Public and Private Club (which may sell liquor for consumption on the premises)

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8, 9, 12 Medical; Hospital; Educational; University; Office (business and professional); Public and Private Club (which may sell liquor for consumption on the premises) Public and Human Services: Crime Laboratory; Public and Private Utility and Services.

2A, 2B Medical; Hospital; Educational; University; Office (business and professional}; District Staff, Employee, and Student Residential Apartment; Park: Recreation Center

11 District Support Facilities; Medical; Educational, Public and Private Human Services, Research, Technology. Office (business and professional}; Other land uses as permitted under the Act and approved by the Com- mission; and related or ancillary or accessory uses.

1 Medical; Hospital; Educational; University; Office (business and professional); Research; Technology; Tele- communications; Public and Private Utilities

13 Uses permitted in the B-4 Restricted Retail and Service District approved by the Commission under the Act as necessary and appropriate to the District.

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15 District Support Facilities; Other land uses permitted under the Act approved by the Commission: and related or ancillary or accessory uses. 16 District Support Facilities; Medical; Public and Private Utility and Services. 18 District Support Facilities; Uses permitted in the B-4 Restricted Retail and Service District: as approved by the Commission under the Act as necessary and appropriate to the District; District; Staff, Employee, and Student Residential Apartment. Figure 4-37 : Zoning Source: SCB and Sam Schwartz Engineering

4.3.6 Land Ownership

The district lands does not go back to only one owner or one investor but the land parts go to different owners who vary from the upcoming list of owners: 1-University of Illinois Chicago

2-Cook County

3-Rush Uni. Medical Center

4-FBI

5-Veterans Affairs

6-IMDC Develop-able properties

7-Other IMDC Properties

8-State of Illinois

9-Chicago Technology Park Graduation Project Report 2021-2022 172

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Source: SCB and Sam Schwartz Engineering

Figure 4-38 : Land ownership

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4.3.7 Street Analysis Illinois Medical District’s streets are divided into four different types of streets and this variation adds to the variation of movement within the district as well as the variation of the activities done within those streets. The different types of streets are 1-arterial streets 2-pedestrian and cyclists streets 3-retail streets. 4-service streets.

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Figure 4-39: Street analysis

Source: SCB and Sam Schwartz Engineering

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Background

1-Arterial streets: those are the main and primary streets in the district which are mainly used by vehicles, and those streets are the main feeders of the highways . The district hosts 4 arterial streets.

Location

2-pedestrians and cyclists streets are obviously mainly used by pedestrians and cyclists. This type of streets is the most abundant in the district which encourages the use of bicycles and walking which is one of the main concepts and challenges adapted in the design process

Concept

3-retail streets are mainly used for retail and shops this type of streets are increased on Harrison street as part of the main concept

Idea & Challenges

4-service streets are streets scattered all over the district as this type of street is used for multiple services. Service streets are used for activities such as parkings access, loading and emptying products of the surrounding buildings, and for refusing uses such as collecting waste and separating it. Most important criteria of service streets is that it’s separated visually from pedestrians, cyclists, and cars by a buffer using plants at both ends of the street .

4.3.8 Landscape Analysis

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Analysis

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Objective of the landscape is to give a sense of modernization of the public areas of the district, which is obtained by designing landscapes with vibrant aspects, increasing features to give the sense of walkability to the streets, and adding linear parkways. The following landscape aspects and strategies are going to ensure some landscape aspects such as being a pleasant landscape for users, gives an inviting feeling, provides a sense of place, as well as giving the pedestrians the ability to perform all activities related to their movement within the district. Figure 4-40 : Landscape Source: SCB and Sam Schwartz Engineering

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4.3.8.1 Property Lines, Fencing and Landscape Buffers: - Both of the fencing and the property lines are used to give definition to the public domains of the streets -Buildings setbacks are landscaped one or both of low hedges and decorative plantation as well as adding trees as they give a better sense of fencing to the landscape. -All primary streets (arterial streets - pedestrian streets - retail streets) should not use chain-link fencing W -In case of the existence of a fence it should not be any higher than four feet (1.2 m) 4.3.8.2 Setbacks and planted areas treatment: -All setbacks with depth bigger than 20 feet (6 m) from the sidewalk should be landscaped with different types of plantation and trees -All other smaller setbacks should be landscaped as well to complement the building entries using plants with different scales, lighting, and small signs.

Figure 4-41 : Buffer

Source: SCB and Sam Schwartz Engineering

-Surface parking areas should include within themselves plantation elements such as trees and bushes to work as buffer to separate the parking areas from the streets. Figure 4-42 : Fencing

Source: SCB and Sam Schwartz Engineering

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Background

4.3.8.3 Planting Palettes:

Location

All plants are following a specific list of plantation that considers the height and color of the plants as well as the presence of a list of plants which are not allowed in the district due to its high maintenance requirement and some are not allowed due to it’;s invasive character. 4.3.8.4 Lighting

Concept

-Along the public streets within the whole district lighting fixtures with a pedestrian-scale are used to insure mainly lighting, way-finding, and most importantly is to insure safety.

Idea & Challenges

-Arterial streets are added with suitable scale lighting to extend the lighting character of the streets.

Space Program

-Lighting in IMD should go by the lighting criteria of the city of Chicago, which are: “provide at least 2.5 foot candles on streets, 5 foot candles at intersections, and 1.5 foot candles on sidewalks. Refer to City of Chicago Streetscape Design Guidelines for more information about these requirements.”

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-Use lighting fixtures that are located in a way to giving a more aesthetic look to the landscape including its plantation, trees, and architectural features

Analysis

-Lighting fixtures that hold an aesthetic function other than its usual lighting function to add to the open spaces, courtyards, and some pedestrian paths to add some kind of modernization to the spaces. All complimenting the standard lighting fixtures used in the city of Chicago.

Figure 4-43 : Landscape lighting

Source: SCB and Sam Schwartz Engineering

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4.3.8.5 Signage: In 2011 a signage plan was made to the whole district with all types and all scales needed which is used as the main way-finding used by users, giving identification to gateways, giving a sense of arrival with large scaled signs, and pylons on what should be located in specific areas The landscape design of parks is also separated into two types or shapes, which are either a linear park or a plaza like park.

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Figure 4-44 : Outdoor signs

Linear parks were designed to focus on activities such as physical activities like fitness and running as well as therapeutic activities and seatings mixed in with gardens

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4.3.8.6 Linear parks:

Source: SCB and Sam Schwartz Engineering

Figure 4-45 : Linear parks

Source: SCB and Sam Schwartz Engineering

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4.3.8.5 Plazas

Location

Which leaves the linear form and is generated into a wider and larger part of the land. This kind of parks focuses more on the social activities, therefor it includes gathering gardens, kiosks, rain garden, water features, as well as it’s equipped with angled parkings and permeable pavement .

Figure 4-46 : Plazas

Concept

Source: SCB and Sam Schwartz Engineering

4.3.9 Buildings Skyline

Idea & Challenges

Heights in this point discusses two different points considering the heights of a building which are the height of the occupied areas facing the main street and the height of the building itself

Analysis

Space Program

Buildings in the Illinois Medical District are designed to match the context which it’s in. Therefore the heights of buildings were carefully chosen to match the skyline of the city of Chicago, as well as having a min height for any of the buildings which is 26 feet (6.7 m).

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Figure 4-47 : Los Angeles Skylines

Source: Author, SCB and Sam Schwartz Engineering

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4.3.10 Building Orientation One of the main points discussed considering the orientation of the buildings include the establishment of a cohesive streetwall. All buildings are oriented in a way to create a streetwall facing the primary street it’s located on whether it’s an arterial, pedestrian, or even a retail street, as well as considering that the entrances of buildings should be adjacent to those primary streets not directly on them. Building entrances are also added with architectural features that define the entrance and promote it.

Buildings in the IMD are developed to host active uses mainly on the ground floor which are on the primary streets of the district which could include uses such as lobbies, reception areas, retail ,restaurants, cafeterias, and employee lounges. Building entrances which are located on the level of the primary streets are directly exposed to them with at least a min of 50% of the facade of the ground floor to be transparent allowing exposure for both the inside and the outside. Building entrances should also adapt some features that add to the value and appearance of the entrance such as being well landscaped (as mentioned in the landscape analysis), having in front of the building benches for pedestrian uses and for the users of the building itself, being equipped with suitable lighting, and being clearly identified as the entrance.

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4.3.11 Facade Treatment

Figure 4-48 : Buildings Elevations Source: SCB and Sam Schwartz Engineering

Figure 4-49 : Buildings facade treatment Source: SCB and Sam Schwartz Engineering

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4.3.12 Environmental Techniques

Location

Illinois Medical District adapts some environmental techniques throughout the whole district, some of them are located only in the service streets and other techniques are adapted all around the district.

Space Program

Idea & Challenges

Concept

The district adapts a plantation theme that consumes very low amounts of water for its irrigation. The IMD also adapts a special type of pavement that allows the water to infiltrate through it allowing storm water to complete its natural cycle which is to go back to the ground and fill up the underground water. Along the district specially on the service streets which are scattered around the district a separation of waste (which is considered the first step of waste management) is done to the waste collected from the buildings.

Figure 4-50 : Storm-water system

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Analysis

Source: SCB and Sam Schwartz Engineering

Figure 4-51 : Using social plants

Source: SCB and Sam Schwartz Engineering

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4.4 Case 4 : Shanghai Medical City

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Background

4.4 SHANGHAI INTERNATIONAL MEDICAL CITY

Location

4.4.1 Project Background

Concept

Because of the huge rapid growing in the field of medical tourism, Shanghai Minhang District Health Bureau desired to have a new medical city to target both its local residents and global visitors who travels abroad crossing international borders and very long distance to receive specific medical care.

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In addition, Shanghai’s healthcare system is considered the best medical facilities and the most advanced medical knowledge and the best healthcare destination in China .It also has a huge number of English-speaking medical staff which helps more foreigners and make it easier for them to get the service thy need .As result all embassies keep a list of those doctors to their people.

Figure 4-52 : Shanghai Medical City Source: Gresham Smith

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Shanghai has an unhealthy air quality(figure 4-53) according to the air quality scale that ruin you’re the outdoor experience of the patients in medical city, especially patients who are sensitive to impurities in the air. If any of patients or medical staff suffer from asthma or other allergies he/she should anticipate a worsening of their symptoms in Shanghai and may need to increase their medication. Some travelers check pollution levels before they fly to Shanghai also.

4.4.2 Project Location

Figure 4-53 : Pollution scale

Space Program

Idea & Challenges

The project is located in Minhang district in shanghai city in China .

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Analysis

Figure 4-54 : Shanghai Medical City location

Source: Author and Gresham Smith

4.4.3 Main Concept The Shanghai New Hongqiao Medical Center campus is the latest development to provide superior healthcare. The master plan for the Shanghai International Medical City presented to a medical campus consisting of 77 acres and 5 million square feet of healthcare spaces to accommodate 3,000 beds, five big main hospitals and specialty clinics. Graduation Project Report 2021-2022 184

The landscape concept was developed from the strategies of deliver a garden-like setting and design breakthroughs that will provide a carbon-neutral site, the overall medical city campus establishes the oasis of healing and a civic amenity in an intensely urban environment through integration between nature and the main buildings of the city.

4.4.4 Design Idea And Challenges One of the main challenges that face the design of Shanghai medical city was the limitation of the acreage to accommodate the huge context and intersections of medical city zones and different zone functions, and also that there was no enough space to separate between inpatient and outpatient entrances nor separate parking for staff, inpatients and outpatients without sacrificing all public and park space. While it is essential according to china regulations as we mentioned Shanghai has a world-class health care facilitates, so this separation is very important. The designers overcome this issues by introducing new concept to the design by integration of thinking between indoor and outdoor and providing more spaces by using “The platform concept”.

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Figure 4-55 : The Platform conceptual section Source: Gresham Smith

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The platform connect five huge and main facilities on subterranean levels topped by wide and green public plaza. (Figure 4-55) The plaza slopes upward from the edge to three stories above street-level, with two functioning stories and parking below grade. They put in their considerations the common underground spaces and their needs from areas, facilities and day lighting importance in order to choose the right space. The settled that spaces under the platform are for functions that don’t have a necessary to windows or day lighting, such as surgery suits ,diagnostic equipment, storage, culinary, laundry and parking .

The campus will be a mix of public and privately owned hospitals. The cancer hospital, international hospital and shared services facility will be privately owned as well as the specialty clinics. Gresham Smith is also responsible for the design of both Huashan Hospital and Lanhai Rehab Hospital. The resulting campus will deliver high-quality care in a healing setting.

4.4.5 Layout Analysis The master plan consist of many parts started from the central shared facilities considered as the core of the master plan. This common shared zone (figure 4-56) laid on 947,805-square-foot which facility will provide the site’s private and public medical groups to share diagnostic equipment and many shared facilities and that will return to the whole city with eliminating the expense of each hospital and clinic providing its own facilities. This central core facility will be the Shanghai New Hongqiao International Medical Center Shared Facility and it will be the first facility to be designed on the campus given its vital role as the central hub. The master plan has different scenario of paths according to the functions varies between in patient path, outpatient path, emergency path and waste path (figure 4-57).

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Public and Private on One Campus

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Figure 4-56 : The layout zones

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Source: Gresham Smith

Figure 4-57 :The layout zones with various paths Source: Gresham Smith

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Figure 4-58 : Form generation Source: Gresham Smith

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4.4.5.1 The Shared Facility:

Location

A world-first, the 948,000-square-foot, eight-story shared support all the facility in the center of the layout and will act as the centralized distribution point for all logistical, clinical and public support services that derive the main five hospitals in the campus and other specialized clinics. The shared facility building will be a vital hub in the whole complex of the medical city .This shared space

Concept

Will include more than 3,000 beds and approximately 18,000 employees. Along with food service amenities, retail, medical exhibition space and underground parking, the facility is designed to house state-of-the-art diagnostic imaging suites, clinical laboratories, pathology laboratories, pharmacy retail, supply storage, laundry, loading docks and IT services.\

Idea & Challenges

Green approach in the shared facility building Planned to be a sustainable, energy-efficient medical campus, the Shared Facility’s green design ( figure 4-59) integrates energy recovery, energy production and waste management strategies. A high-performance facade with horizontal solar shading devices provides a higher insulating value, mitigates solar gain and decreases cooling loads. Numerous green roofs and planted terraces also increase insulation, filter storm water runoff, and

Space Program

Contribute to the overall park-like atmosphere of the campus, intended as both a healing environment for patients and staff and a public oasis for citizens of Shanghai.

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Analysis

Shanghai New Hongqiao International Medical Center’s Shared Facility represents a revolutionary new model in healthcare delivery. By centralizing multiple resources and technologies, this civic landmark will significantly reduce unnecessary expenses for the campus’ as for not repeat the same facility multiple times in each hospital they are allocated in a central zone inpatient and outpatient facilities, and give patients and hospital staff easier access to technologies that might otherwise prove cost-prohibitive for an individual hospital.

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Figure 4-59 : Shared faculty building

Figure 4-60 : Rehabilitation center Source: Gresham Smith

4.4.5.2 The Rehab Care-center: The rehab center is designed and organized according to the patients need in a multistory facility, patient transport can become a clinical and operational obstacle to staff efficiency and treatment scheduling. The design incorporates general therapy gyms on each floor while locating specialty gyms on the lower floors to minimize patient vertical transport. The patient floors and adjoining gyms are organized by patient needs, such as Spinal-cord injury, stroke, cardiac care and orthopedics. The first and second floors has the clinical podium (figure 4-61) consist of specialty therapy gyms, a therapy garden, aquatic therapy, a prosthetics lab, speech therapy, and research and specialty clinics—all in support of a comprehensive and patient-centered approach to rehab care.

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Source: Gresham Smith

Figure 4-61 : Rehabilitation center Source: Gresham Smith

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Background

4.4.5.3 Haushan Hospital :

Concept

Location

Sustainable design elements were a key driver for the project. To offset the hospital’s carbon footprint, an enhanced building envelope and efficient mechanical systems were incorporated into the design. A green roof planted with grasses, flowers and other small plants contributes to energy efficiency, controlling storm water runoff, and durability. High-efficiency glass in the building’s south-facing glass facade controls solar heat gain, and solar shading devices provide higher insulating value for the exterior envelope. Storm water management and heat recovery mechanical equipment reduce mechanical demands. Daylight harvesting strategies, total energy co-generation, geothermal heat exchangers, solar collection and a campus-wide bio-mass system conserve energy while also producing energy by diverting waste systems .

Idea & Challenges

The location designed to connect to future buildings within the campus, including the Gresham Smith-designed Shared Facility, Huashan Hospital sets the standard of excellence for Shanghai New

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Hongqiao International Medical Center and serves as a landmark destination for international medical tourists and domestic patients alike.

Figure 4-62 : Haushan Hospital Source: Gresham Smith

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4.5 Case 5 : Amghara Medical City

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Background

4.5 AMGHARA MEDICAL CITY

Location

4.5.1 Project Background

Idea & Challenges

Concept

The state of Kuwait is one of the Arab states that has created an urban context that has a great understanding of the urban idea of placement and design of the public domain where multiple criteria such as equity, resilience, and health are being practiced perfectly throughout their urban fabric. The state of Kuwait has been influenced by the western urban guidelines which has created an innovative community due to the cultural identity of the Arab state of Kuwait complementing the contemporary architecture of the west. With the concept of “healthy cities” on the table, 213.6 Feddan were specialized to create Amghara Medical City in the city of Kuwait, the capital of Kuwait.

4.5.2 Project Location

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Analysis

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Amghara medical city in located in el Kuwait city.

Figure 4-63 : Project location Source: Author

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4.5.3 Main Concept The concept of the Amghara Medical City revolves around 4 main pillars on which the medical city will stand: infrastructure, mixed uses, social connections, and being a smart city. 1-The AMC designing team does not just focus on the development of the city itself but also taking in consideration the needed infrastructure and industries to support the development of such project

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Figure 4-64 : Project program organization Source: CannonDesign

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Figure 4-65 : Project metro map

Space Program

Source: CannonDesign

Analysis

2-The uses within the AMC itself are mixed and variable allowing the city to function on its own promoting a sustainable site.

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3-The design of the city treats one of the most important architectural considerations which is the social connectivity of the users of the AMC, considering it along all the designing criteria.

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Figure 4-66 : Project functions Source: CannonDesign

4-finally as we are living in one of the most evolved times in technology, being a smart city was one of the main concepts of designing the AMC.

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Concept

Figure 4-67 : Social connectivity

Figure 4-68 : Smart city concept Source: CannonDesign

4.5.4 Design Idea And Challenges The main idea of this project is to turn a brown-field site into a well designed site that gives a great example for a medical city that offers a healthy living site with a diversity of uses and communities, that is also a resilient and community oriented project. Also the surrounding development is sensibly focused to provide activities to the project throughout all phases.

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The project is challenged to increase the quality of life of the users inhabiting the site through some criteria such as: 1- Increase the use of technology to create tools that are empowered by data collection Graduation Project Report 2021-2022 196

NEXUS

Background

2-create parks, and plazas that work on empowering the quality of life of users, and patients.

Location

3-focus on transportation and movement within the site through a new light rail system that increases the walkability of the users (patients, residents, staff, and professionals.), as well as it supports a better interaction pattern between them. Flow of bikes, vehicles, and the rail are coordinated to create a smooth flow within the AMC. All to create a regional destination for healthcare.

Concept

4.5.5 Zoning The zones available on site are as followed:

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Analysis

Space Program

Idea & Challenges

Health district, Low density housing , Mixed use, Commercial, Services, Recreational and cultural, Storage and warehouses, Opens spaces, Infrastructure, Health mix uses.

Figure 4-69 : Site zoning Source: CannonDesign

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Figure 4-70 : Zoning analysis Source: CannonDesign

4.5.6 Street Analysis The site’s network of movement depends mainly on car roads and streets, where all kinds of movement is allowed as well as vehicles. The site has a hierarchy of street that is divided into 3 sizes of streets: 1-main street: which is presented in red represents the arterial street of the site, it’s the street from which the user can reach all facilities and uses available on the site. The main street is also connected to the main street of the city, Jahra Road. this primary road is also equipped with the light rail found passing through the site. 2-secondary streets: which are the streets presented in yellow, those streets connect both sides of the site (the northwest side and the southeast side) which are separated by the main street.

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NEXUS

Background

3-tertiary streets: which are the ones presented in green, they are small streets scattered all around the site.

Concept

Location

All streets are equipped with pedestrian pathways, bicycle lanes, and car roads, making all streets suitable for mostly all kinds of movement chosen by the user. The streets are all landscaped with plantation and the needed pedestrian elements.

Figure 4-71 : Street section Idea & Challenges

Source: CannonDesign

4.5.7 Landscape Analysis

Space Program

In a state like Kuwait with its specific climate orienting the landscape to be a pedestrian landscape was one difficult mission as the streets of Kuwait are not climatically suitable for activities such as walking and even such as riding bicycles. Shading elements were one of the main elements in the landscape design of the AMC, along other components.

Analysis

First of all signs were part of the landscape that guilds all of the users: pedestrians, cyclists, and vehicles drivers.

Envr Techniques

The landscape was designed to work as an active space which means a space which is designed for the public, to connect people together and to generate some kind of income through the social interactions offered by the space. The landscape of the AMC considered to cyclists as well offering bicycle lanes and paths to motivate and encourage the use of bicycles within the site 199

4-Finally as we are living in one of the most evolved times in technology, being a smart city was one of the main concepts of designing the AMC. Promoting connectivity within the site was a main goal of the landscape design as it worked on creating spaces and plazas to connect people together from all the different uses found within the site. Waste management being one of the most important daily activities, the landscape was created with consideration to the daily automated waste collection. Shading, the element that promotes walkability within the site more than any other element due to the climate of the state of Kuwait, shading elements are separated into 2 types of shading 1-Street shading element: the site’s main streets are shaded creating shaded pathways throughout the site that promotes walkability and cycling more than anything found on site. 2-Courtyards and connectors shading elements: all courtyards found within the buildings are covered completely with shading elements to offer a better micro-climate to the site

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Figure 4-72 : Landscape techniques Source: CannonDesign

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Location

Background

Plantation was not neglected in the landscape as it helps improving the micro-climate of site, the streets were well planted on both sides working as buffer, shading, and aesthetic elements.

Figure 4-73 : Pedestrian paths Source: CannonDesign

Concept

4.5.8 Environmental Techniques

Space Program

Idea & Challenges

The designing team of the project took consideration of most of the factors included within the site which are listed as following: ●

- Prevailing wind orientation,

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- Solar orientation,

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-Existing topography,

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-Sand migration mitigation

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Analysis

As well as considering the important built factors that must be taken into consideration such as:

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- Circulation,

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- Green pathways.

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- Public transit light rail through the site

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Kuwait has many factors responsible for its sustainability failure that are going to be considered by the designing team, those factors could be summarized into the following list: ●

- Pollution (air, land, coastal, and marine)

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- Water, and energy unsustainable uses

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- Biodiversity deterioration

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- Waste management system failure

The designing team of the AMC project is set to achieve two platinum LEED certificates that are going to be the solution to all the environmental and sustainable issues found within the site. The two certificates are set to interpret two separate but still yet connected main levels, which are: 1-LEED for Neighborhood Development for the Medical City. 2-Healthcare certification The project’s team follows some criteria to reach those two certificates that could be categorized into the following list: Street Walkability: The design of the masterplan ensures that 90% of the buildings found in site are directly accessible to the circulation network and the public spaces found within the site. Pedestrian movement is the main movement of users within the site therefore the sidewalks are found on both sides of the vehicles street.

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NEXUS

Background

Development Oriented Towards Transit:

Location

The whole masterplan could be reached within a 15 min walk from the nearest light rail station and the main parts of the project which are the hospitals and the business zone could be reached within a 5 min walk. ●

Introducing Bicycles:

Concept

The state of Kuwait is not used to having bike lanes which is going to be introduced on site to encourage the use of bicycles within the site. A bicycle sharing system will be introduced into the site. Introducing a safer route that is mainly dependent on walking and cycling.

Idea & Challenges

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Compactness of Projects:

To reach compactness the designing team had to set some rules such as for example setting a 40 units/acre in residential zones, also mixing uses, walkable streets, shaded streets, active and passive spaces.

Space Program

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Non-gated Community:

Analysis

The project promotes connection for users within the site and connection with the outside as well. Smart Infrastructure:

Envr Techniques

The project is meant to be smart and efficient which led the team to focus on producing a smart street network enhanced with sensors and cameras, and developing an app that guides the users through all the needed detail, as well as dashboards. Centralized waste collection bins and utilities are found within the site.

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Location

Background

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Energy : Kuwait’s main source of energy comes from steam turning turbines plants which use natural gas, fuel oil, and other types of combustibles that produce huge amounts of carbon in the air, to heat up water and turn it to steam. Kuwait has one of the highest energy consumption due to the following reasons: 1-Extreme heat

3-Water desalination Therefor 2 cooling plants are constructed for both of the 2 phases of construction of the project, to cover of the site with cooling water underground pipes to be used as the cooling source on site which reduces the need of electricity as the pipes are covered which reduces the amount of energy loss due to the heat coming from direct sun. also the landscape adapted on site helps reduce the heat on streets due to the shading system used on site, making the streets safer and more comfortable for pedestrians. ●

Water :

Kuwait is very sensitive to water consumption and demand, which led to a conclusion that replacing the shading trees that consumes and needs a lot of water with shading elements that can be overflowing the site, which needs no water. It Is known that the existence of plants is not just for shading but for various needs therefore the open spaces have been added with the needed amount of native plantation that can deal with the heat and the scarcity of water.

Envr Techniques

Analysis

Space Program

Idea & Challenges

Concept

2-Subsidizing electricity

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NEXUS

Location

Background

Kuwait presents an arid environment that demands sensitivity to water use. However, vegetation provides human comfort psychologically and physically through visual connections to natural flora and shading. The strategic shading intends to provide a level of pedestrian comfort that reduces the use of shade trees and their attendant irrigation needs. The open green spaces are intended to use vegetation that is native where possible, with low requirements for irrigation and high tolerance to the climate. ●

Materials

Envr Techniques

Analysis

Space Program

Idea & Challenges

Concept

The site uses a technique called cool roofs cool pavements which works of reflecting the heat coming from the sun by using reflective materials on the roofs and on the pavements .

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4.6 Case 6 : Alexandria Medical City

NEXUS

Background

4.6 ALEXANDRIA MEDICAL CITY

Location

4.6.1 Project Background The medical city was designed to become a new sustainable, green and global medical city in the land of Alexandria in tends to rise the health care facilities model in all over Egypt.

Envr Techniques

Analysis

Space Program

Idea & Challenges

Concept

Choosing the site was critical as it has many advantages such as it laid on regional road (Figure4-74 ) and in a strategic location between the airport and the city center in addition to the existence of an airstrip and the site is very near the new station and overview to Maryout Lake. But the site also have many challenges such as the noise came from the roads and the airport, the source of pollutants elaborated in the transformers station , the excavation and the working area of Arab Contractors Company, and also the limitation of height due to the nearness of the airport and according to the allowable heights from the civil aviation .

Figure 4-74 : Project Site Source: Cube Architects

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Location

Background

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The Strategic Plan of the City: - The city was designed to have a complete sustainable global medical city( eco-friendly ) -

Providing open healing and entertainment zones for all age groups

Concept

- Connect between the natural and man-made environment to reach a homogeneous environment - Enhancing nurses class and health care serves by having advanced training methodology Providing job opportunities in various fields

4.6.2 Project Location The project in located at Alexandria in Egypt .

Envr Techniques

Analysis

Space Program

Idea & Challenges

Figure 4-75 : Project location Source: Author and Cube Architects

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NEXUS

Background

4.6.3 Space Program

Envr Techniques

Analysis

Space Program

Idea & Challenges

Concept

Location

The journey to the master plan (figure 4-76) need the main space program (figure 4-77 ) that they decide which aims to have a main medical zone includes hospitals, wellness and leisure zones that include hotels , nursing wellness center & spa and leisure club. The third zone is Education and research zones that includes training institute and two research institute. The forth zone is business zone that includes medical and pharmaceuticals companies and conference centers, Residential zone that includes serviced units and residential units for retirements , commercial zone that have services , shopping and restaurants within it and finally the central park zone with its entertainment green park .

Figure 4-76 : Master Plan Source: Cube Architects

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To settle on the percentage of each zone they did many iterations for zoning (figure 4-78 ) and zones percentage in each model of them to reach the optimum choice of them (figure 4-79 ) The recommended zone (figure 4-80) will have the percentages of the zones as following. The medical zone by 38% ,the wellness and leisure zone by 060% , the Education zone with , Commercial zone by 9%, Site services zone by 03% and finally the central park zone by 16% and roads and network by 28% then came the layer of road networks and it hierarchy that differs between main ring roads , monorail , shuttle paths and pedestrian paths. In parallel with Choosing the different heights in the Plan regarding to the different uses And the regulation for this use in terms of height of the building and setbacks.

Envr Techniques

Analysis

Space Program

Idea & Challenges

Concept

Location

Background

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Figure 4-77 : Space program Source: Cube Architects

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Envr Techniques

Analysis

Space Program

Idea & Challenges

Concept

Location

Background

NEXUS

Figure 4-78 : Zoning iterations

Source: Cube Architects

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Figure 4-79 : Recommended zones Source: Cube Architects

Envr Techniques

Analysis

Space Program

Idea & Challenges

Concept

Location

Background

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Figure 4-80 : Heights and networks Source: Cube Architects

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NEXUS

Background

1- Medical Zone

Space Program

Idea & Challenges

Concept

Location

The medical zone designed to Which lead to a have 50% of its area for hospitals and outpatient clinics while 36% of the area for the healthcare and medical centers and 25% for university hospital complex07% research center , 07% medical office building and 03% parking area as shown in( figure 4-82) .There are many types of hospitals in the medical zone divided into general hospital , Rehabilitation center, oncology hospital , psychiatric hospitals , eye hospitals, cardiology hospital, orthopedic hospital, plastic and cosmetics surgery, Diabetes center, oral and dental surgery hospital, urology and oncology urology hospital and women’s and children hospital and for the emergency cases there is a facility for helicopter pad for air ambulance.

Figure 4-81 : Medical zone Source: Cube Architects

Figure 4-82 :Parking zone Source: Cube Architects

2-Central Park Zone

Envr Techniques

Analysis

This zone centralized in the master plan and have many outdoor spaces (figure 4-83) such as the central park , the lake with 7% of the total zone of the park and the wellness park consider as 30% of the area and it also contain food court park with total percentage reach 10 % within entertainment park and with total consideration for the parking lots and its sustainable solution .

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Concept

Location

Background

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Figure 4-83 : Central Park zone

Envr Techniques

Analysis

Space Program

Idea & Challenges

Source: Cube Architects

3-The Wellness Zone This zone consist of central and lake hotel that have the main aim of healing visitors , this hotel is consider as 25% of the zone and the second zone is senior care resort by 30% of the zone for more open green areas and facilities for healing , supported by spas and well planned parking area to maintain the green area .

Figure 4-84 : Wellness zone Source: Cube Architects

4-Commercial Zone This zone mainly consist of the commercial malls with the medical mall and pharmaceutical company’s hub on a total plot area 28 Fedden. It’s location relatively in the down part of the master plan as edged from its north with the existing city center mall .

Figure 4-85 : Commercial zone Source: Cube Architects

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NEXUS

Background

4.6.4 Environmental Techniques

Idea & Challenges

Concept

Location

In the whole project they desired to satisfy the LEED certificate goals (figure ) In the main pillars by having the sustainable site by reuse the land and rebuilt it .they also aimed to use a local and recycled material from the site itself . the designers also care about the energy cycle in the project in term of having resources management system such as water management system by recycling the gray water in the irrigation of the landscape and reuse the rainwater in the water features and planted areas and also in building flush toilets.

Envr Techniques

Analysis

Space Program

The building was designed to maximize the day lighting in certain times while have shading In certain spaces in specific times .for energy they use photo-voltaic, façade insulation in order to reduce the summer heat gain by good orientation also in the whole zones .

Figure 4-86 : LEED Categories Source: LEED

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Figure 4-87 : Pathways & connections between the buildings Source: Cube Architects

4.7 Inspiration Ideas

NEXUS

Figure 4-88 : Wan Chai Sky Garden Source: DCM Studios

Figure 4-89 : Destination Medical Center Rochester Source: DMC Rochester

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Figure 4-90 : Future City , Dovjan Source: ArtStation

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NEXUS

Figure 4-91 : Rochester Downtown Source: Rochester State Legislature

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Figure 4-92 : Jewel Changi Airport Singapore Source: Moshe Safdie RSP Architects Planners & Engineers Private Limited

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NEXUS

Figure 4-93 : Megalopolis x shenzhen super headquarter Source: Quad Studio

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Figure 4-94 : Amghara Medical City Source: CannonDesign

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4.8 Case Studies Conclusions

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4.8 CASE STUDIES CONCLUSIONS

4.8.1 Sheikh Khalifa Medical City After studying these 6 case studies , each of them is unique and special in specific category . Firstly Sheikh Khalifa Medical City , they integrated between different buildings and functions with landscape and greenery like green roofs , hanging gardens and green walls which really helps with the healing process ( Healing Landscape ). Also , the variety of choosing different facades and solar screens based on the function of each building like , the colorful louvers that are used in the kids hospital .

4.8.2 Woodland Health Campus Also ,Woodland health campus takes an impressive advantage of the site’s location, topography and the surrounding resources such as the sun and the rainwater. It sets an example of how a building should give back as much as it takes, and how it should serve the community it’s built within. The architect utilized environmental architecture concepts and techniques to improve the projects thermal, visual and acoustic comfort, improving energy efficiency and water waste and even encouraging a healthier, more active lifestyle for the project’s users.

4.8.3 Illinois Medical District IMD is promoted to increase all kinds of activities done on site with consideration to the main purpose of the district, which is the medical sector. The development aimed to reach balance within the whole district by infilling all the site with the needed activities as well as enhancing entrances and connectivity while promoting better pedestrian spaces, paths and nodes.

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NEXUS The district was designed to fit suitable activities within the street hierarchy and open spaces which were designed as to promote healthier and better activities to the users while being safely surrounded by the elements of the landscape varying from suitable coloured plantation to safety fixtures and perfectly lighted paths. The district considered the context that surround it which integrated its buildings with the skyline of Chicago and at the same time considering the district’s own building orientation and environmental aspects.

4.8.4 Shanghai Medical City Shanghai medical city was designed in term of making the best use of the land while satisfying the concept of the platform and shared facility between the hospitals with giving importance to the economical aspect by putting into consideration the expenses of repetition of the same facilities in each hospital on ,in parallel with sustainability other pillars. The other aspect of them such as social aspect satisfied in providing the open socialized spaces integrated with the sustainability and environmental solutions to reach the objectives of the third pillar which is environmental aspect.

4.8.5 Amghara Medical City One of the main aims and goals that should be applied to our project is sustainability like Amghara medical city . It is designed to be smart, independent and fully function on its own supported by infrastructure and complimenting industries, promoting a sustainable site, the architect considered Social Connectivity within the project to be one of the most important criteria. The architect aimed towards empowering the quality of life of the users by creating parks and plazas, focusing on transportation and movement within the site through a new light rail system that increases the walkability of the users. The architect designed the landscape to be an active space available for the public, with road signs as a part of the landscape guiding Pedestrians, cyclists and drivers. The landscape promotes social connectivity of the different users within the site. The project set to be getting two platinum LEED certificates as the designing team considered most of the factors included within the site, and worked on a thorough criteria improving sustainability and user experience.

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4.8.6 Alexandria Medical City Functionality sometimes consider the main leading concept in term to have the best performance of the project and the short road to reach the main goals and objectives of the medical city. The second layer of user analysis and their navigation in the project and enhancing the user experience and connectivity between the chosen zone in the project program is very important. Road networks considered as a very effected layer of zones generation in order to have the right solution of the various mobility network.

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05 Gap Analysis

5.1 Current State

NEXUS

5.1 CURRENT STATE

5.1.1 Current State Definition Current state in gap analysis describes the current prospective plans, as well as the development and progress of initiated and approved plans. The plans can be regional or sectoral, according to its area of coverage, and can be influenced by global or continental plans.

Figure 5-1: Egyptian patient and physician in a clinic

5.1.2 Medical Staff

Source: Egyptian Streets

According to United Nations World Health Organization, in 2018, Egypt had 445,000 physicians working in the healthcare system. Statistically, that makes that for every 10 thousand citizen there are only five doctors.

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Meanwhile, in the surrounding regions, the number of physicians to citizens is more than the double. (i.e. Saudi Arabia has 26 physicians to every 10 thousand citizen, while Jordan has 23.) Even though there are around seven thousand medical graduate yearly, which in 2018 added up to 213,000 physicians registered as practitioners,

05 Gap Analysis

35,100

39,000

Self-Care

36,400

Walking

34,450

43,550

87,100

Categoriz ation of Disabilities

Concentration

Hearing

Vision

Communication

Figure 5-2: Categories of Disabilities Source: Author and CAPMAS

25%

43%

Percentage of Disabilities by Age Groups

17%

Another issue that needs to be addressed is the limited number of yearly graduates, which fails to meet the government’s need of physicians. Not only are the number of graduates not sufficient, but a significant portion of the medical graduates tend to choose to immigrate to seek better opportunities.

disabilities are between the ages of 30 to 64, making this age category the majority of patients of disabilities (figure 5-3).

15%

only two fifths, or 82,000, practice in the country. That may be the result of some factors such as low payment for practitioners, physicians having tight schedules that results to their physical and mental fatigue, or immigration of physicians to other countries with better opportunities such as countries of the gulf region.

5:14

15:29

30:64

65+

Figure 5-3: Disabled Category by Age Source: Author and CAPMAS

5.1.3 Patients and Diseases In comparison to other countries, Egypt position varies from a disease to another. For some diseases, Egypt fares well. For others, not much so. For example, 116 in each 100,000 person dies from liver disease, making it the highest mortality by liver rate in the world. As for patients with disabilities, there are 87,100 Egyptian with walking disabilities, 35,300 with visual disabilities, and others with different types (figure 5-2). Generally, 43% of people with

5.1.4. Medical Facilities The Ministry of Health and Population (MOHP) is currently the major provider of primary, preventive, and curative care in Egypt, with around 5,000 health facilities and more than 80,000 beds spread nationwide. The MOHP service delivery units are organized along a number of different dimensions. These include geographic (rural and urban), structural (health units, health centers, and hospitals), functional (maternal child health cenGraduation Project Report 2021-2022 230

NEXUS ters), or programmatic (immunization, and diarrheal disease control). Specifically, with respect to inpatient services, the MOHP is the largest institutional provider of inpatient health care services in Egypt. It has about 1,048 inpatient facilities, accounting for more than 80,000 beds. Hospital services are provided through the following types of facilities. Integrated hospitals are small, 20- to 60-bed hospitals providing primary health care and specialized medical services in the rural areas. Integrated hospitals contain well-equipped surgical theatres, X-ray equipment, and laboratories and are responsible for serving a catchment population of between 10,000 and 25,000 people. District hospitals are 100- to 200-bed hospitals that provide more specialized medical services and are available in every district. District hospitals are responsible for serving a catchment population of between 50,000 to 100,000 people in the urban district area. General hospitals contain more then 200 beds and contain all medical specialties. General hospitals are available in every capital of a governorate. (Integrated, district, and general hospitals were included in the Egypt Service Provision Assess-

Figure 5-4: Stroke Unit of Kasr Al-Ayni Hospital Source: Kasr Al Ayni Hospital

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05 Gap Analysis ment ESPA and were categorized as general service hospitals for this report.) As of 2016, for every 1,000 citizen, there are 1.5 beds in both public and private sectors. This is low in comparison to world average of 2.7 beds per 1,000 people. In countries that have very high human development typically have about 2.5-3.5 beds per 1,000. Specialty hospitals are located in urban areas and include specialties such as eye, psychiatric, chest (34), fever (88), heart ophthalmology (31), tumors, and gynecology and obstetrics. Specialty hospitals are available in all governorates. Fever hospitals were the only type of specialty hospital included in the ESPA. All in all, as of 2016, The private sector has 2,024 inpatient facilities, with a total of about 22,647 beds. This accounts for approximately 16 percent of the total inpatient bed capacity in Egypt.

5.1.5 Medical Infrastructure 5.1.5.1 NAC Smart Techniques

The New Administrative Capital has Rendered 7 main goals, Figure 5-5: NAC Night one Shot of them is to be a smart Source: ACUD Egypt

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NEXUS city. To become a smart city, it is important to include intelligent devices in different sectors such as transportation and urban mobility, safety and security, and also in infrastructure, such as energy and water. As a starting point, the Capital is installing over 6,000 security cameras over street-lighting posts. These cameras will monitor the streets at all times, tracking traffic real-time while screening the surroundings for surveillance. For the city to be smart, it is expected that Internet of Things would be spreading and connecting different urban aspects with each other and with the citizens. Therefore, it is planned to

have wireless Internet outlets cover a huge sector of the city, so that everyone would be connected in a way or another. Those outlets would mainly be through lamp posts, but can also be integrated within transport such as busses and rail system. Having connected the passengers of transport system to the Internet means that the transport systems should also be connected. Taking that into consideration, the Capital is planned to have a transport system that is connected to each other and to the passenger. Such would be achieved by connecting the monorail with bus lines (such that monorail stops would also have bus stops,) and connecting the mode of transport with passengers through

Figure 5-6: Illustration for a Smart City Source: European’s Cyclists’ Federation

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05 Gap Analysis mobile apps that offer schedules, line and stops and real-time tracking. Another aspect that the capital is developing in is smart building monitoring. Instead of regular checks and tests, smart buildings monitor themselves using sensors within their systems to detect irregularities once they occur. As an example, sensors are in installed in water pipes to measure the waterflow and by doing so, it can detect leaks small or big right when they happen. The sensors would send to the person of charge using IoT that there is a water leak in that specific area thus reducing the time to inspect the pipes and look for its location, as well as saving the cost of leaked water.

Finally, the government is implementing a regional plan of digitalizing most of citizens’ administrative paperwork in different sectors such as paying utility bills, getting a birth certificate, knowing and paying your car’s traffic tickets, and more. This plan would facilitate a lot of citizens’ unwelcomed activities and by doing so, it enhances the quality of life.

5.1.5.2 Medical Waste Assessed Healthcare Facilities (HCFs) normally segregate their healthcare waste into three categories only: general waste, infectious waste, and sharp waste, which are contained in black bags, red bags and safe boxes

Figure 5-7: Components of a Smart City Source:: Chicago City

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NEXUS respectfully. However, that leaves waste such as chemical waste (including cytotoxic drugs), anatomical waste and infectious waste containing polyvinyl chloride (PVC) disregarded.

Figure 5-8: Separation of Medical Waste Source: Amazonia

For medical waste treatment, in 2020, a Central Medical Waste Treatment Plant in Gharbia Governorate started operating. This medical waste recycling plant has the capacity of 5 tons of waste daily, treats hazardous medical wastes and helps improve air quality by reducing gas emissions resulted from the process. This plant was part of the government’s plan to preserve human health and the environment and support the environmental dimension of Egypt’s vision 2030. Gharbia was chosen for the location as medical waste used to travel over 120km to be safely disposed. In the future, the plant is expected to treat over half of the country’s medical and electronic waste. According to United Nations Development Prograrmme (UNDP), this plant aligns with Sustainable Development Goal 13, Climate Change.

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5.2 Target State

NEXUS

5.2 TARGET STATE Admin is trative Capital Vis ion EGYP T 2030 Vis ion In tern ation al Smart City Goals Global green & h ealth y h os pitals

5.2. Target State Smart & Sustainable City Goals

5.2.1 Target State The target state in GAP analysis describes the desired outcome of the project. It is based on governmental targets and vision for the New Administrative Capital and Egypt as a whole, as well as world-wide targets from different directions to enhance the healthcare sector. This report will discuss Egypt 2030 Vision, Administrative Capital Vision, International Smart City Goals, Global Green & Healthy Hospitals Goals, specifically what can be applied in the New Administrative Capital’s Medical City.

5.2.2 Administrative Capital Vision The New Administrative Capital has 7 main targets to be: Sustainable City, Green City, Smart City, Walkable City, Liveable City, Connected City, and Business City. The sustainable approach that the city will take is to use clean and renewable energy, as 70% of building are going to be covered by photo-voltaic cells panels to generate electricity. In addition to that, waste and water recycling is an important aspect that is included in the city’s development plans.

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05 Gap Analysis

Liv able City

Smart City

Sustain able City Green City

Walk able City

Bus in es s City Con n ected City

Figure 5-9: NAC City Goals Source: Author and ACUD

As a medical city within the New Administrative Capital, it is essential to have the same targets and contribute to reaching them.

5.2.3 Egypt’s Development Vision For 2030

Figure 5-10: Logo of Egypt Vision 2030 Source: Egyptian Governement

Inspired from the Sustainable Development Goals, Egypt set a development vision to reach in year 2030. The vision focuses on the three dimensions of sustainability: environment, society, and economy. Graduation Project Report 2021-2022 238

NEXUS Within the three dimensions of sustainability the vision has eleven pillars: Economic Development, Energy, Innovation and Scientific Research, Transparency and Efficient Government Institutions, Social Justice, Health, Education and Training, Culture, Environment, and Urban Development. The medical city would most likely be included in certain pillars such as Economic Development, Energy, Scientific Research, Education and Training, Social Justice, Health, Environment and Urban Development. These pillars are materialized as follows:

5.2.3.1 Economic Development By 2030, the Egyptian economy is a balanced, knowledge-based, competitive, diversified, market economy, characterized by a stable macroeconomic environment, capable of achieving sustainable inclusive growth. An active global player responding to international developments, maximizing value added, generating decent and productive jobs, and a real GDP per capita reaching high-middle income countries level.

5.23.2 Energy An energy sector meeting nation-

239

al sustainable development requirements and maximizing the efficient use of various traditional and renewable resources contributing to economic growth, competitiveness, achieving social justice, and preserving the environment. A renewable energy and efficient resource management leader, and an innovative sector capable of forecasting and adapting to

5.2.3.3 Scientific Research A creative and innovative society producing science, technology and knowledge, within a comprehensive system ensuring the developmental value of knowledge and innovation using their outputs to face challenges and meet national objectives

5.2.3.4 Education and Training A high-quality education and training system available to all, without discrimination within an efficient, just, sustainable and flexible institutional framework. Providing the necessary skills to students and trainees to think creatively, and empower them technically and technologically. Contributing to the development of a proud, creative, responsible, and competitive citizen who accepts diversity and differences, and is proud of his country’s history.

05 Gap Analysis

5.2.3.5 Social Justice By 2030, Egypt is a fair interdependent society characterized by equal economic, social, political rights and opportunities realizing social inclusion. A society that supports citizens, right in participation based on efficiency and according to law, encouraging social mobility based on skills. A society that provides protection, and support to marginalized and vulnerable groups.

healthcare system capable of improving health conditions through early intervention, and preventive coverage. Ensuring protection for the vulnerable, and achieving satisfaction of citizens and health sector employees. This will lead to prosperity, welfare, happiness, as well as social and economic development, which will qualify Egypt to become a leader in the field of healthcare services and research in the Arab world and Africa.

5.2.3.7 Environment

5.2.3.6 Health All Egyptians enjoy a healthy, safe, and secure life through an integrated, accessible, high quality, and universal

The target is to have the environment integrated in all economic sectors to preserve natural resources and support their efficient use and investment,

Figure 5-11: Egypt’s 2030 Vision’s Dimensions Source: Egyptian Governement

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NEXUS while ensuring next generations’ rights. A clean, safe and healthy environment leads to diversified production resources and economic activities, supporting competitiveness, providing new jobs, eliminating poverty and achieving social justice.

5.2.3.7 Urban Development A balanced spatial development management of land and resources to accommodate population and improve the quality of their lives

5.2.4 International Smart City Targets According to United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), A smart sustainable city is an innovative city that uses information and communication technologies (ICTs) and other means to improve quality of life, efficiency of urban operation and services, and competitiveness, while ensuring that it meets the needs of present and future generations with respect to economic, social, environmental as well as cultural aspects. Defined bellow are the prerequisites needed to become a smart city.

Figure 5-12: Illustration of the form of Smart Cities Source: John Koon- IOT Report

241

05 Gap Analysis

5.2.4.1 Sustainability Defined as the “process of change in which the exploitation of resources, the direction of investments, the orientation of technological development, and institutional change are made consistent with future as well as present needs”

5.2.4.2 Information Communication Technology (ICT) “Includes any communication device or application such as radio, television, cellular phones, computers, satellite systems as well as network hardware and software and associated services.”

5.2.4.3 Wellbeing Includes having access to food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond the control of the individual

5.2.4.4 Productivity Labor productivity is a measure of development. Formally defined as the

output per unit of labor. Increases in productivity indicate economic growth and further improvements in living standards.

5.2.4.5 Resilience “The ability of any urban system to maintain continuity through all shocks and stresses while positively adapting and transforming towards sustainability.”

5.2.4. International Smart City Targets Cont. Smart cities are involved in multiple sectors and they must offer solutions to different issues, some of them are: Transportation and Urban Mobility, Safety and Citizen Security, Emergency and Response, Natural Environment, Energy Efficiency, and Citizen Integration and Communication.

5.2.4.6 Transportation and Urban Mobility This aspect of the smart city can be seen in having smart parking, solving traffic problems through monitoring, or having an intelligent transportation system. More solutions can be found, Graduation Project Report 2021-2022 242

NEXUS

Transportation and Urban Mobility

Safety and Citizen Security

Emergency and Response

Environment

Energy Efficiency

Citizen Integration and Communication

Figure 5-13: Diagram of the Dimensions of Smart Cities Source: Author

but they all have the aim of reducing traffic congestion and making humans at ease.

5.2.4.7 Safety and Citizen Security Like all cities, smart cities must protect its citizens. However, smart cities tend to have the advantage of doing so in a connected pattern, which guarantees faster response to any security breach.

5.2.4.8 Emergency and Response As mentioned before, city resilience comes before being smart. Thus, smart cities must have an integrated emergency response system with all aspects covered.

5.2.4.9 Environmentally Considerate A smart city must intelligently man-

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age the city’s resources, including the natural resources. For that, cities must be conscious of their actions impacts on the environment while maintaining the city’s economic balance.

5.2.4.10 Energy Efficiency The previous point discusses how a city must manage its resources in an intelligent ways, that includes energy management. Energy consumption is inevitable; however it can be consumed in an efficient way that guarantees that no energy is wasted.

5.2.4.11 Citizen Integration and Communication. Parallel to other cities’ agendas, integrating citizens with the city’s actions is an essential part of smart cities. Governments and citizens must be able to communicate with themselves and with each other.

05 Gap Analysis

5.2.5 Global Green & Healthy Hospitals (GGHH) Agenda

ty engagement. It is also essential to foster public policy that promotes environmental health and prioritize Environmental Health.

5.2.5.2 Chemicals

Figure 5-14: Logo of GGHH Source: GGHH

A green and healthy hospital is one that promotes public health by continuously reducing its environmental impact and ultimately eliminating its contribution to the burden of disease. A green and healthy hospital recognizes the connection between human health and the environment and demonstrates that understanding through its governance, strategy, and operations. It connects local needs with environmental action and practices primary prevention by actively engaging in efforts to foster community environmental health, health equity and a green economy.

5.2.5.1 Leadership It is important to demonstrate leadership support for green and healthy hospitals, create long-term organizational culture change, realize widespread hospital worker and communi-

Hospitals should substitute Harmful Chemicals with Safer Alternatives, improve the health and safety of patients, staff, communities, and the environment by using safer chemicals, materials, products, and processes, going beyond the requirements of environmental compliance.

5.2.5.3 Waste Green Hospitals should reduce, treat and safely dispose of healthcare waste. A hospital’s role is to protect public health by reducing the volume and toxicity of waste produced by the health sector. Implementing the most environmentally sound waste management and disposal options.

5.2.5.4 Energy It is important for hospitals implement energy efficiency and clean, renewable energy generation. They should also reduce fossil fuel energy use to improve and protect public Graduation Project Report 2021-2022 244

NEXUS health. Foster energy efficiency as well as alternative, renewable energy use with the long-term goal of 100% of energy needs to be supplied by on-site or community renewable energy sources.

vironmental footprint while fostering healthy eating habits in patients and staff, and to support access to locally and sustainably sourced food in the community.

5.2.5.5 Water

5.2.5.8 Pharmaceuticals

As a green hospital, it should reduce water consumption and supply potable water. It can be done by implementing a series of conservation, recycling, and treatment measures to reduce hospital water consumption and wastewater pollution. It should also establish the relationship between potable water availability and healthcare resilience to withstand disruption.

Pharmaceuticals should be safely managed and disposed of, while reducing its pollution by eliminating over-prescription practices. Moreover, dumping pharmaceuticals and pharmaceuticals water should be minimized.

5.2.5.6 Transportation

It is important to support green and healthy hospitals design and construction, which means reducing the healthcare sector’s environmental footprint and to make hospitals a healthier place to work and visit.

Meaning that a hospital should improve transportation strategies for patients and staff. Those transportation and service delivery strategies should work to reduce hospitals’ climate footprint and their contribution to local pollution.

5.2.5.7 Food The purchased and served food should be sustainably grown and healthy. This is to reduce hospitals’ en-

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5.2.5.9 Buildings

5.2.5.10 Purchasing The target is to buy safer and more sustainable products and materials and source sustainably produced supply chain materials from socially and environmentally responsible vendors.

5.3 Bridging the Gap

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5.3 BRIDGING THE GAP

In this section, this report will propose solutions and actions to reduce the gap between the current state and intended target. The categories will be based on International Smart City Targets, as it quantifies for NAC Targets, Vision 2030, SDGs and GGHH.

5.3.

Bridging The Gap Sparking ideas & interventions

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5.3.1 Transportation and Urban Mobility

5.3.1.1 Autonomous Transport Pods

As a part of NAC, Medical City is a sustainable, smart, and connected city. For that to be achieved, transportation and mobility plays a major role. Bellow are some selected actions to reach our intended target.

Having the capacity of up to 6 passengers, these autonomous pods will act as the city’s inner transport. They can easily replace private cars, as these pods are fast and can have many stations. These pods move on designated paths, however, they have the potential to be requested on demand. They use

05 Gap Analysis clean electricity to power them, so that means that they do not emit carbon dioxide, making them not only smart but also green.

arate vehicular movement from railway without needing to take extra space for it. Moreover, the straddling bus has the advantage of not needing massive stations, unlike trains, and only needs stops similar to bus stops.

Figure 5-16: Illustration of Straddling Bus Figure 5-15: Visualization of Auto-pods Source: Futurism Magazine

The pods are already planned to be used in Dubai in a few years, with pre-defined routes. However, it is planned in the future to have them taken from anywhere at any time, just by using an application.

Source: Dreams Time Stock

It has the capacity of 1000-1200 passengers, and has rails installed the same way as other railway systems such as underground metro. Like double decker busses, passengers descend a set of stairs to reach street-level at any station.

Having implemented these auto-driven cars would mean that during our design, we must put in consideration the paths they will take and the stations from which passengers can request and board them

5.3.1.2 Elevated Straddling Bus

Figure 5-17:Image from Test-Run Source: China Daily Newspaper

This invention is a bus-train hybrid that hoovers above car levels to sep-

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NEXUS a test-run (figure 5-17) in China, an issue of traffic congestions emerged, as it would be difficult for cars to move underneath it. Thus, for the medical city, it is proposed to have it hovering above green areas instead of streets. This way, it will reduce transportation’s ecological footprint and possible traffic congestion.

5.3.1.3 Automatic Car Park

car-parks. Proving their potential, Roxy Garage in Cairo, Egypt, has the capacity to accommodate as many as 1,700 vehicles on an area of 10,000 squared meters and a height of four floors. Having the garage underground means that we can utilize the area above ground to create green and open spaces for people to enjoy, in contrast to traditional car parks.

One of the current trends in traffic solutions is automatic car parks. These car parks operate mechanical using hydraulics, and can be underground similar to traditional parking areas. However, instead of driving inside, you leave your car for a machine to park it.

Figure 5-19: Image from Roxy Garage Source: Ahram Newspaper

5.3.2 Safety and Security Figure 5-18:Illustration of Auto Car Park Source: Parkpiu

A hydraulic car park automatically parks your car, without your needing to look for an empty parking spot. Such technology will save a lot of the time wasted every morning to place your vehicle, as well as well as reduce the percentage of asphalt used for

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A city must guarantee safety to its citizens, therefore providing a coherent security system integrated within the city’s infrastructure is a necessity. Adding to NAC 6,000 security cameras, this report suggests implementing different smart technologies.

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5.3.2.1 Robotic Security Guard

5.3.2.2 Smart Security System

Similar to patrols, this robot wanders around collecting different types of data such as car licence plates, people’s movement and general surveillance. As they are robots, they can patrol 24 hours a day without an issue, collecting necessary data while providing a sense of security to the surrounding passers. Thus, this robot acts as a security camera with the added bonus of having the ability to move and relocate according to the unit controlling them.

Smart cities are always associated with having security sensors. Having a smart security system means that all security elements such as cameras and motion sensors are connected to each other and to the Internet, making their data accessible real-time to users. This technology will serve the medical city considerably for many reasons. Firstly, medical equipment are highly expensive, making them at a major risk of theft. Moreover, patients privacy should not be compromised by trespassers or data loss. Furthermore, some patients require real-time monitoring and having this technology installed would decrease the need for humans to personally monitor them.

Figure 5-20: Image of Robotic Security Guard Source: Knightscope Website

In the US, Uber uses these robots to patrol their garages and monitor the cars. This way, the company saves the cost of having to employ a security member solely for patrolling, as they can now view different robots’ surroundings all at once.

Figure 5-21: Illustration of Smart Security System Source: Security.org

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5.3.3 Emergency and Response As smart cities must be resilient first, it is important to discuss how to achieve such resilience, which greatly revolves around risk mitigations and how to respond to emergencies. To be specific to medical cities, this report will discuss health-related emergencies and how to respond to them. In the lights of current circumstances, it will also handle COVID-19 impacts and adaptation methods, which will reflect on the medical city as a whole.

5.3.3.1 Ambulance Drone

Using a live-stream webcam, the drone instructor or pilot can instruct on how to use the cardiac defibrillator and provide instructions for giving emergency aid. Having this technology at hand in the medical city would enhance the speed in which medical help is received.

5.3.3.2 Robotic Concierge This robot acts is used for medical patient follow-ups, especially elderly that need constant supervision. The robot has does regular round ups to check on patients and remind them of their medications, and help the patients reach their physicians through video call.

This drone is sent to urgent cases for bystanders to help until the paramedics arrive. It consists of a cardiac defibrillator and a 2-way communication radio + video into the drone. The drone tracks emergency mobile calls and uses GPS to navigate to the emergency site.

Figure 5-23: Picture of SAM Concierge Source: IEEE Spectrum Magazine

Figure 5-22: Picture of Ambulance Drone Source: TU Delft Website

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05 Gap Analysis What makes this robot significant is that it can detect when humans fall, alerting personnel that the patient might be in danger. This can save time for over-worked nurses and physicians, and help them focus on more urgent tasks while still making sure that all patients are in good shape.

5.3.3.3 COVID-19 COVID-19 is spreading human suffering, destabilizing the global economy and upending the lives of billions of people around the globe. The pandemic is an unprecedented wake-up call, laying bare deep inequalities and exposing precisely the failures that are addressed in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Paris Agreement on climate change. Leveraging this moment of crisis, when usual policies and social norms have been disrupted, bold steps can steer the world back on track towards the Sustainable Development Goals. This is the time for change, for a profound systemic shift to a more sustainable economy that works for both people and the planet.

are vital for a recovery that leads to greener, more inclusive economies, and stronger, more resilient societies

1. Impact of COVID-19 on the SDGs (Global scale) 1.

No poverty:

Loss of income, leading vulnerable segments of society and families to fall below poverty line.

Zero hunger:

Food production and distribution could be disrupted.

Good health::

Devastating effect on health outcomes. Negatively affecting the public health.

Quality education:

School for many closed, remote learning less effective and not accessible for some.

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Gender equality:

Women’s economic gains at risk and increased levels of violence. Women account for majority of health and social care workers who are more exposed to Covid-19.

Population living in slums face higher risk of exposure to COVID-19 due to high population and poor sanitation.

13.

Clean water:

Climate action:

Supply disruptions and inadequate access to clean water hinder access to clean handwashing facilities, one of the most important COVID-19 prevention measures.

Reduced commitment to climate action; but less environmental footprints due to less production and transportation.

16. Peace, justice, and strong institutions:

Affordable energy:

Supply and personnel shortages are leading to disrupted access to electricity, further weaking health system response and capacity.

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11. Sustainable cities and communities:

Conflicts prevent effective measures for fighting Covid-19; those in conflict areas are most at risk of suffering a loss from Covid-19.

8. Decent work and economic growth:

17.

Economic activities suspended; lower income, less work time, unemployment for certain occupations.

Aggravate backlash against globalization; but also highlight the importance of international cooperation on public health.

Partnerships:

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2. COVID-19 Adaptations (Urban Scale) 1.

Sustainable & affordable housing

• Planning: Early support to assist eligible housing providers to get started on achieving more sustainable affordable housing initiatives • Studies: Assess the approaches needed to implement an eligible energy efficient pilot or capital project in detail •

Pilot projects: Test out a new or innovative approach on a small scale

• Retrofit capital projects: Complete the renovation of existing housing units with the installation of energy efficient technologies •

New-build capital projects: Construct new homes that are highly energy efficient

Figure 5-24 Illustration of Possible Solutions to Make Low-Income Housing Sustainable Source: BuildingGreen.com

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Public green spaces

Examples for public spaces respecting safe social distance: • Maze-like parks by Austrian architecture firm Studio Precht It takes the fingerprint shape to create swirl patterns that forms several routes each of 90cm width and green hedges at sides to ensure safe physical distance. Each path is around 600m going form the edge of the park towards the center where you can find fountains, with 20-minute walk between gates at the entrances and those at exists of each route that ensures that no two consecutive visitors are going to meet in a distance shorter than the social distancing guideline.

To encourage social distancing in Domino Park, a popular waterfront park in Williamsburg, Brooklyn, New York, white circles, drawn six feet apart, designate places to sit or stand for visitors. Applied with chalk paint on artificial grass, the eight-foot circles are arranged in symmetrical rows and create a graphic, organized aesthetic for the park. White circles have also shown up in San Francisco parks.

Figure 5-26: Illustration of Social Distance Circles in Domino Park Source: UNHabitat

• Hyperlocal Micro market in Rotterdam, Netherlands

Figure 5-25: Visualization of Maze Source: Studio Precht

• Social Distancing Domino Park, Brooklyn

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Circles

HARM TIMMERANS the owner of planning company named: SHIFT ARCHITECTURE URBANISIM was inspired the new circumstances and his own experience of shopping (in Rotterdam, Netherlands) to develop what called “Hyperlocal Micro market” based on how hard it was to keep social distancing guidelines while doing grocery in usual markets. He created a 16-footsquare grid for a tiny market-

05 Gap Analysis place that has the privilege of being easy, cheaply, and quickly implemented in public squares.

for transformative, creative approach to developing agricultural products that meets the needs of consumers, farmers, and the planet by increasing access to fresh fruits and vegetables, supporting sustainably grown, hyperlocal production and addressing food security challenges faced by growing urban populations.

Figure 5-27: Small, Dispersed Markets Source: Harm Timmeranss Hyperlocal Micro Market

Figure 5-29: Illustration of Urban Farming Source: Stock Photo

Figure 5-28: Illustration of Market Source: Harm Timmeranss Hyperlocal Micro Market

3. Food security with urban farming Urban agriculture is a great example

Deepening collaboration

Collaboration between firms is important to stimulate the transition to a more sustainable society. This special volume shows that collaboration is indeed one of the preferred forms of governance to manage relations between firms in a sustainability context. Collaboration enhances sustainable benefits by creating legitimacy of sustainable technologies, reducing waste, and improving environmental and social performance of firms. The institutional environment, in particular environmental laws, and regulations, has a beneficial impact on collaboration and Graduation Project Report 2021-2022 256

NEXUS relationship management in sustainable supply chains.

Pedestrians & bike lanes

“Designing sustainable streets should include identifying needs and accommodating bicycles just as for other vehicles in the traffic mix. Streets should be designed and constructed to safely accommodate known and encourage bicycle use. The fundamental needs of bicyclists are twofold: safety while moving in traffic and convenient, safe and secure parking”. Bicycle facilities can be determined as follows: • Bike lanes which can achieve a streetscape experience between the sidewalks and parking lane. The impact of a bike lane on a neighborhood may be to reduce traffic congestion and pollution.

Figure 5-30: Illustration of Separate Bike, Pedestrian and Vehicle Lanes Source: Stock Photo

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• Bicycle racks which are important amenities that will encourage bicycle ridership and promote alternative modes of transportation. Bike racks should be installed at convenient locations along streets, typically near building entries. Promoting walkability though implementing the principles of sustainable streetscape:

Urban principles

It includes many elements as the following:

Legibility “Legibility is a characteristic whereby a city is easily understood by residents and visitors and allows them to move about in the city with ease. Important streets and squares must therefore look important they must be surrounded by stately buildings and lined by tall trees, must have wide roadways and sidewalks, special street furniture and ample light at night”.

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To achieve sustainable urban design of the streetscape, the principle of liveliness should be considered. Liveliness

Figure 5-31: Sketch from Kevin Lynch’s Image of the City Source: Kevin Lynch Image of City

Comfort and safety “Each streetscape must be functional. This means that it must be responsive to the needs of all its users, motorized and non-motorized alike. In other words, it has to be designed and furnished for comfort and safety of all: pedestrians, drivers, strollers, street café patrons, shoppers, sightseers, etc.”

“Streets must not function as mere movement and infrastructure corridors. Depending on their role in a broader urban context, they must be designed as lively spaces where people can see other people and be seen, where they can meet and interact. The image of the city and its attractiveness to visitors to a large extent depend on its street life”.

Attractiveness “All streetscape elements should be esthetically pleasing”, to improve the visual image for any city, and to achieve sustainability. This will not be achieved without applying the suitable design rates at the level of urban design.

Social principles

Figure 5-32: Picture from Cairene Market in Islamic Cairo Source: Egyptian Street Newspaper

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NEXUS be reached by providing comfortable separation of pedestrians from vehicular, trash receptacles, benches, and pedestrian lighting.

Economic principles

To achieve sustainability in streetscape at the economical level the following points should be considered.

“This category includes design solutions that reduce consumption of material resources. Design options that use recycled materials in construction, require fewer infrastructures in the solution, or increase durability”.

Circular business models

Circular economy business models keep products and materials in use, by design, for as long as possible to get the maximum value from them.

Sustainable materials “Sustainable materials are manufactured with concern for toxicity, sustainability of sources and the amount of energy required for production. Using sustainable materials reduces energy use and conserves natural resources. Sustainable materials are made from renewable resources”. So “materials that are utilized in the streetscape should be sustainable so that replacement and excessive maintenance are not required, when utilizing materials that are not durable”. Paving materials may be selected for reflectivity, green manufacturing, local sourcing and permeability”.

A circular economy approach ensures that materials are retained within productive use, in a high value state, for as long as possible. It focuses on reshaping business and economic systems so that waste is ‘designed out’ of how we live.

Figure 5-33: Diagram of Circular Economy

Reduce consumption of material resources

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Source: Stock Photo

Circular economy business models can:

05 Gap Analysis a. Offer new commercial opportunities

urban resilience include the following:

b. Contribute to business growth and sustainability

• Collect natural hazard and climate change information.

c. Generate new revenue d. Transform a business’ relationship with its customers e. Protect our economy against resource shortages and the rising cost of materials.

7. Support local businesses & workers

• Provide basic urban services to all residents. • Adopt risk-resilient land use planning and zoning. • Improve infrastructure design standards to take into consideration natural hazard and climate change risks. • Preserve natural ecosystem functions such as natural drainage channels, green space, and natural shoreline buffers. • Implement effective early warning systems, emergency disaster response, and post-disaster recovery.

Figure 5-34: Illustration of Local Businesses Source: Stock Photo

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Improve the air quality

Figure 5-35/36: Illustration of Sources of Air Pollution and Its Solution Source: World Health Organization

COVID-19 adaptations strategies in the medical sector

• Depopulate to reduce density and crowding and make other interventions more effective.

Spatial strategies that can be incorporated to help facilitate the achievement of safer spaces for our communities:

• Convert doublerooms into single rooms.

1. Make space for each person’s safety

and

triple

• Rearrange rooms to accommodate more space between people and use physical partitions where necessary.

2. Make your space breathe better • Use air cleansing strategies, such as Germicidal Ultraviolet (GUV) air disinfection units or high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters to purify potentially contaminated air. Figure 5-37: Illustration of Optimal Social Distancing Source: Mass Design Group

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•

Dilute and remove contaminat-

05 Gap Analysis ed indoor air by bringing in natural ventilation via open windows or doors. • Introduce air-purifying plants in cells and throughout the space. While unlikely to be effective against corona-virus, they introduce additional benefits, including reducing harmful VOCs, easing irritation to eyes, ears, nose, and throat; prevent coughing and congestion; lower stress; and have restorative benefits.

ple. • Where possible, make spaces self-sufficient, for example by establishing small kitchens /kitchenettes or laundry facilities within housing units (distribute small service points). • Stagger access to the outdoors to reinforce social distancing both outdoors and indoors. • Limit flows into and out of centralized kitchens. Separate food preparation from tableware and dinnerware. • Highlight thresholds where people may be entering or exiting an area where contagion risk is high or where they may encounter people who are medically vulnerable.

Figure 5-38: Illustration of Air Purifying Plants Source: Stock Photo

• Use outdoor spaces for healing activities where possible.

3. Sequence flows and segment populations • Create a plan to program space intentionally to minimize overlaps and touch-points between groups of peo-

Figure 5-39: Illustration of Ways to Source: Mass Design Group

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4. Use design cues to reinforce behavior change

5. Design for healing not for lockdown

• Highlight high-touch surfaces (like door handles, handrails, tabletops, and telephones) with bright-colored paint, tape, and/or signage.

• Facilitate access to video visitation via virtual platforms or small class sizes to provide educational and therapeutic opportunities.

• Post clear signage to communicate a consistent message and provide updates to staff and patients.

• Empower staff and patients to design and define their own spaces.

• Use way-finding clues like paint, tape, or signage to identify spaces thresholds where PPE and/or regular cleaning is necessary and make hand washing units and sanitizing stations available at the transition between contaminated and “safe” zones, and before other shared spaces.

• Normalize spaces by introducing softer furniture and plants as well as natural, and porous materials (surfaces on which the virus has a shorter lifespan) to create a calmer environment and release tension.

Designing for safe interaction, not social isolation. In the public domain, risk of infection is higher. The individual has minimal control over the cleanliness and relies on the local government, authorities, or policy makers to establish infection control norms.

Figure 5-40: Illustration of Cues Source: Mass Design Group

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In a semi-public realm there is typically a shared agreement for behavioral norms but the quantity of people and proximity to the “public” zone make it difficult for an individual to enforce or have control over norms.

05 Gap Analysis Semi-private zones are defined by their scale as they typically limit the number of individuals. Typically, users of the space are known, giving individuals greater control and knowledge of potential risks. Private zones are those where individuals have the greatest amount of infection control and where risks are lowest. This can vary based on how many people the residence is shared with, the relationship between residents to them, and the level of exposure of everyone.

Figure 5-41: Separation of Zones Source: Mass Design Group

Reconfigure medical facilities and consider alternatives Case study: Mount Sinai hospital

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NEXUS a. Spatial modifications

Figure 5-42: Plans of Mount Sinai hospital Source: Mass Design Group

Figure 5-43 Diagram of Intervention Source: Mass Design Group

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05 Gap Analysis entering vs exiting, convey key information briefly and increase staff efficiency.

Figure 5-44: Diagram of preferred condition Source: Mass Design Group

This diagram represents a preferred condition within which to treat patients with highly infectious diseases. A negative pressure isolation room is sealed from surrounding spaces to prevent contaminants and typically features transparent windows to allow for continuous monitoring from the nursing station. b. Design hacks

Figure 5-46: Design hack (2) Source: Mass Design Group

Its objectives is to create awareness around which risk zone staff are exiting vs entering, remind staff to get clean before leaving contaminated zones, reduce unnecessary movement between units and reduce disease transmission to non-COVID units.

Figure 5-45: Design hack (1) Source: Mass Design Group

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NEXUS c. Developing Spatial Literacy Red, “Hot” areas known to be contaminated, where providers should use full infection control precautions and be on alert Green, “Clean” areas that are confidently non-infected areas, where staff can use relaxed precautions.

Figure 5-47: Design hack (3) Source: Mass Design Group

Yellow, “Warm” or unclear areas that may pose risk even if not perceived as a risk zone.

Its objectives is to create clear clean zones around PPE carts, consolidate needed resources in one place, increase PPE adherence, reduce time and hassle in donning PPE and reduce PPE cart contamination

Figure 5-48: Colour coding a plan according to its infection risk Source: Mass Design Group

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Airflow Direction: Remove contaminated air before it spreads

Figure 5-49: Sum up for the COVID-19 design strategies in a tent clinic plan Source: Mass Design Group

5.3.4 Environmentally Considerate Following worldwide and regional targets, the environment is always considered to be a major point of regard. Being green and environmentally considerate is a part of NAC Target, Egypt’s Vision 2030, as well as smart cities definition. This section will discuss how NAC Medical City can be considerate of the environment as a smart city and a part of the New Administrative Capital, while being specific to medical sector.

5.3.4.1 GGHH Agenda As a start, this article will handle the suggested actions the agenda proposed in different sections. Because this agenda discusses green hospitals specifically, it was found important to talk about its actions first before diving into different courses.

Leadership

- Develop and commit to a system-wide green and healthy hospital policy.

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NEXUS - Dedicate staff resources at the executive/directorate and facility levels to address environmental health issues organization- or system-wide. - Invest in research to remove barriers to further innovation. - Provide opportunities for educating staff and community on environmental factors that contribute to the burden of disease, as well as the relationship between public environmental health and disease prevention. - Build or participate in local networks of hospitals and/or health services groups committed to advocate for environmental health policies.

Chemicals

- Develop institution-wide chemicals and materials policy and protocols to protect patient, worker, and community health and the environment, while helping drive society wide demand for alternatives.. - Participate in the WHO-HCWH Global Mercury-Free Health Care Initiative by substituting all mercury thermometers and blood pressure devices with safe, accurate, affordable alter-

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natives. - Address the use of chemicals of concern, including, for example, glutaraldehyde, halogenated fire retardants, PVC, DEHP and BPA, and seek safer alternatives and substitutes. - Adopt policies that require disclosure of chemical ingredients in products and materials and seek to ensure that all ingredients have undergone at least basic toxicity testing. - When products or materials are identified that contain Substances of Very High Concern. Substances that have been identified as carcinogenic, mutagenic, or toxic for reproduction, or that are persistent and bio accumulative or warrant similar concern. Hospitals should make it a high priority to replace them with safer alternatives.

Waste

- Segregate waste at source and initiate recycling for non-hazardous wastes. - Introduce non-burn treatment technology to ensure that the waste that cannot be avoided is treated and disposed of in an economical, safe and

05 Gap Analysis environmentally sustainable manner. - Advocate for public authorities to build and operate secure landfills to manage non-recyclable waste post-treatment.

- Implement water conservation strategies: install efficient faucets and toilets, routinely check plumbing and pipes to prevent leaks, eliminate seal and cooling water on medical air compression and vacuum pumps, and retrofit refrigeration systems.

- Support and participate in the development and implementation of “zero waste” policies that significantly reduce the amount of waste generated at the hospital, municipal and national levels.

- Switch from film-based radiological imaging equipment, which uses large quantities of water, to digital imaging, which uses no water and no polluting radiological chemicals.

- Landscape grounds using drought-resistant plants to minimize water use.

Energy

- Once efficiency measures are implemented, investigate the purchase of clean, renewable energy, and if available, purchase at least five percent at the next available opportunity. In existing plants, shift to cleaner boiler fuels. - Investigate sources of on-site, clean, renewable energy and include its generation in all new building plans.

Water

- Establish a framework that aspires to “net zero water use” within a hospital system.

- Consider harvesting rainwater and/or recycling water for process water uses. - Eliminate bottled water facility-wide if high quality potable water is available. -

Regularly analyze water quality.

- Implement on-site wastewater treatment technologies when no municipal service is available.

Transportation

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NEXUS - Develop strategies for telemedicine, communication by e-mail and other alternatives to face-to-face encounters between caregivers and patients.

- Work with local farmers, community-based organizations, and food suppliers to increase the availability of locally sourced, sustainably grown food.

- Encourage staff, patients, and visitors to walk or use carpools, public transport, or bicycles whenever possible. Install showers, lockers, and bicycle storage facilities to encourage staff to adopt healthy modes of transportation.

- Minimize and beneficially reuse food waste. For instance, compost food waste or use it as animal feed. Convert cooking oil waste into biofuel.

- Negotiate discounts for public transport to provide incentives for its use.

- Prescribe small initial quantities for new prescriptions.

- Optimize the energy efficiency of hospital fleet vehicles by using hybrid, electric or appropriate bio-fuel technologies.

Food

- Modify hospital menus and practices to support healthier food purchases by buying locally produced and organic produce. - Make the hospital a “fast food free zone”; eliminate sugar-based soft drinks in hospital cafeterias and vending machines.

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Pharmaceuticals

- Do not provide samples of medications to patients, as these often end up in the waste stream (or, alternatively, develop a program to reduce free sample waste). - Inform consumers about safe disposal methods for unused or expired medications. - Develop training programs for health care providers to optimize their prescribing practices. - Adopt a plan for the centralized procurement and distribution of medications that controls the quantities that patients receive and limits waste.

05 Gap Analysis - Initiate and publicize take-back programs to provide and alternative for patients to disposing of unused medicines down the drain or in municipal waste.

Buildings

- Aspire to carbon-neutral building operation. - Protect and restore natural habitat; minimize the combined footprint of building, parking, roads, and walks. - Use high reflectance roofing and paving, or “green roof” systems and pervious paving, to reduce urban heat island impacts, manage storm-water and promote habitat. - Employ passive systems wherever possible to provide increased resilience and redundancy. Use narrow floor plates for daylighting and natural ventilation. - Support the use of local and regional materials (reducing transportation energy), utilize salvaged and recycled materials (reducing energy otherwise expended on new production).

- Avoid materials such as lead and cadmium-containing paint and coatings, as well as asbestos. - Substitute materials containing persistent bio-accumulative toxic chemicals (PBT’s), including PVC, CPVC, and halogenated and brominated flame retardants, with safer alternatives. - Create civilized built environments that foster inhabitant choice and control, advanced indoor air quality (through natural ventilation and mechanical systems), lighting and acoustical settings that reduce stress and support health and productivity. - Advocate for policy guidelines and public funding that support green and healthy buildings.

10. Purchasing - Develop coordination between hospitals to increase buying power for environmentally preferable purchasing. - Require suppliers to disclose chemical ingredients and safety testing data for product purchases and give preference to suppliers and products meeting these specifications. Limit hosGraduation Project Report 2021-2022 272

NEXUS pital/health system purchases to products meeting these specifications. - Utilize purchasing power to obtain environmentally responsible and ethically produced products at cost competitive prices and work with manufacturers and suppliers to innovate and expand the availability of these products. - Advocate for Extended Producer Responsibility, and for products to be designed so they generate less waste, last longer, are less disposable, use less hazardous raw materials and include less packaging.

5.3.4 Environmentally Considerate Cont. 5.3.4.2 Air Purifying Drone This drone is a drone that can purify the polluted air. The main object is providing clean air to people. Evidently, the atmosphere in cities is incalculable. So, it does not aim to purify all of that enormous amount. Instead, it focuses on supplying clean air directly to the ground with the drone’s powerful motor. It will bring same effect as like op-

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erating a huge air circulator in cities, which is suiting of a medical city such as that of New Administrative Capital, as some patients need clean air more than anyone.

Figure 5-50: Visualization of Air-Purifying Drone Source: Yanko Design Website

The drone is designed as a double fan structure. The air filter is placed in each upside, and downside fan. There are air filters between both fans purifying the fine dust through the inhaling and releasing process.

5.3.4.3 Green Urban Corridor Green Urban Corridor is an urban design concept that aims to connect greenery of the city together. Having a green corridor makes it easy for animals and insects to travel within the city to form a complete eco-system. Consisting of greenery, urban corridors provide the city with clean air, add to its aesthetic value, and reduces urban

05 Gap Analysis heat island effect.

Figure 5-51: Image of Connected Green Urban Corridor Source: Natural Walking Cities website

The New Administrative Capital has a major green belt, called the Green Nile, which is connected to many valleys and districts through green ‘streams’. However, according to current plans, the zone dedicated to the medical city isn’t connected to the green river by any means. Therefore, providing the medical city with an green corridor will connect it to the green river, with the advantage of integrating the flora and fauna.

Figure 5-52: Illustration of Connected Green Urban Corridor Source: Sewing the City GUC

5.3.3.4 Monarch Sanctuary Project The monarch sanctuary is a project that combats the extinction of the monarch butterfly. One of the main reasons for it being on the brink of extinction is the lack of suitable environment for them to migrate or to reproduce. The monarch is accustomed to a certain temperature and humidity, so the absence of this environment makes it hard to survive. To save the monarchs, this project implemented different solutions. The building’s envelope consists of pods with stems similar to the ones the monarchs are accustomed to in flowers’ stamen. At the end of the stems are a hydrogel that works to maintain the humidity of which the monarchs are familiar with.

Figure 5-53: Image of Building’s Facade Source: Terraform ONE Monarch Sanctuary

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NEXUS mechanical butterflies to monitor the façade’s temperature and humidity and see if they match what the butterflies need. They revolve around the pods and have GPS installed to track them, as well as charging tunnels to make sure they are always up and running.

 Immediate Microclimate s en s ors Tem perature Nois e Air quality

m ois ture

GP S Ligh t

Figure 5-54: Mechanical Butterfly Source: Terraform ONE Monarch Sanctuary

To make sure that the air around is clean enough, the façade is clad with algae that is grown on 3D-printed panels with topography and texture similar to what algae grows on in nature.

be taken in our medical city to support the local ecology and enhance the visual and natural environment.

5.3.4.5 Nano-Scaled Materials Nano-scaled materials have the potential of enhancing the natural and built environment through different ways. They consist of Nano Particles, Nano Wires, Nano Films and Bulk Nano Materials, and can be found as coatings or fabrics. As fabrics, being nano-scaled enhances textile properties, such as: Anti-Bacterial, Water Repellent, UV Protection, Self-Cleaning, Maintaining Breath Ability and Air Purifying. Nano-coatings can act as materials that enhance the cleaning process by opting for lotus effect, using self-cleaning catalysts, or by having using UV water. Having self-cleaning materials would mean that there won’t be a need for cleaning materials, which tend to have a negative impact on the environment.

Figure 5-55: Algae Growing Surface Source: Terraform ONE Monarch Sanctuary

Even though this project is specific to its context, a similar approach can

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Figure 5-56: Nano-coatings Source: Efficiency of the Intelligent Materials Paper

05 Gap Analysis There are also materials with Nano Silica that when comes to contact with concrete and has sunlight reach it, eliminates bad smell & waste products in voids. Using products like this would decrease air pollutants and act as air purifiers. Figure 5-58: Thermo Chromic Prints Source: Efficiency of the Intelligent Materials Paper

5.3.5 Energy Efficiency

Figure 5-57: Nano-coatings Source: Efficiency of the Intelligent Materials Paper

As this is a medical city, it is essential to have strong infection control. Thus, nano-coating would greatly aid to infection prevention in two different ways. The first one is by preventing infectants to penetrate or latch on the materials (figure 5-28). Another way to utilize nano-technologies in infection control is by using it as a furniture coating layer and use Thermo Chromic Prints as a proof of receiving bodies of high temperature. (figure 5-29)

Being a smart and sustainable city requires a well-managed energy network and solutions. Therefore, reducing the loss of energy is essential to this study. This report chose only a few ways to use energy efficiently.

5.3.5.1 Smart Street Lighting A smart city cannot be without smart lighting. The idea of street lights only lighting when cars pass it is inseparable to the term ‘smart city’. However, smart street lighting does not only consist movement sensors.

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NEXUS Similar to traditional lighting posts, these posts have digital signage, CCTV and speakers. However, in this case, they will be connected to the Internet through the ‘Internet of Things’. Figure 5-59: Futuristic light posts Source: Philips Lighting

As street lighting happen to be abundant in urban areas and became an integral part of cities’ vertical visual environment, they have been used as a distribution points for other city elements such as signs and advertisements. Thus, associating more elements to it in smart cities won’t be a surprise. Smart lighting posts will act as a wireless Internet access point, so that everyone can access the web easily from anywhere. Moreover, they will have electric cars charging outlet, so that they can be easily found within the city. Other than that, the light posts will measure the amount of light surrounding it to automatically calculate the amount of needed light. In doing so, it will prevent any unnecessary lighting.

Figure 5-60: Illustration of Smart Lights Source: Stock Photo

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5.3.5.2 Solar Pathlight Integrating energy efficiency and intelligence must also be seen in landscape design. To achieve that, this report is suggesting adding solar pathlights to light the pedestrians’ network. These path lights function off the grid, as they generate their own solar electricity during the day which is sufficient for them to light at night. To guarantee that no energy goes to waste, it has motion sensors to detect when it needs to be turned on. Moreover, the path-lights can be controlled remotely through a mobile application as it is connected to the Internet.

Figure 5-61: Picture of Path-lights Source: Ring Website

05 Gap Analysis

5.3.5.3 Smart Materials Smart materials have certain known qualities such as: change of color or appearance, emitting of sound and odor, having refined patterns, changing in its shape, ability to produce kinetic movement and ability to display interactive images. Figure 5-63: Picture of photo chromic

panels

Source: Yeliz Tulubas Gokuc

5.3.5.4 Nano-Insulation Nano technology can be used in thermal and sound insulation as Nano Foam and Nano Powder, which are both used as a filling, or Vacuum Insulation Panels (VIPs) which are installed panels. Having thermal insulation would mean that the energy used for heating or cooling can be minimized, as it avoids the loss or gain of heat.

Figure 5-62: Pictures of Different Smart Materials Source: Unavailable

These materials can enhancing natural lighting and thermal Insulation by being thermo-chromic (coloured by temperature), photo chromic or chemo chromic.

Figure 5-64: Picture of Vacuum Insulation Panels Source: Antoine Batard

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NEXUS and sensors within the system to measure the temperature, and detect light, vibration, magnetism, chemicals and other stimuli. All this data is uploaded on the web right as it is collected, therefore any issue that arises will receive a fast response. Figure 5-65: Picture of Filling Insulation with Nano Technology Source: Antoine Batard

5.3.5.5 Smart HVAC Smart HVAC systems are systems that employ smart technologies to minimize the energy load and to detect any failure within the system. It uses technologies such as smart dust

Figure 5-66: Illustration of Smart HVAC Source: Adria Security Summit

Structure System (Structure Elements & Cladding materials) Noise isolation Thermal isolation Humidity control The Anti- bacterial effect Applications within openings

Applications within the furniture Heat control UV protection The process of cleaning Infection control

Lighting & heat control UV protection The process of cleaning Infection control Energy efficiency

HVAC System

Finishing materials

Smart control sensors Air purifying Reduce electricity by emitting light &producing light.

Protection from ultra violet rays The protection from bacteria The cleaning process

Figure 5-67: Illustration of Suggested Used Materials in Patients Rooms Source: Unavailabke

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05 Gap Analysis

5.3.6 Citizen Integration and Communication. Cities thrive with their citizens, and being connected with society would make a city stronger. As a sustainable, smart city, the New Administrative capital must work on integrating its citizens with each other and with the city.

Figure 5-69: Picture of Interactive Media Facade Source: UrbanScreens

For a sustainable and smart city, the interaction should be smart and sustainable too. For example, this two story suspended interactive pavilion is built using 1000 fiberglass rods connected by 3D printed nylon nodes, and the fiber optics are custom thread knitted by robots. (figure 5-69 & 70) Figure 5-68: Illustration of Social Participation Source: The Center for Conscious Design

5.3.6.1 Interactive Experience Providing citizens with the opportunity to interact with the city would greatly strengthen the relationship they have with the city. Interactive media architectural façades gives people the chance to physically impact their built environment, which increases their sense of belonging to their city or neighbourhood.

Figure 5-70: Picture of Interactive Pavilion Source: Parametric House’s ADA

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NEXUS ment data such as: facial expressions, voice tone, and gestures, captured by a network of cameras. An AI then intercepts the data and produces a suitable coloured rainbow.

marks in plazas and in amphitheaters as performances. The flexibility of holograms offers a lot of opportunities and as they are in 3D, which strengthens their context.

Figure 5-72: Hologram of Elephant Source: Circus Roncalli on BBC

Figure 5-71 Picture of fiberglass rods Source: Parametric House’s ADA

5.3.6.2 Citizen Communication It is important for the city to communicate with its population through different means to guarantee its reaching to them. As modern technologies surge, it is very possible to reach the citizen through technologies such as holograms, virtual screens, and speakers. Holograms can be used as land-

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And as for virtual screens, they can be used for roads navigation, or to have a positive impact on people and on buildings and giving them cheerful names. When not announcing, speakers can play music to match the area use.

Figure 5-73: Virtual Screen Source: Simp4Live

05 Gap Analysis

5.3.6.3 Citizen Integration As a medical city, it is crucial for all users and citizen to feel like they belong. This includes patients, tourists, and those who work and reside in the city. For that, it is important for the city to adapt to everyone’s needs.

such as speakers, landmarks and signage would help all those with vision and hearing disabilities, as well as serve as an important urban design element. All citizens should also feel at ease and safe, which was discussed in point 5.3.2 Safety and Security.

Figure 5-74: Social Integration Source: Stock Photo

Figure 5-75: Medical Hologram

For tourists, there are suggested activities such as having healing garden and using medical plants and herb medicine. A medical museum that works with holographic technology can also be beneficial, as it narrates the history of medicine to reach the current technological advance As a portion of the patients and residing citizens most likely have disabilities of different types, it is important for the urban design to aid them and not obstruct their activities. Generally, easy way finding and knowing the entrances easily would help everyone. Having auditory and visual beacons

Source: Microsoft Hololense

As a portion of the patients and residing citizens most likely have disabilities of different types, it is important for the urban design to aid them and not obstruct their activities. Generally, easy way finding and knowing the entrances easily would help everyone. Having auditory and visual beacons such as speakers, landmarks and signages would help all those with vision and hearing disabilities, as well as serve as an important urban design element. All citizens should also feel at ease and safe, which was discussed in point 5.3.2 Safety and Security.

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NEXUS

5.3.6.4 Healing by Agriculture and Landscape Defined as the therapeutic use of farming practices, agri-healing care farms utilize the whole or part of a farming property to provide health, social or educational care services through supervised, structured programs of farming-related activities. Having nature accessible to individuals plays a major role in their health and well-being as it benefits the mind, body and spirit. Nature helps the mind to cope and recover from stress, restore its concentration, improve one’s productivity, and has a calming and restorative effect on children and adults with ADHD. Using nature can also aid the body recover quicker from illnesses and may result to fewer amount of pain medications. It also fosters recovery from mental fatigue, boosts immune system and increase life expectancy. Lastly, nature benefits e spirit by reducing depression, as it aids the individuals to have a positive outlook on life and higher life satisfaction. It also has beneficial physiological effects (i.e., increased happiness) when humans interact with animals, plants and landscape. Agri-healing can be achieved by using regenerative agriculture, which focus on five elements, which are: not disturbing the soil, keeping the soil surface covered, keeping living roots in the soil, growing a diverse range of crops and lastly, bringing grazing animals back to the land. There are certain design principles that designers and stakeholders should follow when considering using agri-healing, these guidelines are Agrihealing

Hum an

Therapeutic gardens

Anim al assisted

Nature

Farm programs

Regenerative agriculture

Figure 5-76: Agri-healing Diagram Source: Author and NParks’ Publication

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Figure 5-77: Agri-healing Design Principles Diagram Source: Author and NParks’ Publication

Figure 5-78: Agri-healing Design Principles Diagram Source: Author and NParks’ Publication

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NEXUS shown in figures 5-76 & 5-77

Figure 5-79: Agri-healing Framework

On selecting a site accessibility should be considered where vehicular drop off should be as close as possible and lifts should be used in case of roof top gardens. Also, the site should be close to amenities like toiles and the terrain should be as flat as possible for ease of movement. It is also recommended that the site be located away from load amenities like playgrounds as well as roads. Shade should be used generously to protect users from the sun and the site should be away form any sources of air pollution.

3. Layout

Source: Author and NParks’ Publication

1. Planning

a. Garden Structures

Involve all stakeholders in the planning and design process, including users, carers, and healthcare personnel, to ensure that their wants and concerns are considered. Multiple perspectives aid in maximising the garden’s worth. To better design for their demands, one should also consider users’ cultural backgrounds, age groupings, and the severity of their illnesses (e.g., stage of dementia disease). Finally, programming should be considered in conjunction with the garden’s planning, design, and development.

The garden entrance should have features that stimulate the senses of the user and should contrast with the main path for ease of way-finding. It should also be familiar to the user using certain fragrances and plants and a scenic view is recommended.

2. Site Selection

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All areas should be accessible by wheelchairs and close to amenities. Moreover, shade is preferred to be provided by plants.

05 Gap Analysis

Figure 5-80: Layout Components Source: Author and NParks’ Publication

b. Visual Communication and Signage

A good visual communication and signage design aids in the successful transmission of information, boosting the user’s visit experience.

Figure 5-81: Placing of directiona marks Source: Author and NParks’ Publication

This can be accomplished by using graphic components such as images, layout, colours, font, signage scale, and location effectively. Signage can be placed at the therapeutic garden’s entry, within, or outside to provide direction, educational information, and/ or advisory messages to various users.

c. Planting and Composition It is preferred to use mature plants as a sign of continuity and longevity. Plants should also have different sensory inputs by having various colors, texture, smells and sounds.

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5.4 Conclusion of Analysis

05 Gap Analysis

5.4 CONCLUSION

Since analyzing local, regional, and worldwide targets, it is apparent that sustainability plays a major role in directing the future. The three pillars of sustainability have become the base on which prospective plans are founded on. Egypt’s 2030 Vision, the New Administrative Capital Targets and the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) unite at the importance of sustainability in the development of cities and societies. A medical city must not only survive the constant changes in state, but also help the rest to adapt to emerging changes. Thus, it reinforces the need for it to be resilient, therefore sustainability and intelligence are in the core requirements for the city developments. Yet, upon studying the current state, Egypt’s healthcare sector is far from being resilient. There is a shortage in facilities, shortage in medical staff, and increase in health problems. However, from viewing the already-set development plans, it is evident that the direction of progress is toward a more sustainable, smart and resilient healthcare. Having implemented the suggested solutions to minimize the gap between the current state and the targeted state in different sectors and not only in the medical city, would guarantee the country’s resilience and advancing towards a better future for the current and future generation.

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6.1 Medical City Overview

NEXUS

6.1 MEDICAL CITY OVERVIEW

6.1.1 Vision Our vision is for our city to be the largest medical hub in not only Egypt, but also on the African Continent. A global destination for both patients and medical personnel alike, providing the best class of healthcare for all.

6.1.2 Mission Through the integration of smart technologies and sustainable techniques, our Medical City will serve to restore the health of the natural environment as well as humans. By utilizing the existing resources and surrounding elements it will alleviate the quality of life of not only the Capital residents, but all those who seek its services.

6.1.3 Main Objectives 1- Functionality 2- Accessibility 3- Smartness

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4- Connectivity 5- Sustainability 6- Legibility

Fun ction ality

Legability

Acces s ibility

Objectiv es

Sm artn es s

Sus tain ability

Con n ectiv ity

Figure 6-1 : City objectives Source: Author

6.1.3.1 Functionality This city should respect the function of each and every zone. This includes the relationships between each zone and the other as well as user experience.

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NEXUS The city should be easily accessible both domestically and globally, given that it is a glocal destination. The city’s circulation should likewise be thoroughly investigated.

6.1.3.3 Smartness The smart city concept combines ICT and other physical devices connected to the Internet of Things (IoT) network to improve the efficiency of city operations and services while also connecting inhabitants. This is especially useful in the medical field, as system integration can save lives.

6.1.3.4 Connectivity A connected city is a strong city. Taking on a different approach for connectivity through the city’s green network.

6.1.3.5 Legibility It can be frightening to navigate a medical metropolis in an emergency. As a result, in the city, the use of specific distinctive visual cues is essential.

6.1.3.6 Sustainability The city aspires to heal not just persons, but also the environment. This can be accomplished through environmentally friendly design that focuses on the impact of medical buildings on the environment.

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6.2 Concept

NEXUS

6.2 CONCEPT

6.2.1 Concept Inspiration /pʌls/ A rhythmical throbbing of the arteries as blood is propelled through them, typically as felt in the wrists or neck, a vital part in determining one’s health status -OrThe central point of energy and organization in an area or activity

Figure 6-2 : A pulse Source: Author

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6.2.2 Concept Application The Medical City will be a vital part of the global medical fabric serving as a main hub to help enrich the medical world. The layout of the city is inspired by the pulses created by nodes. These nodes are based on the main user paths in the city as well as the hierarchy of zones. They act as main points of attraction in generating the grid.

Figure 6-3 : Different pulses based on users and functions Source: Author

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NEXUS

Figure 6-4 : The city is central in the m Source:

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medical world and has a global impact Author

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NEXUS

6.2.3 Project Name Nexus is the suggested name for the city, which means “central or focal point.” This word denotes the presence of two tiers. The first is based on the different pulses’ central locations, and the second is that the city is meant to play a central role in the medical world.

Nexus

Figure 6-5 : Inspiration for name Source: Author

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6.3 Space Program

NEXUS

6.3 SPACE PROGRAM

6.3.1 General Zones After careful analysis of the similar projects, it was determined that the zones needed in the project can be summed up into 10 main zones. These include the main medical zones, the conference center zone, services zones, recreational zones, open spaces, commercial zones, storage zones, accommodation zones, educational zones, and infrastructure. As is expected the medical zone covers the largest area with other zones supporting it as a whole and providing it with all the services it needs.

Figure 6-7 : Main zones areas Source: Author

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ZONES PERCENTAGES 11% 24%

22% 2% 3%

14% 8% 1% 5%

10%

Medical Zones

Conference and Cultural Centre

Services

Recreational/Cultural

Open Spaces

Commercial

Storage & Warehousing

Accommodation

Infrastructure

Educational Area

Figure 6-8 : Main zones areas pie chart Source: Author

6.3.2 Medical Zones Selection

In order to select the zones comprising the medical district, it was necessary to look at both local and global needs. This mainly included examining the most prevalent diseases in both cases and selecting the most vital ones to treat.

Figure 6-9 : Top causes of disease death in Egypt Source: Ourworldindata.org

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NEXUS

Figure 6-10 : Top causes of death world wide Source: World Health Organization

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After careful analysis of the most predominant diseases on both scales, it was determined that the main medical zones would contain a cardiovascular hospital, a general hospital including a liver hospital, a respiratory diseases hospital, a cancer center, a neonatal hospital, and others. It was also determined that the rehab center zone should have a dementia center as well as other types.

6.3.3 Zones and Areas Based on the previous studies and the analyzed case studies, areas were allotted to each zone and sub-zone.

Figure 6-11 : Areas of medical zones Source: Author

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NEXUS Area Percentage per Medical Speciality

12%

15%

12%

6% 7% 7% 5% 7%

6% 7%

7% 9%

General Hospital

Infectious Diseases Hospital

Psychiatric Hospital

Cardiovascular Hospital

Paediatric Hospital

Oncology/Cancer Hospital

Longevity Centre

Neonatal & Genecology Hospital

Rehab Centre

Vet Hospital

Physical Therapy

Shared Facilities

Outpatient Clinics

Figure 6-12 : Areas of medical zones pie chart Source: Author

User Percentage

8% 22%

11%

13% 11%

13%

General Hospital

Infectious Diseases Hospital

Psychiatric Hospital

Cardiovascular Hospital

Paediatric Hospital

Oncology/Cancer Hospital

Longevity Centre

Neonatal & Genecology Hospital

Figure 6-13 : Comparison between expected users in each medical zone Source: Author

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Figure 6-14 : Areas of other zones excluding open spaces, services, and infrastructure Source: Author

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Figure 6-15 : Areas of open spaces Source: Author

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Figure 6-16 : Areas of services and infrastructure Source: Author

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6.4 User Analysis

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6.4 USER ANALYSIS

6.4.1 User Analysis Introduction The importance of user analysis in establishing the primary paths or networks inside the area cannot be overstated. This type of analysis was necessary because the city wants to attract both national and international visitors.

6.4.2 Types of Users There are numerous types of users, each with their own set of requirements. Medical personnel, patients, researchers, students, visitors, and maintenance employees are among them.

6.4.2.1 Medical Staff A group of licensed physicians and other healthcare practitioners who are authorized by law and by a hospital to offer medical care within that hospital or facility. They usually include doctors, nurses, physicians, pharmacists and therapists.

Medical staff

Doctors Nurses Physicians Pharmacists Therapists

Main Areas of In teraction

Age groups

Medical z on e Residen tial Education al

5-18

18-35

35-60

Figure 6-17 : Medical staff information Source: Author

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Medical Staf f Categories

1400

500

720

Doctors Nurses Physicians Pharmacits Therapists

650

15000 Figure 6-18 : Medical staff numbers Source: Author

6.4.2.2 Patients Within a single zone patients can be classified as outpatient and inpatient. However, there is also a type of classification according to the hospital they are visiting.

Cardiovascular Cancer

Patients

Liver Lung Psychiatric Physically disabled Children Gynecological

Main Areas of In teraction

Medical z on e Residen tial Recreation al Figure 6-19 : Patients’ information Source: Author

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Age groups

5-18

18-35

35-60

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Main Hos pitals P atien ts 30000

60000 40000

Heart Liver Cancer Kidney

50000

70000

Lung

Figure Figure 6-18 6-20 : Medical : Patient staff numbers numbers Source: Author

6.4.2.3 Research Department

It is critical in the development of new medicines as well as ensuring that existing treatments are used to their full potential. Research can bridge knowledge gaps and change the way healthcare practitioners work by providing solutions to previously unknown questions.

Research

Age groups Professors Developers Reporters

Main Areas of In teraction

Medical z on e Education al

5-18

18-35

35-60

Figure 6-21 : Research department information Source: Author

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Res earch P rof es s ion s 1250

1400

Professors Developers Reporters 750 Figure 6-22 : Research department numbers Source: Author

6.4.2.4 Administrative Department

Administrative

Age groups Managers Office workers Receptionists & assistance

Main Areas of In teraction Utilities & Serv ice

Education al

5-18

Figure 6-23 : Administration information Source: Author

313

18-35

35-60

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Admin is trative 200

870

Managers Office Workers

3800

Receptionist s& Assistants

Figure 6-24 : Administration numbers Source: Author

6.4.2.5 Maintenance Department

Household

Maintenance

Transit drivers

Main Areas of In teraction

Age groups

IT professions Gardeners

P roduction

Services workers

Residen tial

Security Paramedics

Utilities and Serv ice

5-18

18-35 35-60

Monitoring

Figure 6-25 : Maintenance workers information Source: Author

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Main ten an ce work ers

1350 450 500 3500

15000

800 1600 400

Household Transit Drivers IT Gardeners Service Security Paramedics Monitering

Figure 6-26 : Maintenance workers numbers

6.4.2.6 Students

Source: Author

Age groups

Students

Undergrad Postgrad Masters Researchers

Main Areas of In teraction

Medical z on e Education al Figure 6-27 : Students’ information Source: Author

315

5-18 5-18

18-35 35-60 35-60 18-35

Studen ts 1600

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830

Undergrad Postgrad

2350

Masters 15000

Research

Figure 6-28 : Student numbers

6.4.2.7 Visitors

Source: Author

Vistors

Age groups Locals Global Patients' families

Main Areas of In teraction

Medical zz on on ee Medical Education alal Recreation

5-18 18-35 5-18 18-35 35-60

Figure 6-29 : Visitors’ information Source: Author

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NEXUS

Vis itors 10000

Local Global

35000 20000

Patients' Families

Figure 6-30 : Visitor numbers Source: Author

EMERGENCY

Emergency patients

TRANSIT Nurses Students Junior doctors Patients Visitors admin,. Figure 6-31 : Types of vehicles by user Source: Author

317

P RIVATE CAR

Senior doctors Researchers Admin. Patients Visitors

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EMERGENCY UNIT HOSP ITALS REHAB NURSING HUB

Figure 6-32 : Example of nurse user path Source: Author

Tran sit Station

Sen ior Doctor

Un iv ers ity Campu s

Staf f Accommodation

Gen eral Hos pital

Specialis t Hos pitals

Figure 6-33 : Example of senior doctor path Source: Author

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NEXUS

15 min s break

Slot 1 09:00 – 10:15

Education al

Slot 1

Break

10:30 – 11:45

Slot 1

Slot 3

12:00 – 01:00

01:00 – 02:15

Slot 1

Break

Slot 1

Adm in is trativ e

Slot 1

Break

Slot 3

Res earch

1 1

1 2

Rus

Figure 6-34 : Suggested educational, a Source:

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15 min s break

Slot 4

Slot 5

2:30 – 03:45

04:00 – 05:00

Slot 3

Slot 4

Slot 1

Break

Slot 4

break

Sh if t on e 70% capacity

Slot 3

Slot 4

Slot 5

1 1

1 2

h Hours

administration, and research schedules Author

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NEXUS

Medical Staf f

Sh if t on e

Nurs es

15 min s -

15 min s - Ex ch an ge allowan ce

Clin ic’s s pecialis ts

Slot 1

Slot 3

Slot 1

15 min s break

Daily Call -in s pecialis t

Slot 4

15 min s break

Sh if t on e 15 min s - Ex ch an ge allowan ce

GN ph y s ician s

Sh if t on e

15 min s - Ex ch an ge allowan ce

15 min s -

Main ten an ce

Sh if t on e

P aram edics

15 min s - Ex ch an ge allowan ce

Sh if t on e

Hous eh old

15 min s - Ex ch an ge allowan ce

Slot 1

IT – STAFF

Slot 1

15 m

Break

Security & Mon itorin g

Slot 3

Slot 4

Sh if t on e 15 min s - Ex ch an ge allowan ce

1 1

1 2

Sh if t On e

Figure 6-35 : Suggested medical s Source:

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Sh if t th ree

h if t two

- Ex ch an ge allowan ce

P HYSICANS THERAP ISTS DOCTORS

Slot 6

Slot 5

P HYSICANS P HARMATIS T

Sh if t two Sh if t th ree

Sh if t two

- Ex ch an ge allowan ce

Sh if t two Sh if t th ree

Sh if t two

min s - Ex ch an ge allowan ce

break

Slot 5

Slot 6

Sh if t two

1 1

1 1 2Sh if t Two

staff and maintenance schedules Author

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-Us er Journ ey -

P atien ts

Education al Adm in is trativ e Res earch

In pa

Common between educational & research uses Data analysis

Admin is trative cen ter

Res earch cen ter

Data cen ter

Welln es s park

Hos pit

Offices & control supervision

Un ivers ity campus

Practical la trainin

Welln es s park

Figure 6-36 : Patient, educational, adm Source:

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Physical / psychological treatment

Welln es s h otel

Welln es s park

Reh ab Welln es s & lurer park s

Outpatien t

atien t Clin ics

Scheduled slots with specialists

Hos pitals

General hospital , & specialized facilities

Medical park mall

Oculists , dentist & cosmetics facilities withing a commercial recreational hub

tals

abs & ng

ministrative, and research user journeys Author

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NEXUS

-Us er Journ ey -

Medical Staf f

Sen io docto

Nurs es

Tran s it Station

Loun ge/ break area

Almost 70% of nurses are predicted to arrive from public transport

Nurs in g h ub Lounge & training facility

ho s

Reh ab W here they have longer shifts

Hos pitals

Figure 6-37 : Medica Source:

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Loun ge/ break area

Un ivers ity campus

Jun ior doctor

Loun ge/ break area

or or Scheduled slots with patients

Staf f Accommodation clin ics

Hos pitals

Where call in staff & trainees stay

General hospital , & specialized facilities

General ospital , & pecialized facilities

al staff user journey Author

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6.5 Design

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6.5 PRELIMINARY DESIGN

6.5.1 Functionality This objective can be seen clearly in the zoning where relationship between users and uses is studied carefully. The grid is done through computational analysis of the charges or strength of the main nodes as used by the users.

Figure 6-39 : User paths and node creation Source: Author

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NEXUS

Figure 6-40 : Grid creation using computational methods Source: Author

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Figure 6-40 : Zoning macro scale Source: Author

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Figure 6-41 : Zoning micro scale Source: Author

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Figure 6-42 : Layout Source: Author

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6.5.2 Accessibility The aim of the project was to be easily accessible both locally and globally. This is a given considering its close proximity to both the Regional Ring Road and the Capital Airport. Another aspect taken into account whilst designing was the ease of access and networks deciphering for the user. There are the main accessibility networks within the site. The first layer is the emergency network, then the main road (including bike lanes, car lanes and pedestrian lanes), and finally the service lanes.

Figure 6-43 : Airport location in relation to the site Source: Author

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Figure 6-44 : Road heirarchy with zones Source: Author

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Figure 6-45 : Vehicular network Source: Author

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Figure 6-46 : Cycling network Source: Author

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Figure 6-47 : Pedestrian network Source: Author

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Figure 6-48 : Emergency routes on plan in red Source: Author

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Figure 6-49 : Entrances locations Source: Author

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Figure 6-50 : Intersections locations and types map Source: Author

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Figure 6-51 : Pod stations radius of service Source: Author

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Figure 6-52 : Pod station schematic zoning Source: Author

Figure 6-53 : Pod rail blowup Source: Author

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Figure 6-54 : Pod Source:

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d blowup Author

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Figure 6-55 : Networks’ intersection Source: Author

Figure 6-56 : Main road section Source: Author

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6.5.3 Smartness One of the main goals of a smart city is to use smart technologies and data analysis to optimize city functions and boost economic growth while also increasing people’ quality of life. The value of technology is determined by how it is used rather than how much of it is available. Some of these techniques include using smart drones for medical purposes, smart pods for transportation, an open data network, apps to connect staff and patients, and much more.

Figure 6-57 : Smart bus app Source: Behance Creator

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Figure 6-58 : Ambulance drones Source: Freepik

Figure 6-59 : App for doctors Source: Behance Creator

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Figure 6-60 : Smart pods Source: PSFK

6.5.4 Legibility It was essential when designing the medical city to incorporate landmarks at these main nodes in order to help the users orient themselves and way-find. 1 2 3

4 6

Figure 6-61 : Serial vision allocation Source: Author

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Figure 6-62 : 1-Entrance Source: Author

Figure 6-63 : 2- Emergency road intersection with pods Source: Author

Figure 6-64 : 3- Station and pedestrian level difference Source: Author

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Figure 6-65 : 5- Main plaza in therapeutic gardens with waterfall over several levels Source: Author

Figure 6-66 : 5- Network overlap Source: Author

Figure 6-67 : 6-View of General Hospital Source: Author

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6.5.5 Connectivity Connectivity is a very important aspect in any scale of design and especially urban design. Integration of all zones and making them connected was essential. Moreover the relations between each network and the others was also crucial. There are two main networks that connected the project besides the street network. These networks are the green spaces network and the pedestrian network.

Figure 6-68 : Green networks Source: Author

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Figure 6-69: Pedestrian networks in green zones Source: Author

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6.5.6 Sustainability Sustainability enhances our quality of life while also safeguarding our ecosystem and natural resources for future generations. In the business world, sustainability is linked to a company’s holistic approach, which considers everything from manufacturing to logistics to customer service. On the urban scale, there are many sustainable techniques applied especially in the landscape. These include water saving methods, water recycling methods, plant selection, waste management, energy generation and others.

Air Purifers Landmarks

Rainwater

run oo

Wetland Flora Retention Pond

-Reu Drip

Reuse- Drip Irrigation

Figure 6-70 : Sustaina Source:

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Hydropowered Pods Bioswale

use Irrigation

Rotational Recycle Loop

Inﬁltration Trench Greywater

Water Treatment Plant

able solutions section Author

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6.5.6.1 Energy Management Hospitals require roughly two and a half times the energy that a typical business facility does. Because they consume so much energy, hospitals can achieve higher-than-average energy savings—and lower energy costs—by utilising renewable energy sources.

Figure 6-71 : Energy mana Source:

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Renewable energy can help hospitals save money on energy and protect themselves from price rises, but the benefits go well beyond that. Hospitals that use renewable energy stand out among their peers because of their dedication to community health and environmental sustainability. Renewable energy sources can help improve environmental health by reducing the influence of hospital operations on power plant emissions.

agement plan for the city Author

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6.5.6.2 WELL Rating System The WELL rating is a performance-based system developed by the USGBC for assessing, certifying, and monitoring aspects of the built environment that have an impact on human health and well-being. Its residents’ nutrition, exercise, mood, sleep patterns, and performance are all aimed towards preventing chronic diseases. The USGBC’s WELL rating system divides wellness into seven ‘concepts,’ each with more than 102 ‘features.’ These can be performance-based (e.g., VOC reduction) or prescriptive (e.g., specified technology, design techniques, or protocols are required) (e.g. a smoking ban).

Figure 6-72 : WELL Categories Source: Rethinking the future

6.5.6.2.1 Water The WELL Water concept encompasses features of liquid water quality, distribution, and control in a building. It has features that handle drinking water supply and contamination levels, as well as water management capabilities that prevent

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harm to building materials and environmental conditions. Some of the methods to accomplish this in the project include rainwater collection through harvesting it, filtering it, storing it and then reusing it for irrigation. Another method are the ponds in parks which are used for collection of rainwater. Moreover, there are rain sensors; automated watering system that organizes and reduces the need for irrigation. Finally, the project adapts a plantation theme that consumes very low amounts of water for its irrigation .To make sure of drinking water quality there is preliminary water quality testing and we can improve water quality by requiring the use of water treatment systems.

6.5.6.2.2 Thermal Comfort Through better HVAC system design and operation, as well as fulfilling individual thermal preferences, the WELL Thermal Comfort concept strives to promote human productivity and assure a maximum degree of thermal comfort among all building users. Methods used to help maintain thermal comfort levels in the project include urban heat island mitigation through increasing tree and vegetative cover and utilizing smart growth practices. These practices include creating walkable neighborhoods, fostering distinctive, attractive communities with a strong sense of place perserving open space, and critical environmental areas and encouraging community and stakeholder collaboration in development decisions’ Other methods include: using cool pavements, urban vegetation and green spaces, urban water bodies, and use of shading elements.

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Figure 6-73 : Water mana Source:

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agement techniques in 3D Author

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Figure 6-74 : Smart water Source:

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r management techniques Author

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Side Rete

Lake ParkEvaporative Cooling

Run-oo Collection at Lowest Contou

Recycled Water- D

Figure 6-75 : Water mana Source:

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Rain Garden Bridge

e-walk ention Pond

Run-oo water

Bioswale and Inﬁlteration Trenches

Wetland Flora

Gravel

Drip Irrigation

Soil bed Perforated Pipe

agement techniques sketch Author

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Figure 6-76 : Therm Source:

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mal comfort methods Author

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6.5.6.2.3 Air The WELL Air concept attempts to maintain high levels of indoor air quality throughout the life of a building by employing a variety of tactics such as source elimination or reduction, active and passive building design and operation strategies, and human behaviour interventions. Through certain rules and measure this can be achieved. 1. Indoor smoking ban: smoking is prohibited in, healthcare and educational facilities 2. Outdoor smoking ban.(only allowed in certain zones) 3. Low emission vehicles: Replace transportation in the city with transportations electrical pods

Figure 6-77 : Methods for better air quality Source: Author

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6.5.6.2.4 Light The WELL Light idea encourages people to be exposed to light and attempts to create lighting situations that are healthy for their eyes, minds, and bodies. In order to support visual acuity by setting a threshold for adequate light levels and requiring luminance to be balanced within and across indoor spaces, a lighting master plan was devised. Lighting Master Plan: •

Adopts a design focused on pedestrians

• Provides various luminaire options with a range of energy savings depending on luminaire type, road type and in conjunction with the lighting design standard for that road • Use of LED lighting with ‘smart control’ nodes which vastly improve management and monitoring capabilities whilst also providing cost efficiencies and accelerating timeframes. •

Provide Lighting Control Schedule

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Figure 6-78 : Methods for better light quality Source: Author

6.5.6.2.5 Material TThe WELL Materials idea strives to decrease human exposure to hazardous building material elements by restricting or eliminating toxic substances or products and promoting safer substitutes. Compounds that are recognised to be harmful to occupational workers’ health and/or that bioaccumulate or aggregate in the environment are likewise restricted, and in some cases, prohibited. This can be done through hazardous waste management which includes the collection, recycling, treatment, transportation, disposal, and monitoring of wastes

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disposal sites. Another idea is waste stream management where we can track what comes into a facility (in\out) by tracking systems. Additionally, we can use native construction materials such as limestone from the nearby lands.

Figure 6-79 : Smart methods for material and waste management Source: Author

6.5.6.2.6 Mind The WELL Mind idea promotes mental health by addressing the various aspects that influence cognitive and emotional well-being through policy, programme, and design methods. Using our healing gardens and relaxed atmosphere we try to provide a place where one is mentally calm. This can also help in healing people and preventing Graduation Project Report 2021-2022 370

NEXUS mental health crisis. Also, many outdoor child play places can be found as well as restorative green and blue spaces. Another thing is promoting responsible driving through limiting car speed limits.

Figure 6-80 : Methods for better mental health Source: Author

6.5.6.2.7 Movement Through environmental design methods, initiatives, and regulations, the WELL Movement concept encourages movement, physical activity, and active living while discouraging sedentary behaviours.

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First of all, the light rail station and the main parts of the project which are the hospitals, and the business zone could be reached within a 7 min walk. Moreover, the design is focused on producing a smart street network enhanced with sensors and cameras and developing an app that guides the users through all the needed detail, as well as dashboards. A bicycle sharing system will be introduced into the site. Introducing a safer route that is mainly dependent on walking and cycling was a main objective. The design of the masterplan ensures that almost all the buildings found in site are directly accessible from the circulation network and the public spaces found within the site. All the following are also achieved through design to help in wayfinding •

Create an identity at each location, different from all others.

•

Use landmarks to provide orientation cues and memorable locations.

•

Create well-structured paths.

•

Create regions of differing visual character.

•

Don’t give the user too many choices in navigation.

•

Use survey views (give navigators a vista or map).

•

Provide signs at decision points to help wayfinding decisions.

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Figure 6-81 : Movem Source:

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ment WELL analysis Author

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6.5.7 Final Proposed Design Overall, twelve plots were selected for the next phase in design and were each individually designed. These included, The Children’s Hospital, The Cardiosvascular Hospital, The Longevity Center, The Shared Facility, The Oncology Hospital, The Rare Disease Hospital, The Pyschiatric Hospital, 2 rehab centers and 2 research centers.

Figure 6-82 : The Chosen Locations Source: Author

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Figure 6-83 : The Final Design Source: Author

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REFERENCES

https://www.undp.org/sustainable-development-goals?utm_source=EN&utm_ medium=GSR&utm_content=US_UNDP_PaidSearch_Brand_English&utm_ campaign=CENTRAL&c_src=CENTRAL&c_src2=GSR&gclid=CjwKCAiAvriMBhAuEiwA8Cs5lYQa55FHHnZ9Vfs1r0gtVdCr9VwAovC18tIWulNy3ZxlCvE_1gUM6hoC-W8QAvD_BwE https://sdgs.un.org/goals https://planipolis.iiep.unesco.org/sites/default/files/ressources/egypt_vision_2030.pdf https://www.arabdevelopmentportal.com/sites/default/files/publication/sds_ egypt_vision_2030.pdf https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-urban-growth-of-metropolitan-Cairo_ fig9_257497926 https://www.dar.com/work/project/new-administrative-capital https://cubeconsultants.org/thecapitalcairo/ https://cubeconsultants.org/portfolio/cairo-capital-new-terminal/ https://cubeconsultants.org/portfolio/central-business-district-the-capital-cairo-2/ https://www.newcapital-projects.com/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7 %D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%85%D8%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9377

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%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9/ https://citymonitor.ai/skylines/so-why-egypt-building-new-capital-city-right-nextcairo-855 https://www.egyptindependent.com/health-minister-announces-medical-city-new-administrative-capital/ https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/aegypten/13317.pdf https://cubeconsultants.org/thecapitalcairo/ https://www.siac.com.eg/?q=experience-sectors/building/new-capital-hospital https://www.who.int/ https://www.worldlifeexpectancy.com/country-health-profile/egypt https://www.archdaily.com/225153/sheikh-khalifa-medical-city-in-abu-dhabi-som https://www.draganarchitecture.com/en/project.php?page=item&project_id=70 https://worldlandscapearchitect.com/woodlands-health-campus-singapore-icn-design/ https://www.greshamsmith.com/project/shanghai-new-hongqiao-international-medical-center-shared-facility/ https://www.greshamsmith.com/project/huashan-hospital/

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NEXUS https://www.clc.gov.sg/docs/default-source/lecture-slides/clc_woodlands_ health_campus_190807.pdf https://aiachicago.awardsplatform.com/gallery/dLgYJPQR/MVryenEa?search=8cbc058cbc8db370-5 https://medicaldistrict.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/imd_master-plan-update_01-11-2019_scb.pdf https://medicaldistrict.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/imd-design-guidelines_ scb_1-8-2016.pdf https://www.greshamsmith.com/project/shanghai-lanhai-rehab-hospital/ https://www.greshamsmith.com/project/shanghai-international-medical-city/tt https://issuu.com/gresham-smith/docs/4-shanghai_medical_city https://issuu.com/cube-egypt/docs/alexandria_medical_city-_cube-2010 https://cubeconsultants.org/portfolio/alexandria-medical-city-2/ https://efamagazine.com/trends/5-elements-successful-rehabilitation-garden/ https://www.homesandgardens.com/ideas/sensory-garden-ideas https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/horticultural-crops https://kluedo.ub.uni-kl.de/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/4514/file/Revised+Ph-

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D+Thesis+Seyyed+Mohammad+Reza+Khalilnezhad.pdf https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339678883_Implication_of_Urban_ Agriculture_and_Vertical_Farming_for_Future_Sustainability h t t p s : / / w w w . a n t i o c h . e d u / w p - c o n t e n t / u p loads/2020/11/0411953horticulture-therapy-workbook.pdf https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238742667_Health_Benefits_of_Urban_Agriculture https://stud.epsilon.slu.se/5260/1/shahrad_a_130117.pdf https://scholar.cu.edu.eg/sites/default/files/drh/files/healing_gardens_deisgn_ barmelgy_h._m_2013.pdf https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sdgs-framework-for-covid-19-recovery/ https://www.unep.org/ar/node/27987 https://www.thegef.org/documents/gef-7-programming-directions CHEMICALS AND WASTE FOCAL Global Context of Chemicals and Waste GEF-7

AREA

STRATEGY

sg_report_socio-economic_impact_of_covid19.pdf https://www.un.org/zh/desa/sustainable-development-goals-re port-2020-goal-7-covid-19-implications https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/articles/coronavirus-covid-19-regulations-and-guidGraduation Project Report 2021-2022 380

NEXUS ance-what-they-mean-you https://www.dwell.com/article/public-space-design-coronavirus-covid-19e8fdb774 https://designbuild.nridigital.com/design_build_review_jun20/coronavirus_innovative_designs_architects https://www.unido.org/global-call-itpos https://www.azuremagazine.com/article/design-innovations-covid-19-ppe/ https://Chicago.suntimes.com/corona-virus/2020/10/21/21525361/covid-coronavirus-ventilation-air-filtration-spread-indoors https://www.dwell.com/article/public-space-design-coronavirus-covid-19e8fdb774 Focal_area_GEF-7_Programming_Directions_Impact_Programs.pdf https://blog.werobotics.org/2020/04/09/drones-coronavirus-no-sense/ The Role of Architecture Carceral Environments and COVID-19 pd

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Fighting

COVID-19

The Role of Architecture in Fighting Guidelines for Limiting Contagion in COVID-19 Tent Clinics

COVID-19

Designing Senior Housing for The Role of Architecture in Fighting COVID-19

Interaction

Safe

References

The Role of Architecture in Fighting COVID-19 Redesigning Hospital Spaces on the Fly to Protect Healthcare Workers The Role of Architecture Designing Spaces for Infection Control MASS Select Infectious Disease Mitigation

Fighting

COVID-19

Design

Group Projects

The Role of Architecture in Fighting COVID-19 Redesigning Hospital Spaces on the Fly to Protect Healthcare Workers https://www.shift-au.com/projects/hyperlocal-micromarket/ https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/05/coronavirus-change-cities-infrastructure/ https://www.leonardsplaine.com/best-hvac-uv-lights/ https://eu-lti.bbcollab.com/collab/ui/session/playback https://efamagazine.com/trends/5-elements-successful-rehabilitation-garden/ https://www.homesandgardens.com/ideas/sensory-garden-ideas https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/horticultural-crops https://kluedo.ub.uni-kl.de/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/4514/file/Revised+PhD+Thesis+Seyyed+Mohammad+Reza+Khalilnezhad.pdf Graduation Project Report 2021-2022 382

NEXUS https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339678883_Implication_of_Urban_ Agriculture_and_Vertical_Farming_for_Future_Sustainability https://www.antioch.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/0411953horticulture-therapy-workbook.pdf https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238742667_Health_Benefits_of_Urban_Agriculture https://stud.epsilon.slu.se/5260/1/shahrad_a_130117.pdf https://scholar.cu.edu.eg/sites/default/files/drh/files/healing_gardens_deisgn_ barmelgy_h._m_2013.pdf https://www.sane.org/information-stories/the-sane-blog/wellbeing/care-farming#:~:text=Care%20farming%20is%20defined%20as,programs%20of%20farming%2Drelated%20activities. https://www.foodunfolded.com/article/regenerative-agriculture-how-it-works#:~:text=By%20restoring%20degraded%20soils%20and,term%20productivity%20 of%20our%20land. https://www.nparks.gov.sg/~/media/nparks-real-content/gardens-parks-and-nature/therapeutic-gardens/designguidelines_for_therapeuticgardens_in_sg.pdf https://positivepsychology.com/positive-effects-of-nature/ United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) The Efficiency of the Intelligent Materials in the Patient Room by Randa Hassan Mohamed and Eman Ali Mohamed Shiha

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References

IoT Architecture a Gateway for Smart Cities in Arab World by Samah El Khateeb Guidelines for the Development of a Smart Sustainable City Chapter 2 of Overview of the Health System in Egypt from Service Employment Law Urban Design and Mental Health by Layla, Mccay & Bremer, Ingrid & Endale, Tarik & Jannati, Marjia & Yi, Jihyun. https://spectrum.ieee.org/luvozo-sam-robotic-assistance-to-senior-living-facilities#toggle-gdpr https://www.engineeringforchange.org/solutions/product/ambulance-drone/ https://futurism.com/autonomous-transport-pods-dubai https://www.telit.com/industries-solutions/smart-buildings/security-surveillance/ https:// www.eg.undp.org/content/egypt/en/home.html https://social.shorthand.com/AlaaDirini/nyRRut9223/medical-waste-in-cairo-impact-and-health-problems https://www.architectmagazine.com/technology/jenny-sabin-studios-ada-embeds-ai-in-architecture-at-microsoft_o https://terreform.org/monarch-sanctuary

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