Compiled by : FD Architects Forum Gr. Floor , Ashoka apartment Bhawani Singh Road C-scheme , Jaipur -302001 Rajasthan ( INDIA) Ph. 91-0141-2743536 Email: architect@frontdesk.co.in Web : http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
STONE
INTRODUCTION The art of building in stone has evolve as a result of stone
satisfying two basic human need
Secular need of shelter from weather protection from enemies
Sacred Need concern with higher ideals relating to rituals of celebration, commemoration and worship. sacred realms of gods , king and myths.
http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
The Material Stone is the oldest building material known to man , the origin of stone date back to a period nearly 4,000 millions years ago. Over these millions of years the continually evolving structure of earth crust has produced a wide variety of minerals outcrops. None of these deposits are identical .
http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
Types of Stones There are three main types of stones: 1.
Igneous - formed when molten rock cools.
2.
Sedimentary – formed by “cementing together” of small grains of sediment.
3.
Metamorphic – rocks changed by the effect of heat and pressure.
http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
Type of Stone Stone
Igneous
intrusive
Granite
Sedimentary
Extrusive
Scoria
obsidian
Conglomerate
Metamorphic
Gneiss
schist
Pumice
Gypsum
Marble
Slate Stone
Lime Stone
Sand Stone
http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
Shale Stone
Igneous Stones ď Ž
These are rocks formed by the cooling of molten rock (magma.) volcano
Magma cools and solidifies forming igneous stones magma http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
Igneous Stones Igneous rocks are
formed when molten rock (magma) is pushed up from beneath the earth’s crust and cools to form solid rock The molten rock is called lava when it reaches the surface
Properties Contain crystals and are very hard There are two types of igneous rock
Intrusive (cools within the earth) Extrusive (cools outside the earth)
http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
Igneous Continued... Intrusive igneous rocks
have cooled slowly in the earth’s crust They have large crystals Extrusive igneous rocks cool quickly Granite rocks are igneous rocks which They have small were formed by slowly cooling pockets crystals of magma that were trapped beneath the earth's surface. Granite is used in kitchens due to its hard, durable, and heat resistant nature. http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
Igneous Scoria Scoria rocks are igneous rocks which were formed when lava cooled quickly above ground. You can see where little pockets of air had been. Scoria is actually a kind of glass and not a mixture of minerals.
http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
Igneous obsidian Obsidian rocks are igneous rocks that form when lava cools quickly above ground. Obsidian is actually glass and not a mixture of minerals. The edges of this rock are very sharp. Example are Feldspar, quartz and mica.
http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
Pumice Pumice rocks are igneous rocks which were formed when lava cooled quickly above ground. You can see where little pockets of air had been. This rock is so light, that many pumice rocks will actually float in water. Pumice is actually a kind of glass and not a mixture of minerals. Because this rock is so light, it is used quite often as a decorative landscape stone. Ground to a powder, it is used as an abrasive in polish compounds and in Lava soap. http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
Sedimentary Stones
Sedimentary Rocks are rocks formed when particles of sediment build up and are “cemented together” by the effect of pressure and minerals. The rocks are weathered by
Mechanical Weathering Physically breaks the rocks into smaller pieces Chemical Weathering Chemical reaction that break down rocks
http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
Sedimentary Continued ... These layers are pressed down throughout time,
until the bottom layers slowly turn into rock. The weight of all the layers squeezes out most of the water from the sediment Chemicals in the water cement the bits of sand and mud together A new sedimentary forms ! Most sedimentary rocks are classified by particle size
http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
Sedimentary Conglomerate Conglomerate rocks are sedimentary rocks. They are made up of large sediments like sand and pebbles. The sediment is so large that pressure alone cannot hold the rock together; it is also cemented together with dissolved minerals. http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
Sedimentary Gypsum Gypsum are sedimentary rocks made up of sulphate mineral and formed as the result of evaporating sea water in massive prehistoric basins. It is very soft and is used to make Plaster of Paris, casts, molds, and wallboards.
http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
sedimentary Limestone Limestone are sedimentary stones that are made from the mineral calcite which came from the beds of evaporated seas and lakes and from sea animal shells. This rock is used in concrete and is an excellent building stone for humid regions.
http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
Sedimentary Sandstone Sandstone are sedimentary stones made from small grains of the minerals quartz and feldspar. They often form in layers as seen in this picture. They are often used as building stones.
http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
Sedimenatry shale stone Shale Stone is a type of sedimentary rock formed from clay that is compacted together by pressure. They are used to make bricks and other material that is fired in a kiln.
http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
Utah sandstone
http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
Metamorphic Stone
Metamorphic rocks are formed due to the effect of heat and pressure on existing rocks. Metamorphic means “changes formed” This can greatly affect the hardness, texture or layer patterns of the rocks. Pressure from
surface rocks metamorphic rock
Magma
forming
here
heat http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
Metamorphic Stone Metamorphic is derived from the Greek word "meta" denoting a change and "morph" meaning form or a change in form. This changing of one rock type into another new type takes place by an increase in temperature or pressure or a combination of both. The original minerals of the stone recrystallize, small crystals merge to form larger crystals with no changes in the mineral chemistry, fine-grained calcite in limestone recrystallizes to a coarse-grained calcite crystal structure in marble; or there may by a transformation into a different set of metamorphic minerals. This recrystallization transforms the Shale into a colorful Slate "Siliceous". Limestone becomes a multi colored Marble "Calcareous" and the grainy Sandstone alters into a highly crystallized sparkling Quartzite "Siliceous". http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
How metamorphic Stone change Sedimentary or igneous rock is pushed down towards the
earth’s mantle
The magma heats it up and changes its structure (re-
crystallization) and pressure pushes down on the rocks
The texture, mineral structure and physical properties all
change
Marble and Slate are common metamorphic rocks
http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
Metamorphic Gneiss Gneiss rocks are metamorphic. These rocks may have been granite, which is an igneous rock, but heat and pressure changed it. You can see how the mineral grains in the rock were flattened through tremendous heat and pressure and are arranged in alternating patterns. http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
Metamorphic schist Schist rocks are metamorphic. These rocks can be formed from basalt, an igneous rock; shale, a sedimentary rock; or slate, a metamorphic rock. Through tremendous heat and pressure, these rocks were transformed into this new kind of rock. http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
Production and Manufacturing categories of Indian stones India is one of the few countries in the world possessing a wide spectrum of dimensional stones viz. Granite, Marble, Sandstone, Limestone, Slate, Quartzite etc. The Indian stone industry has evolved into the following production and manufacturing categories: 1. Dimensional stone blocks for monumental and building purposes, 2. Processed Monuments and tomb stones, 3. Structural slabs in all forms, 4. Sculptures and artefacts, 5. Calibrated modular tiles, and 6. Cobbles, Cubes, Kerbs and Landscape garden stones http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
Type of Dimension Stone Stone
Igneous
Sedimentary
Granite
Metamorphic
Slate Stone
Lime Sone
Sand Stone
http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
Marble
Granite Stone Granite basically refers to a common, coarse-grained, light-colored, hard igneous rock comprising chiefly of quartz, orthoclase or microcline, and mica, used widely in monuments and buildings. It is a common and widely-occurring type of intrusive, felsic, igneous rock that form at great depths and pressures under continents. Ordinary granite always carries a small amount of plagioclase, but when this is absent the rock is referred to as alkali granite. Granite consists of orthoclase and plagioclase feldspars, quartz, hornblende, biotite, muscovite and minor accessory minerals such as magnetite, garnet, zircon and apatite. Granites can be pink to dark gray or even black, depending on their chemistry and mineralogy. Granite can also be termed as a rock consisting essentially of crystals of feldspar and mica in a mass of quartz. There is a wide categorization of granite stone types including different type of tiles, chips, blocks etc. This stone works perfectly for decorating home, office and other places very elegantly.
http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
MAJOR VARIETIES OF GRANITE IN INDIA State
Granite varieties
Andhra Pradesh
Black Galaxy, Srikakulam Blue, Kashmir White, Steel Grey, Daisy Blue, American/Cobra/Emerald Green, English Teak, Kuppam Green, Madanapalle White, Pink Multi, Anantapur Grey, Paradiso, Spotted Red, Ivory Shine, Tan Brown, Pista Green, Black Granite, Silver Galaxy
Bihar
Tiger Skin, Mayurakshi Blue, Sawan Rose, English Teak, Black Granite (Black Cheetah, Black Zebra)
Gujarat
Sonawadi Grey, Balaram Pink, Ajapur Galaxy, Chhapara Grey, Godh Grey, Dhori Pink, Kaleda Pink, Maharaja Tiger Black, Vaghor Grey
Haryana
Steel Grey Porphyry, Grey and Pink Granite, Deep Pink Granite, Purplish granite Porphyry, Pink Prophyritic Granite
Karnataka
Ruby Red, Fish Belly, Himalayan Blue, Chilly Red, Cera Grey, Ramnagar Porphyry, Savan Rose, Tumkur Pink/Porphyry, English Teak, Red Multi, Hasan Green, Tiger Black, Black Granite, Magadi Pink
Kerala
Tropical Green, Paradiso, Kerala White, Pink and Grey Granite
Madhya Pradesh
Black Granite, Multicoloured Granite
Maharashtra
Grey Silk, Light Pink, Jhansi Red
Orissa
Behrampur Blue, Pink Granite, Silver Grey, Sea Weed Green, Chilka Blue, Grey Wave, Red Pearl Jeypur Black, Keonjhar Black
Rajasthan
Mokalsar Green, Nagina Green, Rosy Pink, Grey Granite, Blue Pearl, China Pink, Bala Flower, Copper Silk, Golden Pearl, Imperial Pink, Merry Gold, Rakhi Green, Royal Cream, Royal Touch, Sunrise Yellow
Tamilnadu
Kashmir White, Tiger Skin, Raw Silk, Paradiso, Bash Paradiso, Pink Multi, Red Mond, Hosur Grey, Rasipuram Blue, Colombo Juparana, Sea Green, Turaiyur Blue, Rosa Verde, Kunnam Black, Vanjinagaram Pink
Uttar Pradesh
Ruby Red, Jhansi Red, Grey Granite, Black Granite
West Bengal
Bero Pink Porphyry, Spotty Ribbon Gneiss, Streaky Gneiss, Purulia Black, Chocolate Brown, Birbhum Pink, Spotty Black
http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
Lime Stone Limestone is calcareous sedimentary rocks formed at the bottom of lakes and seas with the accumulation of shells, bones and other calcium rich goods. It is composed of calcite (CaCO3). The organic matter upon which it settles in lakes or seas, are preserved as fossils. Over thousands and millions of years, layer after layer is built up adding weight. The heat and pressure causes chemical reaction at the bottom and the sediments turn into solid stone, the limestone. The rock which contain more than 95% of calcium carbonate is known as high-calcium limestone. Recrystallised limestone takes good polish and is usually used as decorative and building stone. A part of calcium molecules if being replaced by magnesium, it is known as magnesium lime stone or dolomite limestone. Limestone that will take a polish are considered marbles by most people, but technically, if there are still shells visible or the structure is not crystalline, it is still a limestone.
http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
Lime Stone Generally known as Kota stone, limestone refers to hard, impervious and compact rocks with very low water absorption. Most popular color of limestone are brown and rich greenish blue and limestone are preferred for flooring and paving, wall cladding and facades of building. The texture of its surface is very fine grained. Limestone is basically a Dolomite stone, and it represents high resistance in thawing and freezing conditions, due to this unique feature it can be used in any atmospheric condition without getting affected. Compressive strength of Limestone is 30,000 lbs./ sq. inch, which is the highest strength among the available stone category and can carry a suitable load. Limestones are very tough, non water-absorbent, non-slip, non-porous and have superb stain removability. There exists enormous variety of limestone among which most popular are Kota Blue Natural, Kota Brown Polished, Kota Blue Cobbles and Kota Brown Natural. There is a wide categorization of limestones including different type of tiles, chips, blocks etc. This stone works perfectly for decorating home, office and other places very elegantly.
http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
Lime Stone PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Physically, Limestone are Quite impervious, Hard, Compact, fine to very fine grained calcareous rocks of sedimentary nature. Hardness
3 to 4 on Moh's Scale
Density
2.5 to 2.65 Kg/m3
Compressive Strength
1800 to 2100 Kg/cm2
Water Absorption
Less than 1%
Porosity
Quite low
Weather Impact
Resistant
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Chemically, both limestone and marbles are siliceous calcium carbonate rocks. Lime (CaO)
38-42%
Silica (SiO2)
20-25%
Alumina (Al2O3)
2-4%
Other Oxides like Na, Mg
1.5 to 2.5%
Loss On Ignition (LOI)
30-32%
Limestone, like marble and other calcareous stones, are referred to as acid sensitive. Calcareous stones are readily dissolved in acid, therefore acidic products should not be used on limestone and marbles.
http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
Lime Stone
Jaisalmer Yellow
Kota Honey
Kota Blue
Kota Brown
Kaddapa Black
http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
Sand Stone ď Ž
Sandstone is an eternal beauty, which is formed by the combination of sand tightly held together by natural cement such as silica. Available in sandstone tiles, sandstone blocks, sandstone slabs etc. Fire poof, non-slip natural sandstones, these are usually meant for wall cladding and flooring because of their decorative outlook, but they can also be used for enhancing the beauty of both interiors as well as exteriors of your home.
ď Ž
Natural sandstone rocks are sedimentary rocks made from small grains of the minerals, quartz and feldspar. Natural sandstone is a combination of sand tightly held together by natural cement such as silica..
http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
Sand Stone PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SANDSTONE & QUARTZITE Color
Hardness
Minor color tonal variations exist but within the tolerance limit. 6 to 7 on Moh's Scale Density 2.32 to 2.42 Kg/m3
Compressive Strength
365 to 460 Kg/m2
Water Absorption
Not more than 1.0 %
Modulus of Rupture
197-200 Kg/cm2
Porosity
Low to very low.
Weather Impact
Resistant
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SANDSTONE & QUARTZITE Chemically they are very resistant Mono-Mineralic rocks, principally of silica. SiO2
93-94%
Iron (Fe2O3)
1.5%-1.6%
Alumina (Al2O3)
1.4 to 1.5%
Soda (Na2O) & Potash (Kro)
1.0% to 1.2%
Lime (CaO)
0.8% to 0.9%
Magnesia (MgO)
0.2 to 0.25%
Loss On Ignition (LOI)
1.0% to 1.2%.
http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
Budhpura Grey BUDHPURA-GREY or Kandla Grey is a kind of sandstone in which the quartz grains are cemented together by secondary silica calcite. The presence of minor color tonal variations make it a unique and attractive building stone. Because of three different origins within Bhilwara district, this sandstone comes in three different shades of bluish grey, dark grey and light grey. COLOR
BHL-GREY (Kandla Grey)
QUALITY
Minor color tonal variations exist but within the tolerance limit
AVAILABILITY
Tiles, Slabs, Blocks, Cobbles
ALSO KNOW AS
Kandla Grey, Kota Grey, Budhpura Grey http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
Marson Copper BHL- BROWN sandstone or more popularly known as Marson Copper or Autumn Brown may be defined as a stone made up of grains of quartz and other minerals of fairly uniform size and often smooth and rounded. There is a surface color variation but within the tolerance limit.
COLOR
BHL-BROWN (Marson Copper)
QUALITY
Minor color tonal variations exist but within the tolerance limit
AVAILABILITY
Tiles, Slabs, Blocks, Cobbles
ALSO KNOW AS Autumn Brown, Marson Copper http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
Rajpura Green Rajpura Green is an excellent building stone. Rajpura stone can be chiseled and dressed to a smooth surface in various attractive shapes and has a variety of uses such as roofing, flooring, paving and paneling.
COLOR
BHL-GREEN (Rajpura Green)
QUALITY
Minor color tonal variations exist but within the tolerance limit
AVAILABILITY
Tiles, Slabs, Blocks, Cobbles
ALSO KNOW AS Rajpura Green http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
Sand Stone
Agra Red
Automn Brown
Camel Dust Garda
Dholpur Beige
Dholpur Pink
Dholpur Red
Kandla Gray
Lalitpur Yellow
Chocolate
http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
Marble Stone Marble refers to a metamorphic rock formed by alteration of limestone or dolomite, often irregularly colored by impurities. Marble composed mostly of calcite, a crystalline form of calcium carbonate, CaCO3. It is widely used for sculpture, as a building material, and in many other architectural applications. The word 'marble' is colloquially used to refer to many other stones that are capable of taking a high polish. Marbles comes in different colors such as black, red, gray, white, pink, green and mottled and banded etc. It is a hard wearing beautiful product and is heavy, as it comes in slab form commonly. Marble is generally used for roofing, flooring, wall cladding, and all other interior and exterior application. There is a wide categorization of marble stone types including different type of tiles, chips, blocks etc. This stone works perfectly for decorating home, office and other places very elegantly.
http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
Marble Stone PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MARBLE
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MARBLE
Physically, Marbles are metamorphic representatives of limestones and are also siliceous calcium carbonate rocks except Green marble, which is a magnesium silicate rock of serpentine nature of alkalis & ferromagnesian minerals.
Chemically, both limestone and marbles are siliceous calcium carbonate rocks. Lime (CaO)
38-42%
Hardness
3 to 4 on Moh's Scale
Silica (SiO2)
20-25%
Density
2.5 to 2.65 Kg/m3
Alumina (Al2O3)
2-4%
Compressive Strength
1800 to 2100 Kg/cm2
Other Oxides like Na, Mg
1.5 to 2.5%
Water Absorption
Less than 1%
Porosity
Quite low
Loss On Ignition (LOI)
30-32%
Weather Impact
Resistant
http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
Slate Stone PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SLATE Hardness
2.5 to 4.0 on Moh's scale
Modulus of Rupture
450 to 850 Kg/cm2
Compressive Strength
170 to 240 Kg/cm2
Specific Gravity
2.65 to 2.80
Porosity
Low to very low
Water Absorption
1.0 to 1.5%
Weather Impact
Resistant
Corrodibility
0.4 to 0.7%
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SLATE
Chemically they are Multi-Mineral rocks made of an aggregate of minerals and colloidal substances. Essentially mineral composition includes members of Mica group commonly sericite & muscovite, Clay group commonly paragonite, chlorite & kaonilite. The accessory minerals are oxides, calcites & minor amounts of quartz and feldspar along with subordinate amounts of ferromagnesian minerals. Free silica is normally poor. It is resistant to acids and staining.
http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
Slate Stone : Silver grey and Deoli Green Silver Gray, which is a Grayish Micaceous slate (Muscovitic) is a widely used slatestone of Bhilwara origin and is generally impermeable, resistant to atmosphere pollution, frost, normal heat and rapid temperature changes and thus its qualities make it one of most usable slatestone Deoli- Green slatestone is composed of mica in fine little scales and is shiny. It varies with its chemical composition and has a wide range of usage in the industry. It has a prominent color variation because it is formed of different colored sediments http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
Slate Stone : Copper and Kund Multi Copper Slatsone, a perfect amalgamation of slatestone is essentially composed of mica consisting of Datunda Copper & Mewaria Copper and is available in various shape, sizes and dimension. The color tone of this slate makes it unique
Multi or Kund Multi slatestones is a ferruginous slate that is used in various activities of building construction that include supporting the terraces and is a perfect stone in harmony with the environment, available only in natural split surface finish. http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
Slate Stone
Copper
Deoli Green
Ocean Green
Silver Gray
Silver Shine
Zeera green
http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
Stone used in construction stone used in construction of a building can
be divided into four classes: rubble Polygonal ashlar Stone veneers
http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
rubble ď Ž Rubblework: consists of stones in which the
adjoining sides are not required to be at right angles. It is used for rough masonry, as in foundations, backing, etc., and frequently consists of common field stone, roughly dressed
http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
rubble ď Ž Field-Stone Walls. Walls of this kind are built
of small, uncut stones, and are frequently employed for fences and rustic-house work. Such walls should be made quite thick on account of the round and unstable shape of the stones used in their construction.
http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
ashlar ď Ž Ashlar: ď Ž Stonework that is cut on four sides so that the
adjoining sides will be at right angles to each other, is known as ashlar, no matter whether the face is dressed or not.
http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
stone veneer Stone Veneer · Although stone is too
expensive in general for structural purposes, because of its durability it can be effectively used for surface applications. · Choice of stone is determined by color,
texture, desired hardness, and weight, with a multitude of options available.
http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
stone veneers Applications of stone veneers: 1) Interior: as a wall or floor covering,
generally for public area like lobbies, corridors. 2) Exterior: as a cladding, for the base, for
spandrel panels, or for the entire building
http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
Physical Test on Stones Absorption Test Smith Test Toughness Test Moh’s scale of hardness Acid Test
http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
Absorption Test This is simple test that should be done on all stones . It consists of keeping a sample of rock of about 50 gm in distilled water and finding the water absorbed in 24 hour . It should not exceed 0.6%
http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
Smith’s Test This test is to determine the deterioration of stone when immersed in water. A sample of stone is placed in distilled water in a glass vessel and vigorously stirred. It is kept in water for at least 24 hour , if water turns muddy then the stone contains earthy substances.
http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
Toughness test Hit the stone with a hammer and find how tough it is to break it with the hammer.
http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
Moh’s scale of hardness test One simple way of describing strength of stones is in terms of hardness of the
http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
Indian Standards (IS CODE) for Stone IS CODE
Title
1122: 1974
Methods of test for determination of strength properties of natural building stones:
Part 1 : 1974
Compressive strength (First revision)
Part 2 : 1974
Transverse strength (First revision)
Part 3 : 1974
Tensile strength (First revision)
Part 4 : 1974
Shear strength (First revision)
1122: 1974
Method of test for determination of true specific gravity of natural building stones (First revision)
1123: 1975
Method of identification of natural building stones (first revision)
1124: 1974
Method of test for determination of water absorption, apparent specific gravity and porosity of natural building stones (First revision)
1125: 1974
Method of test for determination of weathering of natural building stones (First revision)
http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
Indian Standards (IS CODE) for Stone IS CODE
Title Method of test for determination of durability of natural building stones (First revision)
1126:1974 1127:1970
Recommendations for dimensions and workmanship of natural building stones for masonry work (First revision)
1128:1974
Specification for limestone (slab and tiles) (First revision)
1129:1972
Recommendation for dressing of natural building stones (first revision)
1130: 1969
Specification for marble (blocks, slabs and tiles)
1706: 1972
Method of determination of resistance to wear by abrasion of natural building stones (first revision)
3316: 1974
Specification for structural granite (first revision)
3620: 1979
Specification for laterite stone block for masonry (First revision)
http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
Thank You for POSTING This forum is for, by and of the architect fraternity and it will only grow by creating New Thread and New Reply, we can also comment in existing threads by clicking following button on upper right corner of forum . Post your expertise valuable comments in forum regularly.
http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/